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Mokhtar HI, Abd El-Fadeal NM, El-Sayed RM, Hegazy A, El-Kherbetawy MK, Hamad AG, ElSayed MH, Zaitone SA. Computational Analysis and Experimental Data Exploring the Role of Hesperetin in Ameliorating ADHD and SIRT1/Nrf2/Keap1/OH-1 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9284. [PMID: 39273230 PMCID: PMC11395673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) manifests as poor attention, hyperactivity, as well as impulsive behaviors. Hesperetin (HSP) is a citrus flavanone with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study aimed to test hesperetin efficacy in alleviating experimental ADHD in mice and its influence on hippocampal neuron integrity and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signaling. An in silico study was performed to test the related proteins. Groups of mice were assigned as control, ADHD model, ADHD/HSP (25 mg/kg), and ADHD/HSP (50 mg/kg). ADHD was induced by feeding with monosodium glutamate (0.4 g/kg, for 8 weeks) and assessed by measuring the motor and attentive behaviors (open filed test, Y-maze test, and marble burying test), histopathological examination of the whole brain tissues, and estimation of inflammatory markers. The in-silico results indicated the putative effects of hesperetin on ADHD by allowing the integration and analysis of large-scale genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data. The in vivo results showed that ADHD model mice displayed motor hyperactivity and poor attention in the behavioral tasks and shrank neurons at various hippocampal regions. Further, there was a decline in the mRNA expression and protein levels for SIRT1, the erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1) and hemeoxygenase-1 (OH-1) proteins. Treatment with HSP normalized the motor and attentive behaviors, prevented hippocampal neuron shrinkage, and upregulated SIRT1/Nrf2/Keap1/OH-1 proteins. Taken together, HSP mainly acts by its antioxidant potential. However, therapeutic interventions with hesperetin or a hesperetin-rich diet can be suggested as a complementary treatment in ADHD patients but cannot be suggested as an ADHD treatment per se as it is a heterogeneous and complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem I Mokhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Kantara Branch, Ismailia 41636, Egypt
| | - Noha M Abd El-Fadeal
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Rehab M El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Arish Branch, Arish, 45511, Egypt
| | - Ann Hegazy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed G Hamad
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H ElSayed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11757, Egypt
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Lagrange E, Vernoux JP, Chambon C, Camu W, Spencer PS. Cramp-Fasciculation Syndrome Associated with Natural and Added Chemicals in Popular Food Items. Foods 2024; 13:2257. [PMID: 39063341 PMCID: PMC11276323 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cramp-fasciculation syndrome (CFS) is a rare and benign neuromuscular disorder that may initially masquerade as motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. While CFS may have a familial disposition, we report on cases associated with high consumption of popular food items. One set of patients reversibly experienced acute onset of headache, flushing, muscle stiffness and fasciculations following the consumption of umami-flavored food containing a large concentration of monosodium glutamate. A second group of patients consuming food derived from lupin seed developed acute cholinergic toxicity, CFS, and, with chronic intake, significant, self-limiting, but incompletely reversible upper and lower motor neuron deficits. While these cases may improve our knowledge about the possible causes of CFS, our series also demonstrates that excessive consumption of some popular foods is not harmless. This warrants further research on their safety at all stages of human development from a neurological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline Lagrange
- Department of Neurology, Reference Center of Neuromuscular Disease and ALS Consultations, Grenoble University Hospital, 38043 Grenoble, France;
| | - Jean-Paul Vernoux
- Unité de Recherche Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements (ABTE) EA 4651, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Celia Chambon
- Department of Neurology, Reference Center of Neuromuscular Disease and ALS Consultations, Grenoble University Hospital, 38043 Grenoble, France;
| | - William Camu
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier, Inserm UMR1051, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Peter S. Spencer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA;
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Gbadamosi I, Yawson EO, Akesinro J, Adeleke O, Tokunbo O, Bamisi O, Ibrahim-Abdulkareem R, Awoniran P, Gbadamosi R, Lambe E, Atoyebi A, Bayo-Olugbami AA, Abayomi TA, Arogundade TT. Vitamin D attenuates monosodium glutamate-induced behavioural anomalies, metabolic dysregulation, cholinergic impairment, oxidative stress, and astrogliosis in rats. Neurotoxicology 2024; 103:297-309. [PMID: 38964510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a commonly used flavor enhancer that has raised concerns due to its potential adverse effects on various organs. This study explored the neuroprotective potential of Vitamin D, a beneficial micronutrient, in mitigating MSG-induced neurotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were categorized into five groups: control (2 ml/kg PBS orally for 30 days), MSG (40 mg/kg orally for 30 days), VIT-D (oral cholecalciferol; 500 IU/kg for 30 days), MSG+VIT-D (MSG for 30 days followed by VIT-D for another 30 days), and VIT-D/MSG (concurrent VIT-D and MSG for 30 days). The rats underwent neurobehavioral, histochemical, and biochemical analyses following the treatments. RESULTS MSG treatment caused a decline in both long and short-term memory, along with reduced exploratory and anxiogenic behavior, mitigated by vitamin D treatment. MSG exposure also induced impaired behavior, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, altered cholinergic transmission, and increased chromatolysis and neuroinflammation in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS VIT-D demonstrated a mitigating effect on MSG-induced adverse outcomes, highlighting its potential to attenuate neurodegenerative cascades. This investigation contributes to understanding MSG-associated neurotoxicity and suggests vitamin D as a valuable and potential intervention for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Gbadamosi
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Neuropsychiatric Disorders (TREND), BRAINCITY - Centre of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Institute of Experimental Biology Marceli Nencki, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Emmanuel Olusola Yawson
- Department of Human Anatomy, Neurobiology Division, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Justice Akesinro
- Department of Human Anatomy, Neurobiology Division, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Opeyemi Adeleke
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Olorunfemi Tokunbo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Olawande Bamisi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Rukayat Ibrahim-Abdulkareem
- Department of Anatomy, Neurobiology Division, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Paul Awoniran
- Department of Human Anatomy, Neurobiology Division, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria
| | | | - Ezra Lambe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Aminat Atoyebi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Taiwo Adekemi Abayomi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope Timothy Arogundade
- Department of Human Anatomy, Neurobiology Division, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemers University, Ede, Nigeria.
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Tejero A, León-Navarro DA, Martín M. Effect of chronic maternal L-Glu intake during gestation and/or lactation on oxidative stress markers, AMPA Glu1 receptor and adenosine A 1 signalling pathway from foetal and neonatal cerebellum. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:181-192. [PMID: 37458955 PMCID: PMC10997561 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
L-Glutamate (L-Glu) is an amino acid present in the diet that plays a fundamental role in the central nervous system, as the main excitatory neurotransmitter participating in learning and memory processes. In addition, the nucleoside adenosine has a crucial role in L-Glu metabolism, by regulating the liberation of this neurotransmitter through four different receptors: A1, A2A, A2B and A3, which activate (A2A and A2B) or inhibit (A1 and A3) adenylate cyclase pathway. L-Glu at high concentrations can act as a neurotoxin and induce oxidative stress. The study of the oxidative stress correlated with an excess of L-Glu consumption during maternity is key to understand its effects on foetuses and neonates. Previous studies have shown that there is a change in the receptor levels in the brain of pregnant rats and their foetuses when mothers are administered L-Glu during gestation; however, its effect on the cerebellum is unknown. Cerebellum is known to be responsible for motor, cognitive and emotional functions, so its possible involvement after L-Glu consumption is an important issue to study. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to study the effect of L-Glu exposure during gestation and lactation on oxidative stress biomarkers and neurotransmitter receptors from the cerebellum of foetuses and neonates. After maternal L-Glu intake during gestation, oxidative stress was increased, as the ionotropic L-Glu receptors, and GluR1 AMPA subunit levels were altered in foetuses. A1 adenosine receptor suffered changes after L-Glu treatment during gestation, lactation or both, in lactating neonate cerebellum, while adenylate cyclase activity remain unaltered. Further studies will be necessary to elucidate the importance of L-Glu intake and its possible excitotoxicity in the cerebellum of Wistar rats during the pregnancy period and their involvement in long-term neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Tejero
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real. Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Agustín León-Navarro
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real. Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mairena Martín
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real. Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Asejeje FO, Abiola MA, Adeyemo OA, Ogunro OB, Ajayi AM. Exogenous monosodium glutamate exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced neurobehavioral deficits, oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, and cholinergic dysfunction in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2024; 825:137710. [PMID: 38432355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Extensive experimental evidence points to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress as major pathogenic events that initiate and drive the neurodegenerative process. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used food additive in processed foods known for its umami taste-enhancing properties. However, concerns about its potential adverse effects on the brain have been raised. Thus, the present study investigated the impact of MSG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neurotoxicity in rat brains. Wistar rats weighing between 180 g and 200 g were randomly allocated into four groups: control (received distilled water), MSG (received 1.5 g/kg/day), LPS (received 250 µg/kg/day), and LPS + MSG (received LPS, 250 µg/kg, and MSG, 1.5 g/kg). LPS was administered intraperitoneally for 7 days while MSG was administered orally for 14 days. Our results showed that MSG exacerbated LPS-induced impairment in locomotor and exploratory activities in rats. Similarly, MSG exacerbated LPS-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) with a concomitant decrease in levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) in the brain tissue. In addition, MSG potentiated LPS-induced neuroinflammation, as indicated by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO) in the brain. Moreover, MSG aggravated LPS-induced cholinergic dysfunction, as demonstrated by increased activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain. Further, we found a large number of degenerative neurons widespread in hippocampal CA1, CA3 regions, cerebellum, and cortex according to H&E staining. Taken together, our findings suggest that MSG aggravates LPS-induced neurobehavioral deficits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, cholinergic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration in rat brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folake Olubukola Asejeje
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria.
| | - Michael Abayomi Abiola
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Oluwatobi Adewumi Adeyemo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria
| | | | - Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Ahdoot E, Cohen F. Unraveling the MSG-Headache Controversy: an Updated Literature Review. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2024; 28:119-124. [PMID: 38079074 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-023-01198-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the evidence and role of monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a headache and migraine trigger. RECENT FINDINGS MSG is a common food additive, has widely been linked as a trigger of headache, as well as other symptoms. However, the evidence for MSG as a causative agent for headache is debated. Various clinical trials over the past several decades have reported conflicting results, with studies suggesting that MSG does and does not increase the incidence of headache. However, the dosages of MSG exposure are often inconsistent across studies, with many studies administering a dose significantly higher than the average consumption.. Additionally, there are misconceptions about which foods and cuisines have MSG in them. MSG could be a potential trigger for migraine and headaches. It is unclear exactly how MSG plays into the migraine pathophysiology. It's crucial to accurately determine if MSG is present in one's diet to evaluate its potential impact on headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Ahdoot
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fred Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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OLUWOLE DT, EBIWONJUMI O, AJAYI LO, ALABI OD, AMOS V, AKANBI G, ADEYEMI WJ, AJAYI AF. Disruptive consequences of monosodium glutamate on male reproductive function: A review. Curr Res Toxicol 2024; 6:100148. [PMID: 38287921 PMCID: PMC10823071 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the most extensively used flavour enhancers worldwide. Although it is widely regarded as a safe food additive with no recommended daily dosage, its over-consumption has been associated with notably pathophysiological events in various tissues and organs of the body. Previous studies have reported of the neuro- cardio- and hepato- toxic effects of its excessive exposure. Moreover, the food additive instigates metabolic dysfunction. It has been established that MSG damages male reproductive accessory organs like prostate glands and epididymis. In addition, it impairs serum enzymatic activities and serum levels of testosterone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone and cholesterol. Reduced sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology, and sperm viability, imbalances in male reproductive hormones, alongside alteration in the histoarchitecture of the testes and other male reproductive tissues have also been connected with excessive exposure to MSG. Literature reports affirm the link between the over-consumption of MSG and reproductive organ weight and male sexual behaviour. This review article addresses the multi-systemic effects of exposure to MSG and the possible mechanism of action of the compound with a focus on the negative implications of the food additive on male reproductive functions and the possible role of natural antioxidants in male reproductive functions. carefully selected keywords were used during the literature search to gather credible and up-to-date information about the subject matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tolulope OLUWOLE
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Crescent University, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Lydia Oluwatoyin AJAYI
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Anchor Biomed Research Institute, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olubunmi Dupe ALABI
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Victor AMOS
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Anchor Biomed Research Institute, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Grace AKANBI
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Anchor Biomed Research Institute, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Ayodeji Folorunsho AJAYI
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Crescent University, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Anchor Biomed Research Institute, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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8
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El-Hashash SA, El-Sakhawy MA, Eldamaty HS, Alqasem AA. Experimental evidence of the neurotoxic effect of monosodium glutamate in adult female Sprague Dawley rats: The potential protective role of Zingiber officinale Rosc. rhizomes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103824. [PMID: 37869363 PMCID: PMC10587751 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies to prevent the health abnormalities associated with the extensive use of MSG (monosodium glutamate) as a flavoring booster are badly needed. The current study was conducted to investigate oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal lipid profile as the main risk factors of neurotoxicity in MSG-exposed female albino rats. Besides, the effect of concurrent consumption of Zingiber officinale rhizomes powder was studied at low doses. Twenty rats (total) were split into 4 separate groups. The 1st group was a negative control group (without any treatment), while the others received 6 mg MSG/kg. The 2nd group was left untreated, whereas the 3rd and 4th groups were given a regular laboratory diet that included ginger rhizome powder supplements (GRP, 0.5 & 1%, respectively) for six weeks. In brain tissue homogenates, exposure to MSG caused a significant depletion of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and total protein levels, while triglycerides and cholesterol contents were significantly elevated. Moreover, a noteworthy upsurge in oxidative load and inflammation markers was also noticed associated with a marked reduction of antioxidant levels, which histopathological staining verified further. The rat diet formulated with GRP, with a dose-dependent effect, resulted in increased GABA and total protein contents and attenuated inflammation, oxidative stress, abnormal lipid profile, and marked histological changes in cerebral cortical neurons of MSG-administered animals. Therefore, this study reveals that GRP shields rats against the neurotoxicity that MSG causes. The anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant, and lipid-normalizing properties of rhizomes of ginger may be accountable for their observed neuroprotective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah A. El-Hashash
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Nawag, Tanta City, P.O. Box 31732, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. El-Sakhawy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan S.E. Eldamaty
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Nawag, Tanta City, P.O. Box 31732, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A. Alqasem
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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Ankul SS, Chandran L, Anuragh S, Kaliappan I, Rushendran R, Vellapandian C. A systematic review of the neuropathology and memory decline induced by monosodium glutamate in the Alzheimer's disease-like animal model. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1283440. [PMID: 37942488 PMCID: PMC10627830 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1283440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review analyzes monosodium glutamate (MSG) in the Alzheimer's disease-like condition to enhance translational research. Our review seeks to understand how MSG affects the brain and causes degenerative disorders. Due to significant preclinical data linking glutamate toxicity to Alzheimer's disease and the lack of a comprehensive review or meta-analysis, we initiated a study on MSG's potential link. We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, DOAJ, and Scopus for animal research and English language papers without time constraints. This study used the PRISMA-P framework and PICO technique to collect population, intervention or exposure, comparison, and result data. It was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42022371502. MSG affected mice's exploratory behaviors and short-term working memory. The brain, hippocampus, and cerebellar tissue demonstrated neuronal injury-related histological and histomorphometric changes. A total of 70% of MSG-treated mice had poor nesting behavior. The treated mice also had more hyperphosphorylated tau protein in their cortical and hippocampus neurons. Glutamate and glutamine levels in the brain increased with MSG, and dose-dependent mixed horizontal locomotor, grooming, and anxiety responses reduced. MSG treatment significantly decreased phospho-CREB protein levels, supporting the idea that neurons were harmed, despite the increased CREB mRNA expression. High MSG doses drastically lower brain tissue and serum serotonin levels. In conclusion, MSG showed AD-like pathology, neuronal atrophy, and short-term memory impairment. Further research with a longer time span and deeper behavioral characterization is needed. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier [CRD42022371502].
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Affiliation(s)
- Singh S. Ankul
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmi Chandran
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Singh Anuragh
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ilango Kaliappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rapuru Rushendran
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chitra Vellapandian
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kayode OT, Bello JA, Oguntola JA, Kayode AAA, Olukoya DK. The interplay between monosodium glutamate (MSG) consumption and metabolic disorders. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19675. [PMID: 37809920 PMCID: PMC10558944 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is one of the most popular food additives in the world and is often ingested with commercially processed foods. It can be described as a sodium salt of glutamic acid with the IUPAC name - Sodium 2-aminopentanedioate and is ionized by water to produce free sodium ions and glutamic acid. MSG use has significantly increased over the past 30 years, its global demand stands huge at over three million metric tons which is worth over $4.5 billion. Asia was responsible for more than three quarter of world MSG consumption with the country China also leading in global consumption as well as production and export to other countries. Prior to year 2020, global demand for MSG increased by almost four percent each year with the highest significant increase in demand for MSG predicted to rise in Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and China, followed by Brazil and Nigeria. However, several researches featured in this review has identified MSG consumption as a major contributor to the development and progression of some metabolic disorders such as obesity, which is a risk factor for other metabolic syndromes like hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cancer initiation. The mechanism by which MSG induce obesity involves induction of hypothalamic lesion, hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, leptin resistance and increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) Gamma and Alpha. Similarly for induction of diabetes mellitus, MSG consumption resulted in decreased pancreatic beta cell mass, increased oxidative stress and metabolic rates, reduced glucose and insulin transport to adipose tissue and skeletal muscles, insulin insensitivity, reduced insulin receptors and induced severe hyperinsulinemia. Dietary salt, an active component of MSG is also found to be a major risk factor for high blood pressure (which may lead to hypertension). MSG is used to enhance the taste of tobacco, causing smokers to consume the product in excess and thereby increasing the risk of cancer development. Depending on the amount consumed, MSG has both positive and negative effects. Despite the controversy surrounding MSG's safety and its probable contribution to risk of development and progression of metabolic disorders, its global consumption is still very high. Therefore, this article will sensitize the public on the need for cautious use of MSG in foods and also aid regulatory agencies to further review the daily MSG consumption limit based on metabolic toxicities observed at the varied dosages reported in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omowumi T Kayode
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Nigeria
| | - Jemilat A Bello
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Jamiu A Oguntola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Nigeria
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Abolanle A A Kayode
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
| | - Daniel K Olukoya
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Nigeria
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Jyothi AK, Thotakura B, Priyadarshini C S, Subramanian M, Rajila HS. Evidence of alterations in the learning and memory in offspring of stress-induced male rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 34:473-487. [PMID: 34428362 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is extensive data pointing to offspring outcomes related to maternal life incidents, but there is less research concerning the association between paternal life events and progeny brain development and behaviour. As male gametogenesis is a continuous process, the incidences happening in life can modify the epigenetic regulation, altering the offspring's development and behaviour. The present study evaluates the effects of paternal stress during different life periods on their offspring's learning ability, memory, morphological and biochemical changes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in the rat model. METHODS Four weeks' old male rats were subjected to five variable stressors at the rate of one per day. Stress received male rats were bred with naive female rats for 1 to 3 nights. The offspring's learning and memory were assessed by the Morris water maze test and automated Y maze. Following behavioural studies, offspring were euthanized to examine global DNA methylation, neurotransmitter levels, namely acetylcholine, glutamate in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. RESULTS The offspring of stress-induced animals exhibited a delay in acquiring learning and defect in memory and altered global DNA methylation in the hippocampus (p=0.000124). There was significant reduction of acetylcholine and glutamate levels in hippocampus (p=0.000018, p=0.00001, respectively) and in prefrontal cortex (p=0.00001, p=0.00001, respectively). HPA axis of offspring was altered considerably (p=0.00001). The histomorphometry of the prefrontal cortex and different hippocampal regions revealed a statistically significant (p<0.05) reduction in neuronal numbers in the offspring of stressed animals compared to that of control. These impacts were markedly high in the offspring of fathers who received stress during both pubertal and adult periods. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrate that paternal stress can impact offspring learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Jyothi
- Department of Anatomy, Basaveshwara Medical College and Hospital, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
- Department of Anatomy, Tagore Medical College & Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Thotakura
- Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Manickam Subramanian
- Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abd El-Hay RI, Mazroa SA, El-Mohandes E, Am M. The possible protective role of melatonin versus garlic on monosodium Glutamate-induced changes in rat cerebellar cortex: histological, immunohistochemical and electron microscope study. Ultrastruct Pathol 2023; 47:1-24. [PMID: 36803391 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2023.2175943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a flavor enhancer. Melatonin and garlic are well known as antioxidant. The present study was performed to evaluate the microscopic changes in the cerebellar cortex of rats after the administration of MSG and the possible protective effect of melatonin versus garlic on those changes. The rats were divided into four main groups. Group I (control group). Group II received MSG (4 mg/ g/day). Group III received MSG+ melatonin (10 mg/kg bw/day). Group IV received MSG+garlic (300 mg/kg bw/day). Immunohistochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was done as a marker for astrocyte demonstration. Morphometric study was done to assess the mean number and diameter of Purkinje cells, the number of astrocytes and the percentage area of positive GFAP immune stain. MSG group demonstrated congested blood vessels, vacuolations in the molecular layer, and Purkinje cells appeared irregular with nuclear degeneration. Granule cells appeared shrunken with darkly stained nuclei. The immunohistochemical stain for GFAP was less than expected in the three layers of the cerebellar cortex. Purkinje cells and granule cells appeared irregular in shape with dark small heterochromatic nuclei. The myelinated nerve fibers showed splitting and loss of the lamellar structure of their myelin sheath. Melatonin group showed that the cerebellar cortex was nearly similar to that of control group. Garlic treated group showed partial improvement. In conclusion, melatonin and garlic could partially protect against MSG induced changes and the protective effect of melatonin was better than garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Ibrahim Abd El-Hay
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Al Mansurah Egypt
| | - Shireen A Mazroa
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Al Mansurah Egypt
| | - E El-Mohandes
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Al Mansurah Egypt
| | - Moustafa Am
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Al Mansurah Egypt
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Pak ME, Yang HJ, Li W, Kim JK, Go Y. Yuk-Gunja-Tang attenuates neuronal death and memory impairment via ERK/CREB/BDNF signaling in the hippocampi of experimental Alzheimer’s disease model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1014840. [PMID: 36386241 PMCID: PMC9643579 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1014840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Yuk-Gunja-Tang (YG) is the Korean traditional medicine in East Asia for gastrointestinal disorders. In the present study, we determined the protective effects of YG on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells and mice with scopolamine-induced memory impairment. In vitro assessments were performed using a cell viability assay, flow cytometry, and Western blotting, while in vivo assessments were performed in C57BL/6 mice administered with YG for 7 days and injected with scopolamine (1 mg/kg) for 7 days. We assessed the memory function using the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and passive avoidance tests. Protein expression analyses and histological analyses were performed using hippocampal tissues. YG treatment significantly restored cell viability against glutamate-induced apoptosis. It significantly suppressed glutamate-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. It also increased Bcl-2 protein expression and decreased HO-1 protein expression. It activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/cAMP response element binding protein (ERK/CREB) signaling pathway and increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) under excitotoxic conditions. In the scopolamine-injected mice, YG ameliorated memory impairment in the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and passive avoidance tests; restored dysfunction in the acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase expression levels; reduced neuronal damage in Nissl staining; and increased BDNF and phosphorylated ERK and CREB levels in Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Thus, YG exerted neuroprotective effects by activating ERK/CREB/BDNF signaling in the hippocampus, indicating its potential cognition-enhancing effects, especially in Alzheimer’s disease.
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14
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AL-Nasser MN, Mellor IR, Carter WG. Is L-Glutamate Toxic to Neurons and Thereby Contributes to Neuronal Loss and Neurodegeneration? A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:577. [PMID: 35624964 PMCID: PMC9139234 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
L-glutamate (L-Glu) is a nonessential amino acid, but an extensively utilised excitatory neurotransmitter with critical roles in normal brain function. Aberrant accumulation of L-Glu has been linked to neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. To investigate this further, we systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate the effects of L-Glu on neuronal viability linked to the pathogenesis and/or progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). A search in PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection was conducted to retrieve studies that investigated an association between L-Glu and pathology for five NDDs: Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD). Together, 4060 studies were identified, of which 71 met eligibility criteria. Despite several inadequacies, including small sample size, employment of supraphysiological concentrations, and a range of administration routes, it was concluded that exposure to L-Glu in vitro or in vivo has multiple pathogenic mechanisms that influence neuronal viability. These mechanisms include oxidative stress, reduced antioxidant defence, neuroinflammation, altered neurotransmitter levels, protein accumulations, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, intracellular calcium level changes, and effects on neuronal histology, cognitive function, and animal behaviour. This implies that clinical and epidemiological studies are required to assess the potential neuronal harm arising from excessive intake of exogenous L-Glu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam N. AL-Nasser
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Ian R. Mellor
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Wayne G. Carter
- School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
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Al-Ghamdi FAM. Pomegranate peel extracts effects to reduce mono sodium glutamate toxic effects on chicken embryos: Morphological studies. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:975-983. [PMID: 35197766 PMCID: PMC8847924 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavoring agent added to various foods. This experimental study investigated MSG effects on chicken embryos morphology and the possible ameliorative effects of pomegranate peel extracts (PPE) at different incubation periods. Methods Seven hundred and twenty fertilized chicken eggs were used and divided into six groups: control, PPE, MSG, PPE + MSG, preventive (PPE–MSG) and therapeutic (MSG–PPE) groups. Fertile chicken eggs were injected with MSG (0.1 ml) and/or PPE (0.3 ml) twice before incubation at days 0, 1. Embryos were extracted at days 7, 10, 12, 14 and 16. Effects of MSG and/ or PPE on embryo development during different incubation periods were studied. Results MSG injected into embryos led to congenital anomalies that appeared mainly in MSG and MSG + PPE groups. These anomalies included growth retardation, absent eye, abdominal swelling and hernia. Mortality rate was the highest in MSG, then in MSG + PPE and MSG–PPE groups. PPE treatment reduced MSG toxic effects and these results were better in MSG–PPE and PPE–MSG groups than MSG + PPE group. Conclusions MSG injection affected chicken embryonic development causing growth retardation and decline in total body length, break length, and total body weight in all the treated groups. These harmful actions can be ameliorated with PPE treatment depending on embryo age.
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Kassab RB, Theyab A, Al-Ghamdy AO, Algahtani M, Mufti AH, Alsharif KF, Abdella EM, Habotta OA, Omran MM, Lokman MS, Bauomy AA, Albrakati A, Baty RS, Hassan KE, Alshiekheid MA, Abdel Moneim AE, Elmasry HA. Protocatechuic acid abrogates oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and kidney associated with monosodium glutamate intoxication in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:12208-12221. [PMID: 34562213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a commonly used flavor enhancer, has been reported to induce hepatic and renal dysfunctions. In this study, the palliative role of protocatechuic acid (PCA) in MSG-administered rats was elucidated. Adult male rats were assigned to four groups, namely control, MSG (4 g/kg), PCA (100 mg/kg), and the last group was co-administered MSG and PCA at aforementioned doses for 7 days. Results showed that MSG augmented the hepatic and renal functions markers as well as glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels. Moreover, marked increases in malondialdehyde levels accompanied by declines in glutathione levels and notable decreases in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were observed in MSG-treated group. The MSG-mediated oxidative stress was further confirmed by downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene expression levels in both tissues. In addition, MSG enhanced the hepatorenal inflammation as witnessed by increased inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1b and tumor necrosis factor-α) and elevated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) levels. Further, significant increases in Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) levels together with decreases in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels were observed in MSG administration. Histopathological screening supported the biochemical and molecular findings. In contrast, co-treatment of rats with PCA resulted in remarkable enhancement of the antioxidant cellular capacity, suppression of inflammatory mediators, and apoptosis. These effects are possibly endorsed for activation of Nrf-2 and suppression of NF-kB signaling pathways. Collectively, addition of PCA counteracted MSG-induced hepatorenal injuries through modulation of oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami B Kassab
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Almakhwah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Theyab
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali O Al-Ghamdy
- Department of Biology, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Almakhwah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad H Mufti
- Medical Genetics Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab M Abdella
- Zoology Department, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
- Biology Department, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Al Aqiq, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ola A Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Omran
- Chemistry Department, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Maha S Lokman
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira A Bauomy
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass, 52719, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Roua S Baty
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Hassan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Alshiekheid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Heba A Elmasry
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
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Xu J, Tang M, Liu Y, Xu J, Xu X. Safety assessment of monosodium glutamate based on intestinal function and flora in mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Protective Effects of Dietary Supplement Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) against Toxically Impacts of Monosodium Glutamate in Blood and Behavior of Swiss mouse. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8110218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Well-known monosodium glutamate (E-621, MSG), originally used as a food flavor enhancer, was approved approximately in all countries, but the toxicity versus the safety of (MSG) are still unclear due to variable scientific toxicological reports. Moreover, it was reported to trigger elevated frequencies of nausea and headaches in humans and provide deleterious effects on laboratory animals. The objectives of the present study were to (i) estimate the possible toxic effects of the food additive MSG (ii) and the ameliorating protective effects of the dietary supplement spirulina (Spirulina platensis) on the biochemical parameters of blood and the damage produced in organs of Swiss mice after applying a supplementary daily dose of MSG for 4 weeks. (2) Methods: The present study was conducted on 20 mature Swiss mice, which were randomly organized into four groups of five Swiss mice. The treatments were (I) the control group, in which Swiss mice were fed only animal feed and drinking water; group II MSG1, which received 1 mL of MSG; group III MSG0.5, which was treated with 0.5 mL of MSG; and (IV) the group MSGS, which was treated with 1 mL of monosodium glutamate and 1 mL of spirulina (aiming to reduce the MSG toxicity). (3) Results: At the end of the experiment, Swiss mice treated with MSG demonstrated a passiveness regarding behavioral aspects. As we hypothesized, the parameters of the spirulina group reached similar values to the control group, and no histopathological observations have been found. Altogether, our findings evidenced that monosodium glutamate leads to histopathological changes in Swiss mice kidneys and caused important modifications for all biochemical parameters of the blood serum. Noticeably, the potential protective effect of Spirulina platensis was proved and was described by using the FTIR spectroscopy technique. (4) Conclusions: A diet rich in antioxidants and other plant-derived bioactive compounds may provide healthy nutrition, alleviating the potential side effects of some food additives.
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Osuntokun OS, Olayiwola G, Adekomi DA, Oyeyipo IP, Ayoka AO. Proanthocyanidin from Vitis vinifera attenuates memory impairment due to convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 124:108333. [PMID: 34619539 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of proanthocyanidin-rich fraction (PRF) of Vitis vinifera seed extract on the markers of hippocampal-dependent memory in convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) rat model. One hundred juvenile Wistar rats were randomized into 6 groups. Group 1 (n = 10) received propylene glycol (PG 0.1 ml/100 g) intraperitoneally (i.p), while convulsion was induced in groups 2-6 (n = 18 each) using lithium (127 mg/kg i.p) and pilocarpine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg i.p). The established CSE rats in groups 2-6 received a daily treatment of PG (0.1 ml i.p), PRF (30 mg/kg i.p), PRF (20 mg/kg BW i.p), PRF (10 mg/kg BW i.p) or diazepam (5 mg/kg BW i.p) for seven days. Thereafter, they were kept untreated but with access to feed and water for 21 days. The control and CSE-treated rats were subjected to behavioral tests, while the biochemical and histomorphological evaluations of the hippocampus were done after the sacrifice. The results were presented as mean ± SEM in graphs or tables. The level of significance was considered when p < 0.05. There was significant decrease in the hippocampal-dependent memory, hippocampal weight and an increased malondialdehyde concentration following CSE. The activities of acetylcholinesterase decreased significantly in the PRF-treated CSE rats. The hippocampal glial cells and granule count increased significantly following CSE, with various neurodegenerative features in the CA1 of the hippocampus. These derangements were attenuated significantly following PRF treatment. Memory impairment following CSE may be attenuated with the administration of PRF from V. vinifera seed in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Samson Osuntokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Gbola Olayiwola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Ibukun Peter Oyeyipo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun Oladele Ayoka
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Guven SG, Ersoy O, Topuz RD, Bulut E, Kizilay G, Uzun C. Does Oral Monosodium Glutamate Have a Cochleotoxic Effect? An Experimental Study. Audiol Neurootol 2021; 27:109-121. [PMID: 34535584 DOI: 10.1159/000518616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effect of orally consumed monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is a common additive in the food industry, on the cochlea has not been investigated. The present study aimed to investigate the possible cochleotoxic effects of oral MSG in guinea pigs using electrophysiological, biochemical, and histopathological methods. METHODS Thirty guinea pigs were equally divided into control and intervention groups (MSG 100 mg/kg/day; MSG 300 mg/kg/day). At 1 month, 5 guinea pigs from each group were sacrificed; the rest were observed for another month. Electrophysiological measurements (distortion product otoacoustic emission [DPOAE] and auditory brainstem response [ABR]), glutamate levels in the perilymph and blood samples, and histopathological examinations were evaluated at 1 and 2 months. RESULTS Change in signal-to-noise ratio at 2 months was significantly different in the MSG 300 group at 0.75 kHz and 2 kHz (p = 0.013 and p = 0.044, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in ABR wave latencies of the guinea pigs given MSG compared to the control group after 1 and 2 months; an increase was noted in ABR thresholds, although the difference was not statistically significant. In the MSG groups, moderate-to-severe degeneration and cell loss in outer hair cells, support cells, and spiral ganglia, lateral surface junction irregularities, adhesions in stereocilia, and partial loss of outer hair cell stereocilia were noted. CONCLUSION MSG, administered in guinea pigs at a commonly utilized quantity and route of administration in humans, may be cochleotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selis Gulseven Guven
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Onur Ersoy
- Department of Pathology Laboratory Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ruhan Deniz Topuz
- Department of Pharmacology, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Erdoğan Bulut
- Department of Audiology, Trakya University Faculty of Health Sciences, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Gulnur Kizilay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Cem Uzun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Trakya University Faculty of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
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Osuntokun OS, Aderoju MO, Adebisi IE, Abayomi TA, Samuel Tokunbo O, Olayiwola G. Phenytoin–levetiracetam adjunctive treatment-induced neurotoxicity and deregulation of cholinergic neurotransmission with evidence of neurocognitive impairment in male Wistar rats. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20905068.2021.1948157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Samson Osuntokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Mary Olabisi Aderoju
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoluwa Esther Adebisi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Adekemi Abayomi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | | | - Gbola Olayiwola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ. Glutamate and depression: Reflecting a deepening knowledge of the gut and brain effects of a ubiquitous molecule. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:297-315. [PMID: 34327123 PMCID: PMC8311508 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i7.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The versatility of glutamate as the brain’s foremost excitatory neurotransmitter and modulator of neurotransmission and function is considered common knowledge. Years of research have continued to uncover glutamate’s effects and roles in several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression. It had been considered that a deeper understanding of the roles of glutamate in depression might open a new door to understanding the pathological basis of the disorder, improve the approach to patient management, and lead to the development of newer drugs that may benefit more patients. This review examines our current understanding of the roles of endogenous and exogenous sources of glutamate and the glutamatergic system in the aetiology, progression and management of depression. It also examines the relationships that link the gut-brain axis, glutamate and depression; as it emphasizes how the gut-brain axis could impact depression pathogenesis and management via changes in glutamate homeostasis. Finally, we consider what the likely future of glutamate-based therapies and glutamate-based therapeutic manipulations in depression are, and if with them, we are now on the final chapter of understanding the neurochemical milieu of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neurobiology Subdivision, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Oyo State 234, Nigeria
| | - Olakunle James Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neuropharmacology Subdivision, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Oyo State 234, Nigeria
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Samson Osuntokun O, Grace Akingboye B, Olayiwola G, Adekemi Abayomi T, Oladele Ayoka A. The impairment of motor coordination following chronic carbamazepine-levetiracetam combination treatment with evidence of corticocerebellar toxicity in male Wistar rats. Brain Res 2021; 1767:147565. [PMID: 34175264 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) or levetiracetam (LEV) and sub-therapeutic doses of the combination of the two conventional antiepileptics on some of the markers of motor coordination. Twenty-four male Wistar rats (140 ± 5 g) were randomized into 4 groups (n = 6). Group I rats received physiological saline (0.2 ml), group II were administered CBZ (25.0 mg/kg), group III received LEV (50 mg/kg), while group IV rats were given sub-therapeutic doses of CBZ (12.5 mg/kg) and LEV (25 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 28 days. Thereafter the animals were subjected to behavioral and biochemical investigations, while the frontal lobe and cerebellar tissue were preserved for histological investigation. Data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics, and the results presented as mean ± SEM, analyzed using one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student- Newman Keuls post hoc analysis where appropriate. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was significant alteration in fine and skilled movement after the CBZ, and CBZ + LEV chronic treatment compared with the control. The CBZ, and CBZ + LEV combination treatment increased the frontal lobe and cerebellar activities of acetylcholinesterase, malondialdehyde concentration, tissue necrotic factor alpha and decreased the activities of super oxide dismutase relative to the control. Disorganization of the histoarchitecture of the frontal lobe and cerebellum was characterized by cellular atrophy, chromatolysis and hyalinization. Chronic CBZ, and CBZ + LEV combination treatment produced psychomotor dysfunction and neurotoxicity in this order CBZ + LEV > CBZ > LEV in the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Samson Osuntokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University, Oye Ekiti, Ekiti State.
| | - Busayo Grace Akingboye
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Gbola Olayiwola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo Adekemi Abayomi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun Oladele Ayoka
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Banerjee A, Mukherjee S, Maji BK. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:938-961. [PMID: 34026558 PMCID: PMC8120859 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavor enhancing high lipid diet acts as silent killer. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet alters redox-status. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet induces systemic anomalies.
In this fast-food era, people depend on ready-made foods and engage in minimal physical activities that ultimately change their food habits. Majorities of such foods have harmful effects on human health due to higher percentages of saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, and hydrogenated fats in the form of high lipid diet (HLD). Moreover, food manufacturers add monosodium glutamate (MSG) to enhance the taste and palatability of the HLD. Both MSG and HLD induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby alter the redox-homeostasis to cause systemic damage. However, MSG mixed HLD (MH) consumption leads to dyslipidemia, silently develops non-alcoholic fatty liver disease followed by metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies, even malignancies, via modulating different signaling pathways. This comprehensive review formulates health care strategies to create global awareness about the harmful impact of MH on the human body and recommends the daily consumption of more natural foods rich in antioxidants instead of toxic ingredients to counterbalance the MH-induced systemic anomalies.
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Falade J, Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ. Evaluation of the Behavioural, Antioxidative and Histomorphological Effects of Folic Acid-supplemented Diet in Dexamethasone-induced Depression in Mice. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:73-81. [PMID: 33459248 DOI: 10.2174/1871524921666210114125355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of folic acid in mitigating depression has remained pivotal in research. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of folate supplementation on neurobehaviour oxidative stress and cerebral cortex histomorphology in the dexamethasone mouse model of depression. METHODS Male mice were assigned to six groups (A-F) of 10 mice each. Animals in groups A and D were fed a standard diet, while those in B and E were fed folic acid supplemented diet (25 mg/kg of feed), while C and F were fed folate supplemented diet at 50 mg/kg of feed for 8 weeks. At the beginning of the sixth 6th week, mice in groups A-C were administered distilled water, while animals in groups D-F were administered dexamethasone (DEX) at 4 mg/kg body weight by gavage. Open-field, forced swim, and tail-suspension tests were conducted at the end of the experimental period, following which animals were euthanised and blood was taken for the estimation of Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced Glutathione, Glutathione Peroxidase, Catalase activity, and Superoxide Dismutase. Sections of the cerebral cortex were prepared for histological examination. RESULTS Folic acid supplementation increased body weight, locomotor, rearing and self-grooming behaviours, and decreased immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swim tests. There was also a reduction of lipid peroxidation and an increase in the antioxidant status. Folic acid supplementation was also found to be protective against the development of dexamethasone-induced changes in body weight, open-field behaviours, behavioural despair, oxidative stress and cerebrocortical morphology. CONCLUSION Folic-acid supplementation improves the behavioral, some antioxidant, and cerebral morphological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Falade
- Department of Mental Health, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
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Osuntokun OS, Ademinkanra AJ, Atere TG, Olayiwola G, Adedokun KI, Adekomi DA. Graded doses of grape seed methanol extract attenuated ataxic movement, cerebellocortical toxicity, and impairment following chronic carbamazepine treatment in male Wistar rats. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 114:107484. [PMID: 33257291 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of chronic cotreatment of carbamazepine (CBZ) with grape seed methanolic extract (GSME) on the markers of neurotoxicity and motor coordination in male rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomized into 5 groups (n = 6) and treated orally with propylene glycol (PG 0.1 ml/day), CBZ (25 mg/kg), CBZ (25 mg/kg) + GSME (200 mg/kg), CBZ (25 mg/kg) + GSME (100 mg/kg), or CBZ (25 mg/kg) + GSME (50 mg/kg) for 28 days. Thereafter, the animals were subjected to motor-coordination tests and, eventually, sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The cranium was opened and the brain excised. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and cerebellum were homogenized for the biochemical assessment, while representative brain was fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for the histomorphological investigation. The results were presented as mean ± SEM, analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc analysis where appropriate, while p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Indices of motor coordination were significantly (p = 0.0014) impaired with a significant (p = 0.0001) increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the PFC and cerebellar tissue. In addition, the activities of glutathione increased (p = 0.0001) significantly in the CBZ + GSME-treated rats. All these anomalies were attenuated in the CBZ + GSME treated rats. Coadministration of GSME with CBZ may ameliorate CBZ-induced neurotoxicity, histoarchitectural disorganization of PFC and cerebellum with resultant effect on fine motor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Samson Osuntokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria.
| | - Adeniyi Jacob Ademinkanra
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Tope Gafar Atere
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Gbola Olayiwola
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Kabiru Isola Adedokun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Damilare Adedayo Adekomi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University Osogbo, Nigeria
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Omogbiya AI, Ben-Azu B, Eduviere AT, Eneni AEO, Nwokoye PO, Ajayi AM, Umukoro S. Monosodium glutamate induces memory and hepatic dysfunctions in mice: ameliorative role of Jobelyn ® through the augmentation of cellular antioxidant defense machineries. Toxicol Res 2020; 37:323-335. [PMID: 34295796 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-020-00068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of high doses of monosodium glutamate (MSG), a known food additive on hepatic, memory and locomotor functions in mice, and the ameliorative potentials of Jobelyn® (JB), a unique dietary supplement. Twenty four male Swiss mice divided into 4 groups (n = 6) were given MSG (2, 4 and 8 g/kg) or normal saline (10 mL/kg) orally for 14 days. In the intervention study, another set of 30 male Swiss mice distributed into 5 groups (n = 6) received normal saline, MSG (8 g/kg) alone or in combination with JB (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) orally, for 14 days. Memory and locomotor functions as well as brain oxido-nitrergic stress biomarkers were then assessed in both studies. The hepatic oxido-nitrergic stress biomarkers, liver enzymes functions and histomorphology of the liver were also assessed. MSG (2, 4 and 8 g/kg) produced memory dysfunction, hyperlocomotion, increased malondialdehyde and nitrite levels accompanied by decreased antioxidant status in the brain and hepatic tissues. MSG-treated mice had increased hepatic enzyme activities (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) and distorted cyto-architectural integrity of the liver. These findings further suggest that MSG compromised hepatic functioning, which might also contribute to its neurotoxicity. However, JB (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o) attenuated the memory deficit, hyperlocomotion, increased oxido-nitrergic stress responses in the brain and hepatic tissues induced by MSG (8 g/kg, p.o). JB also normalized hepatic enzymes activities and histomorphological changes in MSG-treated mice. Taken together, JB mitigated MSG-induced toxicity through mechanisms relating to enhancement of cellular antioxidant-machineries and normalization of hepatic enzymatic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Itivere Omogbiya
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Rivers State Nigeria
| | - Anthony Taghogho Eduviere
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State Nigeria
| | - Aya-Ebi Okubo Eneni
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
| | - Prisilla O Nwokoye
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State Nigeria
| | - Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
| | - Solomon Umukoro
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
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Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ. Dietary glutamate and the brain: In the footprints of a Jekyll and Hyde molecule. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:93-104. [PMID: 32687843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is a crucial neurotransmitter of the mammalian central nervous system, a molecular component of our diet, and a popular food-additive. However, for decades, concerns have been raised about the issue of glutamate's safety as a food additive; especially, with regards to its ability (or otherwise) to cross the blood-brain barrier, cause excitotoxicity, or lead to neuron death. Results of animal studies following glutamate administration via different routes suggest that an array of effects can be observed. While some of the changes appear deleterious, some are not fully-understood, and the impact of others might even be beneficial. These observations suggest that with regards to the mammalian brain, exogenous glutamate might exert a double-sided effect, and in essence be a two-faced molecule whose effects may be dependent on several factors. This review draws from the research experiences of the authors and other researchers regarding the effects of exogenous glutamate on the brain of rodents. We also highlight the possible implications of such effects on the brain, in health and disease. Finally, we deduce that beyond the culinary effects of exogenous glutamate, there is the possibility of a beneficial role in the understanding and management of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
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Tabassum S, Ahmad S, Madiha S, Shahzad S, Batool Z, Sadir S, Haider S. Free L-glutamate-induced modulation in oxidative and neurochemical profile contributes to enhancement in locomotor and memory performance in male rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11206. [PMID: 32641780 PMCID: PMC7343824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu), the key excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is considered essential for brain functioning and has a vital role in learning and memory formation. Earlier it was considered as a harmful agent but later found to be useful for many body functions. However, studies regarding the effects of free l-Glu administration on CNS function are limited. Therefore, current experiment is aimed to monitor the neurobiological effects of free l-Glu in male rats. l-Glu was orally administered to rats for 5-weeks and changes in behavioral performance were monitored. Thereafter, brain and hippocampus were collected for oxidative and neurochemical analysis. Results showed that chronic supplementation of free l-Glu enhanced locomotor performance and cognitive function of animals which may be attributed to the improved antioxidant status and cholinergic, monoaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in brain and hippocampus. Current results showed that chronic supplementation of l-Glu affects the animal behaviour and brain functioning via improving the neurochemical and redox system of brain. Free l-Glu could be a useful therapeutic agent to combat neurological disturbances however this requires further targeted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiqa Tabassum
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Science, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (Szabist), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saara Ahmad
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Madiha
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sidrah Shahzad
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Zehra Batool
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Sadir
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saida Haider
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Afolabi BA, Olagoke OC. High concentration of MSG alters antioxidant defence system in lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Blattodea: Blaberidae). BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:217. [PMID: 32299491 PMCID: PMC7164354 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food additive that has been shown to be toxic to rodents at high concentrations. The available studies in Drosophila melanogaster suggest that MSG toxicity depends on concentration and gender, thus the safety of MSG as a food enhancer still requires further investigation. We have documented impaired locomotor activity and altered oxidative stress markers in cockroaches co-exposed to methylmercury and monosodium glutamate (MSG). We herein examined the susceptibility of Nauphoeta cinerea to high and low concentrations (4% and 1%) of MSG, while monitoring the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), as well as markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant activity over 30 days. Results There was no significant alteration in the parameters assessed at 1% MSG while 4% MSG caused an increase in the activity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, with a corresponding reduction in the activities of acetylcholinesterase, glutathione-S-transferase and catalase, suggesting the capacity of MSG to alter redox homeostasis in Nauphoeta cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing A Afolabi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Olawande C Olagoke
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Hajihasani MM, Soheili V, Zirak MR, Sahebkar A, Shakeri A. Natural products as safeguards against monosodium glutamate-induced toxicity. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:416-430. [PMID: 32489556 PMCID: PMC7239414 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.43060.10123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate is a sodium salt of a nonessential amino acid, L-glutamic acid, which is widely used in food industry. Glutamate plays an important role in principal brain functions including formation and stabilization of synapses, memory, cognition, learning, as well as cellular metabolism. However, ingestion of foodstuffs rich in monosodium glutamate can result in the outbreak of several health disorders such as neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, obesity and diabetes. The usage of medicinal plants and their natural products as a therapy against MSG used in food industry has been suggested to be protective. Calendula officinalis, Curcuma longa, Green Tea, Ginkgo biloba and vitamins are some of the main natural products with protective effect against mentioned monosodium glutamate toxicity through different mechanisms. This review provides a summary on the toxicity of monosodium glutamate and the protective effects of natural products against monosodium glutamate -induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Hajihasani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Soheili
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zirak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shakeri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Total glutamate (Glu) intake is 5-20 g/day in adults and about 40 mg/kg in breast-fed infant. Glu intake is constituted by Glu from protein and free Glu from certain foods and flavor-enhancing additive. The admissible intake of free Glu additive is addressed. RECENT FINDING In the gut, Glu is actively metabolized by enterocytes and because of this metabolism, the systemic availability of ingested Glu remains relatively low. Human studies are preferred to assess the transfer in blood of dietary free Glu salts and their possible risks. When human data are not available, experimental animal models provide the basis to assess the risks to humans but toxicity studies in rodents remain for a part controversial. A No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) in rodent of 3200 mg/kg/day and an uncertainty factor of 100 lead to an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg/day for free Glu salts used as additives, whereas a NOAEL higher than 6000 mg/kg/day and an uncertainty factor of 25 leads to an ADI of 240 mg/kg/day for free Glu salts. SUMMARY Current discussions indicate an ADI from 30 to 240 mg/kg/day depending on the chosen NOAEL in animal model and compound-specific uncertainty factor (from 25 to 100).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tomé
- UMR PNCA, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
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Samuels A. Dose dependent toxicity of glutamic acid: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1733016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Samuels
- Office of the administrator, Truth in Labeling Campaign, Chicago, IL, USA
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In vitro genotoxicity assessment of monopotassium glutamate and magnesium diglutamate. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104780. [PMID: 31978514 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Food additives are approved chemicals used for various purposes in foods; to provide nutritional safety, increase flavor, extend shelf life, reduce nutrient losses etc. In this study, the in vitro genotoxic effects of flavor enhancers, Monopotassium glutamate (MPG) and Magnesium diglutamate (MDG) were investigated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by using chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt), and comet assays. Four concentrations of MPG (125, 250, 500, and 1000 μg/mL) and MDG (93.75, 187.5, 375, and 750 μg/mL) were used. Both food additives significantly reduced mitotic index and increased the frequency of CAs at high concentrations. MPG and MDG (except 93.75 μg/mL) significantly increased SCEs/Cell in concentration-dependent manner. In the CBMN-Cyt test, both MPG and MDG increased the formation of micronucleus, nuclear buds, and nucleoplasmic bridges compared to control in a concentration-dependent manner. However, these increases were statistically significant at higher concentrations. MPG (at 500 and 1000 μg/mL) and MDG (except 93.75 μg/mL) significantly increased DNA damages observed by comet assay. It is concluded from these results that MPG and MDG have clastogenic, mutagenic, aneugenic, and cytotoxic effects, particularly at high concentrations in human lymphocytes in vitro.
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Elblehi SS, El Euony OI, El-Sayed YS. Apoptosis and astrogliosis perturbations and expression of regulatory inflammatory factors and neurotransmitters in acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity under ω3 fatty acids protection in rats. Neurotoxicology 2019; 76:44-57. [PMID: 31647937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the potential ameliorative effects of omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids against acrylamide (ACR)-induced neurotoxicity. Thirty-two adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 8) as follows: control, ω3 fatty acids (1000 mg/kg bwt/day orally), ACR-treated (50 mg/kg bwt/day IP) and ACR plus ω3 fatty acids group. Treatments were performed every other day for 21 consecutive days. ACR induced abnormal gait and elevated serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), brain and spinal cord MDA levels and decreased brain and spinal cord GSH levels. Moreover, it reduced neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, GABA, serotonin and noradrenaline levels) and increased AChE activity in brain tissues. Histopathologically, ACR caused various degenerative changes, necrosis and glial cell activation in the cerebrum, cerebellum, hippocampus, spinal cord and sciatic nerve. Likewise, the histomorphometric analysis was constant with ACR-induced neurotoxicity. The ACR induced axonal atrophy and myelin disruption and decreased g-ratio of the sciatic nerve. Immunohistochemically, strong positive expressions of apoptotic marker caspase-3 and astroglial GFAP in the examined tissues were detected. Contrariwise, concurrent administration of ω3 fatty acids partially attenuated ACR impacts, as it improved the gait performance, reduced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and modulate the levels of the neurotransmitters. It also ameliorated the intensity of ACR-induced histopathological and histomorphometric alterations within the examined nervous tissues. It could be concluded that ω3 fatty acids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic potentials against ACR neurotoxicity via suppression of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibition of AChE activity and downregulation of caspase-3 and GFAP expressions in the nervous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar S Elblehi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Omnia I El Euony
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria 22758, Egypt
| | - Yasser S El-Sayed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt.
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AY O, OI O, FO Y, AM A, IO A, OJ O. Oral Monosodium Glutamate Differentially Affects Open-Field Behaviours, Behavioural Despair and Place Preference in Male and Female Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2211556008666181213160527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavour enhancer which induces
behavioural changes in animals. However the influence of sex on the behavioural response
to MSG has not been investigated.
Objective:
The sex-differential effects of MSG on open-field behaviours, anxiety-related
behaviour, behavioural despair, place-preference, and plasma/brain glutamate levels in
adult mice were assessed.
Methods:
Mice were assigned to three groups (1-3), based on the models used to assess
behaviours. Animals in group 1 were for the elevated-plus maze and tail-suspension paradigms,
group 2 for the open-field and forced-swim paradigms, while mice in group 3 were
for observation in the conditioned place preference paradigm. Mice in all groups were further
assigned into five subgroups (10 males and 10 females), and administered vehicle (distilled
water at 10 ml/kg) or one of four doses of MSG (20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg) daily for
6 weeks, following which they were exposed to the behavioural paradigms. At the end of
the behavioural tests, the animals were sacrificed, and blood was taken for estimation of
glutamate levels. The brains were also homogenised for estimation of glutamate levels.
Results:
MSG was associated with a reduction in locomotion in males and females (except
at 160 mg/kg, male), an anxiolytic response in females, an anxiogenic response in males,
and decreased behavioural despair in both sexes (females more responsive). Postconditioning
MSG-associated place-preference was significantly higher in females. Plasma/
brain glutamate was not significantly different between sexes.
Conclusion:
Repeated MSG administration alters a range of behaviours in a sex-dependent
manner in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onaolapo AY
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olawore OI
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf FO
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adeyemo AM
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adewole IO
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Onaolapo OJ
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
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Onaolapo OJ, Adeyemi OI, Amujoyegbe OJ, Fasola EA, Olofinnade AT, Onaolapo AY. High Dietary Fat Modulates Neurobehavioural Effect of Lopinavir/ Ritonavir in Mice. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 21:158-168. [PMID: 31612827 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191011144930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LR) is a protease inhibitor used human immunodeficiency virus infection management. There have been issues regarding the effects of fat on LR efficacy and the possibility of neurological deficits following prolonged use, there is however a dearth of research examining this. AIMS The effects of LR administered with normal or High-Fat Diet (HFD) on neurobehaviour, neurochemistry and oxidative stress in healthy mice were examined. METHODS Mice were randomly-assigned into eight groups of ten (n=10) animals each. The groups were normal control [Standard Diet, (SD)], HFD control, 3 groups of LR incorporated into SD (100/25, 200/50 and 400/100 mg/kg of feed), and 3 groups of LR with HFD (100/25, 200/50 and 400/100 mg/kg of feed). Mice were fed daily for six weeks, following which open field, elevated-plus maze (EPM), radial-arm maze and Y-maze behaviours were scored. Twenty-four hours after tests, mice were euthanised and brains were homogenised for estimation of oxidative stress, L-glutamate level and acetylcholinesterase activity. RESULTS LR was associated with a reduction in HFD-induced weight gain, suppression of open-field behaviours with SD, and counteraction of HFD-induced changes in working-memory, open-field and anxiety-related behaviours. Also, LR causes increased lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity; and a decrease in brain glutamate, irrespective of dietary composition. Increased fat catabolism leading to increased oxidative stress could possibly account for the weight changes, while a decrease in brain glutamate could account for the changes in open-field behaviours in mice fed SD. CONCLUSION LR alters neurobehaviour, oxidative stress and brain glutamate in mice; however, only its effects on neurobehaviour are affected by diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwole I Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Omolola J Amujoyegbe
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Eunice A Fasola
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony T Olofinnade
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Lagos state Ikeja, Ikeja, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Behavioural Neuroscience and Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Hamza RZ, Al-Salmi FA, El-Shenawy NS. Evaluation of the effects of the green nanoparticles zinc oxide on monosodium glutamate-induced toxicity in the brain of rats. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7460. [PMID: 31579564 PMCID: PMC6768055 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used extensively as a food additive in the diets of many countries around the world. Aim of the study Our aim was to determine the effects of green zinc oxide nanoparticles on MSG-induced oxidative damage, neurotransmitter changes, and histopathological alternation in the cerebral cortexes of rats. Methods MSG was administered orally at two doses of 6 and 17.5 mg/kg body weight. The higher dose was associated with a significant decline in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glutathione (GSH) in the cerebral cortex of rats. Results The administration of zinc oxide nanoparticles/green tea extract (ZnO NPs/GTE) to 17.5 mg/kg MSG-treated rats was associated with significant improvements in all parameters previously shown to be altered by MSG. The higher dose of MSG induced significant histopathological variation in brain tissue. Co-treatment of rats with ZnO NPs/GTE and MSG-HD inhibited the reduction of neurotransmitters and acetylcholinesterase by MSG. Conclusions ZnO NPs/GTE have the potential to protect against oxidative stress and neuronal necrosis induced by MSG-HD. ZnO NPs/GTE conferred a greater benefit than the control treatment or ZnO NPs or GTE administered separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Z Hamza
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawziah A Al-Salmi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla S El-Shenawy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Zanfirescu A, Ungurianu A, Tsatsakis AM, Nițulescu GM, Kouretas D, Veskoukis A, Tsoukalas D, Engin AB, Aschner M, Margină D. A review of the alleged health hazards of monosodium glutamate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1111-1134. [PMID: 31920467 PMCID: PMC6952072 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is an umami substance widely used as flavor enhancer. Although it is generally recognized as being safe by food safety regulatory agencies, several studies have questioned its long-term safety. The purpose of this review was to survey the available literature on preclinical studies and clinical trials regarding the alleged adverse effects of MSG. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the reported possible risks that may potentially arise following chronic exposure. Furthermore, we intend to critically evaluate the relevance of this data for dietary human intake. Preclinical studies have associated MSG administration with cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, low-grade inflammation, metabolic disarray and premalignant alterations, along with behavioral changes. Moreover, links between MSG consumption and tumorigenesis, increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in thymocytes, as well as genotoxic effects in lymphocytes have been reported. However, in reviewing the available literature, we detected several methodological flaws, which led us to conclude that these studies have limited relevance for extrapolation to dietary human intakes of MSG risk exposure. Clinical trials have focused mainly on the effects of MSG on food intake and energy expenditure. Besides its well-known impact on food palatability, MSG enhances salivary secretion and interferes with carbohydrate metabolism, while the impact on satiety and post-meal recovery of hunger varied in relation to meal composition. Reports on MSG hypersensitivity, also known as 'Chinese restaurant syndrome', or links of its use to increased pain sensitivity and atopic dermatitis were found to have little supporting evidence. Based on the available literature, we conclude that further clinical and epidemiological studies are needed, with an appropriate design, accounting for both added and naturally occurring dietary MSG. Critical analysis of existing literature, establishes that many of the reported negative health effects of MSG have little relevance for chronic human exposure and are poorly informative as they are based on excessive dosing that does not meet with levels normally consumed in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Zanfirescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Anca Ungurianu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Aristides M. Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
| | - George M. Nițulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Aris Veskoukis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsoukalas
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Crete, Greece
- Metabolomic Medicine Clinic, Athens 10674, Greece
| | - Ayse B. Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara 06330, Turkey
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10463, USA
| | - Denisa Margină
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
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Othman SI, Jumah MB. Histomorphological Changes in Mono-sodium Glutamate Induced Hepato-renal Toxicity in Mice. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.449.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jubaidi FF, Mathialagan RD, Noor MM, Taib IS, Budin SB. Monosodium glutamate daily oral supplementation: study of its effects on male reproductive system on rat model. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2019; 65:194-204. [PMID: 30773941 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2019.1573274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used in food preparation industry and has been consumed regularly. Previous studies had reported on effects of MSG when given at extremely high dosages, the results are not applicable to human equivalent intake. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of MSG on sperm quality and changes in reproductive organs of adult male rats when taken at average human daily intake (ADI). Twenty-four adult male rats were randomly assigned into three groups; NC (Normal control), MSG60 and MSG120 where MSG was given orally at 60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg to each respective group. All treatments were conducted for 28 consecutive days. MSG at estimated ADI of 120 mg/kg body weight resulted in a significant drop in sperm quality (p < 0.05) when compared to both control and MSG60 groups. A significant decrease in the weight of reproductive organs was also apparent (p < 0.05). Moreover, oxidative status evaluation showed that treatment of MSG induces oxidative stress in the testis, more severely at a dose of 120 mg/kg body weight. These findings are supported by alterations in the observed histology of reproductive organs. This study shows that an intake dose of 120 mg/kg body weight MSG could cause significant damage to the reproductive system. Abbreviations: MSG: Monosodium glutamate; ADI: average daily intake; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; TCA: tricarbocylic acid; PF: prostatic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Farhana Jubaidi
- a Biomedical Science Programme, Centre of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Ramya Dewi Mathialagan
- a Biomedical Science Programme, Centre of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Mahanem Mat Noor
- b School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Bangi , Malaysia
| | - Izatus Shima Taib
- a Biomedical Science Programme, Centre of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Siti Balkis Budin
- a Biomedical Science Programme, Centre of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Onaolapo A, Onaolapo O. Food additives, food and the concept of ‘food addiction’: Is stimulation of the brain reward circuit by food sufficient to trigger addiction? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2018; 25:263-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Dietary composition modulates impact of food-added monosodium glutamate on behaviour, metabolic status and cerebral cortical morphology in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:417-428. [PMID: 30399577 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of food-added monosodium glutamate (MSG) on neurobehaviour, serum biochemical parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and changes in cerebral cortex, liver and kidney morphology were assessed in mice fed standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD). Animals were assigned to 8 groups [SD control, HFD control, and six groups fed MSG plus SD or HFD at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg of feed]. Animals were fed for 8 weeks, behavioural tests were conducted, and blood was taken for estimation of biochemical parameters and MDA level. Whole brain was homogenised for neurochemical assays, while the cerebrum, liver and kidneys were processed for histology. In groups fed MSG/SD, there was a decrease in weight gain, increase in food-intake, an increase in locomotion, a decrease in rearing/grooming, and a decrease in anxiety-response. Also observed were derangements in biochemical parameters, increased MDA, and alteration of renal morphology. Compared to HFD, MSG/HFD groups had reduction in weight gain, food-intake, grooming and anxiety-response, an increase in locomotion, and improved memory. Protection against biochemical derangements and HFD-induced organ injuries were also observed. In conclusion, the findings suggest that possible interactions that may occur between dietary constituents and MSG are determinants of the effects of food-added MSG in mice.
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Saleh HA, S. Abd El-Aziz G, N. Mustafa H, El-Fark M, Mansour Tashkandi J, Hassan Alzahrani A, Mal A, AboRass M, Halim Deifalla A. Beneficial Effects of Curcumin in Maternal and Fetal Oxidative Stress and Brain Damage Induced by Gestational Lead Administration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.13005/bpj/1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was planned to explore the protective role of curcumin (Cur) against maternal and fetal oxidative stress and cerebral damage induced by lead (Pb) during pregnancy. Positively pregnant female rats were divided into seven groups: control group, Cur group (300 mg/kg of Cur/b.wt.), DMSO group (50% DMSO), two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt./day of Pb acetate, respectively), and two groups treated with both Pb and Cur (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 300 mg/kg b.wt./day of Cur). Treatments through oral gavage once a day started from gestation day 1 (GD1) till day 20 (GD20), where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrificed to obtain the fetuses. Different chemical parameters were assessed. Brain specimens of mother and fetal groups were processed with examination. The results displayed that Pb administration to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses. Also, there was a significant rise in lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities in the brains of the different Pb-treated groups. The histological examination of the brain of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations. Co-treatment of Cur along with Pb caused a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone, improving the oxidative condition with amelioration of the brain’s histopathological changes. Co-administration of Cur could have ameliorative effect against Pb-induced neurotoxicity through the reduction of oxidative stress and reversal of histopathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid A. Saleh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Gamal S. Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Hehsam N. Mustafa
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Magdy El-Fark
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | | | | | - Ahmed Mal
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
| | - Magda AboRass
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
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Methyl aspartylphenylalanine, the pons and cerebellum in mice: An evaluation of motor, morphological, biochemical, immunohistochemical and apoptotic effects. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 86:67-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Vitor-de-Lima SM, Medeiros LDB, Benevides RDDL, Dos Santos CN, Lima da Silva NO, Guedes RCA. Monosodium glutamate and treadmill exercise: Anxiety-like behavior and spreading depression features in young adult rats. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:435-443. [PMID: 29125056 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1398301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The route of administration is an important factor in determining the action of some drugs. We previously demonstrated that subcutaneous monosodium glutamate (MSG) accelerated cortical spreading depression (CSD) in the rat and that treadmill exercise attenuated this effect. This study evaluated whether other routes of administration exert the same action by testing orogastric (gavage) and topical cortical MSG administration in treadmill-exercised and sedentary rats. Additionally, in the orogastric treatment we tested anxiety-like behavior. METHODS Exercised and sedentary rats received per gavage water or MSG (1 or 2 g/kg) daily from postnatal (P) day 7 to 27. Behavioral tests (open field and elevated plus-maze) occurred at P53 ± 3. At P56 ± 3, we analyzed CSD parameters (velocity, amplitude, and duration of the negative potential change). Other three groups of rats received an MSG solution (25, 50 or 75 mg/ml) topically to the intact dura mater during CSD recording. RESULTS MSG-gavage increased anxiety-like behavior and the CSD velocities compared with water-treated controls (P < 0.05). Exercise decelerated CSD. In contrast to gavage, which accelerated CSD, topical MSG dose-dependently and reversibly impaired CSD propagation, reduced CSD amplitude and increased CSD duration (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The exercise-dependent attenuation of the effects of MSG confirms our previous results in rats treated subcutaneously with MSG. CSD results suggest two distinct mechanisms for gavage and topical MSG administration. Additionally, data suggest that exercise can help protect the developing and adult brain against the deleterious actions of MSG.
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Onaolapo AY, Oladipo BP, Onaolapo OJ. Cyclophosphamide-induced male subfertility in mice: An assessment of the potential benefits of Maca supplement. Andrologia 2017; 50. [PMID: 29047156 DOI: 10.1111/and.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced gonadal toxicity in male mice were investigated. Mice were assigned to six treatment groups: Vehicle control, CYP control, CYP plus oral Maca (500 or 1,000 mg/kg), and oral Maca (500 or 1,000 mg/kg). CYP was administered via the intraperitoneal route (days 1-2), while vehicle or Maca were administered daily for 28 days. On day 28, half of the animals in each group were either sacrificed or paired with age-matched females for fertility assessment. Plasma testosterone assay, sperm analysis and assessment of tissue antioxidant/morphological status were also carried out. CYP administration was associated with oxidative stress, subfertility and morphometric/morphological indices of gonadal injury, while administration of Maca mitigated CYP-induced gonadal toxicity and subfertility. This study shows that Maca is beneficial in the mitigation of CYP-induced male gonadal insufficiency and/or testicular morphological changes; however, further studies will be needed to ascertain its usability for this purpose in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Onaolapo
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - B P Oladipo
- Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - O J Onaolapo
- Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
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48
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Mollica A, Zengin G, Locatelli M, Stefanucci A, Macedonio G, Bellagamba G, Onaolapo O, Onaolapo A, Azeez F, Ayileka A, Novellino E. An assessment of the nutraceutical potential of Juglans regia L. leaf powder in diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:554-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Monosodium glutamate-associated alterations in open field, anxiety-related and conditioned place preference behaviours in mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 390:677-689. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ, Nwoha PU. Aspartame and the hippocampus: Revealing a bi-directional, dose/time-dependent behavioural and morphological shift in mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 139:76-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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