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Kang BS, Choi BY, Kho AR, Lee SH, Hong DK, Park MK, Lee SH, Lee CJ, Yang HW, Woo SY, Park SW, Kim DY, Park JB, Chung WS, Suh SW. Effects of Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) Gene Deletion on Astrocyte-Specific Glycolysis and Global Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:491. [PMID: 36830049 PMCID: PMC9952809 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by insufficient blood flow to the brain. Astrocytes have a role in bidirectionally converting pyruvate, generated via glycolysis, into lactate and then supplying it to neurons through astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS). Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is an enzyme that dephosphorylates phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate during glycolysis in astrocytes. We hypothesized that a reduction in lactate supply in astrocyte PKM2 gene deletion exacerbates neuronal death. Mice harboring a PKM2 gene deletion were established by administering tamoxifen to Aldh1l1-CreERT2; PKM2f/f mice. Upon development of global cerebral ischemia, mice were immediately injected with sodium l-lactate (250 mg/kg, i.p.). To verify our hypothesis, we compared oxidative damage, microtubule disruption, ANLS disruption, and neuronal death between the gene deletion and control subjects. We observed that PKM2 gene deletion increases the degree of neuronal damage and impairment of lactate metabolism in the hippocampal region after GCI. The lactate administration groups showed significantly reduced neuronal death and increases in neuron survival and cognitive function. We found that lactate supply via the ANLS in astrocytes plays a crucial role in maintaining energy metabolism in neurons. Lactate administration may have potential as a therapeutic tool to prevent neuronal damage following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Sport Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Ra Kho
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, College of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Song-Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Ki Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Emory University School, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Hyun Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Juhn Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Wook Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Young Woo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Wan Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Bong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34051, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Holth JK, Fritschi SK, Wang C, Pedersen NP, Cirrito JR, Mahan TE, Finn MB, Manis M, Geerling JC, Fuller PM, Lucey BP, Holtzman DM. The sleep-wake cycle regulates brain interstitial fluid tau in mice and CSF tau in humans. Science 2019; 363:880-884. [PMID: 30679382 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle regulates interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of β-amyloid (Aβ) that accumulates in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, chronic sleep deprivation (SD) increases Aβ plaques. However, tau, not Aβ, accumulation appears to drive AD neurodegeneration. We tested whether ISF/CSF tau and tau seeding and spreading were influenced by the sleep-wake cycle and SD. Mouse ISF tau was increased ~90% during normal wakefulness versus sleep and ~100% during SD. Human CSF tau also increased more than 50% during SD. In a tau seeding-and-spreading model, chronic SD increased tau pathology spreading. Chemogenetically driven wakefulness in mice also significantly increased both ISF Aβ and tau. Thus, the sleep-wake cycle regulates ISF tau, and SD increases ISF and CSF tau as well as tau pathology spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrah K Holth
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah K Fritschi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chanung Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nigel P Pedersen
- Department of Neurology, Emory Epilepsy Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John R Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thomas E Mahan
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mary Beth Finn
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melissa Manis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brendan P Lucey
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. .,Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Caffeine Improves Triathlon Performance: A Field Study in Males and Females. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:228-237. [PMID: 29345161 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance exercise is commonly accepted. We aimed to elucidate realistically the effect of caffeine on triathlon event performance using a field study design, while allowing investigation into potential mechanisms at play. A double-blind, randomized, crossover field trial was conducted. Twenty-six triathletes (14 males and 12 females; mean ± SD: age = 37.8 ± 10.6 years, habitual caffeine intake = 413 ± 505 mg/day, percentage body fat = 14.5 ± 7.2%, and training/week = 12.8 ± 4.5 hr) participated in this study. Microencapsulated caffeine (6 mg/kg body weight) was supplemented 60 min pretrial. Performance data included time to completion, rating of perceived exertion, and profile of mood states. Blood samples taken before, during, and postrace were analyzed for cortisol, testosterone, and full blood count. Capillary blood lactate concentrations were assessed prerace, during transitions, and 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 min after triathlons. Caffeine supplementation resulted in a 3.7% reduction in swim time (33.5 ± 7.0 vs. 34.8 ± 8.1 min, p < .05) and a 1.3% reduction in time to completion (149.6 ± 19.8 vs. 151.5 ± 18.6 min, p < .05) for the whole group. Gender differences and individual responses are also presented. Caffeine did not alter the rating of perceived exertion significantly, but better performance after caffeine supplementation suggests a central effect resulting in greater overall exercise intensity at the same rating of perceived exertion. Caffeine supplementation was associated with higher postexercise cortisol levels (665 ± 200 vs. 543 ± 169 nmol/L, p < .0001) and facilitated greater peak blood lactate accumulation (analysis of variance main effect, p < .05). We recommend that triathlon athletes with relatively low habitual caffeine intake may ingest 6 mg/kg body weight caffeine, 45-60 min before the start of Olympic-distance triathlon to improve their performance.
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Boury-Jamot B, Halfon O, Magistretti PJ, Boutrel B. Lactate release from astrocytes to neurons contributes to cocaine memory formation. Bioessays 2016; 38:1266-1273. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Boury-Jamot
- Department of Psychiatry; Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience; Lausanne University Hospital; Lausanne Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Olivier Halfon
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Department of Psychiatry; Lausanne University Hospital; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Pierre J. Magistretti
- Department of Psychiatry; Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience; Lausanne University Hospital; Lausanne Switzerland
- Brain Mind Institute; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Lausanne Switzerland
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin Boutrel
- Department of Psychiatry; Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience; Lausanne University Hospital; Lausanne Switzerland
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Department of Psychiatry; Lausanne University Hospital; Lausanne Switzerland
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Uehara T, Sumiyoshi T, Kurachi M. New Pharmacotherapy Targeting Cognitive Dysfunction of Schizophrenia via Modulation of GABA Neuronal Function. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:793-801. [PMID: 26630957 PMCID: PMC4759318 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666151009120153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is considered a neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorder. Cognitive impairment is a core symptom in patients with the illness, and has been suggested a major predictor of functional outcomes. Reduction of parvalbumin (PV)-positive γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons has been associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, in view of the link between the abnormality of GABA neurons and cognitive impairments of the disease. It is assumed that an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory (E-I) activity induced by low activity of glutamatergic projections and PV-positive GABA interneurons in the prefrontal cortex resulted in sustained neural firing and gamma oscillation, leading to impaired cognitive function. Therefore, it is important to develop novel pharmacotherapy targeting GABA neurons and their activities. Clinical evidence suggests serotonin (5-HT) 1A receptor agonist improves cognitive disturbances of schizophrenia, consistent with results from preclinical studies, through mechanism that corrects E-I imbalance via the suppression of GABA neural function. On the other hand, T-817MA, a novel neurotrophic agent, ameliorated loss of PV-positive GABA neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex and reduction of gamma-band activity, as well as cognitive dysfunction in animal model of schizophrenia. In conclusion, a pharmacotherapy to alleviate abnormalities in GABA neurons through 5-HT1A agonists and T-817MA is expected to prevent the onset and/or progression of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada-cho, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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Imran I, Hillert MH, Klein J. Early metabolic responses to lithium/pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rat brain. J Neurochem 2015; 135:1007-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Biocenter N260; Goethe University Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Bahauddin Zakariya University; Multan Pakistan
| | - Markus H. Hillert
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Biocenter N260; Goethe University Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jochen Klein
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Biocenter N260; Goethe University Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on sleep and brain interstitial fluid amyloid-β in an APP transgenic mouse model. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:163-71. [PMID: 25218899 PMCID: PMC4362875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impairment of cognitive function, extracellular amyloid plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic and neuronal loss. There is substantial evidence that the aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain plays a key role in the pathogenesis of AD and that Aβ aggregation is a concentration dependent process. Recently, it was found that Aβ levels in the brain interstitial fluid (ISF) are regulated by the sleep-wake cycle in both humans and mice; ISF Aβ is higher during wakefulness and lower during sleep. Intracerebroventricular infusion of orexin increased wakefulness and ISF Aβ levels, and chronic sleep deprivation significantly increased Aβ plaque formation in amyloid precursor protein transgenic (APP) mice. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is a well-documented sleep regulatory substance which promotes non-rapid eye movement sleep. GHRHR(lit/lit) mice that lack functional GHRH receptor have shorter sleep duration and longer wakefulness during light periods. The current study was undertaken to determine whether manipulating sleep by interfering with GHRH signaling affects brain ISF Aβ levels in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (PS1APP) transgenic mice that overexpress mutant forms of APP and PSEN1 that cause autosomal dominant AD. We found that intraperitoneal injection of GHRH at dark onset increased sleep and decreased ISF Aβ and that delivery of a GHRH antagonist via reverse-microdialysis suppressed sleep and increased ISF Aβ. The diurnal fluctuation of ISF Aβ in PS1APP/GHRHR(lit/lit) mice was significantly smaller than that in PS1APP/GHRHR(lit/+) mice. However despite decreased sleep in GHRHR deficient mice, this was not associated with an increase in Aβ accumulation later in life. One of several possibilities for the finding is the fact that GHRHR deficient mice have GHRH-dependent but sleep-independent factors which protect against Aβ deposition.
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Macauley SL, Stanley M, Caesar EE, Yamada SA, Raichle ME, Perez R, Mahan TE, Sutphen CL, Holtzman DM. Hyperglycemia modulates extracellular amyloid-β concentrations and neuronal activity in vivo. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2463-7. [PMID: 25938784 DOI: 10.1172/jci79742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and individuals with a diabetes-independent elevation in blood glucose have an increased risk for developing dementia, specifically dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). These observations suggest that abnormal glucose metabolism likely plays a role in some aspects of AD pathogenesis, leading us to investigate the link between aberrant glucose metabolism, T2DM, and AD in murine models. Here, we combined two techniques – glucose clamps and in vivo microdialysis – as a means to dynamically modulate blood glucose levels in awake, freely moving mice while measuring real-time changes in amyloid-β (Aβ), glucose, and lactate within the hippocampal interstitial fluid (ISF). In a murine model of AD, induction of acute hyperglycemia in young animals increased ISF Aβ production and ISF lactate, which serves as a marker of neuronal activity. These effects were exacerbated in aged AD mice with marked Aβ plaque pathology. Inward rectifying, ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels mediated the response to elevated glucose levels, as pharmacological manipulation of K(ATP) channels in the hippocampus altered both ISF Aβ levels and neuronal activity. Taken together, these results suggest that K(ATP) channel activation mediates the response of hippocampal neurons to hyperglycemia by coupling metabolism with neuronal activity and ISF Aβ levels.
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Uehara T, Matsuoka T, Sumiyoshi T. Tandospirone, a 5-HT1A partial agonist, ameliorates aberrant lactate production in the prefrontal cortex of rats exposed to blockade of N-methy-D-aspartate receptors; Toward the therapeutics of cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:291. [PMID: 25232308 PMCID: PMC4153291 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Augmentation therapy with serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptor partial agonists has been suggested to improve cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia. Decreased activity of prefrontal cortex may provide a basis for cognitive deficits of the disease. Lactate plays a significant role in the supply of energy to the brain, and glutamatergic neurotransmission contributes to lactate production. Objectives and methods: The purposes of this study were to examine the effect of repeated administration (once a daily for 4 days) of tandospirone (0.05 or 5 mg/kg) on brain energy metabolism, as represented by extracellular lactate concentration (eLAC) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of a rat model of schizophrenia. Results: Four-day treatment with MK-801, an NMDA-R antagonist, prolonged eLAC elevation induced by foot-shock stress (FS). Co-administration with the high-dose tandospirone suppressed prolonged FS-induced eLAC elevation in rats receiving MK-801, whereas tandospirone by itself did not affected eLAC increment. Conclusions: These results suggest that stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors ameliorates abnormalities of energy metabolism in the mPFC due to blockade of NMDA receptors. These findings provide a possible mechanism, based on brain energy metabolism, by which 5-HT1A agonism improve cognitive impairment of schizophrenia and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ucninada-cho Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tadasu Matsuoka
- Department of Psychiatry, Matsuoka Hospital Oyabe, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Clinical Research Promotion, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo, Japan
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Uehara T, Sumiyoshi T, Rujescu D, Genius J, Matsuoka T, Takasaki I, Itoh H, Kurachi M. Neonatal exposure to MK-801 reduces mRNA expression of mGlu3 receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex of adolescent rats. Synapse 2014; 68:202-8. [PMID: 24549941 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is considered as a "neurodegenerative" and "neurodevelopmental" disorder, the pathophysiology of which may include hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) or subsequent pathways. Accordingly, administration of NMDA-R antagonists to rodents during the perinatal period may emulate some core pathophysiological aspects of schizophrenia. The effect of 4-day (postnatal day; PD 7-10) administration of MK-801, a selective NMDA-R antagonist, on gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampus, and amygdala was evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods. Specifically, we sought to determine whether genes related to Glu transmissions, for example those encoding for NMDA-Rs, metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluRs), or Glu transporters, were altered by neonatal treatment with MK-801. Model rats showed downregulation of the mGluR3 subtype in the mPFC around puberty, especially at PD 35 in response to MK-801 or during ontogenesis without pharmacological manipulations. Genes encoding for other mGluRs subtypes, that is NMDA-Rs and Glu transporters, were not affected by the neonatal insult. These results suggest that NMDA-R antagonism in the early course of development modulates the expression of mGluR3 in mPFC around puberty. Thus, mGluR3 may serve as a potential target to prevent the onset and progression of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
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Sumiyoshi T, Higuchi Y, Uehara T. Neural basis for the ability of atypical antipsychotic drugs to improve cognition in schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:140. [PMID: 24137114 PMCID: PMC3797421 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments are considered to largely affect functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia, other psychotic illnesses, or mood disorders. Specifically, there is much attention to the role of psychotropic compounds acting on serotonin (5-HT) receptors in ameliorating cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. It is noteworthy that atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs), e.g., clozapine, melperone, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, perospirone, blonanserin, and lurasidone, have variable affinities for these receptors. Among the 5-HT receptor subtypes, the 5-HT1A receptor is attracting particular interests as a potential target for enhancing cognition, based on preclinical and clinical evidence. The neural network underlying the ability of 5-HT1A agonists to treat cognitive impairments of schizophrenia likely includes dopamine, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons. A novel strategy for cognitive enhancement in psychosis may be benefited by focusing on energy metabolism in the brain. In this context, lactate plays a major role, and has been shown to protect neurons against oxidative and other stressors. In particular, our data indicate chronic treatment with tandospirone, a partial 5-HT1A agonist, recover stress-induced lactate production in the prefrontal cortex of a rat model of schizophrenia. Recent advances of electrophysiological measures, e.g., event-related potentials, and their imaging have provided insights into facilitative effects on cognition of some AAPDs acting directly or indirectly on 5-HT1A receptors. These findings are expected to promote the development of novel therapeutics for the improvement of functional outcome in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira , Tokyo , Japan
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Uehara T, Matsuoka T, Itoh H, Sumiyoshi T. Chronic treatment with tandospirone, a 5-HT(1A) receptor partial agonist, suppresses footshock stress-induced lactate production in the prefrontal cortex of rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 113:1-6. [PMID: 24125783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A-R) agonists have been demonstrated to elicit antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. Lactate has been considered to play a major role in energy metabolism in the brain. Specifically, extracellular lactate concentrations (eLAC) have been suggested to reflect neural activity. Mild physical (e.g., handling) and non-physical (e.g., psychological) stressors have been shown to increase eLAC in several brain regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA). Using in vivo microdialysis technique, we measured eLAC in the mPFC and BLA of rats under electric footshock stress to clarify the effect of repeated injection procedure (saline, once daily for 14 days) as a stressor on brain energy metabolism. Then, we examined the effect of chronic treatment with tandospirone, a 5-HT1A-R partial agonist, on eLAC during footshock stress in the mPFC. Footshock stress led to an increase in eLAC both in the mPFC and BLA in rats without injections. Repeated saline injection increased basal eLAC in the BLA, while footshock-induced lactate increment was reduced. In the mPFC, repeated saline injection did not affect basal eLAC and footshock-induced eLAC increments. Chronic treatment with tandospirone, at 0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg/day, but not 2.0 mg/kg/day, attenuated footshock stress-induced eLAC elevation in the mPFC. These observations suggest that eLAC in the BLA is sensitive to repeated exposure to physical stress. Data also indicate chronic treatment with tandospirone diminishes acute energy demands during neural activation in the mPFC. The implications of the present findings in relation to clinical efficacy of 5-HT1A agonists are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2630 Sugitani, 930-0194 Toyama, Japan.
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Horn T, Klein J. Neuroprotective effects of lactate in brain ischemia: dependence on anesthetic drugs. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:251-7. [PMID: 23298645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lactate is a major energy source for the brain, especially when glucose is not available in sufficient amounts. In the present study, we administered sodium l-lactate (250 mg/kg) to mice before or after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to test whether lactate can be neuroprotective in brain ischemia. Permanent ischemia for 24h caused a large hemispheric lesion and a severe loss of body weight. Administration of lactate shortly (15-30 min) before MCAO strongly reduced cell death and weight loss, but only when isoflurane was used for anesthesia. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, lactate was inactive. After transient ischemia, when isoflurane or ketamine-xylazine were used as anesthetic drugs, lactate was effective when given immediately after reperfusion. In separate experiments, we found that plasma lactate levels are also strongly influenced by anesthetic drugs. Thus, isoflurane anesthesia as well as lactate administration caused strongly increased plasma levels of lactate whereas pentobarbital anesthesia significantly reduced plasma lactate. We conclude that exogenous lactate is neuroprotective in an in vivo-model of brain ischemia, but that its action is strongly influenced by the type of anesthetic agent used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Horn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Biocenter, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Roh JH, Huang Y, Bero AW, Kasten T, Stewart FR, Bateman RJ, Holtzman DM. Disruption of the sleep-wake cycle and diurnal fluctuation of β-amyloid in mice with Alzheimer's disease pathology. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:150ra122. [PMID: 22956200 PMCID: PMC3654377 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain begins to occur years before the clinical onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Before Aβ aggregation, concentrations of extracellular soluble Aβ in the interstitial fluid (ISF) space of the brain, which are regulated by neuronal activity and the sleep-wake cycle, correlate with the amount of Aβ deposition in the brain seen later. The amount and quality of sleep decline with normal aging and to a greater extent in AD patients. How sleep quality as well as the diurnal fluctuation in Aβ change with age and Aβ aggregation is not well understood. We report a normal sleep-wake cycle and diurnal fluctuation in ISF Aβ in the brain of the APPswe/PS1δE9 mouse model of AD before Aβ plaque formation. After plaque formation, the sleep-wake cycle markedly deteriorated and diurnal fluctuation of ISF Aβ dissipated. As in mice, diurnal fluctuation of cerebrospinal fluid Aβ in young adult humans with presenilin mutations was also markedly attenuated after Aβ plaque formation. Virtual elimination of Aβ deposits in the mouse brain by active immunization with Aβ(42) normalized the sleep-wake cycle and the diurnal fluctuation of ISF Aβ. These data suggest that Aβ aggregation disrupts the sleep-wake cycle and diurnal fluctuation of Aβ. Sleep-wake behavior and diurnal fluctuation of Aβ in the central nervous system may be functional and biochemical indicators, respectively, of Aβ-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hoon Roh
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yafei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Adam W. Bero
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tom Kasten
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Floy R. Stewart
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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15
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Bergersen LH, Gjedde A. Is lactate a volume transmitter of metabolic states of the brain? FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2012; 4:5. [PMID: 22457647 PMCID: PMC3307048 DOI: 10.3389/fnene.2012.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We present the perspective that lactate is a volume transmitter of cellular signals in brain that acutely and chronically regulate the energy metabolism of large neuronal ensembles. From this perspective, we interpret recent evidence to mean that lactate transmission serves the maintenance of network metabolism by two different mechanisms, one by regulating the formation of cAMP via the lactate receptor GPR81, the other by adjusting the NADH/NAD(+) redox ratios, both linked to the maintenance of brain energy turnover and possibly cerebral blood flow. The role of lactate as mediator of metabolic information rather than metabolic substrate answers a number of questions raised by the controversial oxidativeness of astrocytic metabolism and its contribution to neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda H Bergersen
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Uehara T, Itoh H, Matsuoka T, Rujescu D, Genius J, Seo T, Sumiyoshi T. Effect of transient blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors at neonatal stage on stress-induced lactate metabolism in the medial prefrontal cortex of adult rats: role of 5-HT1A receptor agonism. Synapse 2012; 66:408-17. [PMID: 22213269 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Decreased activity of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been considered a basis for core symptoms of schizophrenia, an illness associated with a neurodevelopmental origin. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that serotonin (5-HT)1A receptors play a crucial role in the energy metabolism of the mPFC. This study was undertaken to determine (1) if transient blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors during the neonatal stage inhibit energy demands in response to stress, as measured by extracellular lactate concentrations, in the mPFC at the young adult stage, and (2) if tandospirone, a 5-HT1A partial agonist, reverses the effect of the neonatal insult on energy metabolism. Male pups received MK-801 (0.20 mg/kg) on postnatal days (PDs) 7-10. On PD 63, footshock stress-induced lactate levels were measured using in vivo microdialysis technique. Tandospirone (0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/kg) was administered once daily for 14 days before the measurement of lactate levels. Neonatal MK-801 treatment suppressed footshock stress-induced lactate production in the mPFC, but not caudate-putamen, whereas basal lactate levels were not significantly changed in either brain region. The MK-801-induced suppression of footshock stress-induced lactate production in the mPFC was attenuated by tandospirone at 1.0mg/kg/day, but not 0.1 or 5.0 mg/kg/day, which is an effect antagonized by coadministration of WAY-100635, a selective 5-HT1A antagonist. These results suggest a role for impaired lactate metabolism in some of the core symptoms of schizophrenia, for example, negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. The implications for the ability of 5-HT1A agonism to ameliorate impaired lactate production in the mPFC of this animal model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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17
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Abstract
Unique subpopulations of specialized metabolic sensing neurons reside in a distributed network throughout the brain and respond to alterations in ambient levels of various metabolic substrates by altering their activity. Variations in local brain substrate levels reflect their transport across the blood- and cerebrospinal-brain barriers as well as local production by astrocytes. There are a number of mechanisms by which such metabolic sensing neurons alter their activity in response to changes in substrate levels, but it is clear that these neurons cannot be considered in isolation. They are heavily dependent on astrocyte and probably tanycyte metabolism and function but also respond to hormones (e.g. leptin and insulin) and cytokines that cross the blood-brain barrier from the periphery as well as hard-wired neural inputs from metabolic sensors in peripheral sites such as the hepatic portal vein, gastrointestinal tract, and carotid body. Thus, these specialized neurons are capable of monitoring and integrating multiple signals from the periphery as a means of regulating peripheral energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry E Levin
- Neurology Service (127C), Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 385 Tremont Avenue, East Orange, New Jersey 07018, USA.
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18
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Xiang Y, Shen J. Simultaneous detection of cerebral metabolism of different substrates by in vivo ¹³C isotopomer MRS. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 198:8-15. [PMID: 21419161 PMCID: PMC3090476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this report a new method is introduced for simultaneous detection of the metabolism of two ¹³C-labeled subtracts in brain in vivo. We recognized and experimentally demonstrated that when a ¹³C-labeled substrate generates [1,2-¹³C₂]acetylCoA ([1-¹³C]acetylCoA) only, glutamate C5, glutamine C5 and apsartate C4 doublets (singlets) are formed exclusively, regardless of the number of turns of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. We utilized the large one-bond ¹³C-¹³C homonuclear J coupling between a carboxylic/amide carbon and an aliphatic carbon (~50 Hz) and demonstrated that it is feasible to simultaneously detect the labeling of brain metabolites by two different substrates using different isotopomer signals of the same carbon atom. Uniformly labeled glucose was used to generate the doublets and a second substrate ([2-¹³C] lactate or [1,3-¹³C₂]β-hydroxybutyrate or [1-¹³C] acetate) was used to generate the singlets. It was shown that contribution to cerebral metabolism from different substrates can be simultaneously measured in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiang
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jun Shen
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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19
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Neuronal activity regulates the regional vulnerability to amyloid-β deposition. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14:750-6. [PMID: 21532579 PMCID: PMC3102784 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition in specific brain regions is a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’fs disease (AD). However, the mechanism underlying the regional vulnerability to Aβ deposition in AD is unknown. Herein, we provide evidence that endogenous neuronal activity regulates the regional concentration of interstitial fluid (ISF) Aβ which drives local Aβ aggregation. Using in vivo microdialysis, we show that ISF Aβ levels in multiple brain regions of APP transgenic mice prior to plaque deposition were commensurate with the degree of subsequent plaque deposition and to the concentration of lactate, a marker of neuronal activity. Furthermore, unilateral vibrissae stimulation increased ISF Aβ, and unilateral vibrissae deprivation decreased ISF Aβ and lactate levels in contralateral barrel cortex. Long term unilateral vibrissae deprivation decreased amyloid plaque formation and growth. Our results suggest a mechanism to account for the vulnerability of specific brain regions to Aβ deposition in AD.
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Esquivel G, Schruers KR, Maddock RJ, Colasanti A, Griez EJ. Acids in the brain: a factor in panic? J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:639-47. [PMID: 19460873 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several methods to experimentally induce panic cause profound acid-base disturbances. Evidence suggests that CO(2) inhalations, lactate infusions and, to a certain extent, voluntary hyperventilation can conceivably lead to a common scenario of brain acidosis in the face of disparate intravascular pH alterations. The importance of this event is reflected in data that support a model in which experimental panic attacks, as proxy to those occurring spontaneously, constitute a response to acute brain acidosis. Given that central CO(2)/H(+) chemoreception is an important drive for ventilation, and many chemosensitive neurons are related to respiration and arousal, this model can explain much of the connection between panic and respiration. We propose that the shared characteristics of CO(2)/H(+) sensing neurons overlap to a point where threatening disturbances in brain pH homeostasis, such as those produced by CO(2) inhalations, elicit a primal emotion that can range from breathlessness to panic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Esquivel
- School for Mental Health and Neurosciences and Academic Anxiety Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Alberghina D, Giannetto C, Visser EK, Ellis AD. Effect of diet on plasma tryptophan and serotonin in trained mares and geldings. Vet Rec 2010; 166:133-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Alberghina
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Applied Biotechnology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Messina; 98168 Messina Italy
| | - C. Giannetto
- Department of Experimental Sciences and Applied Biotechnology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Messina; 98168 Messina Italy
| | - E. K. Visser
- Animal Sciences Group; Wageningen University and Research Centre; PO Box 65 8200 AB Lelystad The Netherlands
| | - A. D. Ellis
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences; Nottingham Trent University; Southwell Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF
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