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Simons P, Olofsen E, van Velzen M, van Lemmen M, van Dasselaar T, Mohr P, Hammes F, van der Schrier R, Niesters M, Dahan A. S-Ketamine oral thin film—Part 2: Population pharmacodynamics of S-ketamine, S-norketamine and S-hydroxynorketamine. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:946487. [PMID: 36034750 PMCID: PMC9402896 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.946487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a versatile drug used for many indications and is administered via various routes. Here, we report on the pharmacodynamics of sublingual and buccal fast-dissolving oral-thin-films that contain 50 mg of S-ketamine in a population of healthy male and female volunteers. Twenty volunteers received one or two 50 mg S-ketamine oral thin films in a crossover design, placed for 10 min sublingually (n = 15) or buccally (n = 5). The following measurements were made for 6 h following the film placement: antinociception using three distinct pain assay; electrical, pressure, and heat pain, and drug high on an 11-point visual analog scale. Blood samples were obtained for the measurement of plasma S-ketamine, S-norketamine, and S-hydroxynorketamine concentrations. A population pharmacodynamic analysis was performed in NONMEM to construct a pharmacodynamic model of S-ketamine and its metabolites. P-values < 0.01 were considered significant. The sublingual and buccal 50 and 100 mg S-ketamine oral thin films were antinociceptive and produced drug high with effects lasting 2–6 h, although a clear dose-response relationship for antinociception could not be established. The effects were solely related to the parent compound with no contribution from S-norketamine or S-hydroxynorketamine. S-ketamine potency was lower for antinociception (C50 ranging from 1.2 to 1.7 nmol/mL) than for drug high (C50 0.3 nmol/ml). The onset/offset of effect as defined by the blood-effect-site equilibration half-life did not differ among endpoints and ranged from 0 to 5 min. In conclusion, the 50-mg S-ketamine oral thin film was safe and produced long-term antinociception in all three nociceptive assays with side effects inherent to the use of ketamine. The study was registered at the trial register of the Dutch Cochrane Center (www.trialregister.nl) under identifier NL9267 and the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials (EudraCT) database under number 2020-005185-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Simons
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Erik Olofsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Monique van Velzen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Lemmen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom van Dasselaar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Mohr
- LTS Lohmann Therapie-Systeme AG, Andernach, Germany
| | | | | | - Marieke Niesters
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Albert Dahan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Albert Dahan
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Evaluation of acute and chronic nociception in subchronically administered MK-801-induced rat model of schizophrenia. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:571-580. [PMID: 34494988 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia have been reported to exhibit atypically low pain sensitivity and to vary in their experience of chronic pain. To the best of our knowledge, there has yet to be an animal study that provides information concerning the relationship between models of schizophrenia and pain. In the present study, we investigated several distinct nociceptive behaviors in a translational rat model of schizophrenia (0. 5 mg/kg MK-801, twice a day for 7 days followed by a 7-day washout period). The presence of the expected cognitive deficit was confirmed with novel object recognition (NOR) paradigm prior to nociception testing. MK-801-treated rats with lack of novelty interest in NOR testing showed: hyposensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli; short-term hypoalgesia followed by augmented hyperalgesia in response to formalin-induced spontaneous nociception and increased thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced chronic pain model. In conclusion, MK-801 induced antinociception effects for thermal stimuli in rats that were consistent with the decreased pain sensitivity observed in schizophrenia patients. Additionally, the amplified biphasic response exhibited by the MK-801 group in the formalin-induced spontaneous nociception test affirms the suitability of the test as a model of acute to delayed pain transition.
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Müller GC, Loureiro SO, Pettenuzzo LF, Almeida RF, Ynumaru EY, Guazzelli PA, Meyer FS, Pasquetti MV, Ganzella M, Calcagnotto ME, Souza DO. Effects of intranasal guanosine administration on brain function in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:255-271. [PMID: 33834349 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09766-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and only few affected patients are able to receive treatment, especially in developing countries. Detailed pathophysiology of brain ischemia has been extensively studied in order to discover new treatments with a broad therapeutic window and that are accessible to patients worldwide. The nucleoside guanosine (Guo) has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in animal models of brain diseases, including ischemic stroke. In a rat model of focal permanent ischemia, systemic administration of Guo was effective only when administered immediately after stroke induction. In contrast, intranasal administration of Guo (In-Guo) was effective even when the first administration was 3 h after stroke induction. In order to validate the neuroprotective effect in this larger time window and to investigate In-Guo neuroprotection under global brain dysfunction induced by ischemia, we used the model of thermocoagulation of pial vessels in Wistar rats. In our study, we have found that In-Guo administered 3 h after stroke was capable of preventing ischemia-induced dysfunction, such as bilateral suppression and synchronicity of brain oscillations and ipsilateral cell death signaling, and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier. In addition, In-Guo had a long-lasting effect on preventing ischemia-induced motor impairment. Our data reinforce In-Guo administration as a potential new treatment for brain ischemia with a more suitable therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Müller
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samanta O Loureiro
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia F Pettenuzzo
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberto F Almeida
- Biological Sciences Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Evandro Y Ynumaru
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro A Guazzelli
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabíola S Meyer
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mayara V Pasquetti
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Pla sticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ganzella
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Pla sticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Anexo 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Science: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, UFRGS, R. Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Anexo 21111, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Agarwal M, Alam MR, Haider MK, Malik MZ, Kim DK. Alzheimer's Disease: An Overview of Major Hypotheses and Therapeutic Options in Nanotechnology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 11:E59. [PMID: 33383712 PMCID: PMC7823376 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressively fatal neurodegenerative disorder, is the most prominent form of dementia found today. Patients suffering from Alzheimer's begin to show the signs and symptoms, like decline in memory and cognition, long after the cellular damage has been initiated in their brain. There are several hypothesis for the neurodegeneration process; however, the lack of availability of in vivo models makes the recapitulation of AD in humans impossible. Moreover, the drugs currently available in the market serve to alleviate the symptoms and there is no cure for the disease. There have been two major hurdles in the process of finding the same-the inefficiency in cracking the complexity of the disease pathogenesis and the inefficiency in delivery of drugs targeted for AD. This review discusses the different drugs that have been designed over the recent years and the drug delivery options in the field of nanotechnology that have been found most feasible in surpassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reaching the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201309, India;
| | - Mohammad Rizwan Alam
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | | | - Md. Zubbair Malik
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dae-Kwang Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
- Hanvit Institute for Medical Genetics, Daegu 42601, Korea
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Possible Participation of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and l-Arginine-Nitric Oxide-Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-ATP-Sensitive K + Channel Pathway in the Antinociceptive Activity of Cardamonin in Acute Pain Animal Models. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225385. [PMID: 33217904 PMCID: PMC7698774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The perception of pain caused by inflammation serves as a warning sign to avoid further injury. The generation and transmission of pain impulses involves various pathways and receptors. Cardamonin isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. has been reported to exert antinociceptive effects in thermal and mechanical pain models; however, the precise mechanism has yet to be examined. The present study investigated the possible mechanisms involved in the antinociceptive activity of cardamonin on protein kinase C, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamate receptors, l-arginine/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) mechanism, as well as the ATP-sensitive potassium (K+) channel. Cardamonin was administered to the animals intra-peritoneally. Present findings showed that cardamonin significantly inhibited pain elicited by intraplantar injection of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, a protein kinase C activator) with calculated mean ED50 of 2.0 mg/kg (0.9–4.5 mg/kg). The study presented that pre-treatment with MK-801 (NMDA receptor antagonist) and NBQX (non-NMDA receptor antagonist) significantly modulates the antinociceptive activity of cardamonin at 3 mg/kg when tested with glutamate-induced paw licking test. Pre-treatment with l-arginine (a nitric oxide precursor), ODQ (selective inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase) and glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibitor) significantly enhanced the antinociception produced by cardamonin. In conclusion, the present findings showed that the antinociceptive activity of cardamonin might involve the modulation of PKC activity, NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors, l-arginine/nitric oxide/cGMP pathway and ATP-sensitive K+ channel.
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Methadone for postoperative analgesia: contribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2020; 37:934-943. [PMID: 32516227 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past number of years, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) inhibitory drugs, like ketamine, have been introduced as adjuvant treatments for postoperative acute pain, within a multimodal approach. A further extension of this strategy could be the use of opioids with NMDA receptor (NMDAr) antagonism activity for control of postoperative pain. Methadone has a unique pharmacodynamic profile: it is both a μ-agonist and an NMDAr-blocker. OBJECTIVE We designed this study to investigate the precise contribution of NMDAr antagonism in methadone-induced analgesia. DESIGN Single-centre, prospective, randomised, double-blind study. SETTING National Cancer Center - Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Milano; patients were recruited between March 2010 and June 2012. PATIENTS Ninety-six patients scheduled for an open laparotomy for anterior resection of the rectum. INTERVENTIONS We randomly assigned patients to four groups: 0-Mo (placebo and morphine), K-Mo [S(+)-ketamine and morphine], 0-Me (placebo and methadone), K-Me [S(+)-ketamine and methadone]. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary end-point was the extent of mechanical static (punctuate) hyperalgesia to von Frey hair stimulation lateral to the surgical incision. RESULTS Peri-incisional hyperalgesia was 8.4 cm (95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 15.41) lower in the treatment group (K-Me) compared with the control group (0-Mo) at 24 h after surgery (P = 0.02). No significant differences were observed between the groups at 48 h after surgery (P = 0.88). Both groups treated with methadone had significantly lower pain during rest and movement, as measured with a Numerical Rating Scale at 24 h. At 48 h, only the movement Numerical Rating Scale was significantly lower. No difference occurred in opioid consumption. CONCLUSION Methadone provides effective control of acute postoperative pain, independently, by modulation of the hyperalgesia mechanism. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, no.: NCT01594047.
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Cittolin-Santos G, Guazzelli P, Nonose Y, Almeida R, Fontella F, Pasquetti M, Ferreira-Lima F, Lazzaroto G, Berlezi R, Osvaldt A, Calcagnotto M, de Assis A, Souza D. Behavioral, Neurochemical and Brain Oscillation Abnormalities in an Experimental Model of Acute Liver Failure. Neuroscience 2019; 401:117-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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JM-20 Treatment After MCAO Reduced Astrocyte Reactivity and Neuronal Death on Peri-infarct Regions of the Rat Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:502-512. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vendramin Pasquetti M, Meier L, Loureiro S, Ganzella M, Junges B, Barbieri Caus L, Umpierrez Amaral A, Koeller DM, Goodman S, Woontner M, Gomes de Souza DO, Wajner M, Calcagnotto ME. Impairment of GABAergic system contributes to epileptogenesis in glutaric acidemia type I. Epilepsia 2017; 58:1771-1781. [PMID: 28762469 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glutaric acidemia type I (GA-I) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder caused by deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) and characterized by increased levels of glutaric, 3-OH-glutaric, and glutaconic acids in the brain parenchyma. The increment of these organic acids inhibits glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and consequently lowers the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis. Untreated patients exhibit severe neurologic deficits during development, including epilepsy, especially following an acute encephalopathy outbreak. In this work, we evaluated the role of the GABAergic system on epileptogenesis in GA-I using the Gcdh-/- mice exposed to a high lysine diet (Gcdh-/- -Lys). METHODS Spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), seizure susceptibility, and changes in brain oscillations were evaluated by video-electroencephalography (EEG). Cortical GABAergic synaptic transmission was evaluated using electrophysiologic and neurochemical approaches. RESULTS SRS were observed in 72% of Gcdh-/- -Lys mice, whereas no seizures were detected in age-matched controls (Gcdh+/+ or Gcdh-/- receiving normal diet). The severity and number of PTZ-induced seizures were higher in Gcdh-/- -Lys mice. EEG spectral analysis showed a significant decrease in theta and gamma oscillations and predominant delta waves in Gcdh-/- -Lys mice, associated with increased EEG left index. Analysis of cortical synaptosomes revealed a significantly increased percentage of glutamate release and decreased GABA release in Gcdh-/- -Lys mice that were associated with a decrease in cortical GAD immunocontent and activity and confirmed by reduced frequency of inhibitory events in cortical pyramidal cells. SIGNIFICANCE Using an experimental model with a phenotype similar to that of GA-I in humans-the Gcdh-/- mice under high lysine diet (Gcdh-/- -Lys)-we provide evidence that a reduction in cortical inhibition of Gcdh-/- -Lys mice, probably induced by GAD dysfunction, leads to hyperexcitability and increased slow oscillations associated with neurologic abnormalities in GA-I. Our findings offer a new perspective on the pathophysiology of brain damage in GA-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Vendramin Pasquetti
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory-NNNESP Lab.), Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia Meier
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory-NNNESP Lab.), Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samanta Loureiro
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ganzella
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Junges
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory-NNNESP Lab.), Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia Barbieri Caus
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory-NNNESP Lab.), Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - David M Koeller
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Stephen Goodman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Michael Woontner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Diogo Onofre Gomes de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory-NNNESP Lab.), Biochemistry Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Stefani MA, Modkovski R, Hansel G, Zimmer ER, Kopczynski A, Muller AP, Strogulski NR, Rodolphi MS, Carteri RK, Schmidt AP, Oses JP, Smith DH, Portela LV. Elevated glutamate and lactate predict brain death after severe head trauma. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:392-402. [PMID: 28589166 PMCID: PMC5454398 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Clinical neurological assessment is challenging for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients in the acute setting. Waves of neurochemical abnormalities that follow TBI may serve as fluid biomarkers of neurological status. We assessed the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of glutamate, lactate, BDNF, and GDNF, to identify potential prognostic biomarkers of neurological outcome. Methods This cross‐sectional study was carried out in a total of 20 consecutive patients (mean [SD] age, 29 [13] years; M/F, 9:1) with severe TBI Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 8 and abnormal computed tomography scan on admission. Patients were submitted to ventricular drainage and had CSF collected between 2 and 4 h after hospital admission. Patients were then stratified according to two clinical outcomes: deterioration to brain death (nonsurvival, n = 6) or survival (survival, n = 14), within 3 days after hospital admission. CSF levels of brain‐derived substances were compared between nonsurvival and survival groups. Clinical and neurological parameters were also assessed. Results Glutamate and lactate are significantly increased in nonsurvival relative to survival patients. We tested the accuracy of both biomarkers to discriminate patient outcome. Setting a cutoff of >57.75, glutamate provides 80.0% of sensitivity and 84.62% of specificity (AUC: 0.8214, 95% CL: 54.55–98.08%; and a cutoff of >4.65, lactate has 100% of sensitivity and 85.71% of specificity (AUC: 0.8810, 95% CL: 54.55–98.08%). BDNF and GDNF did not discriminate poor outcome. Interpretation This early study suggests that glutamate and lactate concentrations at hospital admission accurately predict death within 3 days after severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Stefani
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy Department of Morphological Sciences Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Rafael Modkovski
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy Department of Morphological Sciences Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Gisele Hansel
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma Department of Biochemistry Post-graduation Program in Biochemistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma Department of Biochemistry Post-graduation Program in Biochemistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil.,Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns) Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Afonso Kopczynski
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma Department of Biochemistry Post-graduation Program in Biochemistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Alexandre P Muller
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC) Criciúma Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Nathan R Strogulski
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma Department of Biochemistry Post-graduation Program in Biochemistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Rodolphi
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma Department of Biochemistry Post-graduation Program in Biochemistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Randhall K Carteri
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma Department of Biochemistry Post-graduation Program in Biochemistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - André P Schmidt
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma Department of Biochemistry Post-graduation Program in Biochemistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Jean P Oses
- Graduate Program in Health and Behavior Catholic University of Pelotas Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Douglas H Smith
- Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair and Department of Neurosurgery Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Luis V Portela
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma Department of Biochemistry Post-graduation Program in Biochemistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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Guanosine Prevents Anhedonic-Like Behavior and Impairment in Hippocampal Glutamate Transport Following Amyloid-β1–40 Administration in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5482-5496. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Bettio LEB, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS. Guanosine and its role in neuropathologies. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:411-26. [PMID: 27002712 PMCID: PMC5023624 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanosine is a purine nucleoside thought to have neuroprotective properties. It is released in the brain under physiological conditions and even more during pathological events, reducing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity, as well as exerting trophic effects in neuronal and glial cells. In agreement, guanosine was shown to be protective in several in vitro and/or in vivo experimental models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, nociception, and depression. The mechanisms underlying the neurobiological properties of guanosine seem to involve the activation of several intracellular signaling pathways and a close interaction with the adenosinergic system, with a consequent stimulation of neuroprotective and regenerative processes in the CNS. Within this context, the present review will provide an overview of the current literature on the effects of guanosine in the CNS. The elucidation of the complex signaling events underlying the biochemical and cellular effects of this nucleoside may further establish guanosine as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of several neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E B Bettio
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences and UBC Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Cittolin-Santos GF, de Assis AM, Guazzelli PA, Paniz LG, da Silva JS, Calcagnotto ME, Hansel G, Zenki KC, Kalinine E, Duarte MM, Souza DO. Guanosine Exerts Neuroprotective Effect in an Experimental Model of Acute Ammonia Intoxication. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3137-3148. [PMID: 27052954 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoside guanosine (GUO) increases glutamate uptake by astrocytes and acts as antioxidant, thereby providing neuroprotection against glutamatergic excitotoxicity, as we have recently demonstrated in an animal model of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of GUO in an acute ammonia intoxication model. Adult male Wistar rats received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of vehicle or GUO 60 mg/kg, followed 20 min later by an i.p. injection of vehicle or 550 mg/kg of ammonium acetate. Afterwards, animals were observed for 45 min, being evaluated as normal, coma (i.e., absence of corneal reflex), or death status. In a second cohort of rats, video-electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were performed. In a third cohort of rats, the following were measured: (i) plasma levels of glucose, transaminases, and urea; (ii) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of ammonia, glutamine, glutamate, and alanine; (iii) glutamate uptake in brain slices; and (iv) brain redox status and glutamine synthetase activity in cerebral cortex. GUO drastically reduced the lethality rate and the duration of coma. Animals treated with GUO had improved EEG traces, decreased CSF levels of glutamate and alanine, lowered oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex, and increased glutamate uptake by astrocytes in brain slices compared with animals that received vehicle prior to ammonium acetate administration. This study provides new evidence on mechanisms of guanine-derived purines in their potential modulation of glutamatergic system, contributing to GUO neuroprotective effects in a rodent model of by acute ammonia intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Cittolin-Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - A M de Assis
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - P A Guazzelli
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - L G Paniz
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - J S da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - M E Calcagnotto
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - G Hansel
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - K C Zenki
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - E Kalinine
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - M M Duarte
- Health Sciences Center, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Campus Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97020-001, Brazil
| | - D O Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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14
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Souza DG, Bellaver B, Hansel G, Arús BA, Bellaver G, Longoni A, Kolling J, Wyse ATS, Souza DO, Quincozes-Santos A. Characterization of Amino Acid Profile and Enzymatic Activity in Adult Rat Astrocyte Cultures. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1578-86. [PMID: 26915106 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are multitasking players in brain complexity, possessing several receptors and mechanisms to detect, participate and modulate neuronal communication. The functionality of astrocytes has been mainly unraveled through the study of primary astrocyte cultures, and recently our research group characterized a model of astrocyte cultures derived from adult Wistar rats. We, herein, aim to characterize other basal functions of these cells to explore the potential of this model for studying the adult brain. To characterize the astrocytic phenotype, we determined the presence of GFAP, GLAST and GLT 1 proteins in cells by immunofluorescence. Next, we determined the concentrations of thirteen amino acids, ATP, ADP, adenosine and calcium in astrocyte cultures, as well as the activities of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and acetylcholine esterase. Furthermore, we assessed the presence of the GABA transporter 1 (GAT 1) and cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB 1) in the astrocytes. Cells demonstrated the presence of glutamine, consistent with their role in the glutamate-glutamine cycle, as well as glutamate and D-serine, amino acids classically known to act as gliotransmitters. ATP was produced and released by the cells and ADP was consumed. Calcium levels were in agreement with those reported in the literature, as were the enzymatic activities measured. The presence of GAT 1 was detected, but the presence of CB 1 was not, suggesting a decreased neuroprotective capacity in adult astrocytes under in vitro conditions. Taken together, our results show cellular functionality regarding the astrocytic role in gliotransmission and neurotransmitter management since they are able to produce and release gliotransmitters and to modulate the cholinergic and GABAergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Guerini Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, PO Box: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Bellaver
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, PO Box: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gisele Hansel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, PO Box: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Assein Arús
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, PO Box: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bellaver
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, PO Box: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Longoni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, PO Box: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Janaina Kolling
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, PO Box: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, PO Box: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, PO Box: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, PO Box: 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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15
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de Oliveira ED, Schallenberger C, Böhmer AE, Hansel G, Fagundes AC, Milman M, Silva MDP, Oses JP, Porciúncula LO, Portela LV, Elisabetsky E, Souza DO, Schmidt AP. Mechanisms involved in the antinociception induced by spinal administration of inosine or guanine in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 772:71-82. [PMID: 26712379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that adenine-based purines exert multiple effects on pain transmission. Recently, we have demonstrated that guanine-based purines may produce some antinociceptive effects against chemical and thermal pain in mice. The present study was designed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal (i.t.) administration of inosine or guanine in mice. Additionally, investigation into the mechanisms of action of these purines, their general toxicity and measurements of CSF purine levels were performed. Animals received an i.t. injection of vehicle (30mN NaOH), inosine or guanine (up to 600nmol) and submitted to several pain models and behavioural paradigms. Guanine and inosine produced dose-dependent antinociceptive effects in the tail-flick, hot-plate, intraplantar (i.pl.) glutamate, i.pl. capsaicin and acetic acid pain models. Additionally, i.t. inosine inhibited the biting behaviour induced by spinal injection of capsaicin and i.t. guanine reduced the biting behaviour induced by spinal injection of glutamate or AMPA. Intrathecal administration of inosine (200nmol) induced an approximately 115-fold increase on CSF inosine levels. This study provides new evidence on the mechanism of action of extracellular guanine and inosine presenting antinociceptive effects following spinal administration. These effects seem to be related, at least partially, to the modulation of A1 adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enderson D de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristhine Schallenberger
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Böhmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele Hansel
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aécio C Fagundes
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Milman
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos D P Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean P Oses
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde e Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiane O Porciúncula
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís V Portela
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elaine Elisabetsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André P Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Surgery, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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16
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Guanosine inhibits LPS-induced pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress in hippocampal astrocytes through the heme oxygenase-1 pathway. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:571-80. [PMID: 26431832 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine, a guanine-based purine, is an extracellular signaling molecule that is released from astrocytes and has been shown to promote central nervous system defenses in several in vivo and in vitro injury models. Our group recently demonstrated that guanosine exhibits glioprotective effects in the C6 astroglial cell line by associating the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway with protection against azide-induced oxidative stress. Astrocyte overactivation contributes to the triggering of brain inflammation, a condition that is closely related to the development of many neurological disorders. These cells sense and amplify inflammatory signals from microglia and/or initiate the release of inflammatory mediators that are strictly related to transcriptional factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), that are modulated by HO-1. Astrocytes also express toll-like receptors (TLRs); TLRs specifically recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which has been widely used to experimentally study inflammatory response. This study was designed to understand the glioprotective mechanism of guanosine against the inflammatory and oxidative damage induced by LPS exposure in primary cultures of hippocampal astrocytes. Treatment of astrocytes with LPS resulted in deleterious effects, including the augmentation of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, NFκB activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased levels of oxygen/nitrogen species, and decreased levels of antioxidative defenses. Guanosine was able to prevent these effects, protecting the hippocampal astrocytes against LPS-induced cytotoxicity through activation of the HO-1 pathway. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects of guanosine were independent of the adenosinergic system. These results highlight the potential role of guanosine against neuroinflammatory-related diseases.
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Lee WH, Xu Z, Ashpole NM, Hudmon A, Kulkarni PM, Thakur GA, Lai YY, Hohmann AG. Small molecule inhibitors of PSD95-nNOS protein-protein interactions as novel analgesics. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:464-75. [PMID: 26071110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant increases in NMDA receptor (NMDAR) signaling contributes to central nervous system sensitization and chronic pain by activating neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and generating nitric oxide (NO). Because the scaffolding protein postsynaptic density 95kDA (PSD95) tethers nNOS to NMDARs, the PSD95-nNOS complex represents a therapeutic target. Small molecule inhibitors IC87201 (EC5O: 23.94 μM) and ZL006 (EC50: 12.88 μM) directly inhibited binding of purified PSD95 and nNOS proteins in AlphaScreen without altering binding of PSD95 to ErbB4. Both PSD95-nNOS inhibitors suppressed glutamate-induced cell death with efficacy comparable to MK-801. IC87201 and ZL006 preferentially suppressed phase 2A pain behavior in the formalin test and suppressed allodynia induced by intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant administration. IC87201 and ZL006 suppressed mechanical and cold allodynia induced by the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel (ED50s: 2.47 and 0.93 mg/kg i.p. for IC87201 and ZL006, respectively). Efficacy of PSD95-nNOS disruptors was similar to MK-801. Motor ataxic effects were induced by MK-801 but not by ZL006 or IC87201. Finally, MK-801 produced hyperalgesia in the tail-flick test whereas IC87201 and ZL006 did not alter basal nociceptive thresholds. Our studies establish the utility of using AlphaScreen and purified protein pairs to establish and quantify disruption of protein-protein interactions. Our results demonstrate previously unrecognized antinociceptive efficacy of ZL006 and establish, using two small molecules, a broad application for PSD95-nNOS inhibitors in treating neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Collectively, our results demonstrate that disrupting PSD95-nNOS protein-protein interactions is effective in attenuating pathological pain without producing unwanted side effects (i.e. motor ataxia) associated with NMDAR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hung Lee
- Biochemistry Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Zhili Xu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Nicole M Ashpole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andy Hudmon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Pushkar M Kulkarni
- Center for Drug Discovery, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yvonne Y Lai
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Biochemistry Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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Bloch K, Gil-Ad I, Tarasenko I, Vanichkin A, Taler M, Hornfeld SH, Vardi P, Weizman A. Intracranial pancreatic islet transplantation increases islet hormone expression in the rat brain and attenuates behavioral dysfunctions induced by MK-801 (dizocilpine). Horm Behav 2015; 72:1-11. [PMID: 25943974 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of rodents with non-competitive antagonist of the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, MK-801 (dizocilpine), induces symptoms of psychosis, deficits in spatial memory and impairment of synaptic plasticity. Recent studies have suggested that insulin administration might attenuate the cognitive dysfunctions through the modulatory effect on the expression of NMDA receptors and on the brain insulin signaling. Intrahepatic pancreatic islet transplantation is known as an efficient tool for correcting impaired insulin signaling. We examined the capacity of syngeneic islets grafted into the cranial subarachnoid cavity to attenuate behavioral dysfunctions in rats exposed to MK-801. Animals were examined in the open field (OF) and the Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests following acute or subchronic administration of MK-801. We found well-vascularized grafted islets expressing insulin, glucagon and somatostatin onto the olfactory bulb and prefrontal cortex. Significantly higher levels of insulin were detected in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of transplanted animals compared to the non-transplanted rats. All animals expressed normal peripheral glucose homeostasis for two months after transplantation. OF tests revealed that rats exposed to MK-801 treatment, showed hyper-responsiveness in motility parameters and augmented center field exploration compared to intact controls and these effects were attenuated by the grafted islets. Moreover, in the MWM, the rats treated with MK-801 showed impairment of spatial memory that were partially corrected by the grafted islets. In conclusion, intracranial islet transplantation leads to the expression of islet hormones in the brain and attenuates behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions in rats exposed to MK-801 administration without altering the peripheral glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Bloch
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Obesity Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel.
| | - Irit Gil-Ad
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Igor Tarasenko
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Alexey Vanichkin
- Laboratory of Transplantation, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Michal Taler
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Shay Henry Hornfeld
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Pnina Vardi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Obesity Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel; Research Unit, Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Iwasaki S, Sakaguchi T, Ikegaya Y. Brief fear preexposure facilitates subsequent fear conditioning. Neurosci Res 2015; 95:66-73. [PMID: 25683290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that occurs following an unexpected exposure to a severe psychological event. A history of a brief trauma is reported to affect a risk for future PTSD development; however, little is known about the mechanisms by which a previous trauma exposure drives the sensitivity to a late-coming trauma. Using a mouse PTSD model, we found that a prior foot shock enhances contextual fear conditioning. This shock-induced facilitation of fear conditioning (i.e., priming effect) persisted for 7 days and was prevented by MK801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Other types of trauma, such as forced swimming or tail pinch, did not induce a priming effect on fear conditioning. Thus, a trauma is unlikely generalized to modify the sensitivity to other traumatic experiences. The behavioral procedure employed in this study may be a useful tool to elucidate the etiology of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, Suita City, Osaka 565-0835, Japan.
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20
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Nuñez-Figueredo Y, Pardo Andreu GL, Oliveira Loureiro S, Ganzella M, Ramírez-Sánchez J, Ochoa-Rodríguez E, Verdecia-Reyes Y, Delgado-Hernández R, Souza DO. The effects of JM-20 on the glutamatergic system in synaptic vesicles, synaptosomes and neural cells cultured from rat brain. Neurochem Int 2015; 81:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Crosstalk Among Disrupted Glutamatergic and Cholinergic Homeostasis and Inflammatory Response in Mechanisms Elicited by Proline in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1065-1079. [PMID: 25579384 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperprolinemias are inherited disorder of proline (Pro) metabolism. Patients affected may present neurological manifestations, but the mechanisms of neural excitotoxicity elicited by hyperprolinemia are far from being understood. Considering that the astrocytes are important players in neurological disorders, the aim of the present work was to study the effects 1 mM Pro on glutamatergic and inflammatory parameters in cultured astrocytes from cerebral cortex of rats, exploring some molecular mechanisms underlying the disrupted homeostasis of astrocytes exposed to this toxic Pro concentration. We showed that cortical astrocytes of rats exposed to 1 mM Pro presented significantly elevated extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, suggesting glutamate excitotoxicity. The excess of glutamate elicited by Pro together with increased glutamate uptake and upregulated glutamine synthetase (GS) activity supported misregulated glutamate homeostasis in astrocytic cells. High Pro levels also induced production/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. We also evidenced misregulation of cholinergic anti-inflammatory system with increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and decreased acetylcholine (ACh) levels, contributing to the inflammatory status in Pro-treated astrocytes. Our findings highlighted a crosstalk among disrupted glutamate homeostasis, cholinergic mechanisms, and inflammatory cytokines, since ionotropic (DL-AP5 and CNQX) and metabotropic (MCPG and MPEP) glutamate antagonists were able to restore the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels; downregulate TNFα and IL6 production/release, modulate GS and AChE activities; and restore ACh levels. Otherwise, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs nimesulide, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and diclofenac sodium decreased the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, downregulated GS and AChE activities, and restored ACh levels in Pro-treated astrocytes. Altogether, our results evidence that the vulnerability of metabolic homeostasis in cortical astrocytes might have important implications in the neurotoxicity of Pro.
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22
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Nuñez-Figueredo Y, Ramírez-Sánchez J, Hansel G, Simões Pires EN, Merino N, Valdes O, Delgado-Hernández R, Parra AL, Ochoa-Rodríguez E, Verdecia-Reyes Y, Salbego C, Costa SL, Souza DO, Pardo-Andreu GL. A novel multi-target ligand (JM-20) protects mitochondrial integrity, inhibits brain excitatory amino acid release and reduces cerebral ischemia injury in vitro and in vivo. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:517-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Naderi A, Asgari AR, Zahed R, Ghanbari A, Samandari R, Jorjani M. Estradiol attenuates spinal cord injury-related central pain by decreasing glutamate levels in thalamic VPL nucleus in male rats. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:763-70. [PMID: 24879046 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Central neuropathic pain (CNP) is a complicated medical problem that involves both the spinal and supraspinal regions of the central nervous system. Estrogen, a neuroprotective agent, has been considered a possible candidate for CNP treatment. In this study, we examined the effects of a single dose of 17β-estradiol on glutamate levels in the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the rat thalamus. Furthermore, we determined whether there was a correlation between glutamate levels and neuropathic pain induced by unilateral electrolytic spinothalamic tract (STT) lesion. STT lesioning was performed in male Wistar rats at the T8-T9 vertebrae; rats were then administered 17β-estradiol (4 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min after injury. Glutamate samples were collected using a microdialysis probe and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. Mechanical allodynia (MA) and thermal hyperalgesia (TH) thresholds were measured pre-injury and 7, 14, and 28 days post-injury. We found that STT lesion significantly increased glutamate levels in the ipsilateral VPL nucleus 14 and 28 days post-injury; this was accompanied by allodynia and hyperalgesia in the hind paws of the rats. Administering 17β-estradiol to the rats decreased glutamate levels in the ipsilateral VPL nucleus and significantly increased MA and TH thresholds. These results suggest that glutamate in the VPL nucleus of the thalamus is involved in the pathology of neuropathic pain after STT injury; furthermore, 17β-estradiol may attenuate this neuropathic pain by decreasing glutamate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Naderi
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
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24
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Paniz LG, Calcagnotto ME, Pandolfo P, Machado DG, Santos GF, Hansel G, Almeida RF, Bruch RS, Brum LM, Torres FV, de Assis AM, Rico EP, Souza DO. Neuroprotective effects of guanosine administration on behavioral, brain activity, neurochemical and redox parameters in a rat model of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:645-54. [PMID: 24788896 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that glutamatergic excitotoxicity and oxidative stress are implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The nucleoside guanosine exerts neuroprotective effects through the antagonism against glutamate neurotoxicity and antioxidant properties. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effect of guanosine in an animal model of chronic HE. Rats underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) and 2 weeks later they were treated with i.p. injection of guanosine 7.5 mg/kg once a day for 1-week. We evaluated the effects of guanosine in HE studying several aspects: a) animal behavior using open field and Y-maze tasks; b) brain rhythm changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings; c) purines and glutamate levels in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF); and d) oxidative stress parameters in the brain. BDL rats presented increased levels of glutamate, purines and metabolites in the CSF, as well as increased oxidative damage. Guanosine was able not only to prevent these effects but also to attenuate the behavioral and EEG impairment induced by BDL. Our study shows the neuroprotective effects of systemic administration of guanosine in a rat model of HE and highlights the involvement of purinergic system in the physiopathology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Paniz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,
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25
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Kalinine E, Zimmer ER, Zenki KC, Kalinine I, Kazlauckas V, Haas CB, Hansel G, Zimmer AR, Souza DO, Müller AP, Portela LV. Nandrolone-induced aggressive behavior is associated with alterations in extracellular glutamate homeostasis in mice. Horm Behav 2014; 66:383-92. [PMID: 24937439 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nandrolone decanoate (ND), an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS), induces an aggressive phenotype by mechanisms involving glutamate-induced N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) hyperexcitability. The astrocytic glutamate transporters remove excessive glutamate surrounding the synapse. However, the impact of supraphysiological doses of ND on glutamate transporters activity remains elusive. We investigated whether ND-induced aggressive behavior is interconnected with GLT-1 activity, glutamate levels and abnormal NMDAr responses. Two-month-old untreated male mice (CF1, n=20) were tested for baseline aggressive behavior in the resident-intruder test. Another group of mice (n=188) was injected with ND (15mg/kg) or vehicle for 4, 11 and 19days (short-, mid- and long-term endpoints, respectively) and was evaluated in the resident-intruder test. Each endpoint was assessed for GLT-1 expression and glutamate uptake activity in the frontoparietal cortex and hippocampal tissues. Only the long-term ND endpoint significantly decreased the latency to first attack and increased the number of attacks, which was associated with decreased GLT-1 expression and glutamate uptake activity in both brain areas. These alterations may affect extracellular glutamate levels and receptor excitability. Resident males were assessed for hippocampal glutamate levels via microdialysis both prior to, and following, the introduction of intruders. Long-term ND mice displayed significant increases in the microdialysate glutamate levels only after exposure to intruders. A single intraperitoneal dose of the NMDAr antagonists, memantine or MK-801, shortly before the intruder test decreased aggressive behavior. In summary, long-term ND-induced aggressive behavior is associated with decreased extracellular glutamate clearance and NMDAr hyperexcitability, emphasizing the role of this receptor in mediating aggression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Kalinine
- Department of Biochemistry, Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rigon Zimmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kamila Cagliari Zenki
- Department of Biochemistry, Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Iouri Kalinine
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Human Performance, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Kazlauckas
- Department of Biochemistry, Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Branco Haas
- Department of Biochemistry, Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gisele Hansel
- Department of Biochemistry, Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Rigon Zimmer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Pastoris Müller
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Health Sciences Unit, University of Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Luis Valmor Portela
- Department of Biochemistry, Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Gliopreventive effects of guanosine against glucose deprivation in vitro. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:643-54. [PMID: 23846842 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanosine, a guanine-based purine, is recognized as an extracellular signaling molecule that is released from astrocytes and confers neuroprotective effects in several in vivo and in vitro studies. Astrocytes regulate glucose metabolism, glutamate transport, and defense mechanism against oxidative stress. C6 astroglial cells are widely used as an astrocyte-like cell line to study the astrocytic function and signaling pathways. Our previous studies showed that guanosine modulates the glutamate uptake activity, thus avoiding glutamatergic excitotoxicity and protecting neural cells. The goal of this study was to determine the gliopreventive effects of guanosine against glucose deprivation in vitro in cultured C6 cells. Glucose deprivation induced cytotoxicity, an increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) levels and lipid peroxidation as well as affected the metabolism of glutamate, which may impair important astrocytic functions. Guanosine prevented glucose deprivation-induced toxicity in C6 cells by modulating oxidative and nitrosative stress and glial responses, such as the glutamate uptake, the glutamine synthetase activity, and the glutathione levels. Glucose deprivation decreased the level of EAAC1, the main glutamate transporter present in C6 cells. Guanosine also prevented this effect, most likely through PKC, PI3K, p38 MAPK, and ERK signaling pathways. Taken together, these results show that guanosine may represent an important mechanism for protection of glial cells against glucose deprivation. Additionally, this study contributes to a more thorough understanding of the glial- and redox-related protective properties of guanosine in astroglial cells.
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Olofsen E, Noppers I, Niesters M, Kharasch E, Aarts L, Sarton E, Dahan A. Estimation of the contribution of norketamine to ketamine-induced acute pain relief and neurocognitive impairment in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 2012; 117:353-64. [PMID: 22692377 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e31825b6c91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine is metabolized in the liver into its active metabolite norketamine. No human data are available on the relative contribution of norketamine to ketamine-induced analgesia and side effects. One approach to assess the ketamine and norketamine contributions is by measuring the ketamine effect at varying ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations using the CYP450 inducer rifampicin. METHODS In 12 healthy male volunteers the effect of rifampicin versus placebo pretreatment on S-ketamine-induced analgesia and cognition was quantified; the S-ketamine dosage was 20 mg/h for 2 h. The relative ketamine and norketamine contribution to effect was estimated using a linear additive population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. RESULTS S-ketamine produced significant analgesia, psychotropic effects (drug high), and cognitive impairment (including memory impairment and reduced psychomotor speed, reaction time, and cognitive flexibility). Modeling revealed a negative contribution of S-norketamine to S-ketamine- induced analgesia and absence of contribution to cognitive impairment. At ketamine and norketamine effect concentrations of 100 ng/ml and 50 ng/ml, respectively, the ketamine contribution to analgesia is -3.8 cm (visual analog pain score) versus a contribution of norketamine of +1.5 cm, causing an overall effect of -2.3 cm. The blood-effect site equilibration half-life ranged from 0 (cognitive flexibility) to 11.8 (pain intensity) min and was 6.1 min averaged across all endpoints. CONCLUSIONS This first observation that norketamine produces effects in the opposite direction of ketamine requires additional proof. It can explain the observation of ketamine-related excitatory phenomena (such as hyperalgesia and allodynia) upon the termination of ketamine infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Olofsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Ma X, Shi TF, Zhang M, Lu XY, Yang CX, Zhu D, Shi DX, Yang Y, Wang CL, Zhang S, Xu MY. Modulatory role of glutamic acid on the electrical activities of pain-related neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region. Neurosci Lett 2012; 513:67-71. [PMID: 22343020 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamic acid (Glu) participates in pain modulation of the central nervous system. The CA3 region of the hippocampal formation has been suggested to be involved in nociceptive perception. However, it is unknown whether Glu could modulate the electrical activities of pain-related neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region. The present study aimed to determine the effects of Glu and its receptor antagonist MK-801 in the pain-evoked response of both pain-excited neurons (PENs) and pain-inhibited neurons (PINs) in the hippocampal CA3 region of normal rats. We used a train of electric impulses applied to the sciatic nerve as noxious stimulation. The electrical activities of either PENs or PINs in the hippocampal CA3 region were recorded by a glass microelectrode. The results revealed that intra-CA3 region microinjection of Glu (0.5 μg/1 μl) increased the evoked firing frequency and shortened the firing latency of PEN, while decreased the evoked firing frequency and prolonged the inhibitory duration of PIN in the hippocampal CA3 region of rat evoked by the noxious stimulation. Intra-CA3 region administration of MK-801 (0.25 μg/1 μl) produced the opposite response. These results suggest that Glu and its receptors in hippocampal CA3 region are involved in the modulation of nociceptive information transmission by affecting the electric activities of PENs and PINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ma
- Department of Neurology and Surgery of Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
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29
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Glutamate abnormalities in obsessive compulsive disorder: neurobiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 132:314-32. [PMID: 21963369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive compulsive disorder is prevalent, disabling, incompletely understood, and often resistant to current therapies. Established treatments consist of specialized cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy with medications targeting serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, remission is rare, and more than a quarter of OCD sufferers receive little or no benefit from these approaches, even when they are optimally delivered. New insights into the disorder, and new treatment strategies, are urgently needed. Recent evidence suggests that the ubiquitous excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is dysregulated in OCD, and that this dysregulation may contribute to the pathophysiology of the disorder. Here we review the current state of this evidence, including neuroimaging studies, genetics, neurochemical investigations, and insights from animal models. Finally, we review recent findings from small clinical trials of glutamate-modulating medications in treatment-refractory OCD. The precise role of glutamate dysregulation in OCD remains unclear, and we lack blinded, well-controlled studies demonstrating therapeutic benefit from glutamate-modulating agents. Nevertheless, the evidence supporting some important perturbation of glutamate in the disorder is increasingly strong. This new perspective on the pathophysiology of OCD, which complements the older focus on monoaminergic neurotransmission, constitutes an important focus of current research and a promising area for the ongoing development of new therapeutics.
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30
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Ferreira AGK, da Cunha AA, Scherer EB, Machado FR, da Cunha MJ, Braga A, Mussulini BH, Moreira JD, Wofchuk S, Souza DO, Wyse ATS. Evidence that hyperprolinemia alters glutamatergic homeostasis in rat brain: neuroprotector effect of guanosine. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:205-13. [PMID: 21935728 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of acute and chronic hyperprolinemia on glutamate uptake, as well as some mechanisms underlying the proline effects on glutamatergic system in rat cerebral cortex. The protective role of guanosine on effects mediated by proline was also evaluated. Results showed that acute and chronic hyperprolinemia reduced glutamate uptake, Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity, ATP levels and increased lipoperoxidation. GLAST and GLT-1 immunocontent were increased in acute, but not in chronic hyperprolinemic rats. Our data suggest that the effects of proline on glutamate uptake may be mediated by lipid peroxidation and disruption of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity, but not by decreasing in glutamate transporters. This probably induces excitotoxicity and subsequent energy deficit. Guanosine was effective to prevent most of the effects promoted by proline, reinforcing its modulator role in counteracting the glutamate toxicity. However, further studies are needed to assess the modulatory effects of guanosine on experimental hyperprolinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa G K Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
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31
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Effect of ketamine on endogenous pain modulation in healthy volunteers. Pain 2011; 152:656-663. [PMID: 21237568 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory and facilitatory descending pathways, originating at higher central nervous system sites, modulate activity of dorsal horn nociceptive neurons, and thereby influence pain perception. Dysfunction of inhibitory pain pathways or a shift in the balance between pain facilitation and pain inhibition has been associated with the development of chronic pain. The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine has a prolonged analgesic effect in chronic pain patients. This effect is due to desensitization of sensitized N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Additionally, ketamine may modulate or enhance endogenous inhibitory control of pain perception. Diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC) and offset analgesia (OA) are 2 mechanisms involved in descending inhibition. The present study investigates the effect of a ketamine infusion on subsequent DNIC and OA responses to determine whether ketamine has an influence on descending pain control. Ten healthy subjects (4 men/6 women) received a 1-hour placebo or S(+)-ketamine (40mg per 70kg) infusion on 2 separate occasions in random order. Upon the termination of the infusion, DNIC and OA responses were obtained. After placebo treatment, significant descending inhibition of pain responses was present for DNIC and OA. In contrast, after ketamine infusion, no DNIC was observed, but rather a significant facilitatory pain response (P<0.01); the OA response remained unchanged. These findings suggest that the balance between pain inhibition and pain facilitation was shifted by ketamine towards pain facilitation. The absence of an effect of ketamine on OA indicates differences in the mechanisms and neurotransmitter influences between OA and DNIC. Diffuse noxious inhibitory control responses following a 1-hour low-dose ketamine treatment displayed facilitation of pain in response to experimental noxious thermal stimulation.
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32
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Hameed H, Hameed M, Christo PJ. The effect of morphine on glial cells as a potential therapeutic target for pharmacological development of analgesic drugs. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2010; 14:96-104. [PMID: 20425198 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-010-0093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Opioids have played a critical role in achieving pain relief in both modern and ancient medicine. Yet, their clinical use can be limited secondary to unwanted side effects such as tolerance, dependence, reward, and behavioral changes. Identification of glial-mediated mechanisms inducing opioid side effects include cytokine receptors, kappa-opioid receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and the recently elucidated Toll-like receptors. Newer agents targeting these receptors such as AV411, MK-801, AV333, and SLC022, and older agents used outside the United States or for other disease conditions, such as minocycline, pentoxifylline, and UV50488H, all show varied but promising profiles for providing significant relief from opioid side effects, while simultaneously potentiating opioid analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Hameed
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Gosselin RD, O'Connor RM, Tramullas M, Julio-Pieper M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Riluzole normalizes early-life stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity in rats: role of spinal glutamate reuptake mechanisms. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:2418-25. [PMID: 20226190 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The molecular basis underlying visceral hypersensitivity in functional irritable bowel syndrome remains elusive, resulting in poor treatment effectiveness. Because alterations in spinal non-neuronal (astrocytic) glutamate reuptake are suspected to participate in chronic pain, we asked whether such processes occur in visceral hypersensitivity. METHODS Visceral hypersensitivity was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by maternal separation. Separated adults were given a systemic administration of riluzole (5 mg/kg), an approved neuroprotective agent activating glutamate reuptake. Visceral hypersensitivity was assessed using colorectal distension (40 mm Hg). Somatic nociception was quantified using Hot Plate, Randall-Sellito, and Hargreaves tests. Spinal proteins were quantified using immunofluorescence and Western blot. The dependence of visceral sensory function upon spinal glutamate transport was evaluated by intrathecal injection of glutamate transport antagonist DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA). For in vitro testing of riluzole and TBOA, primary cultures of astrocytes were used. RESULTS We show that riluzole counteracts stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity without affecting visceral response in nonseparated rats or altering nociceptive responses to somatic pain stimulation. In addition, maternal separation produces a reduction in glial excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT)-1 with no change in EAAT-2 or gamma-amino butyric acid transporters. Stress was not associated with changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein or astrocytic morphology per se. Furthermore, visceral normosensitivity relies on spinal EAAT, as intrathecal TBOA is sufficient to induce hypersensitivity in normal rats. CONCLUSIONS We identify spinal EAAT as a therapeutic target, and establish riluzole as a candidate to counteract gastrointestinal hypersensitivity in disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain-Daniel Gosselin
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Torres FV, da Silva Filho M, Antunes C, Kalinine E, Antoniolli E, Portela LV, Souza DO, Tort AB. Electrophysiological effects of guanosine and MK-801 in a quinolinic acid-induced seizure model. Exp Neurol 2010; 221:296-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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