1
|
Wojtunik-Kulesza K, Rudkowska M, Klimek K, Agacka-Mołdoch M, Mołdoch J, Michalak A. Expanding Knowledge about the Influence of Citral on Cognitive Functions-In Vitro, In Vivo and Ex Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6866. [PMID: 38999975 PMCID: PMC11241199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Citral, a common monoterpene found in numerous plants, is an interesting compound that has been shown to have various biological activities. Although it is widely distributed in nature and there are many studies presenting its biological activities, its anti-neurodegenerative activity, especially under in vivo conditions, is very poorly understood. Thus, this paper aimed to deepen knowledge about citral activity towards factors and symptoms of neurodegeneration. To accomplish this, several comprehensive tests were conducted, including the estimation of butyrylcholinesterase inhibition, the evaluation of hepatotoxicity and the detection of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in vitro, as well as an in vivo behavioral assessment using mice models. Additionally, ex vivo determination of level of the compound in the brain and blood of a tested animal was undertaken. The results obtained revealed that citral is able to inhibit butyrylcholinesterase activity and protect hepatic cells against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in vitro. Moreover, behavioral tests in vivo indicated that citral (50 mg/kg) improves memory processes associated with acquisition (passive avoidance test), both in acute and subchronic administration. Additionally, we found that the administration of citral at 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg did not significantly affect the locomotor activity. Beyond the aforementioned, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of the compound in the blood and brain after subchronic administration of citral. Taken together, the results obtained in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo clearly indicate that citral is a promising monoterpene that can potentially be used towards cognition improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Rudkowska
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Klimek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Agacka-Mołdoch
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Jarosław Mołdoch
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Michalak
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bioactivity assessment of essential oils of Cymbopogon species using a network pharmacology approach. Biol Futur 2022; 73:107-118. [PMID: 35098495 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-022-00111-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils of Cymbopogon species have wide commercial applications in fragrance, perfumery, and pharmaceuticals as they exhibit a horizon of bioactivities. Here, essential oils of C. flexuosus and C. martinii were analysed to identify bioactive constituents and bioactivities using a network pharmacology approach. Essential oils were isolated using hydro-distillation in a mini Clevenger apparatus. Analysis of essential oils by GC-MS revealed 20 and 15 chemical constituents in C. flexuosus and C. martinii, respectively. An ingredient-target protein-pathway network was constructed comprising 10 oil constituents (citral, geraniol, geranyl acetate, limonene, linalool, α-terpineol, borneol, α-pinene, myrcene, and n-decanol), 14 target proteins, 51 related pathways, and 108 connections. Analyses of the network showed geraniol, geranyl acetate, limonene, linalool, and citral as major active constituents. A core sub-network constructed from the ingredient-target protein-pathway network revealed bioactivities including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective. The protein association network pointed out the major target proteins viz., THRB, FXR, ALOX15, and TSHR and pathways like metabolic, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways of essential oil constituents. The target proteins and pathways provided insights into the mechanism of action of bioactive constituents. Based on the results of the study, geraniol was correlated with neuroprotective, citral to chemo-preventive, and limonene to anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, the study offers a new way for the assessment of the bioactivities of Cymbopogon species essential oils leading to the development of new biomedicines.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wojtunik-Kulesza K, Rudkowska M, Kasprzak-Drozd K, Oniszczuk A, Borowicz-Reutt K. Activity of Selected Group of Monoterpenes in Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms in Experimental Model Studies-A Non-Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7366. [PMID: 34298986 PMCID: PMC8306454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and cognitive function impairment. The multi-faced character of AD requires new drug solutions based on substances that incorporate a wide range of activities. Antioxidants, AChE/BChE inhibitors, BACE1, or anti-amyloid platelet aggregation substances are most desirable because they improve cognition with minimal side effects. Plant secondary metabolites, used in traditional medicine and pharmacy, are promising. Among these are the monoterpenes-low-molecular compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, analgesic, sedative, as well as other biological properties. The presented review focuses on the pathophysiology of AD and a selected group of anti-neurodegenerative monoterpenes and monoterpenoids for which possible mechanisms of action have been explained. The main body of the article focuses on monoterpenes that have shown improved memory and learning, anxiolytic and sleep-regulating effects as determined by in vitro and in silico tests-followed by validation in in vivo models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Rudkowska
- Independent Experimental Neuropathophysiology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.R.); (K.B.-R.)
| | - Kamila Kasprzak-Drozd
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Kinga Borowicz-Reutt
- Independent Experimental Neuropathophysiology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.R.); (K.B.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Umukoro S, Ben-Azu B, Ajayi AM, Adebesin A, Emokpae O. Cymbopogon citratus aqueous leaf extract attenuates neurobehavioral and biochemical changes induced by social defeat stress in mice. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2020; 12:303-309. [PMID: 36119005 PMCID: PMC9476801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Psychosocial stress has been implicated in the genesis of psychiatric disorders such as memory deficits, depression, anxiety and addiction. Aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus (CYC) otherwise known as lemongrass tea has antidepressant, anxiolytic and anti-amnesic effects in rodents. This study was designed to evaluate if C. citratus could reverse the neurobehavioral and biochemical derangements induced by social defeat stress (SDS) in the resident/intruder paradigm. Methods Intruder male mice were divided into five groups (n = 7): group 1 received saline (10 mL/kg, p.o.; non-stress control), group 2 also received saline (10 mL/kg, p.o.; SDS control) while groups 3–5 had C. citratus (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) daily for 14 d. The SDS was carried out 30 min after each treatment from day 7 to day 14 by exposing each intruder mouse in groups 2–5 to a 10 min confrontation in the home cage of an aggressive resident counterpart. The neurobehavioral features (spontaneous motor activity-SMA, anxiety, memory, social avoidance and depression were then evaluated. The concentrations of nitrite, malondialdehyde and glutathione as well as acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain tissues were also determined. Results C. citratus (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) attenuated hypolocomotion, heightened anxiety, depressive-like symptom, memory deficit and social avoidance induced by SDS. The altered levels of oxidative stress and acetyl-cholinesterase in SDS-mice were positively modulated by C. citratus. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that C. citratus might mitigate psychosocial stress-induced neurologic diseases in susceptible individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Umukoro
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt 500272, Nigeria
| | - Abayomi M. Ajayi
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Adebesin
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Africa, Toru-Orua 561, Nigeria
| | - Osagie Emokpae
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Umukoro S, Ben-Azu B, Iyiola AO, Adeboye B, Ajayi AM, Adebesin A, Omorobge O. Evaluation of the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic-like activities of aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus in mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 31:jbcpp-2019-0100. [PMID: 31730523 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Anxiety is a common ailment of high co-morbidity with epilepsy, a chronic neurologic disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Current drugs used for these conditions have several limitations such as disabling side effects, relapse, and ineffectiveness in certain population necessitating the search for alternative options. The aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus (CYC) is widely used for its various health-promoting effects including relief of seizures and anxiety in ethnomedicine. This present study describes its effects on convulsions, anxiety-like behaviors, and social interaction in mice. Methods Male Swiss mice were pretreated orally with CYC (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg), diazepam (1 mg/kg), or distilled water (10 mL/kg) 60 min before induction of convulsions with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of picrotoxin (10 mg/kg), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 85 mg/kg), or isoniazid (300 mg/kg). The animals were then observed for the occurrence of seizure for 30 min or 2 h for isoniazid. The effects of CYC on anxiety-like behaviors, social interaction, and spontaneous motor activity (SMA) were evaluated in naive mice. Results CYC (25-100 mg/kg) did not prevent convulsions nor delay the latency to convulsions induced by picrotoxin, PTZ, or isoniazid. Pretreatment with CYC (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o) produced anxiolytic-like effect, decreased SMA, and also enhanced social interaction behavior in naive mice. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that CYC did not exhibit an anticonvulsant property in mice injected with picrotoxin, PTZ, or isoniazid, but its anxiolytic-like activity and social interaction-promoting effect might be of benefit as an adjuvant in improving the quality of life of epileptic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Umukoro
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt, River States, Nigeria
| | - Azeez O Iyiola
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bamboye Adeboye
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abayomi M Ajayi
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Adebesin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Osarume Omorobge
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pinkas A, Gonçalves CL, Aschner M. Neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:342-349. [PMID: 28683407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fragrance compounds are chemicals belonging to one of several families, which are used frequently and globally in cosmetics, household products, foods and beverages. A complete list of such compounds is rarely found on the ingredients-list of such products, as "fragrance mixtures" are defined as "trade secrets" and thus protected by law. While some information regarding the general toxicity of some of these compounds is available, their neurotoxicity is known to a lesser extent. Here, we discuss the prevalence and neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds belonging to the three most common groups: phthalates, synthetic musks and chemical sensitizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adi Pinkas
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, 1300, Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer Building, Room 209, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Cinara Ludvig Gonçalves
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, 1300, Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer Building, Room 209, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, 1300, Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer Building, Room 209, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rahimi R, Irannejad S, Noroozian M. Avicenna’s pharmacological approach to memory enhancement. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:1147-1157. [PMID: 28176148 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-2835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Irannejad
- Research Training Group 1876: Early Concepts of Man and Nature: Universal, Local, Borrowed, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Maryam Noroozian
- Memory and Behavioral Neurology Division, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nishijima CM, Ganev EG, Mazzardo-Martins L, Martins DF, Rocha LR, Santos AR, Hiruma-Lima CA. Citral: A monoterpene with prophylactic and therapeutic anti-nociceptive effects in experimental models of acute and chronic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 736:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
9
|
Rothwell CM, Spencer GE. Retinoid signaling is necessary for, and promotes long-term memory formation following operant conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 114:127-40. [PMID: 24925874 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, is proposed to play an important role in vertebrate learning and memory, as well as hippocampal-dependent synaptic plasticity. However, it has not yet been determined whether retinoic acid plays a similar role in learning and memory in invertebrates. In this study, we report that retinoid signaling in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, is required for long-term memory formation following operant conditioning of its aerial respiratory behaviour. Animals were exposed to inhibitors of the RALDH enzyme (which synthesizes retinoic acid), or various retinoid receptor antagonists. Following exposure to these inhibitors, neither learning nor intermediate-term memory (lasting 2 h) was affected, but long-term memory formation (tested at either 24 or 72 h) was inhibited. We next demonstrated that various retinoid receptor agonists promoted long-term memory formation. Using a training paradigm shown only to produce intermediate-term memory (lasting 2 h, but not 24 h) we found that exposure of animals to synthetic retinoids promoted memory formation that lasted up to 30 h. These findings suggest that the role of retinoids in memory formation is ancient in origin, and that retinoid signaling is also important for the formation of implicit memories, in addition to its previously demonstrated role in hippocampal-dependent memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cailin M Rothwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Gaynor E Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maggi F, Fortuné Randriana R, Rasoanaivo P, Nicoletti M, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Lupidi G, Petrelli D, Vitali LA, Papa F, Vittori S. Chemical composition and in vitro biological activities of the essential oil of Vepris macrophylla (BAKER) I.VERD. endemic to Madagascar. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:356-66. [PMID: 23495153 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vepris macrophylla is an evergreen tree occurring in sub-humid forest of Madagascar and traditionally used in the Island to treat several complaints as well as to prepare aromatic teas and alcoholic drinks. In the present work, the essential oil distilled from the leaves was analyzed for the first time by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major compounds were citral (56.3%), i.e., mixture of neral (23.1%) and geranial (33.2%), citronellol (14.5%), and myrcene (8.3%). The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans as determined by vapor-diffusion assay, supporting the traditional use of the plant for preparing steam bath for the treatment of infectious diseases. The essential oil was evaluated for cytotoxic activity on human tumor cell lines by MTT (=3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay, showing inhibitory effects comparable to those of cisplatin, notably on MDA-MB 231 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and HCT116 (human colon carcinoma) cell lines. Finally, the essential oil was also subjected to screening for its antioxidant activity and the free radical scavenging capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, IT-62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fragoso YD, Campos NS, Tenrreiro BF, Guillen FJ. Systematic review of the literature on vitamin A and memory. Dement Neuropsychol 2012; 6:219-222. [PMID: 29213801 PMCID: PMC5619333 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642012dn06040005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last 30 years, a variety of studies reporting the effects of vitamin
A on memory have been published. Objective To perform a rigorous systematic review of the literature on vitamin A and
memory in order to organize evidence-based data on the subject. Methods Four authors carried out the systematic review in accordance with strict
guidelines. The terms "vitamin A" OR "retinol" OR "retinoic acid" AND
"memory" OR "cognition" OR "Alzheimer" were searched in virtually all
medical research databases. Results From 236 studies containing the key words, 44 were selected for this review,
numbering 10 reviews and 34 original articles. Most studies used animal
models for studying vitamin A and cognition. Birds, mice and rats were more
frequently employed whereas human studies accounted for only two reports on
brain tissue from autopsies and one on the role of isotretinoin in cognition
among individuals taking this medication to treat acne. Conclusion Vitamin A may be an important and viable complement in the treatment and
prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Clinical trials are imperative and, at
present, there is no evidence-based data to recommend vitamin A
supplementation for the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Dadalti Fragoso
- Head of the Department of Neurology, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Effect of Cymbopogon citratus and Citral on Vascular Smooth Muscle of the Isolated Thoracic Rat Aorta. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:539475. [PMID: 22675383 PMCID: PMC3364612 DOI: 10.1155/2012/539475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cymbopogon citratus has been shown to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic and chemo-protective properties. Citral, is the major constituent of C. citratus. This study investigated the effects of methanolic extracts of leaves (LE), stems (SE), and roots (RE) of C. citratus and citral on vascular smooth muscle and explored their possible mechanisms of action. The experiment was conducted using isolated tissue preparations, where citral, LE, SE, and RE were added separately into a tissue bath that contained aortic rings, which were pre-contracted with phenylephrine (PE). Citral, LE, and RE exhibited a dose-dependent relaxant effect on the PE-induced contractions. Citral appeared to partially act via NO as its vasorelaxant effect was attenuated by L-NAME. However, the effect of LE may involve prostacyclin as indomethacin reversed the relaxant effect of LE on the PE-induced contraction. Furthermore, citral, LE, and RE abolished the restoration of PE-induced contraction caused by the addition of increasing doses of calcium in both endothelium intact and denuded rings. These findings suggest that the relaxation effect of citral, LE, and RE is endothelium-independent and may be mainly by affecting the intracellular concentration of calcium. Citral may partially act through the NO pathway while a vasodilator prostaglandin may mediate the effect of LE.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ganjewala D, Gupta AK, Muhury R. An Update on Bioactive Potential of a Monoterpene Aldehyde Citral. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/22311866.2012.10719126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
14
|
Chaiyana W, Saeio K, Hennink WE, Okonogi S. Characterization of potent anticholinesterase plant oil based microemulsion. Int J Pharm 2010; 401:32-40. [PMID: 20837121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, essential oils of three edible Thai plants, Cymbopogon citratus (Gramineae), Citrus hystrix (Rutaceae) and Zingiber cassumunar (Zingiberaceae) were comparatively tested for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities using Ellman's colorimetric method. C. citratus oil exhibited the highest activity with IC(50) values of 0.34±0.07μl/ml and 2.14±0.18μl/ml against BChE and AChE activity, respectively. It was further investigated whether microemulsions of this oil could be obtained. The effects of type of surfactant and co-surfactant as well as pH and ionic strength on the phase behavior of the oil/water system were investigated. Brij 97, Triton X-114, Tween 20 and Tween 85 were employed as surfactant whereas ethanol and hexanol were used as cosurfactants. The size analysis, electrical conductivity measurements and cholinesterase inhibition assays were done in selected microemulsion. The results revealed that the type and concentration of surfactant and co-surfactant exhibited a distinct influence on the C. citratus oil microemulsions. Moreover, the inhibitory activities of the microemulsion formulation were remarkable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wantida Chaiyana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|