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Vlk D, Trněný O, Řepková J. Genes Associated with Biological Nitrogen Fixation Efficiency Identified Using RNA Sequencing in Red Clover ( Trifolium pratense L.). LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121975. [PMID: 36556339 PMCID: PMC9785344 DOI: 10.3390/life12121975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Commonly studied in the context of legume-rhizobia symbiosis, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a key component of the nitrogen cycle in nature. Despite its potential in plant breeding and many years of research, information is still lacking as to the regulation of hundreds of genes connected with plant-bacteria interaction, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation. Here, we compared root nodule transcriptomes of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) genotypes with contrasting nitrogen fixation efficiency, and we found 491 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between plants with high and low BNF efficiency. The annotation of genes expressed in nodules revealed more than 800 genes not yet experimentally confirmed. Among genes mediating nodule development, four nod-ule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides were confirmed in the nodule transcriptome. Gene duplication analyses revealed that genes originating from tandem and dispersed duplication are significantly over-represented among DEGs. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) organized expression profiles of the transcripts into 16 modules linked to the analyzed traits, such as nitrogen fixation efficiency or sample-specific modules. Overall, the results obtained broaden our knowledge about transcriptomic landscapes of red clover's root nodules and shift the phenotypic description of BNF efficiency on the level of gene expression in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vlk
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Trněný
- Agricultural Research, Ltd., Zahradní 1, 664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Řepková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-549-49-6895
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Dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 by Phosphatase LjPP2C is Involved in Regulating Nodule Organogenesis in Lotus japonicus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155565. [PMID: 32756503 PMCID: PMC7432216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) LjMPK6 is a phosphorylation target of SIP2, a MAPK kinase that interacts with SymRK (symbiosis receptor-like kinase) for regulation of legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Both LjMPK6 and SIP2 are required for nodulation in Lotus japonicus. However, the dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 and its regulatory components in nodule development remains unexplored. By yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified a type 2C protein phosphatase, LjPP2C, that specifically interacts with and dephosphorylates LjMPK6 in vitro. Physiological and biochemical assays further suggested that LjPP2C phosphatase is required for dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 in vivo and for fine-tuning nodule development after rhizobial inoculation. A non-phosphorylatable mutant variant LjMPK6 (T224A Y226F) could mimic LjPP2C functioning in MAPK dephosphorylation required for nodule development in hairy root transformed plants. Collectively, our study demonstrates that interaction with LjPP2C phosphatase is required for dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 to fine tune nodule development in L. japonicus.
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Mahajan S, Ramya TNC. F-type Lectin Domains: Provenance, Prevalence, Properties, Peculiarities, and Potential. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1112:345-363. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kirienko AN, Porozov YB, Malkov NV, Akhtemova GA, Le Signor C, Thompson R, Saffray C, Dalmais M, Bendahmane A, Tikhonovich IA, Dolgikh EA. Role of a receptor-like kinase K1 in pea Rhizobium symbiosis development. PLANTA 2018; 248:1101-1120. [PMID: 30043288 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The LysM receptor-like kinase K1 is involved in regulation of pea-rhizobial symbiosis development. The ability of the crop legume Pisum sativum L. to perceive the Nod factor rhizobial signals may depend on several receptors that differ in ligand structure specificity. Identification of pea mutants defective in two types of LysM receptor-like kinases (LysM-RLKs), SYM10 and SYM37, featuring different phenotypic manifestations and impaired at various stages of symbiosis development, corresponds well to this assumption. There is evidence that one of the receptor proteins involved in symbiosis initiation, SYM10, has an inactive kinase domain. This implies the presence of an additional component in the receptor complex, together with SYM10, that remains unknown. Here, we describe a new LysM-RLK, K1, which may serve as an additional component of the receptor complex in pea. To verify the function of K1 in symbiosis, several P. sativum non-nodulating mutants in the k1 gene were identified using the TILLING approach. Phenotyping revealed the blocking of symbiosis development at an appropriately early stage, strongly suggesting the importance of LysM-RLK K1 for symbiosis initiation. Moreover, the analysis of pea mutants with weaker phenotypes provides evidence for the additional role of K1 in infection thread distribution in the cortex and rhizobia penetration. The interaction between K1 and SYM10 was detected using transient leaf expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and in the yeast two-hybrid system. Since the possibility of SYM10/SYM37 complex formation was also shown, we tested whether the SYM37 and K1 receptors are functionally interchangeable using a complementation test. The interaction between K1 and other receptors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Kirienko
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, 196608, Russia
| | - Yuri B Porozov
- ITMO University, 49 Kronverksky Av., St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya st. 8-2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita V Malkov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, 196608, Russia
| | - Gulnara A Akhtemova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, 196608, Russia
| | - Christine Le Signor
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Richard Thompson
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Saffray
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Marion Dalmais
- IPS2, UMR9213/UMR1403, CNRS, INRA, UPSud, UPD, SPS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | | | - Igor A Tikhonovich
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, 196608, Russia
| | - Elena A Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelsky chausse 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, 196608, Russia.
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Genomic comparisons of Rhizobium species using in silico AFLP-PCR, endonuclease restriction, and AMPylating enzymes. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Imam J, Singh PK, Shukla P. Plant Microbe Interactions in Post Genomic Era: Perspectives and Applications. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1488. [PMID: 27725809 PMCID: PMC5035750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering plant-microbe interactions is a promising aspect to understand the benefits and the pathogenic effect of microbes and crop improvement. The advancement in sequencing technologies and various 'omics' tool has impressively accelerated the research in biological sciences in this area. The recent and ongoing developments provide a unique approach to describing these intricate interactions and test hypotheses. In the present review, we discuss the role of plant-pathogen interaction in crop improvement. The plant innate immunity has always been an important aspect of research and leads to some interesting information like the adaptation of unique immune mechanisms of plants against pathogens. The development of new techniques in the post - genomic era has greatly enhanced our understanding of the regulation of plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. The present review also provides an overview of beneficial plant-microbe interactions with special reference to Agrobacterium tumefaciens-plant interactions where plant derived signal molecules and plant immune responses are important in pathogenicity and transformation efficiency. The construction of various Genome-scale metabolic models of microorganisms and plants presented a better understanding of all metabolic interactions activated during the interactions. This review also lists the emerging repertoire of phytopathogens and its impact on plant disease resistance. Outline of different aspects of plant-pathogen interactions is presented in this review to bridge the gap between plant microbial ecology and their immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak, India
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Marks BB, Megías M, Ollero FJ, Nogueira MA, Araujo RS, Hungria M. Maize growth promotion by inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and metabolites of Rhizobium tropici enriched on lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs). AMB Express 2015; 5:71. [PMID: 26567001 PMCID: PMC4644132 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the development and use of inoculants carrying plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in crops of agronomic interest. The great majority of the inoculants commercialized worldwide contain rhizobia for legume crops, but the use of PGPB as Azospirillum spp. for non-legume is expanding, as well as of inoculants combining microorganisms and microbial metabolites. In this study we evaluated the effects of inoculants containing Azospirillum brasilense with or without metabolites of Rhizobium tropici strain CIAT 899 highly enriched in lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) in six field experiments performed for three summer crop seasons in Brazil with maize (Zea mays L.). Inoculants and metabolites were applied either at sowing by seed inoculation, or by leaf spray at the V3 stage of plant growth. Improvement in shoot dry weight (SDW) and total N accumulated in shoots (TNS) by single, but especially by dual inoculation was observed in some of the experiments. Statistically significant increases in grain yield in relation to the non-inoculated control were observed in five out of six experiments when maize was inoculated with Azospirillum supplied with enriched metabolites of R. tropici applied by seed or leaf spray inoculation. The results give strength to the development of a new generation of inoculants carrying microorganisms and microbial molecules.
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Kamfwa K, Cichy KA, Kelly JD. Genome-wide association analysis of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in common bean. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:1999-2017. [PMID: 26133733 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Significant SNPs and candidate genes for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and related traits were identified on Pv03, Pv07 and Pv09 chromosomes of common bean. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to explore the genetic basis of variation for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and related traits in the Andean Diversity Panel (ADP) comprising 259 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes. The ADP was evaluated for SNF and related traits in both greenhouse and field experiments. After accounting for population structure and cryptic relatedness, significant SNPs were identified on chromosomes Pv03, Pv07 and Pv09 for nitrogen derived from atmosphere (Ndfa) in the shoot at flowering, and for Ndfa in seed. The SNPs for Ndfa in shoot and Ndfa in seed co-localized on Pv03 and Pv09. Two genes Phvul.007G050500 and Phvul.009G136200 that code for leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLK) were identified as candidate genes for Ndfa. LRR-RLK genes play a key role in signal transduction required for nodule formation. Significant SNPs identified in this study could potentially be used in marker-assisted breeding to accelerate genetic improvement of common bean for SNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Kamfwa
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Karen A Cichy
- USDA-ARS, Sugarbeet and Bean Research Unit, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - James D Kelly
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Bishnoi R, Khatri I, Subramanian S, Ramya TNC. Prevalence of the F-type lectin domain. Glycobiology 2015; 25:888-901. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Magae Y, Ohara S. Structure-Activity Relationships of Triterpenoid Saponins on Fruiting Body Induction inPleurotus ostreatus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:1979-82. [PMID: 16926513 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the structure-activity relationships of saponin on fruiting body induction in Pleurotus ostreatus, monodesmosidic saponins comprising a triterpenoid and glucose residues were synthesized. Betulin, a triterpenoid present in Birch bark, was used as the aglycon. The fruiting body induction activity increased with the number of glucose residues, from one to four. The most active betulinic saponin was betulin-3-yl beta-D-(4-O-beta-D-maltotriosyl)-glucoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Magae
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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11
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Latif S, Khan S, Naveed M, Mustafa G, Bashir T, Mumtaz AS. The diversity of Rhizobia, Sinorhizobia and novel non-Rhizobial Paenibacillus nodulating wild herbaceous legumes. Arch Microbiol 2013; 195:647-53. [PMID: 23896976 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to isolate and characterize nodulating bacteria associated with wild legumes. For this purpose, we recovered twenty isolates from root nodules of five wild legume species: Melilotus alles, Melilotus officinalis, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens and Medicago sp. Most of the isolates were morphologically analogous with only few exceptions in colony shape, appearance and incubation time. All isolates were Gram negative except T.P2-4. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA showed genetic variation among isolates. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed these isolates as Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Paenibacillus. Each of these was also screened for nod D and nod F genes with marked variation at these loci; however, the nucleotide sequence analysis confirmed the presence of nod genes. The assignment of strains to their hosts revealed a unique symbiotic association of Paenibacillus sp. nodulating T .pratense which is being reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Latif
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Miransari M, Abrishamchi A, Khoshbakht K, Niknam V. Plant hormones as signals in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012; 34:123-33. [PMID: 23113535 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2012.731684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are non-specific symbionts developing mutual and beneficial symbiosis with most terrestrial plants. Because of the obligatory nature of the symbiosis, the presence of the host plant during the onset and proceeding of symbiosis is necessary. However, AM fungal spores are able to germinate in the absence of the host plant. The fungi detect the presence of the host plant through some signal communications. Among the signal molecules, which can affect mycorrhizal symbiosis are plant hormones, which may positively or adversely affect the symbiosis. In this review article, some of the most recent findings regarding the signaling effects of plant hormones, on mycorrhizal fungal symbiosis are reviewed. This may be useful for the production of plants, which are more responsive to mycorrhizal symbiosis under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Miransari
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University , Tehran , Iran
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Heath KD, Burke PV, Stinchcombe JR. Coevolutionary genetic variation in the legume-rhizobium transcriptome. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4735-47. [PMID: 22672103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katy D Heath
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, 250 Morrill Hall, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Squid-derived chitin oligosaccharides are a chemotactic signal during colonization by Vibrio fischeri. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4620-6. [PMID: 22522684 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00377-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), is noted as the second most abundant biopolymer in nature. Chitin serves many functions for marine bacteria in the family Vibrionaceae ("vibrios"), in some instances providing a physical attachment site, inducing natural genetic competence, and serving as an attractant for chemotaxis. The marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri is the specific symbiont in the light-emitting organ of the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes. The bacterium provides the squid with luminescence that the animal uses in an antipredatory defense, while the squid supports the symbiont's nutritional requirements. V. fischeri cells are harvested from seawater during each host generation, and V. fischeri is the only species that can complete this process in nature. Furthermore, chitin is located in squid hemocytes and plays a nutritional role in the symbiosis. We demonstrate here that chitin oligosaccharides produced by the squid host serve as a chemotactic signal for colonizing bacteria. V. fischeri uses the gradient of host chitin to enter the squid light organ duct and colonize the animal. We provide evidence that chitin serves a novel function in an animal-bacterial mutualism, as an animal-produced bacterium-attracting synomone.
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Jayaraman D, Forshey KL, Grimsrud PA, Ané JM. Leveraging proteomics to understand plant-microbe interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:44. [PMID: 22645586 PMCID: PMC3355735 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions of plants with beneficial and pathogenic microbes is a promising avenue to improve crop productivity and agriculture sustainability. Proteomic techniques provide a unique angle to describe these intricate interactions and test hypotheses. The various approaches for proteomic analysis generally include protein/peptide separation and identification, but can also provide quantification and the characterization of post-translational modifications. In this review, we discuss how these techniques have been applied to the study of plant-microbe interactions. We also present some areas where this field of study would benefit from the utilization of newly developed methods that overcome previous limitations. Finally, we reinforce the need for expanding, integrating, and curating protein databases, as well as the benefits of combining protein-level datasets with those from genetic analyses and other high-throughput large-scale approaches for a systems-level view of plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kari L. Forshey
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Paul A. Grimsrud
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- *Correspondence: Jean-Michel Ané, Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA. e-mail:
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Fungal lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Nature 2011; 469:58-63. [PMID: 21209659 DOI: 10.1038/nature09622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Rougé P, Nerinckx W, Gough C, Bono JJ, Barre A. Docking of Chitin Oligomers and Nod Factors on Lectin Domains of the LysM-RLK Receptors in the Medicago-Rhizobium Symbiosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:511-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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18
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Mandel MJ. Models and approaches to dissect host–symbiont specificity. Trends Microbiol 2010; 18:504-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hamel LP, Beaudoin N. Chitooligosaccharide sensing and downstream signaling: contrasted outcomes in pathogenic and beneficial plant-microbe interactions. PLANTA 2010; 232:787-806. [PMID: 20635098 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In plants, short chitin oligosaccharides and chitosan fragments (collectively referred to as chitooligosaccharides) are well-known elicitors that trigger defense gene expression, synthesis of antimicrobial compounds, and cell wall strengthening. Recent findings have shed new light on chitin-sensing mechanisms and downstream activation of intracellular signaling networks that mediate plant defense responses. Interestingly, chitin receptors possess several lysin motif domains that are also found in several legume Nod factor receptors. Nod factors are chitin-related molecules produced by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia to induce root nodulation. The fact that chitin and Nod factor receptors share structural similarity suggests an evolutionary conserved relationship between mechanisms enabling recognition of both deleterious and beneficial microorganisms. Here, we will present an update on molecular events involved in chitooligosaccharide sensing and downstream signaling pathways in plants and will discuss how structurally related signals may lead to such contrasted outcomes during plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Hamel
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Secondary metabolite profiling of the model legume Lotus japonicus during its symbiotic interaction with Mesorhizobium loti. Symbiosis 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-010-0053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lima PT, Faria VG, Patraquim P, Ramos AC, Feijó JA, Sucena É. Plant-microbe symbioses: new insights into common roots. Bioessays 2009; 31:1233-44. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.200800177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Pucciariello C, Innocenti G, Van de Velde W, Lambert A, Hopkins J, Clément M, Ponchet M, Pauly N, Goormachtig S, Holsters M, Puppo A, Frendo P. (Homo)glutathione depletion modulates host gene expression during the symbiotic interaction between Medicago truncatula and Sinorhizobium meliloti. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:1186-96. [PMID: 19587096 PMCID: PMC2773073 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.142034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, legumes interact with symbiotic rhizobia to produce nitrogen-fixing root nodules. We have previously shown that glutathione and homoglutathione [(h)GSH] deficiencies impaired Medicago truncatula symbiosis efficiency, showing the importance of the low M(r) thiols during the nodulation process in the model legume M. truncatula. In this study, the plant transcriptomic response to Sinorhizobium meliloti infection under (h)GSH depletion was investigated using cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Among 6,149 expression tags monitored, 181 genes displayed significant differential expression between inoculated control and inoculated (h)GSH depleted roots. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the changes in mRNA levels. This transcriptomic analysis shows a down-regulation of genes involved in meristem formation and a modulation of the expression of stress-related genes in (h)GSH-depleted plants. Promoter-beta-glucuronidase histochemical analysis showed that the putative MtPIP2 aquaporin might be up-regulated during nodule meristem formation and that this up-regulation is inhibited under (h)GSH depletion. (h)GSH depletion enhances the expression of salicylic acid (SA)-regulated genes after S. meliloti infection and the expression of SA-regulated genes after exogenous SA treatment. Modification of water transport and SA signaling pathway observed under (h)GSH deficiency contribute to explain how (h)GSH depletion alters the proper development of the symbiotic interaction.
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Mathesius U. Comparative proteomic studies of root–microbe interactions. J Proteomics 2009; 72:353-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Yuksel B, Memon AR. Legume small GTPases and their role in the establishment of symbiotic associations with Rhizobium spp. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:257-60. [PMID: 19794839 PMCID: PMC2664483 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.4.7868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Small GTP-binding genes act as molecular switches regulating myriad of cellular processes including vesicle-mediated intracellular trafficking, signal transduction, cytoskeletal reorganization and cell division in plants and animals. Even though these genes are well conserved both functionally and sequentially across whole Eukaryotae, occasional lineage-specific diversification in some plant species in terms of both functional and expressional characteristics have been reported. Hence, comparative phyletic and correlative functional analyses of legume small GTPases homologs with the genes from other Metazoa and Embryophyta species would be very beneficial for gleaning out the small GTPases that could have specialized in legume-specific processes; e.g., nodulation. The completion of genome sequences of two model legumes, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus will significantly improve our knowledge about mechanism of biological processes taking place in legume-rhizobia symbiotic associations. Besides, the need for molecular switches coordinating busy cargo-trafficking between symbiosis partners would suggest a possible subfunctionalization of small GTPases in Fabaceae for these functions. Therefore, more detailed investigation into the functional characteristics of legume small GTPases would be helpful for the illumination of the events initialized with the perception of bacteria by host, followed by the formation of infection thread and the engulfment of rhizobial bacteria, and end with the senescence of nitrogen-fixing organelles, nodules. In summary, a more thorough functional and evolutionary characterization of small GTPases across the main lineages of Embryophyta is significant for better comprehension of evolutionary history of Plantae, that is because, these genes are associated with multitude of vital biological processes including organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayram Yuksel
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Magori S, Oka-Kira E, Shibata S, Umehara Y, Kouchi H, Hase Y, Tanaka A, Sato S, Tabata S, Kawaguchi M. Too much love, a root regulator associated with the long-distance control of nodulation in Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:259-68. [PMID: 19245320 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-3-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants tightly control the development and number of symbiotic root nodules. In Lotus japonicus, this regulation requires HAR1 (a CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase) in the shoots, suggesting that a long-distance communication between the shoots and the roots may exist. To better understand its molecular basis, we isolated and characterized a novel hypernodulating mutant of L. japonicus named too much love (tml). Compared with the wild type, tml mutants produced much more nodules which densely covered a wider range of the roots. Reciprocal grafting showed that tml hypernodulation is determined by the root genotype. Moreover, grafting a har1 shoot onto a tml rootstock did not exhibit any obvious additive effects on the nodule number, which was further supported by double mutational analysis. These observations indicate that a shoot factor HAR1 and a root factor TML participate in the same genetic pathway which governs the long-distance signaling of nodule number control. We also showed that the inhibitory effect of TML on nodulation is likely to be local. Therefore, TML may function downstream of HAR1 and the gene product TML might serve as a receptor or mediator of unknown mobile signal molecules that are transported from the shoots to the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Magori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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26
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Rose RJ. Medicago truncatula as a model for understanding plant interactions with other organisms, plant development and stress biology: past, present and future. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:253-264. [PMID: 32688781 DOI: 10.1071/fp07297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Medicago truncatula Gaertn. cv. Jemalong, a pasture species used in Australian agriculture, was first proposed as a model legume in 1990. Since that time M. truncatula, along with Lotus japonicus (Regal) Larsen, has contributed to major advances in understanding rhizobia Nod factor perception and the signalling pathway involved in nodule formation. Research using M. truncatula as a model has expanded beyond nodulation and the allied mycorrhizal research to investigate interactions with insect pests, plant pathogens and nematodes. In addition to biotic stresses the genetic mechanisms to ameliorate abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought are being investigated. Furthermore, M. truncatula is being used to increase understanding of plant development and cellular differentiation, with nodule differentiation providing a different perspective to organogenesis and meristem biology. This legume plant represents one of the major evolutionary success stories of plant adaptation to its environment, and it is particularly in understanding the capacity to integrate biotic and abiotic plant responses with plant growth and development that M. truncatula has an important role to play. The expanding genomic and genetic toolkit available with M. truncatula provides many opportunities for integrative biological research with a plant which is both a model for functional genomics and important in agricultural sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray J Rose
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Email
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The Xenorhabdus nematophila nilABC genes confer the ability of Xenorhabdus spp. to colonize Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:4121-8. [PMID: 18390667 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00123-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Steinernema genus of nematodes are colonized mutualistically by members of the Xenorhabdus genus of bacteria. In nature, Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes are always found in association with Xenorhabdus nematophila bacteria. Thus, this interaction, like many microbe-host associations, appears to be species specific. X. nematophila requires the nilA, nilB, and nilC genes to colonize S. carpocapsae. In this work, we showed that of all the Xenorhabdus species examined, only X. nematophila has the nilA, nilB, and nilC genes. By exposing S. carpocapsae to other Xenorhabdus spp., we established that only X. nematophila is able to colonize S. carpocapsae; therefore, the S. carpocapsae-X. nematophila interaction is species specific. Further, we showed that introduction of the nilA, nilB, and nilC genes into other Xenorhabdus species enables them to colonize the same S. carpocapsae host tissue that is normally colonized by X. nematophila. Finally, sequence analysis supported the idea that the nil genes were horizontally acquired. Our findings indicate that a single genetic locus determines host specificity in this bacteria-animal mutualism and that host range expansion can occur through the acquisition of a small genetic element.
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Nonaka S, Yuhashi KI, Takada K, Sugaware M, Minamisawa K, Ezura H. Ethylene production in plants during transformation suppresses vir gene expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:647-56. [PMID: 18331427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene evolution from plants inhibits Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation, but the mechanism is little understood. In this study, the possible role of ethylene in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation was clarified. It was tested whether or not plant ethylene sensitivity affected genetic transformation; the sensitivity might regulate bacterial growth during co-cultivation and vir gene expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. For these experiments, melon (Cucumis melo) was used, in which ethylene sensitivity was controlled by chemicals, and Arabidopsis ethylene-insensitive mutants. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation was inhibited in ethylene-sensing melon, whereas, in Arabidopsis ethylene-insensitive mutant, it was enhanced. However, the ethylene sensitivity did not affect bacterial growth. vir gene expression was inhibited by application of plant exudate from ethylene-sensitive plants. The inhibitory effect of the ethylene sensitivity on genetic transformation relieved the activation of vir gene expression in A. tumefaciens with vir gene inducer molecule (acetosyringone, AS) or A. tumefaciens mutant strain which has constitutive vir gene expression. These results indicate that ethylene evolution from a plant inoculated with A. tumefaciens inhibited vir gene expression in A. tumefaciens through the ethylene signal transduction in the plant, and, as a result, Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation was inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Nonaka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
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29
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Oldroyd GED, Downie JA. Coordinating nodule morphogenesis with rhizobial infection in legumes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 59:519-46. [PMID: 18444906 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on legumes requires an integration of infection by rhizobia at the root epidermis and the initiation of cell division in the cortex, several cell layers away from the sites of infection. Several recent developments have added to our understanding of the signaling events in the epidermis associated with the perception of rhizobial nodulation factors and the role of plant hormones in the activation of cell division leading to nodule morphogenesis. This review focuses on the tissue-specific nature of the developmental processes associated with nodulation and the mechanisms by which these processes are coordinated during the formation of a nodule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E D Oldroyd
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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De Mita S, Santoni S, Ronfort J, Bataillon T. Adaptive evolution of the symbiotic gene NORK is not correlated with shifts of rhizobial specificity in the genus Medicago. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:210. [PMID: 17986323 PMCID: PMC2247475 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The NODULATION RECEPTOR KINASE (NORK) gene encodes a Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR)-containing receptor-like protein and controls the infection by symbiotic rhizobia and endomycorrhizal fungi in Legumes. The occurrence of numerous amino acid changes driven by directional selection has been reported in this gene, using a limited number of messenger RNA sequences, but the functional reason of these changes remains obscure. The Medicago genus, where changes in rhizobial associations have been previously examined, is a good model to test whether the evolution of NORK is influenced by rhizobial interactions. Results We sequenced a region of 3610 nucleotides (encoding a 392 amino acid-long region of the NORK protein) in 32 Medicago species. We confirm that positive selection in NORK has occurred within the Medicago genus and find that the amino acid positions targeted by selection occur in sites outside of solvent-exposed regions in LRRs, and other sites in the N-terminal region of the protein. We tested if branches of the Medicago phylogeny where changes of rhizobial symbionts occurred displayed accelerated rates of amino acid substitutions. Only one branch out of five tested, leading to M. noeana, displays such a pattern. Among other branches, the most likely for having undergone positive selection is not associated with documented shift of rhizobial specificity. Conclusion Adaptive changes in the sequence of the NORK receptor have involved the LRRs, but targeted different sites than in most previous studies of LRR proteins evolution. The fact that positive selection in NORK tends not to be associated to changes in rhizobial specificity indicates that this gene was probably not involved in evolving rhizobial preferences. Other explanations (e.g. coevolutionary arms race) must be tested to explain the adaptive evolution of NORK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane De Mita
- UMR 1097 Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées - INRA Montpellier, France.
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31
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Altenbach D, Robatzek S. Pattern recognition receptors: from the cell surface to intracellular dynamics. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:1031-9. [PMID: 17849705 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-9-1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Detection of potentially infectious microorganisms is essential for plant immunity. Microbial communities growing on plant surfaces are constantly monitored according to their conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). In recent years, several pattern-recognition receptors, including receptor-like kinases and receptor-like proteins, and their contribution to disease resistance have been described. MAMP signaling must be carefully controlled and seems to involve receptor endocytosis. As a further surveillance layer, plants are able to specifically recognize microbial effector molecules via nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat receptors (NB-LRR). A number of recent studies show that NB-LRR translocate to the nucleus in order to exert their activity. In this review, current knowledge regarding the recognition of MAMPs by surface receptors, receptor activation, signaling, and subcellular redistribution are discussed.
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Remans R, Snoeck C, Verreth C, Croonenborghs A, Luyten E, Ndayizeye M, Martínez-Romero E, Michiels J, Vanderleyden J. Inactivation of the nodH gene in Sinorhizobium sp. BR816 enhances symbiosis with Phaseolus vulgaris L. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 266:210-7. [PMID: 17233732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfate modification on Rhizobium Nod factor signaling molecules is not a prerequisite for successful symbiosis with the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). However, many bean-nodulating rhizobia, including the broad host strain Sinorhizobium sp. BR816, produce sulfated Nod factors. Here, we show that the nodH gene, encoding a sulfotransferase, is responsible for the transfer of sulfate to the Nod factor backbone in Sinorhizobium sp. BR816, as was shown for other rhizobia. Interestingly, inactivation of nodH enables inoculated bean plants to fix significantly more nitrogen under different experimental setups. Our studies show that nodH in the wild-type strain is still expressed during the later stages of symbiosis. This is the first report on enhanced nitrogen fixation by blocking Nod factor sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Remans
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Heverlee, Belgium
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Combier JP, Vernié T, de Billy F, El Yahyaoui F, Mathis R, Gamas P. The MtMMPL1 early nodulin is a novel member of the matrix metalloendoproteinase family with a role in Medicago truncatula infection by Sinorhizobium meliloti. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:703-16. [PMID: 17293436 PMCID: PMC1914174 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.092585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We show here that MtMMPL1, a Medicago truncatula nodulin gene previously identified by transcriptomics, represents a novel and specific marker for root and nodule infection by Sinorhizobium meliloti. This was established by determining the spatial pattern of MtMMPL1 expression and evaluating gene activation in the context of various plant and bacterial symbiotic mutant interactions. The MtMMPL1 protein is the first nodulin shown to belong to the large matrix metalloendoproteinase (MMP) family. While plant MMPs are poorly documented, they are well characterized in animals as playing a key role in a number of normal and pathological processes involving the remodeling of the extracellular matrix. MtMMPL1 represents a novel MMP variant, with a substitution of a key amino acid residue within the predicted active site, found exclusively in expressed sequence tags corresponding to legume MMP homologs. An RNA interference approach revealed that decreasing MtMMPL1 expression leads to an accumulation of rhizobia within infection threads, whose diameter is often significantly enlarged. Conversely, MtMMPL1 ectopic overexpression under the control of a constitutive (35S) promoter led to numerous abortive infections and an overall decrease in the number of nodules. We discuss possible roles of MtMMPL1 during Rhizobium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Combier
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France
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34
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Yang T, Du L, Poovaiah BW. Viewpoint: Concept of redesigning proteins by manipulating calcium/calmodulin-binding domains to engineer plants with altered traits. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:343-352. [PMID: 32689361 DOI: 10.1071/fp06293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of calcium and calcium-binding proteins such as calmodulin in plant growth and development as well as plant response to environmental stimuli has been recognised for some time. However, it is only recently that the underlying mechanisms have begun to be unravelled. A variety of intracellular calcium signatures have been observed in response to various stimuli. However, how these changes induce downstream actions and how one can manipulate these events to alter plant response is an area of major interest. Here we discuss the recent advances on three intriguing calcium/calmodulin-regulated proteins: a calcium/calmodulin-regulated metabolic enzyme (DWF1); a chimeric calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK); and a family of calcium/calmodulin-regulated transcription factors (AtSRs or CAMTAs). These proteins play critical roles in plant growth, plant : microbe interactions and plant response to multiple environmental signals. The identification and manipulation of calcium-binding and calmodulin-binding sites in these proteins have provided direct evidence for the role of calcium-binding and calmodulin-binding to the proteins, as well as providing new ways to rebuild the proteins and engineer plants to obtain desired traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Yang
- Center for Integrated Biotechnology and Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, USA
| | - Liqun Du
- Center for Integrated Biotechnology and Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, USA
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Bussink AP, van Eijk M, Renkema GH, Aerts JM, Boot RG. The biology of the Gaucher cell: the cradle of human chitinases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 252:71-128. [PMID: 16984816 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)52001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is the most common lysosomal storage disorder and is caused by inherited deficiencies of glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme responsible for the lysosomal breakdown of the lipid glucosylceramide. GD is characterized by the accumulation of pathological, lipid laden macrophages, so-called Gaucher cells. Following the development of enzyme replacement therapy for GD, the search for suitable surrogate disease markers resulted in the identification of a thousand-fold increased chitinase activity in plasma from symptomatic Gaucher patients and that decreases upon successful therapeutic intervention. Biochemical investigations identified a single enzyme, named chitotriosidase, to be responsible for this activity. Chitotriosidase was found to be an excellent marker for lipid laden macrophages in Gaucher patients and is now widely used to assist clinical management of patients. In the wake of the identification of chitotriosidase, the presence of other members of the chitinase family in mammals was discovered. Amongst these is AMCase, an enzyme recently implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Chitinases are omnipresent throughout nature and are also produced by vertebrates in which they play important roles in defence against chitin-containing pathogens and in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton P Bussink
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Staehelin C, Forsberg LS, D'Haeze W, Gao MY, Carlson RW, Xie ZP, Pellock BJ, Jones KM, Walker GC, Streit WR, Broughton WJ. Exo-oligosaccharides of Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 are required for symbiosis with various legumes. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:6168-78. [PMID: 16923883 PMCID: PMC1595362 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00365-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia are nitrogen-fixing bacteria that establish endosymbiotic associations with legumes. Nodule formation depends on various bacterial carbohydrates, including lipopolysaccharides, K-antigens, and exopolysaccharides (EPS). An acidic EPS from Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234 consists of glucosyl (Glc), galactosyl (Gal), glucuronosyl (GlcA), and 4,6-pyruvylated galactosyl (PvGal) residues with beta-1,3, beta-1,4, beta-1,6, alpha-1,3, and alpha-1,4 glycoside linkages. Here we examined the role of NGR234 genes in the synthesis of EPS. Deletions within the exoF, exoL, exoP, exoQ, and exoY genes suppressed accumulation of EPS in bacterial supernatants, a finding that was confirmed by chemical analyses. The data suggest that the repeating subunits of EPS are assembled by an ExoQ/ExoP/ExoF-dependent mechanism, which is related to the Wzy polymerization system of group 1 capsular polysaccharides in Escherichia coli. Mutation of exoK (NGROmegaexoK), which encodes a putative glycanase, resulted in the absence of low-molecular-weight forms of EPS. Analysis of the extracellular carbohydrates revealed that NGROmegaexoK is unable to accumulate exo-oligosaccharides (EOSs), which are O-acetylated nonasaccharide subunits of EPS having the formula Gal(Glc)5(GlcA)2PvGal. When used as inoculants, both the exo-deficient mutants and NGROmegaexoK were unable to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on some hosts (e.g., Albizia lebbeck and Leucaena leucocephala), but they were able to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on other hosts (e.g., Vigna unguiculata). EOSs of the parent strain were biologically active at very low levels (yield in culture supernatants, approximately 50 microg per liter). Thus, NGR234 produces symbiotically active EOSs by enzymatic degradation of EPS, using the extracellular endo-beta-1,4-glycanase encoded by exoK (glycoside hydrolase family 16). We propose that the derived EOSs (and not EPS) are bacterial components that play a crucial role in nodule formation in various legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, SunYat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Arrighi JF, Barre A, Ben Amor B, Bersoult A, Soriano LC, Mirabella R, de Carvalho-Niebel F, Journet EP, Ghérardi M, Huguet T, Geurts R, Dénarié J, Rougé P, Gough C. The Medicago truncatula lysin [corrected] motif-receptor-like kinase gene family includes NFP and new nodule-expressed genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:265-79. [PMID: 16844829 PMCID: PMC1557615 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.084657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobial Nod factors are key symbiotic signals responsible for starting the nodulation process in host legume plants. Of the six Medicago truncatula genes controlling a Nod factor signaling pathway, Nod Factor Perception (NFP) was reported as a candidate Nod factor receptor gene. Here, we provide further evidence for this by showing that NFP is a lysin [corrected] motif (LysM)-receptor-like kinase (RLK). NFP was shown both to be expressed in association with infection thread development and to be involved in the infection process. Consistent with deviations from conserved kinase domain sequences, NFP did not show autophosphorylation activity, suggesting that NFP needs to associate with an active kinase or has unusual functional characteristics different from classical kinases. Identification of nine new M. truncatula LysM-RLK genes revealed a larger family than in the nonlegumes Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) or rice (Oryza sativa) of at least 17 members that can be divided into three subfamilies. Three LysM domains could be structurally predicted for all M. truncatula LysM-RLK proteins, whereas one subfamily, which includes NFP, was characterized by deviations from conserved kinase sequences. Most of the newly identified genes were found to be expressed in roots and nodules, suggesting this class of receptors may be more extensively involved in nodulation than was previously known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Arrighi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Stacey G, Libault M, Brechenmacher L, Wan J, May GD. Genetics and functional genomics of legume nodulation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:110-21. [PMID: 16458572 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative soil bacteria (rhizobia) within the Rhizobiaceae phylogenetic family (alpha-proteobacteria) have the unique ability to infect and establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis on the roots of leguminous plants. This symbiosis is of agronomic importance, reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizer for agriculturally important plants (e.g. soybean and alfalfa). The establishment of the symbiosis involves a complex interplay between host and symbiont, resulting in the formation of a novel organ, the nodule, which the bacteria colonize as intracellular symbionts. This review focuses on the most recent discoveries relating to how this symbiosis is established. Two general developments have contributed to the recent explosion of research progress in this area: first, the adoption of two genetic model legumes, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, and second, the application of modern methods in functional genomics (e.g. transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analyses).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Stacey
- National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Division of Plant Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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Wheeler GL, Tait K, Taylor A, Brownlee C, Joint I. Acyl-homoserine lactones modulate the settlement rate of zoospores of the marine alga Ulva intestinalis via a novel chemokinetic mechanism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:608-18. [PMID: 17080611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria utilize quorum sensing to regulate the expression of cell density-dependant phenotypes such as biofilm formation and virulence. Zoospores of the marine alga Ulva intestinalis exploit the acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing system to identify bacterial biofilms for preferential settlement. Here, we demonstrate that AHLs act as strong chemoattractants for Ulva zoospores. Chemoattraction does not involve a chemotactic orientation towards the AHL source. Instead, it occurs through a chemokinesis in which zoospore swimming speed is rapidly decreased in the presence of AHLs. The chemoresponse to AHLs was dependant on the nature of the acyl side chain, with N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-homoserine lactone (30-C12-HSL) being the most effective signal molecule. Mean zoospore swimming speed decreased more rapidly over wild-type biofilms of the marine bacteria Vibrio anguillarum relative to biofilms of the vanM mutant, in which AHL synthesis is disrupted. These data implicate a role for AHL-mediated chemokinesis in the location and preferential settlement of Ulva zoospores on marine bacterial assemblages. Exposure to AHLs did not inhibit the negative phototaxis of Ulva zoospores, indicating that chemoattraction to bacterial biofilms does not preclude the response to a light stimulus in substrate location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen L Wheeler
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK.
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Zhu H, Riely BK, Burns NJ, Ané JM. Tracing nonlegume orthologs of legume genes required for nodulation and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses. Genetics 2006; 172:2491-9. [PMID: 16452143 PMCID: PMC1456400 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.051185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Most land plants can form a root symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi for assimilation of inorganic phosphate from the soil. In contrast, the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis is almost completely restricted to the legumes. The finding that the two symbioses share common signaling components in legumes suggests that the evolutionarily younger nitrogen-fixing symbiosis has recruited functions from the more ancient AM symbiosis. The recent advances in cloning of the genes required for nodulation and AM symbioses from the two model legumes, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, provide a unique opportunity to address biological questions pertaining to the evolution of root symbioses in plants. Here, we report that nearly all cloned legume genes required for nodulation and AM symbioses have their putative orthologs in nonlegumes. The orthologous relationship can be clearly defined on the basis of both sequence similarity and microsyntenic relationship. The results presented here serve as a prelude to the comparative analysis of orthologous gene function between legumes and nonlegumes and facilitate our understanding of how gene functions and signaling pathways have evolved to generate species- or family-specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, USA.
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Zheng H, Zhong Z, Lai X, Chen WX, Li S, Zhu J. A LuxR/LuxI-type quorum-sensing system in a plant bacterium, Mesorhizobium tianshanense, controls symbiotic nodulation. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:1943-9. [PMID: 16484206 PMCID: PMC1426573 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.5.1943-1949.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of rhizobia to symbiotically fix nitrogen from the atmosphere when forming nodules on their plant hosts requires various signal transduction pathways. LuxR-LuxI-type quorum-sensing systems have been shown to be one of the players in a number of rhizobium species. In this study, we found that Mesorhizobium tianshanense, a moderate-growth Rhizobium that forms nodules on a number of licorice plants, produces multiple N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-like molecules. A simple screen for AHL synthase genes using an M. tianshanense genomic expression library in Escherichia coli, coupled with a sensitive AHL detector, uncovered a LuxI-type synthase, MrtI, and a LuxR-type regulator, MrtR, in M. tianshanense. Deletions of the mrtI or mrtR locus completely abolished AHL production in M. tianshanense. Using lacZ transcriptional fusions, we found that expression of the quorum-sensing regulators is autoinduced, as mrtI gene expression requires MrtR and cognate AHLs and mrtR expression is dependent on AHLs. Compared with the wild-type strains, quorum-sensing-deficient mutants showed a marked reduction in the efficiency of root hair adherence and, more importantly, were defective in nodule formation on their host plant, Glycyrrhiza uralensis. These data provide strong evidence that quorum sensing plays a critical role in the M. tianshanense symbiotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, MOA Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Soria-Díaz ME, Rodríguez-Carvajal MA, Tejero-Mateo P, Espartero JL, Morón B, Sousa C, Megías M, Thomas-Oates J, Gil-Serrano AM. Structural determination of the Nod factors produced byRhizobium gallicumbv. gallicum R602. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 255:164-73. [PMID: 16436076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobium gallicum is a fast-growing bacterium found in European, Australian and African soils; it was first isolated in France. It is a microsymbiont which is able to nodulate plants of the genus Phaseolus. Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum R602 produces four extracellular signal molecules consisting of a linear backbone of N-acetyl glucosamine, bearing on the nonreducing terminal residue an N-methyl group and different N-acyl substituents. The four acyloligosaccharides terminate with a sulfated N-acetylglucosaminitol. This unit may be also acetylated. These structures were determined using carbohydrate and methylation analysis, mass spectrometric analysis and one-dimensional- and two-dimensional-nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. This work establishes the common structure that a lipochito-oligosaccharide must have so that the Rhizobium that produces and excretes it is able to nodulate plants of Phaseolus vulgaris. The substituents common to all the molecules are an N-methyl group and a C(18:1) fatty acid on the nonreducing terminal residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eugenia Soria-Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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Morón B, Soria-Díaz ME, Ault J, Verroios G, Noreen S, Rodríguez-Navarro DN, Gil-Serrano A, Thomas-Oates J, Megías M, Sousa C. Low pH changes the profile of nodulation factors produced by Rhizobium tropici CIAT899. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:1029-40. [PMID: 16183027 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 has been cataloged as a nodulator of bean, a plant often growing in areas characterized by highly acidic soils. The purpose of this work was to explore the effects of acidity on the production of Nod factors by this strain and their impact on the establishment of effective symbioses. We report that acidity increases rhizobial Nod factors production, and we exhaustively study the nodulation factor structures produced under abiotic stress. Significant differences were observed between the structures produced at acid and neutral pH: 52 different molecules were produced at acid pH, 29 at neutral pH, and only 15 are common to bacteria grown at pH 7.0 or 4.5. The results indicate that R. tropici CIAT899 has successfully adapted to life in acidic soils and is a good inoculant for the bean under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Morón
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Profesor García González, Spain
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Abstract
In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Morón et al. [1] report that Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 produces different Nod factors in response to flavonoid induction under differing environmental conditions. This unanticipated environmental dependence has implications for altering or potentially improving the host-bacteria interaction in bean nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Kannenberg
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA
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Abstract
Many microorganisms form symbioses with plants that range, on a continuous scale, from parasitic to mutualistic. Among these, the most widespread mutualistic symbiosis is the arbuscular mycorrhiza, formed between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and vascular flowering plants. These associations occur in terrestrial ecosystems throughout the world and have a global impact on plant phosphorus nutrition. The arbuscular mycorrhiza is an endosymbiosis in which the fungus inhabits the root cortical cells and obtains carbon provided by the plant while it transfers mineral nutrients from the soil to the cortical cells. Development of the symbiosis involves the differentiation of both symbionts to create novel symbiotic interfaces within the root cells. The aim of this review is to explore the current understanding of the signals and signaling pathways used by the symbionts for the development of the AM symbiosis. Although the signal molecules used for initial communication are not yet known, recent studies point to their existence. Within the plant, there is evidence of arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific signals and of systemic signaling that influences phosphate-starvation responses and root development. The landmark cloning of three plant signaling proteins required for the development of the symbiosis has provided the first insights into a signaling pathway that is used by AM fungi and by rhizobia for their symbiotic associations with legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Harrison
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Lohar DP, Sharopova N, Endre G, Peñuela S, Samac D, Town C, Silverstein KAT, VandenBosch KA. Transcript analysis of early nodulation events in Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 140:221-34. [PMID: 16377745 PMCID: PMC1326046 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.070326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Within the first 72 h of the interaction between rhizobia and their host plants, nodule primordium induction and infection occur. We predicted that transcription profiling of early stages of the symbiosis between Medicago truncatula roots and Sinorhizobium meliloti would identify regulated plant genes that likely condition key events in nodule initiation. Therefore, using a microarray with about 6,000 cDNAs, we compared transcripts from inoculated and uninoculated roots corresponding to defined stages between 1 and 72 h post inoculation (hpi). Hundreds of genes of both known and unknown function were significantly regulated at these time points. Four stages of the interaction were recognized based on gene expression profiles, and potential marker genes for these stages were identified. Some genes that were regulated differentially during stages I (1 hpi) and II (6-12 hpi) of the interaction belong to families encoding proteins involved in calcium transport and binding, reactive oxygen metabolism, and cytoskeleton and cell wall functions. Genes involved in cell proliferation were found to be up-regulated during stages III (24-48 hpi) and IV (72 hpi). Many genes that are homologs of defense response genes were up-regulated during stage I but down-regulated later, likely facilitating infection thread progression into the root cortex. Additionally, genes putatively involved in signal transduction and transcriptional regulation were found to be differentially regulated in the inoculated roots at each time point. The findings shed light on the complexity of coordinated gene regulation and will be useful for continued dissection of the early steps in symbiosis.
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Imaizumi R, Sato S, Kameya N, Nakamura I, Nakamura Y, Tabata S, Ayabe SI, Aoki T. Activation tagging approach in a model legume, Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2005; 118:391-9. [PMID: 16273423 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-005-0231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We constructed T-DNA insertional lines of a model legume, Lotus japonicus, using a multifunctional vector for gene and exon activation tagging. The vector had the CaMV 35S promoter together with two additional enhancer elements, the start codon, and splice donor and acceptor sites facing the left border, in anticipation of the activation of T-DNA flanking genes and forced expression of flanking exons. The improved transformation technique yielded more than 3,500 lines, including 45 dominant mutant candidates with abnormal phenotypes with respect to aerial parts, nodules, and roots. Among the 44 selected lines, one copy of T-DNA was inserted into the genome of 37 lines (84%). The T-DNA flanking regions of seven lines were isolated by thermal asymmetric interlaced (TAIL)-PCR or reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and the corresponding genomic clones were analyzed. The transcripts of four genes adjacent to T-DNA out of 11 genes tested were increased in the T(1) generation, demonstrating that gene and exon activation effects by the newly developed tagging vector are heritable. The T-DNA insertional population of L. japonicus will provide legume-specific dominant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryujiro Imaizumi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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Horiuchi JI, Prithiviraj B, Bais HP, Kimball BA, Vivanco JM. Soil nematodes mediate positive interactions between legume plants and rhizobium bacteria. PLANTA 2005; 222:848-57. [PMID: 16025342 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis between legume species and rhizobia results in the sequestration of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, and the early mechanisms involved in this symbiosis have become a model for plant-microbe interactions and thus highly amenable for agricultural applications. The working model for this interaction states that the symbiosis is the outcome of a chemical/molecular dialogue initiated by flavonoids produced by the roots of legumes and released into the soil as exudates, which specifically induce the synthesis of nodulation factors in rhizobia that initiate the nodulation process. Here, we argue that other organisms, such as the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, also mediate the interaction between roots and rhizobia in a positive way, leading to nodulation. We report that C. elegans transfers the rhizobium species Sinorhizobium meliloti to the roots of the legume Medicago truncatula in response to plant-released volatiles that attract the nematode. These findings reveal a biologically-relevant and largely unknown interaction in the rhizosphere that is multitrophic and may control the initiation of the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichiro Horiuchi
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, 217 Shepardson Building, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Chiu WL, Peters GA, Levieille G, Still PC, Cousins S, Osborne B, Elhai J. Nitrogen deprivation stimulates symbiotic gland development in Gunnera manicata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 139:224-30. [PMID: 16113217 PMCID: PMC1203372 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.064931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gunnera is the only genus of angiosperms known to host cyanobacteria and the only group of land plants that hosts cyanobacteria intracellularly. Motile filaments of cyanobacteria, known as hormogonia, colonize Gunnera plants through cells in the plant's specialized stem glands. It is commonly held that Gunnera plants always possess functional glands for symbiosis. We found, however, that stem gland development did not occur when Gunnera manicata plants were grown on nitrogen (N)-replete medium but, rather, was initiated at predetermined positions when plants were deprived of combined N. While N status was the main determinant for gland development, an exogenous carbon source (sucrose) accelerated the process. Furthermore, a high level of sucrose stimulated the formation of callus-like tissue in place of the gland under N-replete conditions. Treatment of plants with the auxin transport inhibitor 1-naphthylphthalamic acid prevented gland development on N-limited medium, most likely by preventing resource reallocation from leaves to the stem. Optimized conditions were found for in vitro establishment of the Nostoc-Gunnera symbiosis by inoculating mature glands with hormogonia from Nostoc punctiforme, a cyanobacterium strain for which the full genome sequence is available. In contrast to uninoculated plants, G. manicata plants colonized by N. punctiforme were able to continue their growth on N-limited medium. Understanding the nature of the Gunnera plant's unusual adaptation to an N-limited environment may shed light on the evolution of plant-cyanobacterium symbioses and may suggest a route to establish productive associations between N-fixing cyanobacteria and crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ling Chiu
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23284, USA
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Zipfel C, Felix G. Plants and animals: a different taste for microbes? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2005; 8:353-60. [PMID: 15922649 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants and animals can recognize potential pathogens by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Significant advances over the past few years have begun to unveil the molecular basis of PAMP perception by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Although these discoveries highlight common recognition strategies among higher eukaryotes, they also show differences with respect to the nature of the receptors involved and the exact molecular patterns recognized. This suggests a convergent evolution of microbe sensing by the innate immune systems of these various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Zipfel
- Botanical Institute, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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