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Zenchenko AA, Savelieva EM, Drenichev MS, Romanov GA, Oslovsky VE. N 6-(5-Phenylpentan-1-yl)adenine-A New Non-competitive Receptor-Specific Anti-cytokinin. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2023; 513:S23-S25. [PMID: 38189887 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672923700679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
For the first time, N6-(5-phenylpentan-1-yl)adenine, a synthetic adenine derivative with a receptor-specific anticytokinin effect, was obtained. This compound exhibits a pronounced anticytokinin effect, reducing cytokinin-induced expression of the GUS reporter gene when interacting with the cytokinin receptor CRE1/AHK4 of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This effect manifests itself much weaker with the related AHK2 receptor and is not observed at all with the AHK3 receptor. We showed that N6-(5-phenylpentan-1-yl)adenine does not bind to the ligand-binding sites of the Arabidopsis cytokinin receptors, which does not allow it to be classified as a true cytokinin antagonist. Despite the currently unknown mechanism of action, this compound may find its use as a component of plant growth regulators. Like true anticytokinins, it enhances root growth of Arabidopsis seedlings, apparently suppressing the action of endogenous cytokinins on the "root" receptor CRE1/AHK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zenchenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E M Savelieva
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - G A Romanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V E Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Powell AE, Heyl A. The origin and early evolution of cytokinin signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1142748. [PMID: 37457338 PMCID: PMC10338860 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1142748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms, especially Arabidopsis and rice, have long been at the center of plant research. However, technological advances in sequencing have led to a dramatic increase in genome and transcriptome data availability across land plants and, more recently, among green algae. These data allowed for an in-depth study of the evolution of different protein families - including those involved in the metabolism and signaling of phytohormones. While most early studies on phytohormone evolution were phylogenetic, those studies have started to be complemented by genetic and biochemical studies in recent years. Examples of such functional analyses focused on ethylene, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and auxin. These data have been summarized recently. In this review, we will focus on the progress in our understanding of cytokinin biology. We will use these data to synthesize key points about the evolution of cytokinin metabolism and signaling, which might apply to the evolution of other phytohormones as well.
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3
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Karunadasa S, Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Gain-of-function of the cytokinin response activator ARR1 increases heat shock tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2073108. [PMID: 35535663 PMCID: PMC9103500 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2073108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its well-established role in plant development, the hormone cytokinin regulates plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It was previously shown that cytokinin signaling acts negatively upon drought and osmotic stress tolerance and that gain-of-function of the cytokinin response regulator ARR1 causes osmotic stress hypersensitivity. Here we show that increased ARR1 action increases tolerance to heat shock and that this is correlated with increased accumulation of the heat shock proteins Hsp17.6 and Hsp70. These results show that the heat shock tolerance of plants can be elevated by increasing the expression of a cytokinin response activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumudu Karunadasa
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jasmina Kurepa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA and Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jan A Smalle
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA and Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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4
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Savelieva EM, Zenchenko AA, Drenichev MS, Kozlova AA, Kurochkin NN, Arkhipov DV, Chizhov AO, Oslovsky VE, Romanov GA. In Planta, In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Chiral N6-Benzyladenine Derivatives: Discovery of Receptor-Specific S-Enantiomers with Cytokinin or Anticytokinin Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911334. [PMID: 36232653 PMCID: PMC9569578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins, classical phytohormones, affect all stages of plant ontogenesis, but their application in agriculture is limited because of the lack of appropriate ligands, including those specific for individual cytokinin receptors. In this work, a series of chiral N6-benzyladenine derivatives were studied as potential cytokinins or anticytokinins. All compounds contained a methyl group at the α-carbon atom of the benzyl moiety, making them R- or S-enantiomers. Four pairs of chiral nucleobases and corresponding ribonucleosides containing various substituents at the C2 position of adenine heterocycle were synthesized. A nucleophilic substitution reaction by secondary optically active amines was used. A strong influence of the chirality of studied compounds on their interaction with individual cytokinin receptors of Arabidopsis thaliana was uncovered in in vivo and in vitro assays. The AHK2 and CRE1/AHK4 receptors were shown to have low affinity for the studied S-nucleobases while the AHK3 receptor exhibited significant affinity for most of them. Thereby, three synthetic AHK3-specific cytokinins were discovered: N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenine (S-MBA), 2-fluoro,N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenine (S-FMBA) and 2-chloro,N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenine (S-CMBA). Interaction patterns between individual receptors and specific enantiomers were rationalized by structure analysis and molecular docking. Two other S-enantiomers (N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenosine, 2-amino,N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenosine) were found to exhibit receptor-specific and chirality-dependent anticytokinin properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M. Savelieva
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Zenchenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Kozlova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay N. Kurochkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Arkhipov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander O. Chizhov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir E. Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Romanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: or
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5
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Tsioli S, Koutalianou M, Gkafas GA, Exadactylos A, Papathanasiou V, Katsaros CI, Orfanidis S, Küpper FC. Responses of the Mediterranean seagrass Cymodocea nodosa to combined temperature and salinity stress at the ionomic, transcriptomic, ultrastructural and photosynthetic levels. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 175:105512. [PMID: 35176528 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Little Neptune grass Cymodocea nodosa is a key seagrass species in the Mediterranean Sea, forming extensive and patchy meadows in shallow coastal and transitional ecosystems. In such habitats, high temperatures and salinities, separately and in combination, can be significant stressors in the context of climate change, particularly during heatwave events, and seawater desalination plant effluents. Despite well-documented negative, macroscopic effects, the underlying cellular and molecular processes of the combined effects of increasing temperature and salinities have remained largely elusive in C. nodosa - which are addressed by the present study. High salinity and high temperature, alone and in combination, affected ion equilibrium in the plant cells. Non-synonymous mutations marked the transcriptomic response to salinity and temperature stress at loci related to osmotic stress. Cell structure, especially the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria and organization of the MT cytoskeleton, was also altered. Both temperature and salinity stress negatively affected photosynthetic activity as evidenced by ΔF/Fm', following an antagonistic interaction type. Overall, this study showed that all biological levels investigated were strongly affected by temperature and salinity stress, however, with the latter having more severe effects. The results have implications for the operation of desalination plants and for assessing the impacts of marine heat waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soultana Tsioli
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 157 84, Greece; Benthic Ecology & Technology Laboratory, Fisheries Research Institute (Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER), 64007, Nea Peramos, Kavala, Greece
| | - Maria Koutalianou
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 157 84, Greece
| | - Georgios A Gkafas
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 384 46, Volos, Greece
| | - Athanasios Exadactylos
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 384 46, Volos, Greece
| | - Vasilis Papathanasiou
- Benthic Ecology & Technology Laboratory, Fisheries Research Institute (Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER), 64007, Nea Peramos, Kavala, Greece
| | - Christos I Katsaros
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 157 84, Greece
| | - Sotiris Orfanidis
- Benthic Ecology & Technology Laboratory, Fisheries Research Institute (Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER), 64007, Nea Peramos, Kavala, Greece
| | - Frithjof C Küpper
- School of Biological Sciences, Cruickshank Bldg., University of Aberdeen, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, Scotland, UK; Marine Biodiversity Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, CA, 92182-1030, USA.
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6
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Dabravolski SA, Isayenkov SV. Evolution of the Cytokinin Dehydrogenase (CKX) Domain. J Mol Evol 2021; 89:665-677. [PMID: 34757471 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-021-10035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormone cytokinins are important regulators of plant development, response to environmental stresses and interplay with other plant hormones. Cytokinin dehydrogenases (CKXs) are proteins responsible for the irreversible break-down of cytokinins to the adenine and aldehyde. Even though plant CKXs have been extensively studied, homologous proteins from other taxa remain mainly uncharacterised. Here we present our study on the molecular evolution and divergence of the CKX from bacteria, fungi, amoeba and viridiplantae. Although CKXs are present in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, they are missing in algae and metazoan taxa. The prevalent domain architecture consists of the FAD-binding and cytokinin binding domains, whereas some bacteria appear to have only cytokinin binding domain proteins. The CKXs play important role in the various aspects of plant life including control of plant development, response to biotic and abiotic stress, influence nutrition. Results of our study suggested that CKX originates from the FAD-linked C-terminal oxidase and has a defence-oriented function. The obtained results significantly extend the current understanding of the cytokinin dehydrogenases structure-function from the relationship to homologues from other taxa and provide a starting point baseline for their future functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A Dabravolski
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine [UO VGAVM], Dovatora str. 7/11, 21002, Vitebsk, Belarus
| | - Stanislav V Isayenkov
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
- Department of Plant Food Products and Biofortification, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, NAS of Ukraine, Osipovskogo str., 2a, Kyiv-123, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine.
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7
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Guillory A, Bonhomme S. Phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways of mosses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:245-277. [PMID: 34245404 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most known phytohormones regulate moss development. We present a comprehensive view of the synthesis and signaling pathways for the most investigated of these compounds in mosses, focusing on the model Physcomitrium patens. The last 50 years of research have shown that most of the known phytohormones are synthesized by the model moss Physcomitrium patens (formerly Physcomitrella patens) and regulate its development, in interaction with responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Biosynthesis and signaling pathways are best described in P. patens for the three classical hormones auxins, cytokinins and abscisic acid. Furthermore, their roles in almost all steps of development, from early filament growth to gametophore development and sexual reproduction, have been the focus of much research effort over the years. Evidence of hormonal roles exist for ethylene and for CLE signaling peptides, as well as for salicylic acid, although their possible effects on development remain unclear. Production of brassinosteroids by P. patens is still debated, and modes of action for these compounds are even less known. Gibberellin biosynthesis and signaling may have been lost in P. patens, while gibberellin precursors such as ent-kaurene derivatives could be used as signals in a yet to discover pathway. As for jasmonic acid, it is not used per se as a hormone in P. patens, but its precursor OPDA appears to play a corresponding role in defense against abiotic stress. We have tried to gather a comprehensive view of the biosynthesis and signaling pathways for all these compounds in mosses, without forgetting strigolactones, the last class of plant hormones to be reported. Study of the strigolactone response in P. patens points to a novel signaling compound, the KAI2-ligand, which was likely employed as a hormone prior to land plant emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Guillory
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France.
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8
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Rashotte AM. The evolution of cytokinin signaling and its role in development before Angiosperms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 109:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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9
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Binder BM, Kim HJ, Mathews DE, Hutchison CE, Kieber JJ, Schaller GE. A role for two-component signaling elements in the Arabidopsis growth recovery response to ethylene. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00058. [PMID: 31245724 PMCID: PMC6508545 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that the ability of Arabidopsis seedlings to recover normal growth following an ethylene treatment involves histidine kinase activity of the ethylene receptors. As histidine kinases can function as inputs for a two-component signaling system, we examined loss-of-function mutants involving two-component signaling elements. We find that mutants of phosphotransfer proteins and type-B response regulators exhibit a defect in their ethylene growth recovery response similar to that found with the loss-of-function ethylene receptor mutant etr1-7. The ability of two-component signaling elements to regulate the growth recovery response to ethylene functions independently from their well-characterized role in cytokinin signaling, based on the analysis of cytokinin receptor mutants as well as following chemical inhibition of cytokinin biosynthesis. Histidine kinase activity of the receptor ETR1 also facilitates growth recovery in the ethylene hypersensitive response, which is characterized by a transient decrease in growth rate when seedlings are treated continuously with a low dose of ethylene; however, this response was found to operate independently of the type-B response regulators. These results indicate that histidine kinase activity of the ethylene receptor ETR1 performs two independent functions: (a) regulating the growth recovery to ethylene through a two-component signaling system involving phosphotransfer proteins and type-B response regulators and (b) regulating the hypersensitive response to ethylene in a type-B response regulator independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M. Binder
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennessee
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesDartmouth CollegeHanoverNew Hampshire
- Center for Plant Aging ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)DaeguKorea
| | - Dennis E. Mathews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew Hampshire
| | - Claire E. Hutchison
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina
- Present address:
William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse SquareLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Joseph J. Kieber
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - G. Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological SciencesDartmouth CollegeHanoverNew Hampshire
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10
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Hellmann E, Swinka C, Heyl A. Novel in vivo screening design for the rapid and cost-effective identification of transcriptional regulators. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:2-10. [PMID: 28116793 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic screens are a common tool to identify new modulators in a defined context, e.g. hormonal response or environmental stress. However, most screens are either in vitro or laborious and time-and-space inefficient. Here we present a novel in planta screening approach that shortens the time from the actual screening process to the identification of a new modulator and simultaneously reduces space requirements and costs. The basic features of this screening approach are the creation of luciferase reporter plants which enable a non-invasive readout in a streamlined multiplate reader process, the transformation of those plants with an inducible, Gateway™-compatible expression vector, and a screening setup, in which whole plants at the seedling stage are screened in 96-multiwell plates in the first transformed generation without the use of an expensive charge-coupled device (CCD) camera system. The screening itself and the verification of candidates can be done in as little as 2-3 weeks. The screen enables the analysis of reporter gene activity upon different treatments. Primary positive plants can immediately be selected and grown further. In this study a fast, simple, cost- and space-efficient in planta screening system to detect novel mediators of a given transcriptional response was developed and successfully tested using the cytokinin signal transduction as a test case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hellmann
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Christine Swinka
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Alexander Heyl
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Biology Department, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, 11530-070, US
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11
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Brütting C, Schäfer M, Vanková R, Gase K, Baldwin IT, Meldau S. Changes in cytokinins are sufficient to alter developmental patterns of defense metabolites in Nicotiana attenuata. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:15-30. [PMID: 27557345 PMCID: PMC5245775 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense metabolites are well known to be regulated developmentally. The optimal defense (OD) theory posits that a tssue's fitness values and probability of attack should determine defense metabolite allocations. Young leaves are expected to provide a larger fitness value to the plant, and therefore their defense allocations should be higher when compared with older leaves. The mechanisms that coordinate development with defense remain unknown and frequently confound tests of the OD theory predictions. Here we demonstrate that cytokinins (CKs) modulate ontogeny-dependent defenses in Nicotiana attenuata. We found that leaf CK levels highly correlate with inducible defense expressions with high levels in young and low levels in older leaves. We genetically manipulated the developmental patterns of two different CK classes by using senescence- and chemically inducible expression of CK biosynthesis genes. Genetically modifying the levels of different CKs in leaves was sufficient to alter ontogenic patterns of defense metabolites. We conclude that the developmental regulation of growth hormones that include CKs plays central roles in connecting development with defense and therefore in establishing optimal patterns of defense allocation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Brütting
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Radomira Vanková
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Klaus Gase
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
- German Centre for integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig 04107, Germany
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12
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von Schwartzenberg K, Lindner AC, Gruhn N, Šimura J, Novák O, Strnad M, Gonneau M, Nogué F, Heyl A. CHASE domain-containing receptors play an essential role in the cytokinin response of the moss Physcomitrella patens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:667-79. [PMID: 26596764 PMCID: PMC4737067 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
While the molecular basis for cytokinin action is quite well understood in flowering plants, little is known about the cytokinin signal transduction in early diverging land plants. The genome of the bryophyte Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B.S. encodes three classical cytokinin receptors, the CHASE domain-containing histidine kinases, CHK1, CHK2, and CHK3. In a complementation assay with protoplasts of receptor-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in cytokinin binding assays, we found evidence that CHK1 and CHK2 receptors can function in cytokinin perception. Using gene targeting, we generated a collection of CHK knockout mutants comprising single (Δchk1, Δchk2, Δchk3), double (Δchk1,2, Δchk1,3, Δchk2,3), and triple (Δchk1,2,3) mutants. Mutants were characterized for their cytokinin response and differentiation capacities. While the wild type did not grow on high doses of cytokinin (1 µM benzyladenine), the Δchk1,2,3 mutant exhibited normal protonema growth. Bud induction assays showed that all three cytokinin receptors contribute to the triggering of budding, albeit to different extents. Furthermore, while the triple mutant showed no response in this bioassay, the remaining mutants displayed budding responses in a diverse manner to different types and concentrations of cytokinins. Determination of cytokinin levels in mutants showed no drastic changes for any of the cytokinins; thus, in contrast to Arabidopsis, revealing only small impacts of cytokinin signaling on homeostasis. In summary, our study provides a first insight into the molecular action of cytokinin in an early diverging land plant and demonstrates that CHK receptors play an essential role in bud induction and gametophore development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann-Cathrin Lindner
- Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Njuscha Gruhn
- Institute for Biology/ Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Šimura
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Nogué
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Alexander Heyl
- Institute for Biology/ Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany Biology Department, Adelphi University, Science 116, 1 South Avenue, PO Box 701, Garden City, NY 11530-070, USA
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Pekárová B, Szmitkowska A, Dopitová R, Degtjarik O, Žídek L, Hejátko J. Structural Aspects of Multistep Phosphorelay-Mediated Signaling in Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:71-85. [PMID: 26633861 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The multistep phosphorelay (MSP) is a central signaling pathway in plants integrating a wide spectrum of hormonal and environmental inputs and controlling numerous developmental adaptations. For the thorough comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying the MSP-mediated signal recognition and transduction, the detailed structural characterization of individual members of the pathway is critical. In this review we describe and discuss the recently known crystal and nuclear magnetic resonance structures of proteins acting in MSP signaling in higher plants, focusing particularly on cytokinin and ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. We discuss the range of functional aspects of available structural information including determination of ligand specificity, activation of the receptor via its autophosphorylation, and downstream signal transduction through the phosphorelay. We compare the plant structures with their bacterial counterparts and show that although the overall similarity is high, the differences in structural details are frequent and functionally important. Finally, we discuss emerging knowledge on molecular recognition mechanisms in the MSP, and mention the latest findings regarding structural determinants of signaling specificity in the Arabidopsis MSP that could serve as a general model of this pathway in all higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Pekárová
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Szmitkowska
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Dopitová
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Degtjarik
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Žídek
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejátko
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Frébortová J, Greplová M, Seidl MF, Heyl A, Frébort I. Biochemical Characterization of Putative Adenylate Dimethylallyltransferase and Cytokinin Dehydrogenase from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138468. [PMID: 26376297 PMCID: PMC4574047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins, a class of phytohormones, are adenine derivatives common to many different organisms. In plants, these play a crucial role as regulators of plant development and the reaction to abiotic and biotic stress. Key enzymes in the cytokinin synthesis and degradation in modern land plants are the isopentyl transferases and the cytokinin dehydrogenases, respectively. Their encoding genes have been probably introduced into the plant lineage during the primary endosymbiosis. To shed light on the evolution of these proteins, the genes homologous to plant adenylate isopentenyl transferase and cytokinin dehydrogenase were amplified from the genomic DNA of cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The putative isopentenyl transferase was shown to be functional in a biochemical assay. In contrast, no enzymatic activity was detected for the putative cytokinin dehydrogenase, even though the principal domains necessary for its function are present. Several mutant variants, in which conserved amino acids in land plant cytokinin dehydrogenases had been restored, were inactive. A combination of experimental data with phylogenetic analysis indicates that adenylate-type isopentenyl transferases might have evolved several times independently. While the Nostoc genome contains a gene coding for protein with characteristics of cytokinin dehydrogenase, the organism is not able to break down cytokinins in the way shown for land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Frébortová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Greplová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michael F. Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Heyl
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivo Frébort
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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15
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Cortleven A, Schmülling T. Regulation of chloroplast development and function by cytokinin. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4999-5013. [PMID: 25873684 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A role of the plant hormone cytokinin in regulating the development and activity of chloroplasts was described soon after its discovery as a plant growth regulator more than 50 years ago. Its promoting action on chloroplast ultrastructure and chlorophyll synthesis has been reported repeatedly, especially during etioplast-to-chloroplast transition. Recently, a protective role of the hormone for the photosynthetic apparatus during high light stress was shown. Details about the molecular mechanisms of cytokinin action on plastids are accumulating from genetic and transcriptomic studies. The cytokinin receptors AHK2 and AHK3 are mainly responsible for the transduction of the cytokinin signal to B-type response regulators, in particular ARR1, ARR10, and ARR12, which are transcription factors of the two-component system mediating cytokinin functions. Additional transcription factors linking cytokinin and chloroplast development include CGA1, GNC, HY5, GLK2, and CRF2. In this review, we summarize early and more recent findings of the long-known relationship between the hormone and the organelle and describe crosstalk between cytokinin, light, and other hormones during chloroplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Schäfer M, Meza-Canales ID, Brütting C, Baldwin IT, Meldau S. Cytokinin concentrations and CHASE-DOMAIN CONTAINING HIS KINASE 2 (NaCHK2)- and NaCHK3-mediated perception modulate herbivory-induced defense signaling and defenses in Nicotiana attenuata. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:645-58. [PMID: 25919325 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore attack elicits changes in cytokinins (CKs), but how these changes influence defense signaling remains poorly described. We investigated the influence of the CK pathway on the well-described inducible defense pathways of Nicotiana attenuata in response to wounding with and without elicitors from the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta. CK pathway manipulation often suffers from substantial side effects on plant growth and development. We therefore used multiple manipulation tools including spray application of CKs, chemically-inducible expression of the CK biosynthesis enzyme isopentenyltransferase, and transient and constitutive RNAi-mediated gene silencing of CK receptors to resolve the function of CKs in plant defense. The results demonstrated that CK concentrations in leaves and perception through CHASE-DOMAIN CONTAINING HIS KINASE 2 (NaCHK2) and NaCHK3 were important for the accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and phenolamides and proteinase inhibitor activity. By contrast, the CK pathway did not promote the accumulation of the active JA-isoleucine conjugate and negatively regulated the release of specific green leaf volatile esters. Interestingly, CK signaling also promotes the systemic phenolamide accumulation. We conclude that the CK pathway is an important regulator of herbivory-inducible defense signaling and chemistry, which expands its reported participation in adjusting a plant's physiology to abiotic and biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ivan D Meza-Canales
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Christoph Brütting
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
- German Centre for integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
- KWS SAAT AG, Grimsehlstraße 31, Einbeck, 37574, Germany
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17
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Tsuda K, Somssich IE. Transcriptional networks in plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:932-947. [PMID: 25623163 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Next to numerous abiotic stresses, plants are constantly exposed to a variety of pathogens within their environment. Thus, their ability to survive and prosper during the course of evolution was strongly dependent on adapting efficient strategies to perceive and to respond to such potential threats. It is therefore not surprising that modern plants have a highly sophisticated immune repertoire consisting of diverse signal perception and intracellular signaling pathways. This signaling network is intricate and deeply interconnected, probably reflecting the diverse lifestyles and infection strategies used by the multitude of invading phytopathogens. Moreover it allows signal communication between developmental and defense programs thereby ensuring that plant growth and fitness are not significantly retarded. How plants integrate and prioritize the incoming signals and how this information is transduced to enable appropriate immune responses is currently a major research area. An important finding has been that pathogen-triggered cellular responses involve massive transcriptional reprogramming within the host. Additional key observations emerging from such studies are that transcription factors (TFs) are often sites of signal convergence and that signal-regulated TFs act in concert with other context-specific TFs and transcriptional co-regulators to establish sensory transcription regulatory networks required for plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Imre E Somssich
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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18
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Coudert Y, Palubicki W, Ljung K, Novak O, Leyser O, Harrison CJ. Three ancient hormonal cues co-ordinate shoot branching in a moss. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25806686 PMCID: PMC4391503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shoot branching is a primary contributor to plant architecture, evolving independently in flowering plant sporophytes and moss gametophytes. Mechanistic understanding of branching is largely limited to flowering plants such as Arabidopsis, which have a recent evolutionary origin. We show that in gametophytic shoots of Physcomitrella, lateral branches arise by re-specification of epidermal cells into branch initials. A simple model co-ordinating the activity of leafy shoot tips can account for branching patterns, and three known and ancient hormonal regulators of sporophytic branching interact to generate the branching pattern- auxin, cytokinin and strigolactone. The mode of auxin transport required in branch patterning is a key divergence point from known sporophytic pathways. Although PIN-mediated basipetal auxin transport regulates branching patterns in flowering plants, this is not so in Physcomitrella, where bi-directional transport is required to generate realistic branching patterns. Experiments with callose synthesis inhibitors suggest plasmodesmal connectivity as a potential mechanism for transport. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06808.001 Most land plants have shoots that form branches and plants can regulate when and where they grow these branches to best exploit their environment. Plants with flowers and the more ancient mosses both have branching shoots, but these two groups of plants evolved to grow in this way independently of each other. Most studies on shoot branching have focused on flowering plants and so it is less clear how branching works in mosses. Three plant hormones—called auxin, cytokinin and strigolactone—control shoot branching in flowering plants. Auxin moves down the main shoot of the plant to prevent new branches from forming. This movement is controlled by the PIN proteins and several other families of proteins. On the other hand, cytokinin promotes the growth of new branches; and strigolactone can either promote or inhibit shoot branching depending on how the auxin is travelling around the plant. Coudert, Palubicki et al. studied shoot branching in a species of moss called Physcomitrella patens. The experiments show that cells on the outer surface of the main shoot are essentially reprogrammed to become so-called ‘branch initials’, which will then develop into new branches. Next, Coudert, Palubicki et al. made a computational model that was able to simulate the pattern of shoot branching in the moss. Further experiments supported the predictions made by the model. Coudert, Palubicki et al. found that, as in flowering plants, auxin from the tip of the main shoot suppresses branching in the moss, and cytokinin promotes branching. The experiments also showed that strigolactone inhibits shoot branching, but its role is restricted to the base of the shoots. The model predicts that, unlike in flowering plants, auxin must flow in both directions in moss shoots to produce the observed patterns of shoot branching. Also, the experiments suggest that the PIN proteins and another group of proteins that control the movement of auxin do not regulate shoot branching in moss. Instead, it appears that auxin may move through microscopic channels that link one moss cell to the next. Coudert, Palubicki et al.'s findings suggest that both flowering plants and mosses have evolved to use the same three hormones to control shoot branching, but that these hormones interact in different ways. One key next step will be to find out how auxin is transported during shoot branching in moss by manipulating the opening of the channels between the cells. A further challenge will be to find out the precise details of how the hormones control the activity of the branch initial cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06808.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Coudert
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wojtek Palubicki
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ottoline Leyser
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C Jill Harrison
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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19
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Coudert Y, Palubicki W, Ljung K, Novak O, Leyser O, Harrison CJ. Three ancient hormonal cues co-ordinate shoot branching in a moss. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25806686 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06808.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Shoot branching is a primary contributor to plant architecture, evolving independently in flowering plant sporophytes and moss gametophytes. Mechanistic understanding of branching is largely limited to flowering plants such as Arabidopsis, which have a recent evolutionary origin. We show that in gametophytic shoots of Physcomitrella, lateral branches arise by re-specification of epidermal cells into branch initials. A simple model co-ordinating the activity of leafy shoot tips can account for branching patterns, and three known and ancient hormonal regulators of sporophytic branching interact to generate the branching pattern- auxin, cytokinin and strigolactone. The mode of auxin transport required in branch patterning is a key divergence point from known sporophytic pathways. Although PIN-mediated basipetal auxin transport regulates branching patterns in flowering plants, this is not so in Physcomitrella, where bi-directional transport is required to generate realistic branching patterns. Experiments with callose synthesis inhibitors suggest plasmodesmal connectivity as a potential mechanism for transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoan Coudert
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wojtek Palubicki
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ottoline Leyser
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C Jill Harrison
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Wang C, Liu Y, Li SS, Han GZ. Insights into the origin and evolution of the plant hormone signaling machinery. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:872-86. [PMID: 25560880 PMCID: PMC4348752 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.247403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones modulate plant growth, development, and defense. However, many aspects of the origin and evolution of plant hormone signaling pathways remain obscure. Here, we use a comparative genomic and phylogenetic approach to investigate the origin and evolution of nine major plant hormone (abscisic acid, auxin, brassinosteroid, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin, jasmonate, salicylic acid, and strigolactone) signaling pathways. Our multispecies genome-wide analysis reveals that: (1) auxin, cytokinin, and strigolactone signaling pathways originated in charophyte lineages; (2) abscisic acid, jasmonate, and salicylic acid signaling pathways arose in the last common ancestor of land plants; (3) gibberellin signaling evolved after the divergence of bryophytes from land plants; (4) the canonical brassinosteroid signaling originated before the emergence of angiosperms but likely after the split of gymnosperms and angiosperms; and (5) the origin of the canonical ethylene signaling pathway postdates shortly the emergence of angiosperms. Our findings might have important implications in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the emergence of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China (C.W., G.-Z.H.);State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China (C.W., Y.L., S.-S.L.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (G.-Z.H.)
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China (C.W., G.-Z.H.);State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China (C.W., Y.L., S.-S.L.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (G.-Z.H.)
| | - Si-Shen Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China (C.W., G.-Z.H.);State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China (C.W., Y.L., S.-S.L.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (G.-Z.H.)
| | - Guan-Zhu Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China (C.W., G.-Z.H.);State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China (C.W., Y.L., S.-S.L.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (G.-Z.H.)
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21
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Schäfer M, Meza-Canales ID, Navarro-Quezada A, Brütting C, Vanková R, Baldwin IT, Meldau S. Cytokinin levels and signaling respond to wounding and the perception of herbivore elicitors in Nicotiana attenuata. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:198-212. [PMID: 24924599 PMCID: PMC4286249 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nearly half a century ago insect herbivores were found to induce the formation of green islands by manipulating cytokinin (CK) levels. However, the response of the CK pathway to attack by chewing insect herbivores remains unclear. Here, we characterize the CK pathway of Nicotiana attenuata (Torr. ex S. Wats.) and its response to wounding and perception of herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs). We identified 44 genes involved in CK biosynthesis, inactivation, degradation, and signaling. Leaf wounding rapidly induced transcriptional changes in multiple genes throughout the pathway, as well as in the levels of CKs, including isopentenyladenosine and cis-zeatin riboside; perception of HAMPs present in the oral secretions (OS) of the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta amplified these responses. The jasmonate pathway, which triggers many herbivore-induced processes, was not required for these HAMP-triggered changes, but rather suppressed the CK responses. Interestingly CK pathway changes were observed also in systemic leaves in response to wounding and OS application indicating a role of CKs in mediating long distance systemic processes in response to herbivory. Since wounding and grasshopper OS elicited similar accumulations of CKs in Arabidopsis thaliana L., we propose that CKs are integral components of wounding and HAMP-triggered responses in many plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ivan D Meza-Canales
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Aura Navarro-Quezada
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Brütting
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Radomira Vanková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR165 02 Prague 6-Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology07745, Jena, Germany
- German Centre for integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)04107, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Gruhn N, Seidl MF, Halawa M, Heyl A. Members of a recently discovered subfamily of cytokinin receptors display differences and similarities to their classical counterparts. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e984512. [PMID: 25826259 PMCID: PMC4623499 DOI: 10.4161/21659087.2014.984512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins represent a group of plant hormones that have been shown to be essential for plant growth and development. A recent large-scale phylogenetic analysis of components of the cytokinin signal transduction pathway revealed, among other findings, the existence of a second, previously unknown subfamily of cytokinin receptors. Here we report that the cytokinin binding domains of the members of the 2 subfamilies contain residues that are highly conserved in either or in both subfamilies. Experiments using fluorescence microscopy hint at an ER and a plasma membrane localization for 2 members of the newly identified subfamily. These data provide new insights in the conservation of sequence and localization properties among the 2 subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijuscha Gruhn
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität; Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology; Wageningen University; Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mhyeddeen Halawa
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität; Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Heyl
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität; Berlin, Germany
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23
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Gruhn N, Halawa M, Snel B, Seidl MF, Heyl A. A subfamily of putative cytokinin receptors is revealed by an analysis of the evolution of the two-component signaling system of plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:227-37. [PMID: 24520157 PMCID: PMC4012582 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.228080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The two-component signaling system--the major signaling pathway of bacteria--is found among higher eukaryotes only in plants, where it regulates diverse processes, such as the signaling of the phytohormone cytokinin. Cytokinin is perceived by a hybrid histidine (His) kinase receptor, and the signal is transduced by a multistep phosphorelay system of His phosphotransfer proteins and different classes of response regulators (RRs). To shed light on the origin and evolution of the two-component signaling system members in plants, we conducted a comprehensive domain-based phylogenetic study across the relevant kingdoms, including Charophyceae algae, the group of green algae giving rise to land plants. Surprisingly, we identified a subfamily of cytokinin receptors with members only from the early diverging land plants Marchantia polymorpha and Physcomitrella patens and then experimentally characterized two members of this subfamily. His phosphotransfer proteins of Charophyceae seemed to be more closely related to land plants than to other groups of green algae. Farther down the signaling pathway, the type-B RRs were found across all plant clades, but many members lack either the canonical Asp residue or the DNA binding domain. In contrast, the type-A RRs seemed to be limited to land plants. Finally, the analysis provided hints that one additional group of RRs, the type-C RRs, might be degenerated receptors and thus, of a different evolutionary origin than bona fide RRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijuscha Gruhn
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität, 14195 Berlin, Germany (N.G., M.H., A.H.)
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands (B.S., M.F.S.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., M.F.S.)
| | - Mhyeddeen Halawa
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität, 14195 Berlin, Germany (N.G., M.H., A.H.)
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands (B.S., M.F.S.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., M.F.S.)
| | - Berend Snel
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität, 14195 Berlin, Germany (N.G., M.H., A.H.)
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands (B.S., M.F.S.); and
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.S., M.F.S.)
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Kurepa J, Li Y, Smalle JA. Cytokinin signaling stabilizes the response activator ARR1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:157-68. [PMID: 24617630 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinins play essential roles in the development and environmental responses of higher plants. Cytokinin signaling leads to the phosphorylation-dependent activation of two classes of Arabidopsis response regulators (RRs): the type-B RR (RRB) transcriptional activators that promote the expression of cytokinin response genes and the type-A RRs (RRAs) that are encoded by primary cytokinin response genes and function as response inhibitors. We show that cytokinin signaling increases the abundance of ARR1, a ubiquitously expressed RRB, by preventing its degradation by the 26S proteasome. We also show that the RRAs act to suppress ARR1 accumulation, thus providing an explanation for their inhibitory action in cytokinin signaling. Collectively, our results reveal an additional regulatory mechanism in the cytokinin response pathway that involves the cytokinin-dependent stability control of a major RRB response activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Kurepa
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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