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Xiao L, Fang Y, Zhang H, Quan M, Zhou J, Li P, Wang D, Ji L, Ingvarsson PK, Wu HX, El-Kassaby YA, Du Q, Zhang D. Natural variation in the prolyl 4-hydroxylase gene PtoP4H9 contributes to perennial stem growth in Populus. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:4046-4065. [PMID: 37522322 PMCID: PMC10615208 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Perennial trees must maintain stem growth throughout their entire lifespan to progressively increase in size as they age. The overarching question of the molecular mechanisms that govern stem perennial growth in trees remains largely unanswered. Here we deciphered the genetic architecture that underlies perennial growth trajectories using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for measures of growth traits across years in a natural population of Populus tomentosa. By analyzing the stem growth trajectory, we identified PtoP4H9, encoding prolyl 4-hydroxylase 9, which is responsible for the natural variation in the growth rate of diameter at breast height (DBH) across years. Quantifying the dynamic genetic contribution of PtoP4H9 loci to stem growth showed that PtoP4H9 played a pivotal role in stem growth regulation. Spatiotemporal expression analysis showed that PtoP4H9 was highly expressed in cambium tissues of poplars of various ages. Overexpression and knockdown of PtoP4H9 revealed that it altered cell expansion to regulate cell wall modification and mechanical characteristics, thereby promoting stem growth in Populus. We showed that natural variation in PtoP4H9 occurred in a BASIC PENTACYSTEINE transcription factor PtoBPC1-binding promoter element controlling PtoP4H9 expression. The geographic distribution of PtoP4H9 allelic variation was consistent with the modes of selection among populations. Altogether, our study provides important genetic insights into dynamic stem growth in Populus, and we confirmed PtoP4H9 as a potential useful marker for breeding or genetic engineering of poplars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiao
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871,China
| | - Mingyang Quan
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Peng Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Dan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Li Ji
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
| | - Pär K Ingvarsson
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7080, SE-750 07 Uppsala,Sweden
| | - Harry X Wu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, 90183 Umeå,Sweden
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4,Canada
| | - Qingzhang Du
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083,China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083,China
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Sheng X, Mahendra RA, Wang CT, Brunner AM. CRISPR/Cas9 mutants delineate roles of Populus FT and TFL1/CEN/BFT family members in growth, dormancy release and flowering. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1042-1054. [PMID: 36892416 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative and reproductive phase change and phenology are economically and ecologically important traits. Trees typically require several years of growth before flowering and, once mature, seasonal control of the transition to flowering and flower development is necessary to maintain vegetative meristems and for reproductive success. Members of two related gene subfamilies, FLOWERING LOCUST (FT) and TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1)/CENTRORADIALIS (CEN)/BROTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (BFT), have antagonistic roles in flowering in diverse species and roles in vegetative phenology in trees, but many details of their functions in trees have yet to be resolved. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate single and double mutants involving the five Populus FT and TFL1/CEN/BFT genes. The ft1 mutants exhibited wild-type-like phenotypes in long days and short days, but after chilling, to release dormancy, they showed delayed bud flush and GA3 could compensate for the ft1 mutation. After rooting and generating some phytomers in tissue culture, both cen1 and cen1ft1 mutants produced terminal as well as axillary flowers, indicating that the cen1 flowering phenotype is independent of FT1. The CEN1 showed distinct circannual expression patterns in vegetative and reproductive tissues and comparison with the expression patterns of FT1 and FT2 suggests that the relative levels of CEN1 compared with FT1 and FT2 regulate multiple phases of vegetative and reproductive seasonal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Sheng
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - R Ayeshan Mahendra
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Chieh-Ting Wang
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Amy M Brunner
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Veerabagu M, van der Schoot C, Turečková V, Tarkowská D, Strnad M, Rinne PLH. Light on perenniality: Para-dormancy is based on ABA-GA antagonism and endo-dormancy on the shutdown of GA biosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1785-1804. [PMID: 36760106 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Perennial para- and endo-dormancy are seasonally separate phenomena. Whereas para-dormancy is the suppression of axillary buds (AXBs) by a growing shoot, endo-dormancy is the short-day elicited arrest of terminal and AXBs. In hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) compromising the apex releases para-dormancy, whereas endo-dormancy requires chilling. ABA and GA are implicated in both phenomena. To untangle their roles, we blocked ABA biosynthesis with fluridone (FD), which significantly reduced ABA levels, downregulated GA-deactivation genes, upregulated the major GA3ox-biosynthetic genes, and initiated branching. Comprehensive GA-metabolite analyses suggested that FD treatment shifted GA production to the non-13-hydroxylation pathway, enhancing GA4 function. Applied ABA counteracted FD effects on GA metabolism and downregulated several GA3/4 -inducible α- and γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases that hydrolyze callose at plasmodesmata (PD), thereby enhancing PD-callose accumulation. Remarkably, ABA-deficient plants repressed GA4 biosynthesis and established endo-dormancy like controls but showed increased stress sensitivity. Repression of GA4 biosynthesis involved short-day induced DNA methylation events within the GA3ox2 promoter. In conclusion, the results cast new light on the roles of ABA and GA in dormancy cycling. In para-dormancy, PD-callose turnover is antagonized by ABA, whereas in short-day conditions, lack of GA4 biosynthesis promotes callose deposition that is structurally persistent throughout endo-dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Canton M, Farinati S, Forestan C, Joseph J, Bonghi C, Varotto S. An efficient chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) protocol for studying histone modifications in peach reproductive tissues. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:43. [PMID: 35361223 PMCID: PMC8973749 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perennial fruit trees display a growth behaviour characterized by annual cycling between growth and dormancy, with complex physiological features. Rosaceae fruit trees represent excellent models for studying not only the fruit growth/patterning but also the progression of the reproductive cycle depending upon the impact of climate conditions. Additionally, current developments in high-throughput technologies have impacted Rosaceae tree research while investigating genome structure and function as well as (epi)genetic mechanisms involved in important developmental and environmental response processes during fruit tree growth. Among epigenetic mechanisms, chromatin remodelling mediated by histone modifications and other chromatin-related processes play a crucial role in gene modulation, controlling gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation is an effective technique to investigate chromatin dynamics in plants. This technique is generally applied for studies on chromatin states and enrichment of post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) in histone proteins. RESULTS Peach is considered a model organism among climacteric fruits in the Rosaceae family for studies on bud formation, dormancy, and organ differentiation. In our work, we have primarily established specific protocols for chromatin extraction and immunoprecipitation in reproductive tissues of peach (Prunus persica). Subsequently, we focused our investigations on the role of two chromatin marks, namely the trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine in position 4 (H3K4me3) and trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) in modulating specific gene expression. Bud dormancy and fruit growth were investigated in a nectarine genotype called Fantasia as our model system. CONCLUSIONS We present general strategies to optimize ChIP protocols for buds and mesocarp tissues of peach and analyze the correlation between gene expression and chromatin mark enrichment/depletion. The procedures proposed may be useful to evaluate any involvement of histone modifications in the regulation of gene expression during bud dormancy progression and core ripening in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Canton
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - Silvia Farinati
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - Cristian Forestan
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Justin Joseph
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, PD Italy
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Moulia B, Badel E, Bastien R, Duchemin L, Eloy C. The shaping of plant axes and crowns through tropisms and elasticity: an example of morphogenetic plasticity beyond the shoot apical meristem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2354-2379. [PMID: 34890051 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Shoot morphogenetic plasticity is crucial to the adaptation of plants to their fluctuating environments. Major insights into shoot morphogenesis have been compiled studying meristems, especially the shoot apical meristem (SAM), through a methodological effort in multiscale systems biology and biophysics. However, morphogenesis at the SAM is robust to environmental changes. Plasticity emerges later on during post-SAM development. The purpose of this review is to show that multiscale systems biology and biophysics is insightful for the shaping of the whole plant as well. More specifically, we review the shaping of axes and crowns through tropisms and elasticity, combining the recent advances in morphogenetic control using physical cues and by genes. We focus mostly on land angiosperms, but with growth habits ranging from small herbs to big trees. We show that generic (universal) morphogenetic processes have been identified, revealing feedforward and feedback effects of global shape on the local morphogenetic process. In parallel, major advances have been made in the analysis of the major genes involved in shaping axes and crowns, revealing conserved genic networks among angiosperms. Then, we show that these two approaches are now starting to converge, revealing exciting perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Renaud Bastien
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INSERM U1284, Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université de Paris, F-75004, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Duchemin
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogenes, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Eloy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE, F-13013, Marseille, France
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Nicolas M, Torres-Pérez R, Wahl V, Cruz-Oró E, Rodríguez-Buey ML, Zamarreño AM, Martín-Jouve B, García-Mina JM, Oliveros JC, Prat S, Cubas P. Spatial control of potato tuberization by the TCP transcription factor BRANCHED1b. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:281-294. [PMID: 35318445 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The control of carbon allocation, storage and usage is critical for plant growth and development and is exploited for both crop food production and CO2 capture. Potato tubers are natural carbon reserves in the form of starch that have evolved to allow propagation and survival over winter. They form from stolons, below ground, where they are protected from adverse environmental conditions and animal foraging. We show that BRANCHED1b (BRC1b) acts as a tuberization repressor in aerial axillary buds, which prevents buds from competing in sink strength with stolons. BRC1b loss of function leads to ectopic production of aerial tubers and reduced underground tuberization. In aerial axillary buds, BRC1b promotes dormancy, abscisic acid responses and a reduced number of plasmodesmata. This limits sucrose accumulation and access of the tuberigen protein SP6A. BRC1b also directly interacts with SP6A and blocks its tuber-inducing activity in aerial nodes. Altogether, these actions help promote tuberization underground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nicolas
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael Torres-Pérez
- Bioinformatics for Genomics and Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Wahl
- Department of Metabolic Networks, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eduard Cruz-Oró
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Rodríguez-Buey
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel María Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences-BIOMA Institute, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-Jouve
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María García-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences-BIOMA Institute, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Oliveros
- Bioinformatics for Genomics and Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salomé Prat
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Plant Development and Signal Transduction, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Cubas
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Xu H, Chen B, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Liu G, Li R, Zeisler-Diehl VV, Chen Y, He X, Schreiber L, Lin J. Non-Coding RNA Analyses of Seasonal Cambium Activity in Populus tomentosa. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040640. [PMID: 35203291 PMCID: PMC8869787 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNA, known as long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), circular RNA (circRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), are taking part in the multiple developmental processes in plants. However, the roles of which played during the cambium activity periodicity of woody plants remain poorly understood. Here, lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks of the cambium activity periodicity in Populus tomentosa was constructed, combined with morphologic observation and transcriptome profiling. Light microscopy and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining revealed that cell walls were much thicker and number of cell layers was increased during the active-dormant stage, accompanied by abundant change of polysaccharides. The novel lncRNAs and circRNAs were investigated, and we found that 2037 lncRNAs and 299 circRNAs were differentially expression during the vascular cambium period, respectively. Moreover, 1046 genes were identified as a target gene of 2037 novel lncRNAs, and 89 of which were the miRNA precursors or targets. By aligning miRNA precursors to the 7655 lncRNAs, 21 lncRNAs were identified as precursors tof 19 known miRNAs. Furthermore, the target mRNA of lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA network mainly participated in phytohormone, cell wall alteration and chlorophyll metabolism were analyzed by GO enrichment and KEGG pathway. Especially, circRNA33 and circRNA190 taking part in the phytohormone signal pathway were down-regulated during the active-dormant transition. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase protein 24-like and UDP-glycosyltransferase 85A1 involved in the cell wall modification were the targets of lncRNA MSTRG.11198.1 and MSTRG.1050.1. Notably, circRNA103 and MSTRG.10851.1 regulate the cambium periodicity may interact with the miR482. These results give a new light into activity–dormancy regulation, associated with transcriptional dynamics and non-coding RNA networks of potential targets identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.X.); (Y.C.)
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (R.L.)
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Bo Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (R.L.)
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (R.L.)
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yayu Guo
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (R.L.)
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guijun Liu
- Institute of Radiation Technology, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100875, China;
| | - Ruili Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (R.L.)
| | - Viktoria V. Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (V.V.Z.-D.); (L.S.)
| | - Yanmei Chen
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (H.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xinqiang He
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (V.V.Z.-D.); (L.S.)
| | - Jinxing Lin
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.); (R.L.)
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Brunner AM. To grow or not to grow: new roles for a conserved regulon in tree phenology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2225-2227. [PMID: 34614225 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Brunner
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Translational Plant Sciences Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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9
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Yamane H, Singh AK, Cooke JEK. Plant dormancy research: from environmental control to molecular regulatory networks. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:523-528. [PMID: 33834235 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Yamane
- Graduate school of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi 834 003 India
| | - Janice E K Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2E9, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Veerabagu M, Rinne PLH, Skaugen M, Paul LK, van der Schoot C. Lipid Body Dynamics in Shoot Meristems: Production, Enlargement, and Putative Organellar Interactions and Plasmodesmal Targeting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674031. [PMID: 34367200 PMCID: PMC8335594 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Post-embryonic cells contain minute lipid bodies (LBs) that are transient, mobile, engage in organellar interactions, and target plasmodesmata (PD). While LBs can deliver γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases to PD, the nature of other cargo is elusive. To gain insight into the poorly understood role of LBs in meristems, we investigated their dynamics by microscopy, gene expression analyzes, and proteomics. In developing buds, meristems accumulated LBs, upregulated several LB-specific OLEOSIN genes and produced OLEOSINs. During bud maturation, the major gene OLE6 was strongly downregulated, OLEOSINs disappeared from bud extracts, whereas lipid biosynthesis genes were upregulated, and LBs were enlarged. Proteomic analyses of the LB fraction of dormant buds confirmed that OLEOSINs were no longer present. Instead, we identified the LB-associated proteins CALEOSIN (CLO1), Oil Body Lipase 1 (OBL1), Lipid Droplet Interacting Protein (LDIP), Lipid Droplet Associated Protein1a/b (LDAP1a/b) and LDAP3a/b, and crucial components of the OLEOSIN-deubiquitinating and degradation machinery, such as PUX10 and CDC48A. All mRFP-tagged LDAPs localized to LBs when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Together with gene expression analyzes, this suggests that during bud maturation, OLEOSINs were replaced by LDIP/LDAPs at enlarging LBs. The LB fraction contained the meristem-related actin7 (ACT7), "myosin XI tail-binding" RAB GTPase C2A, an LB/PD-associated γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanase, and various organelle- and/or PD-localized proteins. The results are congruent with a model in which LBs, motorized by myosin XI-k/1/2, traffic on F-actin, transiently interact with other organelles, and deliver a diverse cargo to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Veerabagu
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Päivi L. H. Rinne
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Skaugen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Laju K. Paul
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Christiaan van der Schoot
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- *Correspondence: Christiaan van der Schoot
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11
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Liu J, Ren M, Chen H, Wu S, Yan H, Jalal A, Wang C. Evolution of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) genes in Rosaceae: Implications of lineage-specific gene duplication events and function diversifications with respect to their roles in processes other than bud dormancy. THE PLANT GENOME 2020; 13:e20053. [PMID: 33217197 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MADS-box genes that are homologous to Arabidopsis SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) have been shown to play key roles in the regulation of bud dormancy in perennial species, particularly in the deciduous fruit trees of Rosaceae. However, their evolutionary profiles in Rosaceae have not yet been analyzed systematically. Here, The SVP genes were found to be significantly expanded in Rosaceae when compared with annual species from Brassicaceae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Rosaceae SVP genes could be classified into five clades, namely, SVP1, SVP2-R1, SVP2-R2, SVP2-R3 and SVP3. The SVP1 clade genes were retained in most of the species, whereas the SVP2-R2 and SVP2-R3 clades were found to be Maleae- and Amygdaleae-specific (Both of the lineages belong to Amygdaloideae), respectively, and SVP2-R1 was Rosoideae-specific in Rosaceae. Furthermore, 10 lineage-specific gene duplication (GD) events (GD1-10) were proposed for the expansion of SVP genes, suggesting that the expansion and divergence of Rosaceae SVP genes were mainly derived by lineage-specific manner during evolution. Moreover, tandem and segmental duplications were the major reasons for the expansion of SVP genes, and interestingly, tandem duplications, a well-known evolutionary feature of SVP genes, were found to be mainly Amygdaloideae-specific. Sequence alignment, selection pressure, and cis-acting element analysis suggested large functional innovations and diversification of SVP genes in different lineages of Rosaceae. Finally, the different growth cycle of Rosa multiflora and their novel expression patterns of RmSVP genes provided new insights into the functional diversification of SVP genes in terms of their roles in processes other than bud dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Min Ren
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Shanghai Forestry Station, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Silin Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Huijun Yan
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Flower Research Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, 650200, China
| | - Abdul Jalal
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Changquan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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12
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Zhang M, Suren H, Holliday JA. Phenotypic and Genomic Local Adaptation across Latitude and Altitude in Populus trichocarpa. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:2256-2272. [PMID: 31298685 PMCID: PMC6735766 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Local adaptation to climate allows plants to cope with temporally and spatially heterogeneous environments, and parallel phenotypic clines provide a natural experiment to uncover the genomic architecture of adaptation. Though extensive effort has been made to investigate the genomic basis of local adaptation to climate across the latitudinal range of tree species, less is known for altitudinal clines. We used exome capture to genotype 451 Populus trichocarpa genotypes across altitudinal and latitudinal gradients spanning the natural species range, and phenotyped these trees for a variety of adaptive traits in two common gardens. We observed clinal variation in phenotypic traits across the two transects, which indicates climate-driven selection, and coupled gene-based genotype–phenotype and genotype–environment association scans to identify imprints of climatic adaptation on the genome. Although many of the phenotype- and climate-associated genes were unique to one transect, we found evidence of parallelism between latitude and altitude, as well as significant convergence when we compared our outlier genes with those putatively involved in climatic adaptation in two gymnosperm species. These results suggest that not only genomic constraint during adaptation to similar environmental gradients in poplar but also different environmental contexts, spatial scale, and perhaps redundant function among potentially adaptive genes and polymorphisms lead to divergent adaptive architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, China
| | - Haktan Suren
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Jason A Holliday
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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13
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Plant Lipid Bodies Traffic on Actin to Plasmodesmata Motorized by Myosin XIs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041422. [PMID: 32093159 PMCID: PMC7073070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Late 19th-century cytologists observed tiny oil drops in shoot parenchyma and seeds, but it was discovered only in 1972 that they were bound by a half unit-membrane. Later, it was found that lipid bodies (LBs) arise from the endoplasmic reticulum. Seeds are known to be packed with static LBs, coated with the LB-specific protein OLEOSIN. As shown here, apices of Populustremula x P. tremuloides also express OLEOSIN genes and produce potentially mobile LBs. In developing buds, PtOLEOSIN (PtOLE) genes were upregulated, especially PtOLE6, concomitant with LB accumulation. To investigate LB mobility and destinations, we transformed Arabidopsis with PtOLE6-eGFP. We found that PtOLE6-eGFP fusion protein co-localized with Nile Red-stained LBs in all cell types. Moreover, PtOLE6-eGFP-tagged LBs targeted plasmodesmata, identified by the callose marker aniline blue. Pharmacological experiments with brefeldin, cytochalasin D, and oryzalin showed that LB-trafficking requires F-actin, implying involvement of myosin motors. In a triple myosin-XI knockout (xi-k/1/2), transformed with PtOLE6-eGFP, trafficking of PtOLE6-eGFP-tagged LBs was severely impaired, confirming that they move on F-actin, motorized by myosin XIs. The data reveal that LBs and OLEOSINs both function in proliferating apices and buds, and that directional trafficking of LBs to plasmodesmata requires the actomyosin system.
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14
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Abstract
The perennial life strategy of temperate trees relies on establishing a dormant stage during winter to survive unfavorable conditions. To overcome this dormant stage, trees require cool (i.e., chilling) temperatures as an environmental cue. Numerous approaches have tried to decipher the physiology of dormancy, but these efforts have usually remained relatively narrowly focused on particular regulatory or metabolic processes, recently integrated and linked by transcriptomic studies. This work aimed to synthesize existing knowledge on dormancy into a general conceptual framework to enhance dormancy comprehension. The proposed conceptual framework covers four physiological processes involved in dormancy progression: (i) transport at both whole-plant and cellular level, (ii) phytohormone dynamics, (iii) genetic and epigenetic regulation, and (iv) dynamics of nonstructural carbohydrates. We merged the regulatory levels into a seasonal framework integrating the environmental signals (i.e., temperature and photoperiod) that trigger each dormancy phase.
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15
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Katyayini NU, Rinne PLH, Tarkowská D, Strnad M, van der Schoot C. Dual Role of Gibberellin in Perennial Shoot Branching: Inhibition and Activation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:736. [PMID: 32582259 PMCID: PMC7289990 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching from axillary buds (AXBs) is regulated by a network of inhibitory and promotive forces, which includes hormones. In perennials, the dwarfed stature of the embryonic shoot inside AXBs is indicative of gibberellin (GA) deficiency, suggesting that AXB activation and outgrowth require GA. Nonetheless, the role of GA in branching has remained obscure. We here carried out comprehensive GA transcript and metabolite analyses in hybrid aspen, a perennial branching model. The results indicate that GA has an inhibitory as well as promotive role in branching. The latter is executed in two phases. While the expression level of GA2ox is high in quiescent AXBs, decapitation rapidly downregulated it, implying increased GA signaling. In the second phase, GA3ox2-mediated de novo GA-biosynthesis is initiated between 12 and 24 h, prior to AXB elongation. Metabolite analyzes showed that GA1/4 levels were typically high in proliferating apices and low in the developmentally inactive, quiescent AXBs, whereas the reverse was true for GA3/6. To investigate if AXBs are differently affected by GA3, GA4, and GR24, an analog of the branch-inhibitor hormone strigolactone, they were fed into AXBs of single-node cuttings. GA3 and GA4 had similar effects on GA and SL pathway genes, but crucially GA3 induced AXB abscission whereas GA4 promoted outgrowth. Both GA3 and GA4 strongly upregulated GA2ox genes, which deactivate GA1/4 but not GA3/6. Thus, the observed production of GA3/6 in quiescent AXBs targets GA1/4 for GA2ox-mediated deactivation. AXB quiescence can therefore be maintained by GA3/6, in combination with strigolactone. Our discovery of the distinct tasks of GA3 and GA4 in AXB activation might explain why the role of GA in branching has been difficult to decipher. Together, the results support a novel paradigm in which GA3/6 maintains high levels of GA2ox expression and low levels of GA4 in quiescent AXBs, whereas activation and outgrowth require increased GA1/4 signaling through the rapid reduction of GA deactivation and subsequent GA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Päivi L. H. Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Christiaan van der Schoot
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- *Correspondence: Christiaan van der Schoot,
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16
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Katyayini NU, Rinne PLH, van der Schoot C. Strigolactone-Based Node-to-Bud Signaling May Restrain Shoot Branching in Hybrid Aspen. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2797-2811. [PMID: 31504881 PMCID: PMC6896703 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis and roles of strigolactones (SLs) have been investigated in herbaceous plants, but so far, their role in trees has received little attention. In this study, we analyzed the presence, spatial/temporal expression and role of SL pathway genes in Populus tremula � Populus tremuloides. In this proleptic species, axillary buds (AXBs) become para-dormant at the bud maturation point, providing an unambiguous starting point to study AXB activation. We identified previously undescribed Populus homologs of DWARF27 (D27), LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASE (LBO) and DWARF53-like (D53-like) and analyzed the relative expression of all SL pathway genes in root tips and shoot tissues. We found that, although AXBs expressed MORE AXILLARY GROWTH1 (MAX1) and LBO, they did not express MAX3 and MAX4, whereas nodal bark expressed high levels of all SL biosynthesis genes. By contrast, expression of the SL perception and signaling genes MAX2, D14 and D53 was high in AXBs relative to nodal bark and roots. This suggests that AXBs are reliant on the associated nodes for the import of SLs and SL precursors. Activation of AXBs was initiated by decapitation and single-node isolation. This rapidly downregulated SL pathway genes downstream of MAX4, although later these genes were upregulated coincidently with primordia formation. GR24-feeding counteracted all activation-related changes in SL gene expression but did not prevent AXB outgrowth showing that SL is ineffective once AXBs are activated. The results indicate that nodes rather than roots supply SLs and its precursors to AXBs, and that SLs may restrain embryonic shoot elongation during AXB formation and para-dormancy in intact plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P�ivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, �s N-1432, Norway
| | - Christiaan van der Schoot
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, �s N-1432, Norway
- Corresponding author: E-mail,
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17
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Suzuki M, Umeki K, Orman O, Shibata M, Tanaka H, Iida S, Nakashizuka T, Masaki T. When and why do trees begin to decrease their resource allocation to apical growth? The importance of the reproductive onset. Oecologia 2019; 191:39-49. [PMID: 31372895 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Trees reduce their allocation to apical growth compared with that to radial growth during later life stages. This has often been attributed to hydraulic and mechanical limitations; however, a growth-reproduction tradeoff might also play an important role. To test whether the height-diameter (H-D) relationship in trees changes with the timing of the onset of reproduction, we analyzed the H-D relationship of 13 deciduous broad-leaved tree species in a Japanese old-growth temperate forest using linear and segmented-linear regression models. These models showed a better fit than common continuous models (simple allometry and saturating curve). For 11 out of 13 species having break points on the H-D lines, we assessed whether the height at the breakpoint (BPH) was related to the height at the onset of reproduction determined by multiyear observatory records on several trees. Although BPH estimates for these 11 species were highly variable, most were within 3.1 m of the stable flowering height (staFLH), or the height at which trees achieve the ability to flower regardless of their growth conditions. The interspecies mean value of the difference between staFLH and BPH was only 45 cm, which suggested a causal relationship between these parameters. BPHs of nine out of 11 species were within the canopy layer and, for the two remaining species, were within the subcanopy layer. These results suggest that several species in this forest begin to reduce their allocation to apical growth around the canopy layer at the onset of stable reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Umeki
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Olga Orman
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Silviculture, Forest Ecology and Silviculture Institute, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mitsue Shibata
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeo Iida
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Masaki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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18
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Rinne PLH, Paul LK, van der Schoot C. Decoupling photo- and thermoperiod by projected climate change perturbs bud development, dormancy establishment and vernalization in the model tree Populus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:220. [PMID: 30290771 PMCID: PMC6173867 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The performance and survival of deciduous trees depends on their innate ability to anticipate seasonal change. A key event is the timely production of short photoperiod-induced terminal and axillary buds that are dormant and freezing-tolerant. Some observations suggest that low temperature contributes to terminal bud initiation and dormancy. This is puzzling because low temperatures in the chilling range universally release dormancy. It also raises the broader question if the projected climate instabilities, as well as the northward migration of trees, will affect winter preparations and survival of trees. RESULTS To gauge the response capacity of trees, we exposed juvenile hybrid aspens to a 10-h short photoperiod in combination with different day/night temperature regimes: high (24/24 °C), moderate (18/18 °C), moderate-low (18/12 °C) and low (12/12 °C), and analysed bud development, dormancy establishment, and marker gene expression. We found that low temperature during the bud formation period (pre-dormancy) upregulated dormancy-release genes of the gibberellin (GA) pathway, including the key GA biosynthesis genes GA20oxidase and GA3oxidase, the GA-receptor gene GID1, as well as GA-inducible enzymes of the 1,3-β-glucanase family that degrade callose at plasmodesmal Dormancy Sphincter Complexes. Simultaneously, this pre-dormancy low temperature perturbed the expression of flowering pathway genes, including CO, FT, CENL1, AGL14, LFY and AP1. In brief, pre-dormancy low temperature compromised bud development, dormancy establishment, and potentially vernalization. On the other hand, a high pre-dormancy temperature prevented dormancy establishment and resulted in flushing. CONCLUSIONS The results show that pre-dormancy low temperature represents a form of chilling that antagonizes dormancy establishment. Combined with available field data, this indicates that natural Populus ecotypes have evolved to avoid the adverse effects of high and low temperatures by initiating and completing dormant buds within an approximate temperature-window of 24-12 °C. Global warming and erratic temperature patterns outside this range can therefore endanger the successful propagation of deciduous perennials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi L. H. Rinne
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens vei 18, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Laju K. Paul
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens vei 18, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Christiaan van der Schoot
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens vei 18, 1432 Aas, Norway
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19
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Guédon Y, Costes E, Rakocevic M. Modulation of the yerba-mate metamer production phenology by the cultivation system and the climatic factors. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Beauvieux R, Wenden B, Dirlewanger E. Bud Dormancy in Perennial Fruit Tree Species: A Pivotal Role for Oxidative Cues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:657. [PMID: 29868101 PMCID: PMC5969045 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
For perennial plants, bud dormancy is a crucial step as its progression over winter determines the quality of bud break, flowering, and fruiting. In the past decades, many studies, based on metabolic, physiological, subcellular, genetic, and genomic analyses, have unraveled mechanisms underlying bud dormancy progression. Overall, all the pathways identified are interconnected in a very complex manner. Here, we review early and recent findings on the dormancy processes in buds of temperate fruit trees species including hormonal signaling, the role of plasma membrane, carbohydrate metabolism, mitochondrial respiration and oxidative stress, with an effort to link them together and emphasize the central role of reactive oxygen species accumulation in the control of dormancy progression.
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21
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Falavigna VDS, Guitton B, Costes E, Andrés F. I Want to (Bud) Break Free: The Potential Role of DAM and SVP-Like Genes in Regulating Dormancy Cycle in Temperate Fruit Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1990. [PMID: 30687377 PMCID: PMC6335348 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bud dormancy is an adaptive process that allows trees to survive the hard environmental conditions that they experience during the winter of temperate climates. Dormancy is characterized by the reduction in meristematic activity and the absence of visible growth. A prolonged exposure to cold temperatures is required to allow the bud resuming growth in response to warm temperatures. In fruit tree species, the dormancy cycle is believed to be regulated by a group of genes encoding MADS-box transcription factors. These genes are called DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX (DAM) and are phylogenetically related to the Arabidopsis thaliana floral regulators SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) and AGAMOUS-LIKE 24. The interest in DAM and other orthologs of SVP (SVP-like) genes has notably increased due to the publication of several reports suggesting their role in the control of bud dormancy in numerous fruit species, including apple, pear, peach, Japanese apricot, and kiwifruit among others. In this review, we briefly describe the physiological bases of the dormancy cycle and how it is genetically regulated, with a particular emphasis on DAM and SVP-like genes. We also provide a detailed report of the most recent advances about the transcriptional regulation of these genes by seasonal cues, epigenetics and plant hormones. From this information, we propose a tentative classification of DAM and SVP-like genes based on their seasonal pattern of expression. Furthermore, we discuss the potential biological role of DAM and SVP-like genes in bud dormancy in antagonizing the function of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like genes. Finally, we draw a global picture of the possible role of DAM and SVP-like genes in the bud dormancy cycle and propose a model that integrates these genes in a molecular network of dormancy cycle regulation in temperate fruit trees.
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22
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Chomicki G, Coiro M, Renner SS. Evolution and ecology of plant architecture: integrating insights from the fossil record, extant morphology, developmental genetics and phylogenies. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:855-891. [PMID: 29165551 PMCID: PMC5710528 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to most animals, plants have an indeterminate body plan, which allows them to add new body parts during their lifetime. A plant's realized modular construction is the result of exogenous constraints and endogenous processes. This review focuses on endogenous processes that shape plant architectures and their evolution. SCOPE The phylogenetic distribution of plant growth forms across the phylogeny implies that body architectures have originated and been lost repeatedly, being shaped by a limited set of genetic pathways. We (1) synthesize concepts of plant architecture, so far captured in 23 models; (2) extend them to the fossil record; (3) summarize what is known about their developmental genetics; (4) use a phylogenetic approach in several groups to infer how plant architecture has changed and by which intermediate steps; and (5) discuss which macroecological factors may constrain the geographic and ecological distribution of plant architectures. CONCLUSIONS Dichotomously branching Paleozoic plants already encompassed a considerable diversity of growth forms, here captured in 12 new architectural models. Plotting the frequency of branching types through time based on an analysis of 58 927 land plant fossils revealed a decrease in dichotomous branching throughout the Devonian and Carboniferous, mirrored by an increase in other branching types including axillary branching. We suggest that the evolution of seed plant megaphyllous leaves enabling axillary branching contributed to the demise of dichotomous architectures. The developmental-genetic bases for key architectural traits underlying sympodial vs. monopodial branching, rhythmic vs. continuous growth, and axillary branching and its localization are becoming well understood, while the molecular basis of dichotomous branching and plagiotropy remains elusive. Three phylogenetic case studies of architecture evolution in conifers, Aloe and monocaulous arborescent vascular plants reveal relationships between architectural models and show that some are labile in given groups, whereas others are widely conserved, apparently shaped by ecological factors, such as intercepted sunlight, temperature, humidity and seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chomicki
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Coiro
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Department of Biology, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
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23
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Conde D, Moreno-Cortés A, Dervinis C, Ramos-Sánchez JM, Kirst M, Perales M, González-Melendi P, Allona I. Overexpression of DEMETER, a DNA demethylase, promotes early apical bud maturation in poplar. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2806-2819. [PMID: 28810288 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The transition from active growth to dormancy is critical for the survival of perennial plants. We identified a DEMETER-like (CsDML) cDNA from a winter-enriched cDNA subtractive library in chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), an economically and ecologically important species. Next, we characterized this DNA demethylase and its putative ortholog in the more experimentally tractable hybrid poplar (Populus tremula × alba), under the signals that trigger bud dormancy in trees. We performed phylogenetic and protein sequence analysis, gene expression profiling, and 5-methyl-cytosine methylation immunodetection studies to evaluate the role of CsDML and its homolog in poplar, PtaDML6. Transgenic hybrid poplars overexpressing CsDML were produced and analysed. Short days and cold temperatures induced CsDML and PtaDML6. Overexpression of CsDML accelerated short-day-induced bud formation, specifically from Stages 1 to 0. Buds acquired a red-brown coloration earlier than wild-type plants, alongside with the up-regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis enzymes and accumulation of flavonoids in the shoot apical meristem and bud scales. Our data show that the CsDML gene induces bud formation needed for the survival of the apical meristem under the harsh conditions of winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Conde
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Moreno-Cortés
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher Dervinis
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - José M Ramos-Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matias Kirst
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Mariano Perales
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo González-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Allona
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Kitagawa M, Jackson D. Plasmodesmata-Mediated Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Shoot Apical Meristem: How Stem Cells Talk. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 6:E12. [PMID: 28257070 PMCID: PMC5371771 DOI: 10.3390/plants6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Positional information is crucial for the determination of plant cell fates, and it is established based on coordinated cell-to-cell communication, which in turn is essential for plant growth and development. Plants have evolved a unique communication pathway, with tiny channels called plasmodesmata (PD) spanning the cell wall. PD interconnect most cells in the plant and generate a cytoplasmic continuum, to mediate short- and long-distance trafficking of various molecules. Cell-to-cell communication through PD plays a role in transmitting positional signals, however, the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated trafficking are still largely unknown. The induction and maintenance of stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) depends on PDmediated cell-to-cell communication, hence, it is an optimal model for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication and its function in specifying cell fates. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in the SAM, and discuss mechanisms underlying molecular trafficking through PD and its role in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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25
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Rinne PLH, Paul LK, Vahala J, Kangasjärvi J, van der Schoot C. Axillary buds are dwarfed shoots that tightly regulate GA pathway and GA-inducible 1,3-β-glucanase genes during branching in hybrid aspen. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5975-5991. [PMID: 27697786 PMCID: PMC5100014 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Axillary buds (AXBs) of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula×P. tremuloides) contain a developing dwarfed shoot that becomes para-dormant at the bud maturation point. Para-dormant AXBs can grow out after stem decapitation, while dormant AXBs pre-require long-term chilling to release them from dormancy. The latter is mediated by gibberellin (GA)-regulated 1,3-β-glucanases, but it is unknown if GA is also important in the development, activation, and outgrowth of para-dormant AXBs. The present data show that para-dormant AXBs up-regulate GA receptor genes during their maturation, but curtail GA biosynthesis by down-regulating the rate-limiting GIBBERELLIN 3-OXIDASE2 (GA3ox2), which is characteristically expressed in the growing apex. However, decapitation significantly up-regulated GA3ox2 and GA4-responsive 1,3-β-glucanases (GH17-family; α-clade). In contrast, decapitation down-regulated γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases, which were strongly up-regulated in maturing AXBs concomitant with lipid body accumulation. Overexpression of selected GH17 members in hybrid aspen resulted in characteristic branching patterns. The α-clade member induced an acropetal branching pattern, whereas the γ-clade member activated AXBs in recurrent flushes during transient cessation of apex proliferation. The results support a model in which curtailing the final step in GA biosynthesis dwarfs the embryonic shoot, while high levels of GA precursors and GA receptors keep AXBs poised for growth. GA signaling, induced by decapitation, reinvigorates symplasmic supply routes through GA-inducible 1,3-β-glucanases that hydrolyze callose at sieve plates and plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Laju K Paul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jorma Vahala
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Płachno BJ, Kurczyńska E, Świątek P. Integument cell differentiation in dandelions (Taraxacum, Asteraceae, Lactuceae) with special attention paid to plasmodesmata. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1365-72. [PMID: 26454638 PMCID: PMC5009155 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to determine what happens with plasmodesmata when mucilage is secreted into the periplasmic space in plant cells. Ultrastructural analysis of the periendothelial zone mucilage cells was performed on examples of the ovule tissues of several sexual and apomictic Taraxacum species. The cytoplasm of the periendothelial zone cells was dense, filled by numerous organelles and profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum and active Golgi dictyosomes with vesicles that contained fibrillar material. At the beginning of the differentiation process of the periendothelial zone, the cells were connected by primary plasmodesmata. However, during the differentiation and the thickening of the cell walls (mucilage deposition), the plasmodesmata become elongated and associated with cytoplasmic bridges. The cytoplasmic bridges may connect the protoplast to the plasmodesmata through the mucilage layers in order to maintain cell-to-cell communication during the differentiation of the periendothelial zone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007, Katowice, Poland
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27
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Hallingbäck HR, Fogelqvist J, Powers SJ, Turrion‐Gomez J, Rossiter R, Amey J, Martin T, Weih M, Gyllenstrand N, Karp A, Lagercrantz U, Hanley SJ, Berlin S, Rönnberg‐Wästljung A. Association mapping in Salix viminalis L. (Salicaceae) - identification of candidate genes associated with growth and phenology. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY. BIOENERGY 2016; 8:670-685. [PMID: 27547245 PMCID: PMC4973673 DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Willow species (Salix) are important as short-rotation biomass crops for bioenergy, which creates a demand for faster genetic improvement and breeding through deployment of molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS). To find markers associated with important adaptive traits, such as growth and phenology, for use in MAS, we genetically dissected the trait variation of a Salix viminalis (L.) population of 323 accessions. The accessions were sampled throughout northern Europe and were established at two field sites in Pustnäs, Sweden, and at Woburn, UK, offering the opportunity to assess the impact of genotype-by-environment interactions (G × E) on trait-marker associations. Field measurements were recorded for growth and phenology traits. The accessions were genotyped using 1536 SNP markers developed from phenology candidate genes and from genes previously observed to be differentially expressed in contrasting environments. Association mapping between 1233 of these SNPs and the measured traits was performed taking into account population structure and threshold selection bias. At a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.2, 29 SNPs were associated with bud burst, leaf senescence, number of shoots or shoot diameter. The percentage of accession variation (Radj2) explained by these associations ranged from 0.3% to 4.4%, suggesting that the studied traits are controlled by many loci of limited individual impact. Despite this, a SNP in the EARLY FLOWERING 3 gene was repeatedly associated (FDR < 0.2) with bud burst. The rare homozygous genotype exhibited 0.4-1.0 lower bud burst scores than the other genotype classes on a five-grade scale. Consequently, this marker could be promising for use in MAS and the gene deserves further study. Otherwise, associations were less consistent across sites, likely due to their small Radj2 estimates and to considerable G × E interactions indicated by multivariate association analyses and modest trait accession correlations across sites (0.32-0.61).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik R. Hallingbäck
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant BiologyP.O. Box 7043750 07UppsalaSweden
| | - Johan Fogelqvist
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant BiologyP.O. Box 7043750 07UppsalaSweden
| | - Stephen J. Powers
- Computational and Systems Biology DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsAL5 2JQUK
| | | | - Rachel Rossiter
- AgroEcology DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsAL5 2JQUK
| | - Joanna Amey
- AgroEcology DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsAL5 2JQUK
| | - Tom Martin
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant BiologyP.O. Box 7043750 07UppsalaSweden
| | - Martin Weih
- Department of Crop Production EcologySwedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant BiologyP.O. Box 7043750 07UppsalaSweden
| | - Niclas Gyllenstrand
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant BiologyP.O. Box 7043750 07UppsalaSweden
| | - Angela Karp
- AgroEcology DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsAL5 2JQUK
| | - Ulf Lagercrantz
- Department of Plant Ecology and EvolutionEvolutionary Biology CentreUppsala University752 36UppsalaSweden
| | - Steven J. Hanley
- AgroEcology DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsAL5 2JQUK
| | - Sofia Berlin
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant BiologyP.O. Box 7043750 07UppsalaSweden
| | - Ann‐Christin Rönnberg‐Wästljung
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant BiologyP.O. Box 7043750 07UppsalaSweden
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28
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Considine MJ, Considine JA. On the language and physiology of dormancy and quiescence in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3189-203. [PMID: 27053719 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The language of dormancy is rich and poetic, as researchers spanning disciplines and decades have attempted to understand the spell that entranced 'Sleeping Beauty', and how she was gently awoken. The misleading use of 'dormancy', applied to annual axillary buds, for example, has confounded progress. Language is increasingly important as genetic and genomic approaches become more accessible to species of agricultural and ecological importance. Here we examine how terminology has been applied to different eco-physiological states in plants, and with pertinent reference to quiescent states described in other domains of life, in order to place plant quiescence and dormancy in a more complete context than previously described. The physiological consensus defines latency or quiescence as opportunistic avoidance states, where growth resumes in favourable conditions. In contrast, the dormant state in higher plants is entrained in the life history of the organism. Competence to resume growth requires quantitative and specific conditioning. This definition applies only to the embryo of seeds and specialized meristems in higher plants; however, mechanistic control of dormancy extends to mobile signals from peripheral tissues and organs, such as the endosperm of seed or subtending leaf of buds. The distinction between dormancy, quiescence, and stress-hardiness remains poorly delineated, most particularly in buds of winter perennials, which comprise multiple meristems of differing organogenic states. Studies in seeds have shown that dormancy is not a monogenic trait, and limited study has thus far failed to canalize dormancy as seen in seeds and buds. We argue that a common language, based on physiology, is central to enable further dissection of the quiescent and dormant states in plants. We direct the topic largely to woody species showing a single cycle of growth and reproduction per year, as these bear the majority of global timber, fruit, and nut production, as well being of great ecological value. However, for context and hypotheses, we draw on knowledge from annuals and other specialized plant conditions, from a perspective of the major physical, metabolic, and molecular cues that regulate cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Considine
- School of Plant Biology, and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John A Considine
- School of Plant Biology, and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
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29
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Xu H, Cao D, Chen Y, Wei D, Wang Y, Stevenson RA, Zhu Y, Lin J. Gene expression and proteomic analysis of shoot apical meristem transition from dormancy to activation in Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19938. [PMID: 26832850 PMCID: PMC4735791 DOI: 10.1038/srep19938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to annual plants, in perennial plants, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) can undergo seasonal transitions between dormancy and activity; understanding this transition is crucial for understanding growth in perennial plants. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of SAM development in trees. Here, light and transmission electron microscopy revealed that evident changes in starch granules, lipid bodies, and cell walls thickness of the SAM in C. lanceolata during the transition from dormancy to activation. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis showed that levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) increased and levels of abscisic acid (ABA) decreased from dormant to active stage. Examination of 20 genes and 132 differentially expressed proteins revealed that the expression of genes and proteins potentially involved in cell division and expansion significantly increased in the active stage, whereas those related to the abscisic acid insensitive 3(ABI3), the cytoskeleton and energy metabolism decreased in the dormant stage. These findings provide new insights into the complex mechanism of gene and protein expression and their relation to cytological and physiological changes of SAM in this coniferous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dechang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongmei Wei
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rebecca Ann Stevenson
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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30
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Rinne PLH, Paul LK, Vahala J, Ruonala R, Kangasjärvi J, van der Schoot C. Long and short photoperiod buds in hybrid aspen share structural development and expression patterns of marker genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6745-60. [PMID: 26248666 PMCID: PMC4623686 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tree architecture develops over time through the collective activity of apical and axillary meristems. Although the capacity of both meristems to form buds is crucial for perennial life, a comparative analysis is lacking. As shown here for hybrid aspen, axillary meristems engage in an elaborate process of axillary bud (AXB) formation, while apical dominance prevents outgrowth of branches. Development ceased when AXBs had formed an embryonic shoot (ES) with a predictable number of embryonic leaves at the bud maturation point (BMP). Under short days, terminal buds (TBs) formed an ES similar to that of AXBs, and both the TB and young AXBs above the BMP established dormancy. Quantitative PCR and in situ hybridizations showed that this shared ability and structural similarity was reflected at the molecular level. TBs and AXBs similarly regulated expression of meristem-specific and bud/branching-related genes, including CENTRORADIALIS-LIKE1 (CENL1), BRANCHED1 (BRC1), BRC2, and the strigolactone biosynthesis gene MORE AXILLARY BRANCHES1 (MAX1). Below the BMP, AXBs maintained high CENL1 expression at the rib meristem, suggesting that it serves to maintain poise for growth. In support of this, decapitation initiated outgrowth of CENL1-expressing AXBs, but not of dormant AXBs that had switched CENL1 off. This singles out CENL1 as a rib meristem marker for para-dormancy. BRC1 and MAX1 genes, which may counterbalance CENL1, were down-regulated in decapitation-activated AXBs. The results showed that removal of apical dominance shifted AXB gene expression toward that of apices, while developing TBs adopted the expression pattern of para-dormant AXBs. Bud development thus follows a shared developmental pattern at terminal and axillary positions, despite being triggered by short days and apical dominance, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi L H Rinne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Laju K Paul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jorma Vahala
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raili Ruonala
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Deciduous forest responses to temperature, precipitation, and drought imply complex climate change impacts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13585-90. [PMID: 26483475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509991112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in spring and autumn phenology of temperate plants in recent decades have become iconic bio-indicators of rapid climate change. These changes have substantial ecological and economic impacts. However, autumn phenology remains surprisingly little studied. Although the effects of unfavorable environmental conditions (e.g., frost, heat, wetness, and drought) on autumn phenology have been observed for over 60 y, how these factors interact to influence autumn phenological events remain poorly understood. Using remotely sensed phenology data from 2001 to 2012, this study identified and quantified significant effects of a suite of environmental factors on the timing of fall dormancy of deciduous forest communities in New England, United States. Cold, frost, and wet conditions, and high heat-stress tended to induce earlier dormancy of deciduous forests, whereas moderate heat- and drought-stress delayed dormancy. Deciduous forests in two eco-regions showed contrasting, nonlinear responses to variation in these explanatory factors. Based on future climate projection over two periods (2041-2050 and 2090-2099), later dormancy dates were predicted in northern areas. However, in coastal areas earlier dormancy dates were predicted. Our models suggest that besides warming in climate change, changes in frost and moisture conditions as well as extreme weather events (e.g., drought- and heat-stress, and flooding), should also be considered in future predictions of autumn phenology in temperate deciduous forests. This study improves our understanding of how multiple environmental variables interact to affect autumn phenology in temperate deciduous forest ecosystems, and points the way to building more mechanistic and predictive models.
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Meitha K, Konnerup D, Colmer TD, Considine JA, Foyer CH, Considine MJ. Spatio-temporal relief from hypoxia and production of reactive oxygen species during bud burst in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:703-11. [PMID: 26337519 PMCID: PMC4578006 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants regulate cellular oxygen partial pressures (pO2), together with reduction/oxidation (redox) state in order to manage rapid developmental transitions such as bud burst after a period of quiescence. However, our understanding of pO2 regulation in complex meristematic organs such as buds is incomplete and, in particular, lacks spatial resolution. METHODS The gradients in pO2 from the outer scales to the primary meristem complex were measured in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) buds, together with respiratory CO2 production rates and the accumulation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, from ecodormancy through the first 72 h preceding bud burst, triggered by the transition from low to ambient temperatures. KEY RESULTS Steep internal pO2 gradients were measured in dormant buds with values as low as 2·5 kPa found in the core of the bud prior to bud burst. Respiratory CO2 production rates increased soon after the transition from low to ambient temperatures and the bud tissues gradually became oxygenated in a patterned process. Within 3 h of the transition to ambient temperatures, superoxide accumulation was observed in the cambial meristem, co-localizing with lignified cellulose associated with pro-vascular tissues. Thereafter, superoxide accumulated in other areas subtending the apical meristem complex, in the absence of significant hydrogen peroxide accumulation, except in the cambial meristem. By 72 h, the internal pO2 gradient showed a biphasic profile, where the minimum pO2 was external to the core of the bud complex. CONCLUSIONS Spatial and temporal control of the tissue oxygen environment occurs within quiescent buds, and the transition from quiescence to bud burst is accompanied by a regulated relaxation of the hypoxic state and accumulation of reactive oxygen species within the developing cambium and vascular tissues of the heterotrophic grapevine buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlia Meitha
- School of Plant Biology, and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009 Australia
| | - Dennis Konnerup
- School of Plant Biology, and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009 Australia, Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009 Australia
| | - John A Considine
- School of Plant Biology, and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009 Australia
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Plant Biology, and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009 Australia, Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, Yorkshire LS29JT, UK and
| | - Michael J Considine
- School of Plant Biology, and The Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009 Australia, Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, Yorkshire LS29JT, UK and Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, WA, 6151 Australia
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Costes E, Crespel L, Denoyes B, Morel P, Demene MN, Lauri PE, Wenden B. Bud structure, position and fate generate various branching patterns along shoots of closely related Rosaceae species: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:666. [PMID: 25520729 PMCID: PMC4251308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Branching in temperate plants is closely linked to bud fates, either floral or vegetative. Here, we review how the fate of meristematic tissues contained in buds and their position along a shoot imprint specific branching patterns which differ among species. Through examples chosen in closely related species in different genera of the Rosaceae family, a panorama of patterns is apparent. Patterns depend on whether vegetative and floral buds are borne individually or together in mixed buds, develop as the shoot grows or after a rest period, and are located in axillary or terminal positions along the parent shoot. The resulting branching patterns are conserved among varieties in a given species but progressively change with the parent shoot length during plant ontogeny. They can also be modulated by agronomic and environmental conditions. The existence of various organizations in the topology and fate of meristematic tissues and their appendages in closely related species questions the between-species conservation of physiological and molecular mechanisms leading to bud outgrowth vs. quiescence and to floral induction vs. vegetative development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Costes
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières TeamMontpellier, France
| | - Laurent Crespel
- Agrocampus Ouest, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences INRA-Agro Campus Ouest-Université d'AngersAngers, France
| | - Béatrice Denoyes
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux-INRAVillenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Philippe Morel
- INRA, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA-Agro Campus Ouest-Université d'AngersBeaucouzé, France
| | | | - Pierre-Eric Lauri
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1334, Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes Méditerranéennes et Tropicales Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières TeamMontpellier, France
| | - Bénédicte Wenden
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux-INRAVillenave d'Ornon, France
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Brunner AM, Evans LM, Hsu CY, Sheng X. Vernalization and the chilling requirement to exit bud dormancy: shared or separate regulation? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:732. [PMID: 25566302 PMCID: PMC4269124 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Similarities have long been recognized between vernalization, the prolonged exposure to cold temperatures that promotes the floral transition in many plants, and the chilling requirement to release bud dormancy in woody plants of temperate climates. In both cases the extended chilling period occurring during winter is used to coordinate developmental events to the appropriate seasonal time. However, whether or not these processes share common regulatory components and molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Both gene function and association genetics studies in Populus are beginning to answer this question. In Populus, studies have revealed that orthologs of the antagonistic flowering time genes FT and CEN/TFL1 might have central roles in both processes. We review Populus seasonal shoot development related to dormancy release and the floral transition and evidence for FT/TFL1-mediated regulation of these processes to consider the question of regulatory overlap. In addition, we discuss the potential for and challenges to integrating functional and population genomics studies to uncover the regulatory mechanisms underpinning these processes in woody plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Brunner
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
- *Correspondence: Amy M. Brunner, Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Tech, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 20461, USA e-mail:
| | - Luke M. Evans
- Department of Biology, West Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chuan-Yu Hsu
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State UniversityStarkville, MS, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Sheng
- Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, VA, USA
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