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Henningsen EC, Lewis D, Nguyen DT, Sperschneider J, Kianian SF, Stone E, Dodds PN, Figueroa M. Virulence Patterns of Oat Crown Rust in Australia - Season 2022. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:1959-1963. [PMID: 38277650 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1973-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae (Pca) is an important foliar pathogen of oat which causes crown rust disease. The virulence profile of 48 Pca isolates derived from different locations in Australia was characterized using a collection of oat lines often utilized in rust surveys in the United States and Australia. This analysis indicates that Pca populations in Eastern Australia are broadly virulent, which contrasts with the population in Western Australia (WA). Several oat lines/Pc genes are effective against all rust samples collected from WA, suggesting they may provide useful resistance in this region if deployed in combination. We identified 19 lines from the United States oat differential set that display disease resistance to Pca in WA, with some in agreement with previous rust survey reports. We adopted the 10-letter nomenclature system to define oat crown rust races in Australia and compare the frequency of those virulence traits to published data from the United States. Based on this nomenclature, 42 unique races were detected among the 48 isolates, reflecting the high diversity of virulence phenotypes for Pca in Australia. Nevertheless, the Pca population in the United States is substantially more broadly virulent than that of Australia. Close examination of resistance profiles for the oat differential set lines after infection with Pca supports hypotheses of allelism or redundancy among Pc genes or the presence of several resistance genes in some oat differential lines. These findings illustrate the need to deconvolute the oat differential set using molecular tools.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Henningsen
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David Lewis
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Duong T Nguyen
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shahryar F Kianian
- Cereal Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A
| | - Eric Stone
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Biological Data Science Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Melania Figueroa
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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2
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Roussin-Léveillée C, Mackey D, Ekanayake G, Gohmann R, Moffett P. Extracellular niche establishment by plant pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:360-372. [PMID: 38191847 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The plant extracellular space, referred to as the apoplast, is inhabited by a variety of microorganisms. Reflecting the crucial nature of this compartment, both plants and microorganisms seek to control, exploit and respond to its composition. Upon sensing the apoplastic environment, pathogens activate virulence programmes, including the delivery of effectors with well-established roles in suppressing plant immunity. We posit that another key and foundational role of effectors is niche establishment - specifically, the manipulation of plant physiological processes to enrich the apoplast in water and nutritive metabolites. Facets of plant immunity counteract niche establishment by restricting water, nutrients and signals for virulence activation. The complex competition to control and, in the case of pathogens, exploit the apoplast provides remarkable insights into the nature of virulence, host susceptibility, host defence and, ultimately, the origin of phytopathogenesis. This novel framework focuses on the ecology of a microbial niche and highlights areas of future research on plant-microorganism interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Gayani Ekanayake
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Reid Gohmann
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Wang Y, Liu C, Qin Y, Du Y, Song C, Kang Z, Guo J, Guo J. Stripe rust effector Pst03724 modulates host immunity by inhibiting NAD kinase activation by a calmodulin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1624-1641. [PMID: 38441329 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) secretes effector proteins that enter plant cells to manipulate host immune processes. In this report, we present an important Pst effector, Pst03724, whose mRNA expression level increases during Pst infection of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Silencing of Pst03724 reduced the growth and development of Pst. Pst03724 targeted the wheat calmodulin TaCaM3-2B, a positive regulator of wheat immunity. Subsequent investigations revealed that Pst03724 interferes with the TaCaM3-2B-NAD kinase (NADK) TaNADK2 association and thus inhibits the enzyme activity of TaNADK2 activated by TaCaM3-2B. Knocking down TaNADK2 expression by virus-mediated gene silencing significantly increased fungal growth and development, suggesting a decrease in resistance against Pst infection. In conclusion, our findings indicate that Pst effector Pst03724 inhibits the activity of NADK by interfering with the TaCaM3-2B-TaNADK2 association, thereby facilitating Pst infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Chao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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Manser B, Zbinden H, Herren G, Steger J, Isaksson J, Bräunlich S, Wicker T, Keller B. Wheat zinc finger protein TaZF interacts with both the powdery mildew AvrPm2 protein and the corresponding wheat Pm2a immune receptor. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100769. [PMID: 37978798 PMCID: PMC11121201 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses to pathogens are induced after direct or indirect perception of effector proteins or their activity on host proteins. In fungal-plant interactions, relatively little is known about whether, in addition to avirulence effectors and immune receptors, other proteins contribute to specific recognition. The nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptor Pm2a in wheat recognizes the fungal powdery mildew effector AvrPm2. We found that the predicted wheat zinc finger TaZF interacts with both the fungal avirulence protein AvrPm2 and the wheat NLR Pm2a. We further demonstrated that the virulent AvrPm2-H2 variant does not interact with TaZF. TaZF silencing in wheat resulted in a reduction but not a loss of Pm2a-mediated powdery mildew resistance. Interaction studies showed that the leucine-rich repeat domain of Pm2a is the mediator of the interaction with TaZF. TaZF recruits both Pm2a and AvrPm2 from the cytosol to the nucleus, resulting in nuclear localization of Pm2a, TaZF, and AvrPm2 in wheat. We propose that TaZF acts as a facilitator of Pm2a-dependent AvrPm2 effector recognition. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying effector host targets for characterization of NLR-mediated effector recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Manser
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Zbinden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Herren
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel Steger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonatan Isaksson
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Bräunlich
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wicker
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Li Z, Velásquez‐Zapata V, Elmore JM, Li X, Xie W, Deb S, Tian X, Banerjee S, Jørgensen HJL, Pedersen C, Wise RP, Thordal‐Christensen H. Powdery mildew effectors AVR A1 and BEC1016 target the ER J-domain protein HvERdj3B required for immunity in barley. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13463. [PMID: 38695677 PMCID: PMC11064805 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The barley powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria hordei (Bh), secretes hundreds of candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) to facilitate pathogen infection and colonization. One of these, CSEP0008, is directly recognized by the barley nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) receptor MLA1 and therefore is designated AVRA1. Here, we show that AVRA1 and the sequence-unrelated Bh effector BEC1016 (CSEP0491) suppress immunity in barley. We used yeast two-hybrid next-generation interaction screens (Y2H-NGIS), followed by binary Y2H and in planta protein-protein interactions studies, and identified a common barley target of AVRA1 and BEC1016, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized J-domain protein HvERdj3B. Silencing of this ER quality control (ERQC) protein increased Bh penetration. HvERdj3B is ER luminal, and we showed using split GFP that AVRA1 and BEC1016 translocate into the ER signal peptide-independently. Overexpression of the two effectors impeded trafficking of a vacuolar marker through the ER; silencing of HvERdj3B also exhibited this same cellular phenotype, coinciding with the effectors targeting this ERQC component. Together, these results suggest that the barley innate immunity, preventing Bh entry into epidermal cells, requires ERQC. Here, the J-domain protein HvERdj3B appears to be essential and can be regulated by AVRA1 and BEC1016. Plant disease resistance often occurs upon direct or indirect recognition of pathogen effectors by host NLR receptors. Previous work has shown that AVRA1 is directly recognized in the cytosol by the immune receptor MLA1. We speculate that the AVRA1 J-domain target being inside the ER, where it is inapproachable by NLRs, has forced the plant to evolve this challenging direct recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhang Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
- Present address:
Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research & Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of MarylandRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Valeria Velásquez‐Zapata
- Program in Bioinformatics & Computational BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
GreenLight Biosciences, IncResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - J. Mitch Elmore
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research UnitAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease LaboratorySt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Wenjun Xie
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Sohini Deb
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Xiao Tian
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Sagnik Banerjee
- Program in Bioinformatics & Computational BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Department of StatisticsIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Present address:
Bristol Myers SquibbSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hans J. L. Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Carsten Pedersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Roger P. Wise
- Program in Bioinformatics & Computational BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
- USDA‐Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research UnitAmesIowaUSA
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6
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Dodds PN, Chen J, Outram MA. Pathogen perception and signaling in plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1465-1481. [PMID: 38262477 PMCID: PMC11062475 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Plant diseases are a constant and serious threat to agriculture and ecological biodiversity. Plants possess a sophisticated innate immunity system capable of detecting and responding to pathogen infection to prevent disease. Our understanding of this system has grown enormously over the past century. Early genetic descriptions of plant disease resistance and pathogen virulence were embodied in the gene-for-gene hypothesis, while physiological studies identified pathogen-derived elicitors that could trigger defense responses in plant cells and tissues. Molecular studies of these phenomena have now coalesced into an integrated model of plant immunity involving cell surface and intracellular detection of specific pathogen-derived molecules and proteins culminating in the induction of various cellular responses. Extracellular and intracellular receptors engage distinct signaling processes but converge on many similar outputs with substantial evidence now for integration of these pathways into interdependent networks controlling disease outcomes. Many of the molecular details of pathogen recognition and signaling processes are now known, providing opportunities for bioengineering to enhance plant protection from disease. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the main principles of plant immunity, with an emphasis on the key scientific milestones leading to these insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Li D, Song F, Mengiste T. Editorial: Molecular biology of plant-fungal interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1392149. [PMID: 38504904 PMCID: PMC10949945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1392149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengming Song
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Talbi N, Blekemolen MC, Janevska S, Zendler D, van Tilbeurgh H, Fudal I, Takken FLW. Facilitation of Symplastic Effector Protein Mobility by Paired Effectors Is Conserved in Different Classes of Fungal Pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:304-314. [PMID: 37782126 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0103-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been discovered that plant pathogens produce effectors that spread via plasmodesmata (PD) to allow modulation of host processes in distal uninfected cells. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) facilitates effector translocation by expansion of the size-exclusion limit of PD using the Six5/Avr2 effector pair. How other fungal pathogens manipulate PD is unknown. We recently reported that many fungal pathogens belonging to different families carry effector pairs that resemble the SIX5/AVR2 gene pair from Fol. Here, we performed structural predictions of three of these effector pairs from Leptosphaeria maculans (Lm) and tested their ability to manipulate PD and to complement the virulence defect of a Fol SIX5 knockout mutant. We show that the AvrLm10A homologs are structurally related to FolSix5 and localize at PD when they are expressed with their paired effectors. Furthermore, these effectors were found to complement FolSix5 function in cell-to-cell mobility assays and in fungal virulence. We conclude that distantly related fungal species rely on structurally related paired effector proteins to manipulate PD and facilitate effector mobility. The wide distribution of these effector pairs implies Six5-mediated effector translocation to be a conserved propensity among fungal plant pathogens. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacera Talbi
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Mila C Blekemolen
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Slavica Janevska
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Zendler
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Herman van Tilbeurgh
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Fudal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Frank L W Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute of Life Science (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Lubega J, Figueroa M, Dodds PN, Kanyuka K. Comparative Analysis of the Avirulence Effectors Produced by the Fungal Stem Rust Pathogen of Wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:171-178. [PMID: 38170736 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-23-0169-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Crops are constantly exposed to pathogenic microbes. Rust fungi are examples of these harmful microorganisms, which have a major economic impact on wheat production. To protect themselves from pathogens like rust fungi, plants employ a multilayered immune system that includes immunoreceptors encoded by resistance genes. Significant efforts have led to the isolation of numerous resistance genes against rust fungi in cereals, especially in wheat. However, the evolution of virulence of rust fungi hinders the durability of resistance genes as a strategy for crop protection. Rust fungi, like other biotrophic pathogens, secrete an arsenal of effectors to facilitate infection, and these are the molecules that plant immunoreceptors target for pathogen recognition and mounting defense responses. When recognized, these effector proteins are referred to as avirulence (Avr) effectors. Despite the many predicted effectors in wheat rust fungi, only five Avr genes have been identified, all from wheat stem rust. Knowledge of the Avr genes and their variation in the fungal population will inform deployment of the most appropriate wheat disease-resistance genes for breeding and farming. The review provides an overview of methodologies as well as the validation techniques that have been used to characterize Avr effectors from wheat stem rust. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibril Lubega
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Cambridge CB3 0LE, U.K
| | - Melania Figueroa
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Cambridge CB3 0LE, U.K
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Martín-Cardoso H, Bundó M, Val-Torregrosa B, San Segundo B. Phosphate accumulation in rice leaves promotes fungal pathogenicity and represses host immune responses during pathogen infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1330349. [PMID: 38298608 PMCID: PMC10827867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1330349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Rice is one of the most important crops in the world and a staple food for more than half of the world's population. At present, the blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae poses a severe threat to food security through reduction of rice yields worldwide. High phosphate fertilization has previously been shown to increase blast susceptibility. At present, however, our knowledge on the mechanisms underpinning phosphate-induced susceptibility to M. oryzae infection in rice is limited. In this work, we conducted live cell imaging on rice sheaths inoculated with a M. oryzae strain expressing two fluorescently-tagged M. oryzae effectors. We show that growing rice under high phosphate fertilization, and subsequent accumulation of phosphate in leaf sheaths, promotes invasive growth of M. oryzae. Consistent with this, stronger expression of M. oryzae effectors and Pathogenicity Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (PMK1) occurs in leaf sheaths of rice plants grown under high a phosphate regime. Down-regulation of fungal genes encoding suppressors of plant cell death and up-regulation of plant cell death-inducing effectors also occurs in sheaths of phosphate over-accumulating rice plants. Treatment with high Pi causes alterations in the expression of fungal phosphate transporter genes potentially contributing to pathogen virulence. From the perspective of the plant, Pi accumulation in leaf sheaths prevents H2O2 accumulation early during M. oryzae infection which was associated to a weaker activation of Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs (RBOHs) genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Further, a weaker activation of defense-related genes occurs during infection in rice plants over-accumulating phosphate. From these results, it can be concluded that phosphate fertilization has an effect on the two interacting partners, pathogen and host. Phosphate-mediated stimulation of fungal effector genes (e.g., potentiation of fungal pathogenicity) in combination with repression of pathogen-inducible immune responses (e.g., ROS accumulation, defense gene expression) explains higher colonization by M. oryzae in rice tissues accumulating phosphate. Phosphate content can therefore be considered as an important factor in determining the outcome of the rice/M. oryzae interaction. As fertilizers and pesticides are commonly used in rice cultivation to maintain optimal yield and to prevent losses caused by pathogens, a better understanding of how phosphate impacts blast susceptibility is crucial for developing strategies to rationally optimize fertilizer and pesticide use in rice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Martín-Cardoso
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/de la Vall Moronta, CRAG Building, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Bundó
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/de la Vall Moronta, CRAG Building, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Val-Torregrosa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/de la Vall Moronta, CRAG Building, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/de la Vall Moronta, CRAG Building, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Li J, Zhang D, Du Y, Song J, Li R, Dai X, Chen J, Li G, Liu Z. Genome Sequence Resource of Cladosporium velox Strain C4 Causing Cotton Boll Disease in Xinjiang, China. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:4010-4015. [PMID: 37368501 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2694-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Cladosporium spp., as one of the largest and most heterogeneous genera of hyphomycetes, are widely distributed worldwide. This genus is usually adaptable to a wide variety of extreme environments. However, only 11 genomes of Cladosporium genus have been publicly released. From 2017, we found for the first time that Cladosporium velox could cause cotton boll disease and lead to stiffness and cracking boll in Xinjiang, China. Herein, we provide a high-quality reference genome for the C. velox strain C4 isolated from cotton boll in Xinjiang, China. The genome size and encoding gene number of the C. velox strain C4 and C. cucumerinum strain CCNX2, which was recently released and caused the cucumber scab, showed minor differences. This resource will contribute to future research that aims to elucidate the genetic basis of C. velox pathogenicity and could expand our knowledge of Cladosporium spp. genomic characteristics that will be valuable for the development of Cladosporium disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Yejuan Du
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jieyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Guoying Li
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Oasis Agricultural Pest Management and Plant Protection Resources Utilization, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
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12
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Zhao Y, Zheng X, Tabima JF, Zhu S, Søndreli KL, Hundley H, Bauer D, Barry K, Zhang Y, Schmutz J, Wang Y, LeBoldus JM, Xiong Q. Secreted Effector Proteins of Poplar Leaf Spot and Stem Canker Pathogen Sphaerulina musiva Manipulate Plant Immunity and Contribute to Virulence in Diverse Ways. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:779-795. [PMID: 37551980 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0091-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungal effectors play critical roles in manipulating plant immune responses and promoting colonization. Sphaerulina musiva is a heterothallic ascomycete fungus that causes Septoria leaf spot and stem canker disease in poplar (Populus spp.) plantations. This disease can result in premature defoliation, branch and stem breakage, increased mortality, and plantation failure. However, little is known about the interaction between S. musiva and poplar. Previous work predicted 142 candidate secreted effector proteins in S. musiva (SmCSEPs), 19 of which were selected for further functional characterization in this study. SmCSEP3 induced plant cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, while 8 out of 19 tested SmCSEPs suppressed cell death. The signal peptides of these eight SmCSEPs exhibited secretory activity in a yeast signal sequence trap assay. Confocal microscopy revealed that four of these eight SmCSEPs target both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, whereas four predominantly localize to discrete punctate structures. Pathogen challenge assays in N. benthamiana demonstrated that the transient expression of six SmCSEPs promoted Fusarium proliferatum infection. The expression of these six SmCSEP genes were induced during infection. SmCSEP2, SmCSEP13, and SmCSEP25 suppressed chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition in N. benthamiana. The candidate secreted effector proteins of S. musiva target multiple compartments in the plant cell and modulate different pattern-triggered immunity pathways. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyue Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Javier F Tabima
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Sheng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kelsey L Søndreli
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Hope Hundley
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, U.S.A
| | - Diane Bauer
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, U.S.A
| | - Kerrie Barry
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, U.S.A
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jared M LeBoldus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, U.S.A
| | - Qin Xiong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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13
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Carreón-Anguiano KG, Gómez-Tah R, Pech-Balan E, Ek-Hernández GE, De los Santos-Briones C, Islas-Flores I, Canto-Canché B. Pseudocercospora fijiensis Conidial Germination Is Dominated by Pathogenicity Factors and Effectors. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:970. [PMID: 37888226 PMCID: PMC10607838 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Conidia play a vital role in the survival and rapid spread of fungi. Many biological processes of conidia, such as adhesion, signal transduction, the regulation of oxidative stress, and autophagy, have been well studied. In contrast, the contribution of pathogenicity factors during the development of conidia in fungal phytopathogens has been poorly investigated. To date, few reports have centered on the pathogenicity functions of fungal phytopathogen conidia. Pseudocercospora fijiensis is a hemibiotrophic fungus and the causal agent of the black Sigatoka disease in bananas and plantains. Here, a conidial transcriptome of P. fijiensis was characterized computationally. Carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipid metabolisms presented the highest number of annotations in Gene Ontology. Common conidial functions were found, but interestingly, pathogenicity factors and effectors were also identified. Upon analysis of the resulting proteins against the Pathogen-Host Interaction (PHI) database, 754 hits were identified. WideEffHunter and EffHunter effector predictors identified 618 effectors, 265 of them were shared with the PHI database. A total of 1107 conidial functions devoted to pathogenesis were found after our analysis. Regarding the conidial effectorome, it was found to comprise 40 canonical and 578 non-canonical effectors. Effectorome characterization revealed that RXLR, LysM, and Y/F/WxC are the largest effector families in the P. fijiensis conidial effectorome. Gene Ontology classification suggests that they are involved in many biological processes and metabolisms, expanding our current knowledge of fungal effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (K.G.C.-A.); (R.G.-T.); (E.P.-B.); (G.E.E.-H.); (C.D.l.S.-B.)
| | - Rufino Gómez-Tah
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (K.G.C.-A.); (R.G.-T.); (E.P.-B.); (G.E.E.-H.); (C.D.l.S.-B.)
| | - Efren Pech-Balan
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (K.G.C.-A.); (R.G.-T.); (E.P.-B.); (G.E.E.-H.); (C.D.l.S.-B.)
| | - Gemaly Elisama Ek-Hernández
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (K.G.C.-A.); (R.G.-T.); (E.P.-B.); (G.E.E.-H.); (C.D.l.S.-B.)
| | - César De los Santos-Briones
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (K.G.C.-A.); (R.G.-T.); (E.P.-B.); (G.E.E.-H.); (C.D.l.S.-B.)
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (K.G.C.-A.); (R.G.-T.); (E.P.-B.); (G.E.E.-H.); (C.D.l.S.-B.)
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14
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Huang S, Zhao X, Luo Z, Tang X, Zhou Y, Keyhani N, Zhang Y. Fungal co-expression network analyses identify pathogen gene modules associated with host insect invasion. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0180923. [PMID: 37656157 PMCID: PMC10581046 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01809-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad host range fungal insect pathogen, Beauveria bassiana, has been commercialized as an alternative to chemical insecticides for pest control worldwide. B. bassiana represents a unique model system with which to examine host-pathogen interactions, and a wide range of genes and processes have been studied. However, significant aspects of virulence, particularly on the genomic scale, remain poorly studied. Here, we have combined available transcriptomes with three newly generated data sets for a combined total analysis of 76 deep-sequenced samples covering growth, development, stress responses, and infection during the life cycle of B. bassiana. Co-expression network analyses resulted in the identification of gene modules enriched during two critical stages of the infection process, namely (i) cuticle penetration and (ii) in vivo hyphal body (dimorphic transition) growth capable of avoiding innate and humoral immune defenses. These analyses identify unique signatures of metabolism, signaling, secondary metabolite production, host defense suppression, membrane reorganization, effector production, and secretion for each stage, including genetic regulators and epigenetic patterns. These data provide a comprehensive framework for understanding and probing fungal adaptations to its pathogenic life cycle and expand the candidate repertoire for continued dissection of the host-pathogen interaction. IMPORTANCE Insect fungal pathogens have evolved unique strategies for overcoming host structural and immunological defenses that span from the sclerotized cuticle to innate and humoral cellular responses. Two critical stages of the infection process involve (i) cuticle penetration and (ii) immune evasion within the insect hemocoel. A set of 76 global transcriptomic data for B. bassiana that include the cuticle penetration and hemocoel growth stages were analyzed for patterns (gene modules) of expression, yielding unique insights into these different life stages. These analyses integrate gene networks involved in fungal development, stress response and pathogenesis to further the systematic understanding of the global processes integral to the unique adaptation employed by fungal pathogens of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Tibet, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Ministry of Education), School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Tibet, China
| | - Nemat Keyhani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Singh S, Hu X, Dixelius C. Dynamics of nucleic acid mobility. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad132. [PMID: 37491977 PMCID: PMC10471207 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technologies and bioinformatic analyses are accelerating the quantity and quality of data from all domains of life. This rich resource has the potential to reveal a number of important incidences with respect to possible exchange of nucleic acids. Ancient events have impacted species evolution and adaptation to new ecological niches. However, we still lack a full picture of processes ongoing within and between somatic cells, gametes, and different organisms. We propose that events linked to acceptance of alien nucleic acids grossly could be divided into 2 main routes in plants: one, when plants are exposed to extreme challenges and, the second level, a more everyday or season-related stress incited by biotic or abiotic factors. Here, many events seem to comprise somatic cells. Are the transport and acceptance processes of alien sequences random or are there specific regulatory systems not yet fully understood? Following entrance into a new cell, a number of intracellular processes leading to chromosomal integration and function are required. Modification of nucleic acids and possibly exchange of sequences within a cell may also occur. Such fine-tune events are most likely very common. There are multiple questions that we will discuss concerning different types of vesicles and their roles in nucleic acid transport and possible intracellular sequence exchange between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Singh
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnéan Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnéan Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Christina Dixelius
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnéan Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
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16
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Sharma S, Prasad A, Prasad M. Ubiquitination from the perspective of plant pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4367-4376. [PMID: 37226440 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The constant battle of survival between pathogens and host plants has played a crucial role in shaping the course of their co-evolution. However, the major determinants of the outcome of this ongoing arms race are the effectors secreted by pathogens into host cells. These effectors perturb the defense responses of plants to promote successful infection. In recent years, extensive research in the area of effector biology has reported an increase in the repertoire of pathogenic effectors that mimic or target the conserved ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The role of the ubiquitin-mediated degradation pathway is well known to be indispensable for various aspects of a plant's life, and thus targeting or mimicking it seems to be a smart strategy adopted by pathogens. Therefore, this review summarizes recent findings on how some pathogenic effectors mimic or act as one of the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery while others directly target the plant's ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Prasad
- Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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17
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Talbi N, Fokkens L, Audran C, Petit‐Houdenot Y, Pouzet C, Blaise F, Gay EJ, Rouxel T, Balesdent M, Rep M, Fudal I. The neighbouring genes AvrLm10A and AvrLm10B are part of a large multigene family of cooperating effector genes conserved in Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:914-931. [PMID: 37128172 PMCID: PMC10346447 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fungal effectors (small-secreted proteins) have long been considered as species or even subpopulation-specific. The increasing availability of high-quality fungal genomes and annotations has allowed the identification of trans-species or trans-genera families of effectors. Two avirulence effectors, AvrLm10A and AvrLm10B, of Leptosphaeria maculans, the fungus causing stem canker of oilseed rape, are members of such a large family of effectors. AvrLm10A and AvrLm10B are neighbouring genes, organized in divergent transcriptional orientation. Sequence searches within the L. maculans genome showed that AvrLm10A/AvrLm10B belong to a multigene family comprising five pairs of genes with a similar tail-to-tail organization. The two genes, in a pair, always had the same expression pattern and two expression profiles were distinguished, associated with the biotrophic colonization of cotyledons and/or petioles and stems. Of the two protein pairs further investigated, AvrLm10A_like1/AvrLm10B_like1 and AvrLm10A_like2/AvrLm10B_like2, the second one had the ability to physically interact, similarly to what was previously described for the AvrLm10A/AvrLm10B pair, and cross-interactions were also detected for two pairs. AvrLm10A homologues were identified in more than 30 Dothideomycete and Sordariomycete plant-pathogenic fungi. One of them, SIX5, is an effector from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici physically interacting with the avirulence effector Avr2. We found that AvrLm10A/SIX5 homologues were associated with at least eight distinct putative effector families, suggesting that AvrLm10A/SIX5 is able to cooperate with different effectors. These results point to a general role of the AvrLm10A/SIX5 proteins as "cooperating proteins", able to interact with diverse families of effectors whose encoding gene is co-regulated with the neighbouring AvrLm10A homologue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacera Talbi
- BIOGER, INRAEUniversité Paris‐SaclayPalaiseauFrance
| | - Like Fokkens
- Molecular Plant PathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Present address:
Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Corinne Audran
- UMR LIPMEUniversité de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | | | - Cécile Pouzet
- FRAIB‐TRI Imaging Platform Facilities, FR AIBUniversité de Toulouse, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | | | - Elise J. Gay
- BIOGER, INRAEUniversité Paris‐SaclayPalaiseauFrance
| | | | | | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant PathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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18
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Singh S, Sarki YN, Marwein R, Singha DL, Velmurugan N, Chikkaputtaiah C. Unraveling the role of effector proteins in Bipolaris oryzae infecting North East Indian rice cultivars through time-course transcriptomics analysis. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1098-1110. [PMID: 37495300 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Bipolaris oryzae, causing brown spot disease in rice, is one of the neglected diseases reducing rice productivity. Limited knowledge is available on the genetics of host-pathogen interaction. Here, we used time-course transcriptome sequencing to elucidate the differential transcriptional responses of the pathogen genes in two contradictory infection-responsive rice hosts. Evaluation of transcriptome data showed similar regulation of fungal genes within susceptible (1733) and resistant (1846) hosts at an early stage however, in the later stage, the number was significantly higher in susceptible (2877) compared to resistant (1955) hosts. GO enrichment terms for upregulated genes showed a similar pattern in both the hosts at an early stage, but in the later stage terms related to degradation of carbohydrates, carbohydrate transport, and pathogenesis are enriched extensively within the susceptible host. Likewise, similar expression responses were observed with the secretory and effector proteins. Plant pathogenic homologs genes such as those involved in appressorium and conidia formation, host cell wall degradative enzymes, etc. were reported to be highly upregulated within the susceptible host. This study predicts the successful establishment of B. oryzae BO1 in both the host surfaces at an early stage, while disease progression only occurs in the susceptible host in later stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Singh
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Yogita N Sarki
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Riwandahun Marwein
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Dhanawantari L Singha
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Natarajan Velmurugan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India; Biological Sciences Division, Branch Laboratory-Itanagar, CSIR-NEIST, Naharlagun, 791110, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah
- Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
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19
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Liu L, Xia Y, Li Y, Zhou Y, Su X, Yan X, Wang Y, Liu W, Cheng H, Wang Y, Yang Q. Inhibition of chitin deacetylases to attenuate plant fungal diseases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3857. [PMID: 37385996 PMCID: PMC10310857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete chitin deacetylase (CDA) to escape the host's immunological defense during infection. Here, we showed that the deacetylation activity of CDA toward chitin is essential for fungal virulence. Five crystal structures of two representative and phylogenetically distant phytopathogenic fungal CDAs, VdPDA1 from Verticillium dahliae and Pst_13661 from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, were obtained in ligand-free and inhibitor-bound forms. These structures suggested that both CDAs have an identical substrate-binding pocket and an Asp-His-His triad for coordinating a transition metal ion. Based on the structural identities, four compounds with a benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) moiety were obtained as phytopathogenic fungal CDA inhibitors. BHA exhibited high effectiveness in attenuating fungal diseases in wheat, soybean, and cotton. Our findings revealed that phytopathogenic fungal CDAs share common structural features, and provided BHA as a lead compound for the design of CDA inhibitors aimed at attenuating crop fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518000, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingchen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518000, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China.
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Lee S, Völz R, Lim YJ, Harris W, Kim S, Lee YH. The nuclear effector MoHTR3 of Magnaporthe oryzae modulates host defence signalling in the biotrophic stage of rice infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:602-615. [PMID: 36977203 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungal effectors play a pivotal role in suppressing the host defence system, and their evolution is highly dynamic. By comparative sequence analysis of plant-pathogenic fungi and Magnaporthe oryzae, we identified the small secreted C2 H2 zinc finger protein MoHTR3. MoHTR3 exhibited high conservation in M. oryzae strains but low conservation among other plant-pathogenic fungi, suggesting an emerging evolutionary selection process. MoHTR3 is exclusively expressed in the biotrophic stage of fungal invasion, and the encoded protein localizes to the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) and the host cell nucleus. The signal peptide crucial for MoHTR3' secretion to the BIC and the protein section required for its translocation to the nucleus were both identified by a functional protein domain study. The host-nuclear localization of MoHTR3 suggests a function as a transcriptional modulator of host defence gene induction. After ΔMohtr3 infection, the expression of jasmonic acid- and ethylene-associated genes was diminished in rice, in contrast to when the MoHTR3-overexpressing strain (MoHTR3ox) was applied. The transcript levels of salicylic acid- and defence-related genes were also affected after ΔMohtr3 and MoHTR3ox application. In pathogenicity assays, ΔMohtr3 was indistinguishable from the wild type. However, MoHTR3ox-infected plants showed diminished lesion formation and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, accompanied by a decrease in susceptibility, suggesting that the MoHTR3-induced manipulation of host cells affects host-pathogen interaction. MoHTR3 emphasizes the role of the host nucleus as a critical target for the pathogen-driven manipulation of host defence mechanisms and underscores the ongoing evolution of rice blast's arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ronny Völz
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - You-Jin Lim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Secretomic Insights into the Pathophysiology of Venturia inaequalis: The Causative Agent of Scab, a Devastating Apple Tree Disease. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010066. [PMID: 36678413 PMCID: PMC9860705 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, is one of the world's most commercially significant apple diseases. The fungi have a catastrophic impact on apples, causing considerable losses in fruit quality and productivity in many apple-growing locations despite numerous control agents. Fungi secrete various effectors and other virulence-associated proteins that suppress or alter the host's immune system, and several such proteins were discovered in this work. Using state-of-the-art bioinformatics techniques, we examined the V. inaequalis reference genome (EU-B04), resulting in the identification of 647 secreted proteins, of which 328 were classified as small secreted proteins (SSPs), with 76.52% of SSPs identified as anticipated effector proteins. The more prevalent CAZyme proteins were the enzymes engaged in plant cell wall disintegration (targeting pectin and xylanase), adhesion and penetration (Cutinases/acetyl xylan esterase), and reactive oxygen species formation (multicopper oxidases). Furthermore, members of the S9 prolyl oligopeptidase family were identified as the most abundant host defense peptidases. Several known effector proteins were discovered to be expressed during the V. inaequalis infection process on apple leaves. The present study provides valuable data that can be used to develop new strategies for controlling apple scab.
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22
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Waheed A, Haxim Y, Islam W, Kahar G, Liu X, Zhang D. Role of pathogen's effectors in understanding host-pathogen interaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119347. [PMID: 36055522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens can pose challenges to plant growth and development at various stages of their life cycle. Two interconnected defense strategies prevent the growth of pathogens in plants, i.e., molecular patterns triggered immunity (PTI) and pathogenic effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that often provides resistance when PTI no longer functions as a result of pathogenic effectors. Plants may trigger an ETI defense response by directly or indirectly detecting pathogen effectors via their resistance proteins. A typical resistance protein is a nucleotide-binding receptor with leucine-rich sequences (NLRs) that undergo structural changes as they recognize their effectors and form associations with other NLRs. As a result of dimerization or oligomerization, downstream components activate "helper" NLRs, resulting in a response to ETI. It was thought that ETI is highly dependent on PTI. However, recent studies have found that ETI and PTI have symbiotic crosstalk, and both work together to create a robust system of plant defense. In this article, we have summarized the recent advances in understanding the plant's early immune response, its components, and how they cooperate in innate defense mechanisms. Moreover, we have provided the current perspective on engineering strategies for crop protection based on up-to-date knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Yakupjan Haxim
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Gulnaz Kahar
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China.
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23
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Helm M, Singh R, Hiles R, Jaiswal N, Myers A, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, Goodwin SB. Candidate Effector Proteins from the Maize Tar Spot Pathogen Phyllachora maydis Localize to Diverse Plant Cell Compartments. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2538-2548. [PMID: 35815936 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0181-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most fungal pathogens secrete effector proteins into host cells to modulate their immune responses, thereby promoting pathogenesis and fungal growth. One such fungal pathogen is the ascomycete Phyllachora maydis, which causes tar spot disease on leaves of maize (Zea mays). Sequencing of the P. maydis genome revealed 462 putatively secreted proteins, of which 40 contain expected effector-like sequence characteristics. However, the subcellular compartments targeted by P. maydis effector candidate (PmEC) proteins remain unknown, and it will be important to prioritize them for further functional characterization. To test the hypothesis that PmECs target diverse subcellular compartments, cellular locations of super yellow fluorescent protein-tagged PmEC proteins were identified using a Nicotiana benthamiana-based heterologous expression system. Immunoblot analyses showed that most of the PmEC-fluorescent protein fusions accumulated protein in N. benthamiana, indicating that the candidate effectors could be expressed in dicot leaf cells. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy of N. benthamiana epidermal cells revealed that most of the P. maydis putative effectors localized to the nucleus and cytosol. One candidate effector, PmEC01597, localized to multiple subcellular compartments including the nucleus, nucleolus, and plasma membrane, whereas an additional putative effector, PmEC03792, preferentially labelled both the nucleus and nucleolus. Intriguingly, one candidate effector, PmEC04573, consistently localized to the stroma of chloroplasts as well as stroma-containing tubules (stromules). Collectively, these data suggest that effector candidate proteins from P. maydis target diverse cellular organelles and could thus provide valuable insights into their putative functions, as well as host processes potentially manipulated by this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Helm
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Raksha Singh
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Rachel Hiles
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Namrata Jaiswal
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Ariana Myers
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Stephen B Goodwin
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), West Lafayette, IN 47907
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24
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Todd JNA, Carreón-Anguiano KG, Islas-Flores I, Canto-Canché B. Fungal Effectoromics: A World in Constant Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13433. [PMID: 36362218 PMCID: PMC9656242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study is ever-evolving as new effectors and associated characteristics are being revealed. In the present review, the different characteristics that underly effector classifications are discussed, contrasting past and present knowledge regarding these molecules to foster a more comprehensive understanding of effectors for the reader. Research gaps in effector identification and perspectives for effector application in plant disease management are also presented, with a focus on fungal effectors in the plant-microbe interaction and interactions beyond the plant host. In summary, the review provides an amenable yet thorough introduction to fungal effector biology, presenting noteworthy examples of effectors and effector studies that have shaped our present understanding of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Nicole Anna Todd
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
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25
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De Mandal S, Jeon J. Nuclear Effectors in Plant Pathogenic Fungi. MYCOBIOLOGY 2022; 50:259-268. [PMID: 36404902 PMCID: PMC9645283 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2118928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear import of proteins is a fundamental process in the eukaryotes including plant. It has become evident that such basic process is exploited by nuclear effectors that contain nuclear localization signal (NLS) and are secreted into host cells by fungal pathogens of plants. However, only a handful of nuclear effectors have been known and characterized to date. Here, we first summarize the types of NLSs and prediction tools available, and then delineate examples of fungal nuclear effectors and their roles in pathogenesis. Based on the knowledge on NLSs and what has been gleaned from the known nuclear effectors, we point out the gaps in our understanding of fungal nuclear effectors that need to be filled in the future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit De Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Wilson RA, McDowell JM. Recent advances in understanding of fungal and oomycete effectors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102228. [PMID: 35605341 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungal and oomycete pathogens secrete complex arrays of proteins and small RNAs to interface with plant-host targets and manipulate plant regulatory networks to the microbes' advantage. Research on these important virulence factors has been accelerated by improved genome sequences, refined bioinformatic prediction tools, and exploitation of efficient platforms for understanding effector gene expression and function. Recent studies have validated the expectation that oomycetes and fungi target many of the same sectors in immune signaling networks, but the specific host plant targets and modes of action are diverse. Effector research has also contributed to deeper understanding of the mechanisms of effector-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John M McDowell
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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27
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Maia T, Rody HVS, Bombardelli RGH, Souto TG, Camargo LEA, Monteiro-Vitorello CB. A Bacterial Type Three Secretion-Based Delivery System for Functional Characterization of Sporisorium scitamineum Plant Immune Suppressing Effector Proteins. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1513-1523. [PMID: 35050679 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0326-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The facultative biotrophic basidiomycete Sporisorium scitamineum causes smut disease in sugarcane. This study applied an assay to identify S. scitamineum candidate effectors (CEs) with plant immunity suppression activities by delivering them into Nicotiana benthamiana cells via the type-three secretion system of Pseudomonas fluorescens EtHAn. Six CEs were individually cloned into the pEDV6 vector and expressed by P. fluorescens EtHAn for translocation into the plant cells. Three CEs (g1052, g3890, and g5159) could suppress pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) responses with high reproducibility in different coinfiltration experiments with P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. In addition, three CEs (g1052, g4549, and g5159) were also found to be AvrB-induced suppressors of effector-triggered immunity (ETI), demonstrating for the first time that S. scitamineum can defeat both PTI and ETI responses. A transcriptomic analysis at different stages of infection by the smut fungus of three sugarcane cultivars with contrasting responses to the pathogen revealed that suppressors g1052, g3890, g4549, and g5159 were induced at the early stage of infection. By contrast, the two CEs (g2666 and g6610) that did not exhibit suppression activities expressed only at the late stage of infection. Moreover, genomic structures of the CEs and searches for orthologs in other smut species suggested duplication events and further divergence in CEs evolution of S. scitamineum. Thus, the transient assay applied here demonstrated the potential of pEDV6 and P. fluorescens EtHAn as biological tools for identifying plant immune suppressors from S. scitamineum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Maia
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, USP, ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo V S Rody
- Departamento de Genética, USP, ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tiarla Graciane Souto
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, USP, ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Aranha Camargo
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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28
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Leaf-Associated Epiphytic Fungi of Gingko biloba, Pinus bungeana and Sabina chinensis Exhibit Delicate Seasonal Variations. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060631. [PMID: 35736114 PMCID: PMC9225447 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-leaf surface on Earth harbors complex microbial communities that influence plant productivity and health. To gain a detailed understanding of the assembly and key drivers of leaf microbial communities, especially for leaf-associated fungi, we investigated leaf-associated fungal communities in two seasons for three plant species at two sites by high-throughput sequencing. The results reveal a strong impact of growing season and plant species on fungal community composition, exhibiting clear temporal patterns in abundance and diversity. For the deciduous tree Gingko biloba, the number of enriched genera in May was much higher than that in October. The number of enriched genera in the two evergreen trees Pinus bungeana and Sabina chinensis was slightly higher in October than in May. Among the genus-level biomarkers, the abundances of Alternaria, Cladosporium and Filobasidium were significantly higher in October than in May in the three tree species. Additionally, network correlations between the leaf-associated fungi of G. biloba were more complex in May than those in October, containing extra negative associations, which was more obvious than the network correlation changes of leaf-associated fungi of the two evergreen plant species. Overall, the fungal diversity and community composition varied significantly between different growing seasons and host plant species.
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29
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Emerging Roles of Motile Epidermal Chloroplasts in Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074043. [PMID: 35409402 PMCID: PMC8999904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant epidermis contains atypical small chloroplasts. However, the physiological role of this organelle is unclear compared to that of large mesophyll chloroplasts, the well-known function of which is photosynthesis. Although knowledge of the involvement of chloroplasts in the plant immunity has been expanded to date, the differences between the epidermal and mesophyll chloroplasts are beyond the scope of this study. Given the role of the plant epidermis as a barrier to environmental stresses, including pathogen attacks, and the immune-related function of chloroplasts, plant defense research on epidermal chloroplasts is an emerging field. Recent studies have revealed the dynamic movements of epidermal chloroplasts in response to fungal and oomycete pathogens. Furthermore, epidermal chloroplast-associated proteins and cellular events that are tightly linked to epidermal resistance against pathogens have been reported. In this review, I have focused on the recent progress in epidermal chloroplast-mediated plant immunity.
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30
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Prediction of effector proteins and their implications in pathogenicity of phytopathogenic filamentous fungi: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:188-202. [PMID: 35227707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi encode and secrete effector proteins to promote pathogenesis. In recent years, the important role of effector proteins in fungi and plant host interactions has become increasingly prominent. In this review, the functional characterization and molecular mechanisms by which fungal effector proteins modulate biological processes and suppress the defense of plant hosts are discussed, with an emphasis on cell localization during fungal infection. This paper also provides a comprehensive review of bioinformatic and experimental methods that are currently available for the identification of fungal effector proteins. We additionally summarize the secretion pathways and the methods for verifying the presence effector proteins in plant host cells. For future research, comparative genomic studies of different pathogens with varying life cycles will allow comprehensive and systematic identification of effector proteins. Additionally, functional analysis of effector protein interactions with a wider range of hosts (especially non-model crops) will provide more detailed repertoires of fungal effectors. Identifying effector proteins and verifying their functions will improve our understanding of their role in causing disease and in turn guide future strategies for combatting fungal infections.
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31
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Urban M, Cuzick A, Seager J, Wood V, Rutherford K, Venkatesh SY, Sahu J, Iyer SV, Khamari L, De Silva N, Martinez MC, Pedro H, Yates AD, Hammond-Kosack KE. PHI-base in 2022: a multi-species phenotype database for Pathogen-Host Interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:D837-D847. [PMID: 34788826 PMCID: PMC8728202 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, the Pathogen–Host Interactions Database (PHI-base) has manually curated experimentally verified pathogenicity, virulence and effector genes from fungal, bacterial and protist pathogens, which infect animal, plant, fish, insect and/or fungal hosts. PHI-base (www.phi-base.org) is devoted to the identification and presentation of phenotype information on pathogenicity and effector genes and their host interactions. Specific gene alterations that did not alter the in host interaction phenotype are also presented. PHI-base is invaluable for comparative analyses and for the discovery of candidate targets in medically and agronomically important species for intervention. Version 4.12 (September 2021) contains 4387 references, and provides information on 8411 genes from 279 pathogens, tested on 228 hosts in 18, 190 interactions. This provides a 24% increase in gene content since Version 4.8 (September 2019). Bacterial and fungal pathogens represent the majority of the interaction data, with a 54:46 split of entries, whilst protists, protozoa, nematodes and insects represent 3.6% of entries. Host species consist of approximately 54% plants and 46% others of medical, veterinary and/or environmental importance. PHI-base data is disseminated to UniProtKB, FungiDB and Ensembl Genomes. PHI-base will migrate to a new gene-centric version (version 5.0) in early 2022. This major development is briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Urban
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Alayne Cuzick
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - James Seager
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Valerie Wood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Kim Rutherford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | | | - Jashobanta Sahu
- Molecular Connections, Kandala Mansions, Kariappa Road, Basavanagudi, Bengaluru 560 004, India
| | - S Vijaylakshmi Iyer
- Molecular Connections, Kandala Mansions, Kariappa Road, Basavanagudi, Bengaluru 560 004, India
| | - Lokanath Khamari
- Molecular Connections, Kandala Mansions, Kariappa Road, Basavanagudi, Bengaluru 560 004, India
| | - Nishadi De Silva
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Manuel Carbajo Martinez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Helder Pedro
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Andrew D Yates
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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