Anti-arrhythmic effects of cyclopiazonic acid in Langendorff-perfused murine hearts

Model Systems for Addressing Mechanism of Arrhythmogenesis in Cardiac Repair

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Cardiac cell-based therapy represents a promising approach for cardiac repair. However, one of the main challenges is cardiac arrhythmias associated with stem cell transplantation. The current review summarizes the recent progress in model systems for addressing mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis in cardiac repair.

RECENT FINDINGS

Animal models have been extensively developed for mechanistic studies of cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Advances in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), patient-specific disease models, tissue engineering, and gene editing have greatly enhanced our ability to probe the mechanistic bases of cardiac arrhythmias. Additionally, recent development in multiscale computational studies and machine learning provides yet another powerful tool to quantitatively decipher the mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. Advancing efforts towards the integrations of experimental and computational studies are critical to gain insights into novel mitigation strategies for cardiac arrhythmias in cell-based therapy.

Sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+-ATPase inhibition paradoxically upregulates murine skeletal muscle Nav1.4 function

Skeletal muscle Na⁺ channels possess Ca²⁺- and calmodulin-binding sites implicated in Nav1.4 current (I_Na) downregulation following ryanodine receptor (RyR1) activation produced by exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP or caffeine challenge, effects abrogated by the RyR1-antagonist dantrolene which itself increased I_Na. These findings were attributed to actions of consequently altered cytosolic Ca²⁺, [Ca²⁺]_i, on Na_v1.4. We extend the latter hypothesis employing cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) challenge, which similarly increases [Ca²⁺]_i, but through contrastingly inhibiting sarcoplasmic reticular (SR) Ca²⁺-ATPase. Loose patch clamping determined Na⁺ current (I_Na) families in intact native murine gastrocnemius skeletal myocytes, minimising artefactual [Ca²⁺]_i perturbations. A bespoke flow system permitted continuous I_Na comparisons through graded depolarizing steps in identical stable membrane patches before and following solution change. In contrast to the previous studies modifying RyR1 activity, and imposing control solution changes, CPA (0.1 and 1 µM) produced persistent increases in I_Na within 1-4 min of introduction. CPA pre-treatment additionally abrogated previously reported reductions in I_Na produced by 0.5 mM caffeine. Plots of peak current against voltage excursion demonstrated that 1 µM CPA increased maximum I_Na by ~ 30%. It only slightly decreased half-maximal activating voltages (V_0.5) and steepness factors (k), by 2 mV and 0.7, in contrast to the V_0.5 and k shifts reported with direct RyR1 modification. These paradoxical findings complement previously reported downregulatory effects on Nav1.4 of RyR1-agonist mediated increases in bulk cytosolic [Ca²⁺]. They implicate possible local tubule-sarcoplasmic triadic domains containing reduced [Ca²⁺]_TSR in the observed upregulation of Nav1.4 function following CPA-induced SR Ca²⁺ depletion.

Murine Electrophysiological Models of Cardiac Arrhythmogenesis

Cardiac arrhythmias can follow disruption of the normal cellular electrophysiological processes underlying excitable activity and their tissue propagation as coherent wavefronts from the primary sinoatrial node pacemaker, through the atria, conducting structures and ventricular myocardium. These physiological events are driven by interacting, voltage-dependent, processes of activation, inactivation, and recovery in the ion channels present in cardiomyocyte membranes. Generation and conduction of these events are further modulated by intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and metabolic and structural change. This review describes experimental studies on murine models for known clinical arrhythmic conditions in which these mechanisms were modified by genetic, physiological, or pharmacological manipulation. These exemplars yielded molecular, physiological, and structural phenotypes often directly translatable to their corresponding clinical conditions, which could be investigated at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and whole animal levels. Arrhythmogenesis could be explored during normal pacing activity, regular stimulation, following imposed extra-stimuli, or during progressively incremented steady pacing frequencies. Arrhythmic substrate was identified with temporal and spatial functional heterogeneities predisposing to reentrant excitation phenomena. These could arise from abnormalities in cardiac pacing function, tissue electrical connectivity, and cellular excitation and recovery. Triggering events during or following recovery from action potential excitation could thereby lead to sustained arrhythmia. These surface membrane processes were modified by alterations in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and energetics, as well as cellular and tissue structural change. Study of murine systems thus offers major insights into both our understanding of normal cardiac activity and its propagation, and their relationship to mechanisms generating clinical arrhythmias.

Application of the optical method in experimental cardiology: action potential and intracellular calcium concentration measurement

It has been shown that, in addition to conventional contact electrode techniques, optical methods using fluorescent dyes can be successfully used for cardiac signal measurement. In this review, the physical and technical fundamentals of the method are described, as well as the properties of the most common systems for measuring action potentials and intracellular calcium concentration. Special attention is paid to summarizing limitations and trends in developing this method.