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Nandakumar R, Shi X, Gu H, Kim Y, Raskind WH, Peter B, Dinu V. Joint exome and metabolome analysis in individuals with dyslexia: Evidence for associated dysregulations of olfactory perception and autoimmune functions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.27.600448. [PMID: 39005457 PMCID: PMC11244894 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.27.600448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a learning disability that negatively affects reading, writing, and spelling development at the word level in 5%-9% of children. The phenotype is variable and complex, involving several potential cognitive and physical concomitants such as sensory dysregulation and immunodeficiencies. The biological pathogenesis is not well-understood. Toward a better understanding of the biological drivers of dyslexia, we conducted the first joint exome and metabolome investigation in a pilot sample of 30 participants with dyslexia and 13 controls. In this analysis, eight metabolites of interest emerged (pyridoxine, kynurenic acid, citraconic acid, phosphocreatine, hippuric acid, xylitol, 2-deoxyuridine, and acetylcysteine). A metabolite-metabolite interaction analysis identified Krebs cycle intermediates that may be implicated in the development of dyslexia. Gene ontology analysis based on exome variants resulted in several pathways of interest, including the sensory perception of smell (olfactory) and immune system-related responses. In the joint exome and metabolite analysis, the olfactory transduction pathway emerged as the primary pathway of interest. Although the olfactory transduction and Krebs cycle pathways have not previously been described in dyslexia literature, these pathways have been implicated in other neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, suggesting the possibility of these pathways playing a role in dyslexia as well. Immune system response pathways, on the other hand, have been implicated in both dyslexia and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Segal O, Kowal T, Banet-Levi Y, Gabis LV. Executive Function and Working Memory Deficits in Females with Fragile X Premutation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030813. [PMID: 36983968 PMCID: PMC10053193 DOI: 10.3390/life13030813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fragile X premutation is a genetic instability of the FMR1 gene caused by 55–199 recurrences of the CGG sequence, whereas there are only 7–54 repeats of the CGG sequence in the normal condition. While males with the premutation of Fragile X were found to have difficulties in executive functions and working memory, little data have been collected on females. This study is among the first to address executive functions and phonological memory in females with the Fragile X premutation. Twenty-three female carriers aged 20–55 years and twelve non carrier females matched in age and levels of education (in years) participated in this study. Executive functions and phonological memory were assessed using the self-report questionnaire The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and behavioral measures (nonword repetitions, forward and backward digit span). Females who were carriers of the premutation of the FMR1 gene reported less efficient executive functions in the BRIEF questionnaire compared to the control group. In addition, a relationship was found between the number of repetitions on the CGG sequence of nucleotides, nonword repetitions, and forward digit span. The findings suggest that the premutation of Fragile X in females affects their performance of executive functions and may have impact on everyday functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Segal
- Department of Communication Disorders, The Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-522998404
| | - Tamar Kowal
- Department of Communication Disorders, The Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | | | - Lidia V. Gabis
- Keshet Autism Center Maccabi Wolfson, Holon 5822012, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Singer CM, Otieno S, Chang SE, Jones RM. Predicting Persistent Developmental Stuttering Using a Cumulative Risk Approach. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2022; 65:70-95. [PMID: 34902288 PMCID: PMC9150747 DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore how well a cumulative risk approach, based on empirically supported predictive factors, predicts whether a young child who stutters is likely to develop persistent developmental stuttering. In a cumulative risk approach, the number of predictive factors indicating a child is at risk to develop persistent stuttering is evaluated, and a greater number of indicators of risk are hypothesized to confer greater risk of persistent stuttering. METHOD We combined extant data on 3- to 5-year-old children who stutter from two longitudinal studies to identify cutoff values for continuous predictive factors (e.g., speech and language skills, age at onset, time since onset, stuttering frequency) and, in combination with binary predictors (e.g., sex, family history of stuttering), used all-subsets regression and receiver operating characteristic curves to compare the predictive validity of different combinations of 10 risk factors. The optimal combination of predictive factors and the odds of a child developing persistent stuttering based on an increasing number of factors were calculated. RESULTS Based on 67 children who stutter (i.e., 44 persisting and 23 recovered) with relatively strong speech-language skills, the predictive factor model that yielded the best predictive validity was based on time since onset (≥ 19 months), speech sound skills (≤ 115 standard score), expressive language skills (≤ 106 standard score), and stuttering severity (≥ 17 Stuttering Severity Instrument total score). When the presence of at least two predictive factors was used to confer elevated risk to develop persistent stuttering, the model yielded 93% sensitivity and 65% specificity. As a child presented with a greater number of these four risk factors, the odds for persistent stuttering increased. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the use of a cumulative risk approach and the predictive utility of assessing multiple domains when evaluating a child's risk of developing persistent stuttering. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M. Singer
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI
| | - Sango Otieno
- Department of Statistics, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI
| | - Soo-Eun Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing
| | - Robin M. Jones
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Peter B, Albert A, Panagiotides H, Gray S. Sequential and spatial letter reversals in adults with dyslexia during a word comparison task: demystifying the "was saw" and "db" myths. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2021; 35:340-367. [PMID: 31959003 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2019.1705916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Whether sequential and spatial letter reversals characterize dyslexia in children has been unclear, largely due to developmental variability of these errors in children with and without dyslexia. Here we demonstrate both types of reversals for the first time in adults with dyslexia (n = 22) but not in control adults (n = 20). Participants evaluated 576 word pairs that consisted of two identical words or two words that differed subtly, by categorizing them as same or different. Two subsets of word pairs differed in sequential (e.g. "two tow") and spatial (e.g. "cob cod") letter reversals. The adults with dyslexia were less accurate than the controls regarding both types of word pairs. Their accuracy during left/right letter reversals was lower, compared to both up/down letter reversals (e.g. "cub cup") and nonsymmetric letter similarities (e.g. "half halt"). Accuracy during left/right reversals was correlated with accuracy during sequential rearrangement in the word pair task as well as with a composite measure of sequential processing based on nonword repetition, nonword reading, and multisyllabic word repetition. It was also correlated with a composite measure of literacy skills. A subset of the dyslexia group who produced left/right errors during a rapid single letter naming task obtained lower accuracy than the dyslexia subgroup without such errors during both types of letter reversals, and their overall literacy skills were lower. We conclude that sequential and left/right letter reversals characterize a severe dyslexia subtype. These two types of reversal are associated, are part of a general deficit in sequential processing likely due to cerebellar deficits, and persist into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Peter
- Speech and Hearing Science, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andria Albert
- Speech and Hearing Science, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Heracles Panagiotides
- Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shelley Gray
- Speech and Hearing Science, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Torres F, Fuentes-López E, Fuente A, Sevilla F. Identification of the factors associated with the severity of the speech production problems in children with comorbid speech sound disorder and developmental language disorder. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2020; 88:106054. [PMID: 33038695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that factors such as auditory perception, oral motor skills, phonological awareness, and working memory are all associated with speech production problems in children with speech sound disorder (SSD) and developmental language disorder (DLD). However, it remains unclear whether the severity of the speech production problems in these children can be explained by an interaction among the aforementioned factors. The aim of this study was to determine which of these four factors best explain the severity of the speech production problems in children with SSD and DLD and whether an interaction between factors occurs. Forty-one children with SSD and DLD between 5 and 5;11 years old were selected. The number of phonological process errors was used as a measure of the severity of the speech production problems. The association between the number of phonological process errors and performance in auditory perception, oral motor skills, phonological awareness, and working memory along with the severity of the DLD was explored using univariate and multivariate regression models (with and without an interaction term). The results showed that the number of phonological process errors was largely explained by working memory and phonological awareness. An interaction between these two factors was also found. This means that working memory and phonological awareness interact to have an effect on the number of phonological process errors that is more than the sum of their parts. In addition, the severity of the DLD was significantly associated with the number of phonological process errors. These findings suggest that phonological awareness and working memory should be considered when assessing and treating children with comorbid SSD and DLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Torres
- Departamento de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Fuentes-López
- Carrera de Fonoaudiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrian Fuente
- Departamento de Fonoaudiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Fabiana Sevilla
- Centro de Desarrollo Integral de la Familia, Santiago, Chile
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Pigdon L, Willmott C, Reilly S, Conti-Ramsden G, Liegeois F, Connelly A, Morgan AT. The neural basis of nonword repetition in children with developmental speech or language disorder: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2020; 138:107312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Pigdon L, Willmott C, Reilly S, Conti-Ramsden G, Gaser C, Connelly A, Morgan AT. Grey matter volume in developmental speech and language disorder. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3387-3398. [PMID: 31732792 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Developmental language disorder (DLD) and developmental speech disorder (DSD) are common, yet their etiologies are not well understood. Atypical volume of the inferior and posterior language regions and striatum have been reported in DLD; however, variability in both methodology and study findings limits interpretations. Imaging research within DSD, on the other hand, is scarce. The present study compared grey matter volume in children with DLD, DSD, and typically developing speech and language. Compared to typically developing controls, children with DLD had larger volume in the right cerebellum, possibly associated with the procedural learning deficits that have been proposed in DLD. Children with DSD showed larger volume in the left inferior occipital lobe compared to controls, which may indicate a compensatory role of the visual processing regions due to sub-optimal auditory-perceptual processes. Overall, these findings suggest that different neural systems may be involved in the specific deficits related to DLD and DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Pigdon
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Catherine Willmott
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sheena Reilly
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, G40 Level 8.86, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Gina Conti-Ramsden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Christian Gaser
- Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Alan Connelly
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 245 Burgundy Street, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Angela T Morgan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Royal Children's Hospital, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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8
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Auditory gating in adults with dyslexia: An ERP account of diminished rapid neural adaptation. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:2182-2192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Peter B, Dougherty MJ, Reed EK, Edelman E, Hanson K. Perceived Gaps in Genetics Training Among Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists: Lessons From a National Survey. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2019; 28:408-423. [PMID: 31091132 DOI: 10.1044/2018_ajslp-18-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, self-rated confidence, and perceived relevance of genetics in the clinical practice of audiologists and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) toward a better understanding of the need for genetics education, given that genetics plays a growing role in the diagnosis of hearing impairment and communication disorders. Method A survey consisting of 8 demographic items and 16 content questions was returned by 233 audiologists and 283 SLPs. Knowledge of applied genetics was queried with clinical scenarios in a multiple-choice format. Self-assessment of clinical confidence and perceived relevance of genetics in one's field was queried with questions and statements rated on 5-point Likert scales. The benefit of additional training in genetics was rated with a yes/no question, and if answered with yes, suggested topics were entered. Results A large significant gap between confidence in one's own genetics skills and the perceived relevance of genetics was evident, regardless of professional group. Over one third of the audiologists and over two thirds of the SLPs indicated low or somewhat low confidence in their own ability to implement principles of genetics, whereas over two thirds of both groups agreed that genetics is relevant for their field. Regardless of group, confidence scores were significantly and positively associated with relevance scores. Over 80% of respondents in both groups indicated that they would benefit from additional training in genetics. Most commonly suggested topics included genetic causes, general information about genetics, and making referrals. Conclusion Both audiologists and SLPs felt that genetics is relevant for their fields and that additional training in genetics would be beneficial. Future studies should evaluate the effect of genetics training on patient outcomes and the need for incorporating genetics more extensively into audiology and speech-language pathology training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Peter
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Saint Louis University, MO
| | - Michael J Dougherty
- American Society of Human Genetics, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | | | | | - Karen Hanson
- American Society of Human Genetics, Bethesda, MD
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10
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Cabbage KL, Farquharson K, Iuzzini-Seigel J, Zuk J, Hogan TP. Exploring the Overlap Between Dyslexia and Speech Sound Production Deficits. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2019; 49:774-786. [PMID: 30458539 DOI: 10.1044/2018_lshss-dyslc-18-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Children with dyslexia have speech production deficits in a variety of spoken language contexts. In this article, we discuss the nature of speech production errors in children with dyslexia, including those who have a history of speech sound disorder and those who do not, to familiarize speech-language pathologists with speech production-specific risk factors that may help predict or identify dyslexia in young children. Method In this tutorial, we discuss the role of a phonological deficit in children with dyslexia and how this may manifest as speech production errors, sometimes in conjunction with a speech sound disorder but sometimes not. We also briefly review other factors outside the realm of phonology that may alert the speech-language pathologist to possible dyslexia. Results Speech-language pathologists possess unique knowledge that directly contributes to the identification and remediation of children with dyslexia. We present several clinical recommendations related to speech production deficits in children with dyslexia. We also review what is known about how and when children with speech sound disorder are most at risk for dyslexia. Conclusion Speech-language pathologists have a unique opportunity to assist in the identification of young children who are at risk for dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Cabbage
- Department of Communication Disorders, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Kelly Farquharson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Emerson College, Boston, MA
| | - Jenya Iuzzini-Seigel
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Jennifer Zuk
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA.,Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Tiffany P Hogan
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA
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Waring R, Eadie P, Rickard Liow S, Dodd B. The phonological memory profile of preschool children who make atypical speech sound errors. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2017; 32:28-45. [PMID: 28590148 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2017.1326167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that children with speech sound disorders (SSD) have underlying phonological memory deficits. The SSD population, however, is diverse. While children who make consistent atypical speech errors (phonological disorder/PhDis) are known to have executive function deficits in rule abstraction and cognitive flexibility, little is known about their memory profile. Sixteen monolingual preschool children with atypical speech errors (PhDis) were matched individually to age-and-gender peers with typically developing speech (TDS). The two groups were compared on forward recall of familiar words (pointing response), reverse recall of familiar words (pointing response), and reverse recall of digits (spoken response) and a receptive vocabulary task. There were no differences between children with TDS and children with PhDis on forward recall or vocabulary tasks. However, children with TDS significantly outperformed children with PhDis on the two reverse recall tasks. Findings suggest that atypical speech errors are associated with impaired phonological working memory, implicating executive function impairment in specific subtypes of SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Waring
- a Audiology and Speech Pathology , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Patricia Eadie
- b Graduate School of Education , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Susan Rickard Liow
- c Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Barbara Dodd
- a Audiology and Speech Pathology , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
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12
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Genetic and environmental etiology of speech and word reading in Chinese. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Carrigg B, Parry L, Baker E, Shriberg LD, Ballard KJ. Cognitive, Linguistic, and Motor Abilities in a Multigenerational Family with Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 31:1006-1025. [PMID: 27707700 PMCID: PMC7427608 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study describes the phenotype in a large family with a strong, multigenerational history of severe speech sound disorder (SSD) persisting into adolescence and adulthood in approximately half the cases. Aims were to determine whether a core phenotype, broader than speech, separated persistent from resolved SSD cases; and to ascertain the uniqueness of the phenotype relative to published cases. Method Eleven members of the PM family (9–55 years) were assessed across cognitive, language, literacy, speech, phonological processing, numeracy, and motor domains. Between group comparisons were made using the Mann–WhitneyU-test (p < 0.01). Participant performances were compared to normative data using standardized tests and to the limited published data on persistent SSD phenotypes. Results Significant group differences were evident on multiple speech, language, literacy, phonological processing, and verbal intellect measures without any overlapping scores. Persistent cases performed within the impaired range on multiple measures. Phonological memory impairment and subtle literacy weakness were present in resolved SSD cases. Conclusion A core phenotype distinguished persistent from resolved SSD cases that was characterized by a multiple verbal trait disorder, including Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Several phenotypic differences differentiated the persistent SSD phenotype in the PM family from the few previously reported studies of large families with SSD, including the absence of comorbid dysarthria and marked orofacial apraxia. This study highlights how comprehensive phenotyping can advance the behavioral study of disorders, in addition to forming a solid basis for future genetic and neural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn Carrigg
- Speech Pathology Department, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney2031, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney1825, Australia
| | - Louise Parry
- Department of Psychology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney2031, Australia
| | - Elise Baker
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney1825, Australia
| | | | - Kirrie J Ballard
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney1825, Australia
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14
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Zhao YJ, Wang YP, Yang WZ, Sun HW, Ma HW, Zhao YR. CNTNAP2 Is Significantly Associated With Speech Sound Disorder in the Chinese Han Population. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1806-11. [PMID: 25895914 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815581609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Speech sound disorder is the most common communication disorder. Some investigations support the possibility that the CNTNAP2 gene might be involved in the pathogenesis of speech-related diseases. To investigate single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the CNTNAP2 gene, 300 unrelated speech sound disorder patients and 200 normal controls were included in the study. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms were amplified and directly sequenced. Significant differences were found in the genotype (P = .0003) and allele (P = .0056) frequencies of rs2538976 between patients and controls. The excess frequency of the A allele in the patient group remained significant after Bonferroni correction (P = .0280). A significant haplotype association with rs2710102T/+rs17236239A/+2538976A/+2710117A (P = 4.10e-006) was identified. A neighboring single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs10608123, was found in complete linkage disequilibrium with rs2538976, and the genotypes exactly corresponded to each other. The authors propose that these CNTNAP2 variants increase the susceptibility to speech sound disorder. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs10608123 and rs2538976 may merge into one single-nucleotide polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jing Zhao
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue-Ping Wang
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Yang
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-Wei Ma
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhao
- Department of Developmental Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Peter B, Foster B, Haas H, Middleton K, McKibben K. Direct and octave-shifted pitch matching during nonword imitations in men, women, and children. J Voice 2014; 29:260.e21-30. [PMID: 25439509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether children, women, and men match the speaker's fundamental frequency (F0) during nonword imitation directly when the target F0 is within the responders' vocal ranges and at octave-shifted levels when the target is outside their vocal ranges, and to evaluate the role of a history of speech sound disorder (SSD) in the adult participants. STUDY DESIGN Observational. METHODS Nonword sets spoken by a man and a woman were imitated by 14 men, 21 women, and 19 children. Approximately half of the adults and two-thirds of the children had a history of SSD. F0 in the imitations was compared with that in the targets and in the participants' nonimitated control word productions. RESULTS When the target F0 was within the responders' vocal ranges, the imitations approximated the target F0. Men imitating a woman's voice approximated F0 levels one octave below the target F0. Children imitating a man's voice approximated F0 levels one octave above the target F0. Women imitating a man's voice approximated the target F0 at a ratio of 1.5 known as the perfect fifth in music. A history of SSD did not influence the results. CONCLUSIONS This study replicates previous findings showing that target F0 was a salient aspect of the stimuli that was imitated along with the targets' segmental and prosodic components without explicit prompting. It is the first to show F0 convergence not only directly but also at relevant target/imitation intervals including the octave interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Peter
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Bronsyn Foster
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Heather Haas
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kyle Middleton
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kiersten McKibben
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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16
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Raskind WH, Peter B, Richards T, Eckert MM, Berninger VW. The genetics of reading disabilities: from phenotypes to candidate genes. Front Psychol 2013; 3:601. [PMID: 23308072 PMCID: PMC3538356 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of (a) issues in definition and diagnosis of specific reading disabilities at the behavioral level that may occur in different constellations of developmental and phenotypic profiles (patterns); (b) rapidly expanding research on genetic heterogeneity and gene candidates for dyslexia and other reading disabilities; (c) emerging research on gene-brain relationships; and (d) current understanding of epigenetic mechanisms whereby environmental events may alter behavioral expression of genetic variations. A glossary of genetic terms (denoted by bold font) is provided for readers not familiar with the technical terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy H Raskind
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
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Peter B. Oral and hand movement speeds are associated with expressive language ability in children with speech sound disorder. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2012; 41:455-74. [PMID: 22411590 PMCID: PMC3875165 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-012-9199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that children with speech sound disorder have generalized slowed motor speeds. It evaluated associations among oral and hand motor speeds and measures of speech (articulation and phonology) and language (receptive vocabulary, sentence comprehension, sentence imitation), in 11 children with moderate to severe SSD and 11 controls. Syllable durations from a syllable repetition task served as an estimate of maximal oral movement speed. In two imitation tasks, nonwords and clapped rhythms, unstressed vowel durations and quarter-note clap intervals served as estimates of oral and hand movement speed, respectively. Syllable durations were significantly correlated with vowel durations and hand clap intervals. Sentence imitation was correlated with all three timed movement measures. Clustering on syllable repetition durations produced three clusters that also differed in sentence imitation scores. Results are consistent with limited movement speeds across motor systems and SSD subtypes defined by motor speeds as a corollary of expressive language abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Peter
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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18
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Preston JL, Felsenfeld S, Frost SJ, Mencl WE, Fulbright RK, Grigorenko EL, Landi N, Seki A, Pugh KR. Functional brain activation differences in school-age children with speech sound errors: speech and print processing. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2012; 55:1068-82. [PMID: 22232410 PMCID: PMC3427927 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/11-0056)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine neural response to spoken and printed language in children with speech sound errors (SSE). METHOD Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare processing of auditorily and visually presented words and pseudowords in 17 children with SSE, ages 8;6[years;months] through 10;10, with 17 matched controls. RESULTS When processing spoken words and pseudowords, the SSE group showed less activation than typically speaking controls in left middle temporal gyrus. They also showed greater activation than controls in several cortical and subcortical regions (e.g., left superior temporal gyrus, globus pallidus, insula, fusiform, and bilateral parietal regions). In response to printed words and pseudowords, children with SSE had greater activation than controls in regions including bilateral fusiform and anterior cingulate. Some differences were found in both speech and print processing that that may be associated with children with SSE failing to show common patterns of task-induced deactivation and/or attentional resource allocation. CONCLUSION Compared with controls, children with SSE appear to rely more on several dorsal speech perception regions and less on ventral speech perception regions. When processing print, numerous regions were observed to be activated more for the SSE group than for controls.
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Wellman RL, Lewis BA, Freebairn LA, Avrich AA, Hansen AJ, Stein CM. Narrative ability of children with speech sound disorders and the prediction of later literacy skills. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch 2012; 42:561-79. [PMID: 21969531 DOI: 10.1044/0161-1461(2011/10-0038)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The main purpose of this study was to examine how children with isolated speech sound disorders (SSDs; n = 20), children with combined SSDs and language impairment (LI; n = 20), and typically developing children (n = 20), ages 3;3 (years;months) to 6;6, differ in narrative ability. The second purpose was to determine if early narrative ability predicts school-age (8-12 years) literacy skills. METHOD This study employed a longitudinal cohort design. The children completed a narrative retelling task before their formal literacy instruction began. The narratives were analyzed and compared for group differences. Performance on these early narratives was then used to predict the children's reading decoding, reading comprehension, and written language ability at school age. RESULTS Significant group differences were found in children's (a) ability to answer questions about the story, (b) use of story grammars, and (c) number of correct and irrelevant utterances. Regression analysis demonstrated that measures of story structure and accuracy were the best predictors of the decoding of real words, reading comprehension, and written language. Measures of syntax and lexical diversity were the best predictors of the decoding of nonsense words. CONCLUSION Combined SSDs and LI, and not isolated SSDs, impact a child's narrative abilities. Narrative retelling is a useful task for predicting which children may be at risk for later literacy problems.
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Li N, Bartlett CW. Defining the genetic architecture of human developmental language impairment. Life Sci 2012; 90:469-75. [PMID: 22365959 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Language is a uniquely human trait, which poses limitations on animal models for discovering biological substrates and pathways. Despite this challenge, rapidly developing biotechnology in the field of genomics has made human genetics studies a viable alternative route for defining the molecular neuroscience of human language. This is accomplished by studying families that transmit both normal and disordered language across generations. The language disorder reviewed here is specific language impairment (SLI), a developmental deficiency in language acquisition despite adequate opportunity, normal intelligence, and without any apparent neurological etiology. Here, we describe disease gene discovery paradigms as applied to SLI families and review the progress this field has made. After review the evidence that genetic factors influence SLI, we discuss methods and findings from scans of the human chromosomes, including the main replicated regions on chromosomes 13, 16 and 19 and two identified genes, ATP2C2 and CMIP that appear to account for the language variation on chromosome 16. Additional work has been done on candidate genes, i.e., genes chosen a priori and not through a genome scanning studies, including several studies of CNTNAP2 and some recent work implicating BDNF as a gene x gene interaction partner of genetic variation on chromosome 13 that influences language. These recent developments may allow for better use of post-mortem human brain samples functional studies and animal models for circumscribed language subcomponents. In the future, the identification of genetic variation associated with language phenotypes will provide the molecular pathways to understanding human language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- The Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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Tkach JA, Chen X, Freebairn LA, Schmithorst VJ, Holland SK, Lewis BA. Neural correlates of phonological processing in speech sound disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2011; 119:42-9. [PMID: 21458852 PMCID: PMC3162995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Speech sound disorders (SSD) are the largest group of communication disorders observed in children. One explanation for these disorders is that children with SSD fail to form stable phonological representations when acquiring the speech sound system of their language due to poor phonological memory (PM). The goal of this study was to examine PM in individuals with histories of SSD employing functional MR imaging (fMRI). Participants were six right-handed adolescents with a history of early childhood SSD and seven right-handed matched controls with no history of speech and language disorders. We performed an fMRI study using an overt non-word repetition (NWR). Right lateralized hypoactivation in the inferior frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus was observed. The former suggests a deficit in the phonological processing loop supporting PM, while the later may indicate a deficit in speech perception. Both are cognitive processes involved in speech production. Bilateral hyperactivation observed in the pre and supplementary motor cortex, inferior parietal, supramarginal gyrus and cerebellum raised the possibility of compensatory increases in cognitive effort or reliance on the other components of the articulatory rehearsal network and phonologic store. These findings may be interpreted to support the hypothesis that individuals with SSD may have a deficit in PM and to suggest the involvement of compensatory mechanisms to counteract dysfunction of the normal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Tkach
- Case Center of Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Heim S, Friedman JT, Keil A, Benasich AA. Reduced Sensory Oscillatory Activity during Rapid Auditory Processing as a Correlate of Language-Learning Impairment. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2011; 24:539-555. [PMID: 21822356 PMCID: PMC3150564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Successful language acquisition has been hypothesized to involve the ability to integrate rapidly presented, brief acoustic cues in sensory cortex. A body of work has suggested that this ability is compromised in language-learning impairment (LLI). The present research aimed to examine sensory integration during rapid auditory processing by means of electrophysiological measures of oscillatory brain activity using data from a larger longitudinal study. Twenty-nine children with LLI and control participants with typical language development (n=18) listened to tone doublets presented at a temporal interval that is essential for accurate speech processing (70-ms interstimulus interval). The children performed a deviant (pitch change of second tone) detection task, or listened passively. The electroencephalogram was recorded from 64 electrodes. Data were source-projected to the auditory cortices and submitted to wavelet analysis, resulting in time-frequency representations of electrocortical activity. Results show significantly reduced amplitude and phase-locking of early (45-75 ms) oscillations in the gamma-band range (29-52 Hz), specifically in the LLI group, for the second stimulus of the tone doublet. This suggests altered temporal organization of sensory oscillatory activity in LLI when processing rapid sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Heim
- Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education, German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF), Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Jennifer Thomas Friedman
- Infancy Studies Laboratory, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Andreas Keil
- National Institute of Mental Health Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - April A. Benasich
- Infancy Studies Laboratory, Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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Peter B, Matsushita M, Raskind WH. Global processing speed in children with low reading ability and in children and adults with typical reading ability: exploratory factor analytic models. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2011; 54:885-99. [PMID: 21081672 PMCID: PMC3874392 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2010/10-0135)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate processing speed as a latent dimension in children with dyslexia and children and adults with typical reading skills. METHOD Exploratory factor analysis (FA) was based on a sample of multigenerational families, each ascertained through a child with dyslexia. Eleven measures--6 of them timed--represented verbal and nonverbal processes, alphabet writing, and motor sequencing in the hand and oral motor system. FA was conducted in 4 cohorts (all children, a subset of children with low reading scores, a subset of children with typical reading scores, and adults with typical reading scores; total N = 829). RESULTS Processing speed formed the first factor in all cohorts. Both measures of motor sequencing speed loaded on the speed factor with the other timed variables. Children with poor reading scores showed lower speed factor scores than did typical peers. The speed factor was negatively correlated with age in the adults. CONCLUSIONS The speed dimension was observed independently of participant cohort, gender, and reading ability. Results are consistent with a unified theory of processing speed as a quadratic function of age in typical development and with slowed processing in poor readers.
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Peter B, Raskind WH, Matsushita M, Lisowski M, Vu T, Berninger VW, Wijsman EM, Brkanac Z. Replication of CNTNAP2 association with nonword repetition and support for FOXP2 association with timed reading and motor activities in a dyslexia family sample. J Neurodev Disord 2011; 3:39-49. [PMID: 21484596 PMCID: PMC3163991 DOI: 10.1007/s11689-010-9065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Two functionally related genes, FOXP2 and CNTNAP2, influence language abilities in families with rare syndromic and common nonsyndromic forms of impaired language, respectively. We investigated whether these genes are associated with component phenotypes of dyslexia and measures of sequential motor ability. Quantitative transmission disequilibrium testing (QTDT) and linear association modeling were used to evaluate associations with measures of phonological memory (nonword repetition, NWR), expressive language (sentence repetition), reading (real word reading efficiency, RWRE; word attack, WATT), and timed sequential motor activities (rapid alternating place of articulation, RAPA; finger succession in the dominant hand, FS-D) in 188 family trios with a child with dyslexia. Consistent with a prior study of language impairment, QTDT in dyslexia showed evidence of CNTNAP2 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association with NWR. For FOXP2, we provide the first evidence for SNP association with component phenotypes of dyslexia, specifically NWR and RWRE but not WATT. In addition, FOXP2 SNP associations with both RAPA and FS-D were observed. Our results confirm the role of CNTNAP2 in NWR in a dyslexia sample and motivate new questions about the effects of FOXP2 in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Peter
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, P.O. Box 354875, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA,
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Sung IK. Pediatric approach to early detection of learning disabilities. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2008. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2008.51.9.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- In Kyung Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Catholic University, Seoul, Korea
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