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Gregg AR, Beltran-Regalado BA, Montero ML, Panda RM, Cucalon Calderon J. Management of Vertebral Defects, Anal Atresia, Cardiac Defects, Tracheoesophageal Fistula or Atresia, Renal Anomalies, and Limb Abnormalities (VACTERL) in a Child With Complex Medical Needs in the Foster Care System: A Pediatric Case Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e65581. [PMID: 39192917 PMCID: PMC11349035 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula or atresia, renal anomalies, and limb abnormalities (VACTERL) association is a complex congenital condition characterized by the presence of malformations that affect various organ systems. Most children born with VACTERL association require surgery shortly after birth, often undergoing multiple procedures during infancy, which can lead to a wide range of physical challenges. The unique combination of malformations in these children in addition to having complex care needs that need to be met can result in physical and social difficulties in their daily lives, affecting both their own and their caregivers' quality of life. In some cases, children with complex medical needs are placed in foster care. When children with complex health needs enter the foster care system, there is a risk of overwhelming the caretaker, leading to their needs continuing to be unmet. Pediatricians have a role not only in helping support families but also in knowing what resources are available to meet these needs, which can be dependent on what their communities offer. Pediatricians require current training to navigate their state's foster care system. This training allows pediatricians to effectively collaborate with foster families while also assisting and coordinating complex care to support these families. We present a case of a child with complex health needs placed in the foster care system, facing multiple healthcare challenges, with care delayed due to difficulty attending appointments. Highlighted is the importance of delivering supportive, personalized, and multidisciplinary care to families with children who have complex health needs, including when caretakers are within the foster care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna R Gregg
- Pediatrics, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, USA
| | | | | | - Roshan M Panda
- Pediatrics, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, USA
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Erwin J, Horrell J, Wheat H, Axford N, Burns L, Booth J, Witton R, Shawe J, Doughty J, Kaddour S, Boswell S, Devalia U, Nelder A, Paisi M. Access to Dental Care for Children and Young People in Care and Care Leavers: A Global Scoping Review. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:37. [PMID: 38392241 PMCID: PMC10887801 DOI: 10.3390/dj12020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS This scoping review aimed to explore three research questions: 1. What is the dental care access for children and young people (CYP) in care and care leavers? 2. What factors influence CYP in care and care leavers' access to dental care? 3. What pathways have been developed to improve access to oral health care for CYP in care and care leavers? METHODS Five databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, CINAHL, SocINDEX and Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source) and grey literature sources were systematically searched. Articles relating to CYP in care or care leavers aged 0-25 years old, published up to January 2023 were included. Abstracts, posters and publications not in the English language were excluded. The data relating to dental care access were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS The search identified 942 articles, of which 247 were excluded as duplicates. A review of the titles and abstracts yielded 149 studies. Thirty-eight were eligible for inclusion in the review: thirty-three peer-reviewed articles, one PhD thesis and four grey literature sources. All papers were published from very high or medium Human Development Index countries. The studies indicate that despite having higher treatment needs, CYP in care and care leavers experience greater difficulty in accessing dental services than those not care-experienced. Organisational, psycho-social and logistical factors influence their access to dental care. Their experience of dental care may be impacted by adverse childhood events. Pathways to dental care have been developed, but little is known of their impact on access. There are very few studies that include care leavers. The voices of care-experienced CYP are missing from dental access research. CONCLUSIONS care-experienced CYP are disadvantaged in their access to dental care, and there are significant barriers to their treatment needs being met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Erwin
- Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Jane Horrell
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Hannah Wheat
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Nick Axford
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Lorna Burns
- Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Joelle Booth
- Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
- Centre for Dental Public Health and Primary Care, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Robert Witton
- Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
- Peninsula Dental Social Enterprise, Plymouth PL6 8BT, UK
| | - Jill Shawe
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Janine Doughty
- School of Dentistry, Royal Liverpool University Dental Hospital, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5PS, UK
| | - Sarah Kaddour
- Pathway Oral Health Fellow, Pathway, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Skye Boswell
- Patient and Public Involvement Member, Plymouth County Council, Plymouth PL1 3BJ, UK
| | - Urshla Devalia
- Royal National ENT and Eastman Dental Hospitals, University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Abigail Nelder
- Peninsula Dental Social Enterprise, Plymouth PL6 8BT, UK
| | - Martha Paisi
- Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
- Patient and Public Involvement Member, Plymouth County Council, Plymouth PL1 3BJ, UK
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Keim J, Fortin K. Specialized programs employing different models of care delivery work collaboratively to address the health care needs of children in foster care. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2024; 54:101577. [PMID: 38480042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2024.101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Specialized knowledge and skills applicable to caring for children in foster care include guidelines developed to address this population's special health care needs, cross-system collaboration, and helping families cope with the health impacts of trauma. This paper begins with a review of the special health care needs of children in foster care and relevant guidelines. We discuss different models of health care delivery that can be employed to meet the special health care needs of children in foster care. We then provide examples of two programs employing different models of care that work collaboratively to deliver care to children in foster care in our community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Keim
- CHOP Karabots Pediatric Care Center, ACTION Foster Care Clinic, PA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States.
| | - Kristine Fortin
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States; Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States.
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Sleppy RM, Watson BD, Donohue PK, Seltzer RR. Caring for Hospitalized Children in Foster Care: Provider Training, Preparedness, and Practice. Hosp Pediatr 2023; 13:784-793. [PMID: 37622243 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2023-007138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Children and youth in foster care (CYFC) have high rates of health care utilization, including inpatient care. The objective of this study was to explore the inpatient provider experience caring for CYFC. METHODS Semistructured interviews were conducted with inpatient pediatric providers from Mid-Atlantic hospitals. Interview questions focused on 3 domains: provider training and preparedness, practice challenges, and strategies to improve care for CYFC. Conventional content analysis was applied to interview transcripts. RESULTS Thirty-eight interviews were completed with providers from 6 hospitals, including 14 hospitalists, 1 advanced practice provider, 11 registered nurses, 10 social workers (SWs), and 2 case managers. Nearly all (90%) reported at least monthly interactions with CYFC. Themes related to training and preparedness to care for CYFC included: medical providers' lack of formal training, limited foster care knowledge, and feeling of preparedness contingent on access to SWs. Themes related to unique practice challenges included: identifying CYFC, obtaining consent, documenting foster care status, complex team communication, and navigating interpersonal stress. Participants' suggestions for improving their ability to care for CYFC included increasing SW capacity, expanding provider training, standardizing electronic medical record documentation and order sets, and improving team communication and information sharing. CONCLUSIONS There are unique medical, social, and legal aspects of caring for hospitalized CYFC; pediatric medical providers receive limited training on these topics and rely heavily on SWs to navigate associated practice challenges. Targeted educational and health information technology interventions are needed to help inpatient providers feel better prepared to effectively meet the needs of CYFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie M Sleppy
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Breanna D Watson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pamela K Donohue
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca R Seltzer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, Maryland
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Beal SJ, Ammerman RT, Mara CA, Nause K, Greiner MV. Patterns of healthcare utilization with placement changes for youth in foster care. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 128:105592. [PMID: 35334304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children in foster care experience poor health and high healthcare use. Child welfare agencies frequently require healthcare visits when children enter foster care; subsequent placement changes also disrupt healthcare. Studies of healthcare use have not accounted for placement changes. OBJECTIVE To understand patterns of healthcare use throughout the time a child enters foster care and with placement changes, accounting for mandated visits when children enter foster care or experience a placement change. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Children 4 and older in foster care between 2012 and 2017 (N = 2787) with linked child welfare administrative data from one county child welfare agency and one Midwest pediatric healthcare system. METHODS Negative binomial models predicted healthcare days per month that were planned (e.g., scheduled primary/specialty care), unplanned (e.g., emergency care), or missed. RESULTS Planned healthcare days increased as a function of placement changes (Incident Rate Ratio [IRR] =1.69, p < .05) and decreased with placement stability (IRR = 0.92, p < .01). Mandated visits that occurred later in a placement were associated with fewer planned (IRR = 0.81, p < .01) and unplanned (IRR = 0.82, p < .01) healthcare days during that placement. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of planned healthcare over the time children are in one placement and move between placements suggest more can be done to ensure youth remain connected to primary and specialty care throughout placements and placement transitions, s that children are seen as clinically appropriate rather than a function of placement disruption. Findings regarding the timing of mandated visits suggest that delays in mandated care may also reflect lower healthcare use overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Beal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA; Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA.
| | - Robert T Ammerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA; Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA.
| | - Constance A Mara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA; Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA.
| | - Katie Nause
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA.
| | - Mary V Greiner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, USA; Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, USA.
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Azzopardi C, Cohen E, Pépin K, Netten K, Birken C, Madigan S. Child Welfare System Involvement Among Children With Medical Complexity. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2022; 27:257-266. [PMID: 34219484 PMCID: PMC9003756 DOI: 10.1177/10775595211029713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Children with medical complexity may be at elevated risk of experiencing child maltreatment and child welfare system involvement, though empirical data are limited. This study examined the extent of child welfare system involvement among children with medical complexity and investigated associated health and social factors. A retrospective chart review of children with medical complexity (N = 208) followed at a pediatric hospital-based complex care program in Canada was conducted. Descriptive statistics and odds ratios using logistic regression were computed. Results showed that nearly one-quarter (23.6%) had documented contact with the child welfare system, most commonly for neglect; of those, more than one-third (38.8%) were placed in care. Caregiver reported history of mental health problems (aOR = 3.19, 95%CI = 1.55-6.56), chronic medical conditions (aOR = 2.86, 95%CI = 1.09-7.47), and interpersonal violence or trauma (aOR = 17.58, 95%CI = 5.43-56.98) were associated with increased likelihood of child welfare system involvement, while caregiver married/common-law relationship status (aOR = 0.35, 95%CI = 0.16-0.74) and higher number of medical technology supports (aOR = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.57-0.99) were associated with decreased likelihood. Implications for intervention and prevention of maltreatment in children with high healthcare needs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corry Azzopardi
- Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect Program, Division of Paediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eyal Cohen
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karine Pépin
- Department of Paediatric, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kathy Netten
- Department of Social Work, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Birken
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheri Madigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Kronström K, Tiiri E, Vuori M, Ellilä H, Kaljonen A, Sourander A. Multi-center nationwide study on pediatric psychiatric inpatients 2000-2018: length of stay, recurrent hospitalization, functioning level, suicidality, violence and diagnostic profiles. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 32:835-846. [PMID: 34807298 PMCID: PMC10147780 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inpatient treatment is an important part of child and adolescent psychiatric (CAP) care. This nationwide study explores the changes in length of stay, recurrent hospitalization, functioning level, suicidality, violence and diagnoses of CAP inpatients in Finland in 2000, 2011 and 2018. We obtained comprehensive questionnaire data on each study year from 93 to 95% of all CAP wards in Finland. We split the 1276 inpatients into two age groups in each study year: under 13 and 13-18. The median length of stay in inpatient treatment decreased from 82.0 days in 2000 to 20.5 days in 2018 (p < 0.001) and recurrent hospitalization increased from 38 to 46%. General functioning, which was evaluated by the Children's Global Assessment Scale, deteriorated by an average of six points between 2000 and 2018. Violent threats decreased from 21.5 to 16.6% and violent acts decreased from 26.9 to 20.3%. Suicidal threats decreased from 42.6 to 23.3% in those aged under 13 and remained stable among those aged 13-18. In the 13-18 group, there was an increase in the diagnoses of ADHD, from 5.0 to 16.9% and depression, from 25.1 to 41.7%. However, psychosis decreased from 23.2 to 12.6% in the older age group. In the whole cohort, anxiety disorders increased from 7.6 to 15.6%. The overall picture does not show that CAP inpatients have become more disturbed. While the general functioning of CAP inpatients deteriorated somewhat over the 2000-2018 study period, symptoms of suicidality and violence remained stable or decreased. There was also a continuous increase in short-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kronström
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland.,Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Tiiri
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Miika Vuori
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Ellilä
- Master School, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Kaljonen
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland.
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Cleveland RW, Ullrich C, Slingsby B, Keefer P. Children at the Intersection of Pediatric Palliative Care and Child Maltreatment: A Vulnerable and Understudied Population. J Pain Symptom Manage 2021; 62:91-97. [PMID: 33197523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Concerns for child maltreatment can complicate the provision of pediatric palliative care (PPC). Little is known about the vulnerable population of children with life-threatening conditions involved with PPC and state Child Protective Services (CPS) or hospital Child Protection Teams (CPTs). More information is needed to inform and optimize collaborative care. OBJECTIVES Define and describe the population of children with PPC involvement for whom there was concern for maltreatment. METHODS Single-center retrospective chart review of children with PPC involvement for whom there was concern for maltreatment, defined as involvement of CPS/CPT between 2005 and 2017. Medical and demographic variables were abstracted and analyzed. Analyses include descriptive tabulation and measurements of association between PPC and CPS/CPT variables. RESULTS Among 1804 children followed by PPC, 189 (10.4%) had documented CPS/CPT involvement. Among those, 113 (60%) had CPT involvement, 88 (47%) had concerns of medical neglect, and 100 (53%) had simultaneous CPS/CPT and PPC involvement. Goals of PPC consultation varied by clinical characteristics and concerns for medical neglect. Frequency of CPT involvement and physical abuse concerns also varied by child clinical characteristics. CONCLUSION PPC practitioners regularly encounter children with CPS/CPT involvement. PPC practitioners should be aware of the risk of maltreatment in their patients. Although rare in the general pediatric population, medical neglect is a relatively frequent maltreatment concern in children cared for by PPC. PPC practitioners have an opportunity to aid in proper evaluation of medical neglect in children they care for. Closer PPC collaboration with CPS/CPT may further optimize care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross William Cleveland
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Christina Ullrich
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brett Slingsby
- Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; Aubin Child Protection Center, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Patricia Keefer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stepping Stones Pediatric Palliative Care Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Font SA, Gershoff ET. Foster Care: How We Can, and Should, Do More for Maltreated Children. SOCIAL POLICY REPORT 2020; 33:1-40. [PMID: 33833492 PMCID: PMC8023222 DOI: 10.1002/sop2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Foster care provides round-the-clock substitute care for nearly 700,000 U.S. children who are temporarily or permanently separated from their family of origin each year. Each state manages its own foster care system according to federal regulations. Despite numerous large-scale federal policy reforms over the past several decades, substantial concerns remain about the experiences and outcomes of children in the foster care system. The most recent effort to reform foster care, the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018, attempts to both reduce the use of foster care and increase the quality of care. In this report, we review how policy has shaped the experiences and outcomes of children in foster care, where policy has succeeded, and where it falls short of achieving its goals. We then identify opportunities for federal and state policy to better support the safety, health, and well-being of children in foster care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Font
- Pennsylvania State University in the Department of Sociology and Criminology and is a faculty member of the Child Maltreatment Solutions Network. Her research focuses on how the child protective services and foster care systems work to further or undermine child well-being. She holds a Ph.D. in Social Welfare from the University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Elizabeth T Gershoff
- Professor of Human Development and Family Sciences and is Associate Director of the Population Research Center, both at the University of Texas at Austin. She has published extensively on the topic of physical punishment and is an internationally recognized expert on the effects that physical punishment by parents or by school personnel has on children. She earned her Ph.D. in Child Development from the University of Texas at Austin
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Coller RJ, Komatz K. Children with Medical Complexity and Neglect: Attention Needed. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2020; 13:293-298. [PMID: 33088386 PMCID: PMC7561630 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-017-0154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Coller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Kelly Komatz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL USA
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11
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Bennett CE, Wood JN, Scribano PV. Health Care Utilization for Children in Foster Care. Acad Pediatr 2020; 20:341-347. [PMID: 31622784 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To utilize hospital EMR data for children placed in foster care (FC) and a matched control group to compare: 1) health care utilization rates for primary care, subspecialty care, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalizations; 2) overall charges per patient-year; and 3) prevalence of complex chronic conditions (CCC) and their effect on utilization. METHODS Children ≤18 years old with a designation of FC placement and controls matched on age, race/ethnicity, gender, and zip code who had an encounter at an urban pediatric health system between 7/1/11 and 6/30/12 were identified in the EMR. Data on outpatient, ED, and inpatient encounters and charges for 7/1/12 to 6/30/13 were obtained. A general linear mixed-effects model was applied to estimate means and rates for each group. Analyses were repeated among the subpopulations of children with and without CCCs. RESULTS A total of 1156 FC cases were matched to 4062 controls (mean = 3.5 controls/case). FC cases had significantly higher rates (per 100 patient-years) of hospitalizations (18.5 vs 12.7, P = .005), and subspecialty visits (173.3 vs 113.6; P < .001) but not ED (50.4 vs 45.2, P = .056) or primary care visits (154.6 vs 149.8; P = .50). FC cases had higher charges ($14,372 vs $7082; P < .001). Among children with CCCs, health care utilization rates and charges were higher among FC cases (all P < .001). Among children without CCC, rates and charges were similar for FC cases and controls (all P > .20). CONCLUSIONS FC children utilized more hospitalizations and subspecialty office visits. The increased utilization rates and charges among children in FC were driven by the subset of children with CCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E Bennett
- Division of General Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CE Bennett, JN Wood, and PV Scribano), Philadelphia, Pa; National Clinician Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania (CE Bennett), Philadelphia, Pa; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Colonial Penn Center (CE Bennett and JN Wood), Philadelphia, Pa.
| | - Joanne N Wood
- Division of General Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CE Bennett, JN Wood, and PV Scribano), Philadelphia, Pa; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Colonial Penn Center (CE Bennett and JN Wood), Philadelphia, Pa; Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness and PolicyLab, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (JN Wood), Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (JN Wood and PV Scribano), Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Philip V Scribano
- Division of General Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CE Bennett, JN Wood, and PV Scribano), Philadelphia, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (JN Wood and PV Scribano), Philadelphia, Pa
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12
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Orliss M, Rogers K, Rao S, Deavenport-Saman A, Imagawa KK, Roberts S, Rafeedie J, Hudson SM. Safely surrendered infants in Los Angeles County: A medically vulnerable population. Child Care Health Dev 2019; 45:861-866. [PMID: 31322754 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a means to provide safety for a population at great risk of harm through abandonment, every state in the United States now has laws and practices for the safe relinquishment of newborns and infants. However, there is no national database tracking the population of infants surrendered through such programmes, and few states monitor these numbers. The primary aim of this study was therefore to examine the descriptive characteristics of infants who have been safely surrendered in a large, socio-economically diverse urban area. The secondary aim was to compare them with local population norms to determine whether differences exist and to begin exploring what implications such differences may have for the treatment provided to these infants. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among safely surrendered infants. RESULTS Over half of the infants had medical issues, and the majority of the infants were surrendered in communities characterized by low median income. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary information highlights potential economic, social, and medical risk factors, suggesting that these infants may require increased monitoring and/or specialized care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Orliss
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Rogers
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sheela Rao
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alexis Deavenport-Saman
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Kay Imagawa
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Roberts
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Rafeedie
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sharon M Hudson
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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13
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Seltzer RR, Raisanen JC, Williams EP, Da Silva T, Donohue PK, Boss RD. Exploring Medical Foster Care as a Placement Option for Children With Medical Complexity. Hosp Pediatr 2019; 9:697-706. [PMID: 31427371 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2018-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical foster care (MFC) offers a family-home setting for children with medical complexity (CMC) who cannot be cared for by their parents. We explored MFC as a placement option for CMC via in-depth interviews with the individuals providing and monitoring care. METHODS In collaboration with an MFC agency, we recruited care team members for 15 CMC. Semistructured interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Descriptive analyses were performed on care team composition and roles, the placement process, and child medical, placement, and quality of life (QoL) characteristics. Foster parents completed child QoL questionnaires. Conventional content analysis was applied to participant suggestions for MFC improvements. RESULTS Fifty-eight interviews were conducted; a median of 4 care team members interviewed per child. An extensive network of individuals and systems are involved in providing care. Each child received care from multiple subspecialists (median = 5). Most children were technology dependent (87%), developmentally delayed (87%), and entered MFC from the hospital (73%) because of medical neglect (86%). Nearly half were in care for >2 years. Changes in placement and/or care team were common. QoL scoring showed impairments in multiple domains, whereas respondent interviews described positive aspects of QoL. Participants provided suggestions to improve care within MFC. CONCLUSIONS MFC is a promising placement option for CMC. Because many CMC are entering MFC directly from the hospital and require ongoing care from pediatric subspecialists, pediatricians should be familiar with MFC, the placement process, and the various systems and individuals involved. Pediatricians can play important roles in ensuring that children in MFC receive coordinated and high-quality care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Seltzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Erin P Williams
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Trisha Da Silva
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pamela K Donohue
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Renee D Boss
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, Maryland
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Cidav Z, Xie M, Mandell DS. Foster Care Involvement Among Medicaid-Enrolled Children with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 48:176-183. [PMID: 28929296 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and risk of foster care involvement among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) relative to children with intellectual disability (ID), children with ASD and ID, and typically developing children were examined using 2001-2007 Medicaid data. Children were followed up to the first foster care placement or until the end of 2007; a discrete time logistic regression analysis was conducted. Both the prevalence and risk of foster care involvement were greatest for children with ASD, and the prevalence increased substantially over the study period among children with ASD. Continued examination of the factors contributing to the higher risk of foster placement is warranted to unravel the complex circumstances facing these vulnerable children and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuleyha Cidav
- Center for Mental Health Policy and Services Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Leonard Davis Institute of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Ming Xie
- Center for Mental Health Policy and Services Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David S Mandell
- Center for Mental Health Policy and Services Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Leonard Davis Institute of Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Lindley LC, Slayter EM. End-of-life trends and patterns among children in the US foster care system: 2005-2015. DEATH STUDIES 2018; 43:248-259. [PMID: 29757103 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2018.1455765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Drawing on national, longitudinal Adoption and Foster Care Analysis, and Reporting System data (2005-2015), demographic, health, foster care, and geographic characteristics of decedents (N = 3653) aged 1-17 years were examined. On average, decedents were 6 years old, the highest proportion died as infants, and experienced significant trauma in their short lives either through maltreatment or exposure to parental substance use. A noted increase in Medicaid coverage among decedents over time suggests critical access to concurrent treatment and hospice care, but this is unavailable to children with private insurance. This study has policy implications related to the 2010 Affordable Care Act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Lindley
- a College of Nursing , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , TN , USA
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16
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Bertram J. Care-planning and decision-making for youth with mental health needs in the foster care system. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2018; 32:707-722. [PMID: 30201199 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bertram
- University of Missouri - St. Louis College of Nursing, Office 308, Seton Hall, 1 University Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63121-4400, USA.
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17
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Lindley LC, Slayter EM. Serious Illness and End-of-Life Quality for US Foster Children: A National Study. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2018; 35:1505-1511. [PMID: 29923417 DOI: 10.1177/1049909118782986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Of the nearly 500 000 children in foster care, several hundred children die each year. Their quality of life at end of life is a matter of their foster care experience. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether serious illness was associated with foster care placement outcomes. METHODS: US foster care data from 2005 to 2015 were used. Children who were younger than 18 years with residence in the United States were included. Serious illness (ie, physical health, mental/behavioral health, developmental disabilities) was measured via the foster care files. Two foster care placement outcomes were created (ie, type of placement, placement instability). Using multinomial and logistic regressions, the influence of serious illness on placement outcomes was evaluated while controlling for demographic, geographic, prior trauma, and foster care support characteristics. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of the children were placed with nonrelatives, 27% in group homes/institutions, and 17% with relatives. Twenty-eight percent experienced placement instability. Serious illness was significantly associated with nonrelative (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.58-2.45) and group home/institution placement (RRR = 2.67; 95% CI = 2.09-3.40). Serious illness was not significantly related to placement instability. Children with serious illness were no more likely than their peers to experience multiple foster care placements. CONCLUSIONS: Foster care youth at end of life were more likely to be placed with nonrelatives or in group homes/institutions. They also did not experience the disruption and stress of being moved to multiple foster homes while seriously ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Lindley
- 1 College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
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18
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Williams EP, Seltzer RR, Boss RD. Language Matters: Identifying Medically Complex Children in Foster Care. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2016-3692. [PMID: 28864553 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erin P Williams
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Rebecca R Seltzer
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, Maryland; and.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Renee D Boss
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, Maryland; and .,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Kronström K, Ellilä H, Kuosmanen L, Kaljonen A, Sourander A. Changes in the clinical features of child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients: a nationwide time-trend study from Finland. Nord J Psychiatry 2016; 70:436-41. [PMID: 27002640 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2016.1149617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have focused on the recent trends in clinical features child and adolescent inpatient. AIMS This study focuses on the change in the characteristics of child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients in Finland. METHODS The data collection was carried out on selected study days in 2000 and 2011. Questionnaires were sent to the psychiatrists of all child and adolescent wards in Finland. RESULTS By comparing the data obtained in 2000 (n = 504) and 2011 (n = 412), several changes were found: the percentage of girls in adolescent wards grew and the diagnoses of depression, anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and eating disorders increased. In contrast, the diagnoses of psychosis and conduct or oppositional disorders decreased. General functioning was evaluated with the Childreńs Global Assessment Scale (CGAS). There were no changes in the distribution of CGAS scores among child inpatients, whereas among adolescents the share of inpatients with lowest CGAS scores (1-30) increased significantly. The mean length of stay dropped. CONCLUSIONS The growing percentage of girls in adolescent wards is associated with an increase in diagnoses that are more prevalent among girls than boys, namely depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. The changes in the distribution of diagnoses may be due to changes in diagnostic or referral practices, or reflect true changes in the prevalence of disorders among children and adolescents in need of inpatient treatment. The share of adolescent inpatients with the poorest general functioning has increased. The observed shortening in inpatient treatment time seems to be a result of changes in treatment practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kronström
- a Department of Adolescent Psychiatry , Turku University Hospital, Hospital District of Southwest Finland , Turku , Finland
| | - Heikki Ellilä
- b Department of Part-Time Studies, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing , Turku University of Applied Sciences , Turku , Finland
| | - Lauri Kuosmanen
- c Department of Nursing Science , University of Turku , Turku , Finland ;,d Social and Healthcare Department , City of Vantaa , Vantaa , Finland
| | - Anne Kaljonen
- e Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research, Medical Faculty , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Andre Sourander
- f Department of Child Psychiatry, Clinical Sciences, Medical Faculty , University of Turku , Turku , Finland ;,g Department of Child Psychiatry , Turku University Hospital, Hospital District of Southwest Finland , Turku , Finland
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20
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Medical foster care: what happens when children with medical complexity cannot be cared for by their families? Pediatr Res 2016; 79:191-6. [PMID: 26460524 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Medical interventions for life-threatening pediatric conditions often oblige ongoing and complex medical care for survivors. For some children with medical complexity, their caretaking needs outstrip their parents' resources and abilities. When this occurs, the medical foster care system can provide the necessary health care and supervision to permit these children to live outside of hospitals. However, foster children with medical complexity experience extremes of social and medical risk, confounding their prognosis and quality of life beyond that of similar children living with biologic parents. Medical foster parents report inadequate training and preparation, perpetuating these health risks. Further, critical decisions that weigh the benefits and burdens of medical interventions for these children must accommodate complicated relationships involving foster families, caseworkers, biologic families, legal consultants, and clinicians. These variables can delay and undermine coordinated and comprehensive care. To rectify these issues, medical homes and written care plans can promote collaboration between providers, families, and agencies. Pediatricians should receive specialized training to meet the unique needs of this population. National policy and research agendas could target medical and social interventions to reduce the need for medical foster care for children with medical complexity, and to improve its quality for those children who do.
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21
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Day A, Curtis A, Paul R, Allotey PA, Crosby S. Timely Health Service Utilization of Older Foster Youth by Insurance Type. J Adolesc Health 2016; 58:17-23. [PMID: 26707226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of a policy change for older foster care youth from a fee-for-service (FFS) Medicaid program to health maintenance organization (HMO) providers on the timeliness of first well-child visits (health care physicals). METHODS A three-year retrospective study using linked administrative data collected by the Michigan Departments of Human Services and Community Health of 1,657 youth, ages 10-20 years, who were in foster care during the 2009-2012 study period was used to examine the odds of receiving a timely well-child visit within the recommended 30-day time frame controlling for race, age, days from foster care entry to Medicaid enrollment, and number of foster care placements. RESULTS Youth entering foster care during the HMO period were more likely to receive a timely well-child visit than those in the FFS period (odds ratio, 2.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.84-3.29; p < .0001) and days to the first visit decreased from a median of 62 days for those who entered foster care during the FFS period to 29 days for the HMO period. Among the other factors examined, more than 14 days to Medicaid enrollment, being non-Hispanic black and having five or more placements were negatively associated with receipt of a timely first well-child visit. CONCLUSIONS Those youth who entered foster care during the HMO period had significantly greater odds of receiving a timely first well-child visit; however, disparities in access to preventive health care remain a concern for minority foster care youth, those who experience delayed Medicaid enrollment and those who experienced multiple placements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Day
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
| | - Amy Curtis
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences PhD Program, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
| | - Rajib Paul
- Department of Statistics, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan
| | | | - Shantel Crosby
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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22
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Beal SJ, Greiner MV. Children in nonparental care: health and social risks. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:184-90. [PMID: 26466078 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 2.3 million children in the United States live separately from both parents; 70-90% of those children live with a relative. Compared with children living with one or both parents, children in nonparental care are in poorer health, are at heightened risk for experiencing disruptions and instability in caregiving, and are vulnerable to other social antecedents of child health (e.g., neglect, poverty, maltreatment). Given the significant impact of adversity in childhood on health across the lifespan, which is increased among children in nonparental care, it is informative to consider the health risks of children living in nonparental care specifically. Research examining the contributions of poverty, instability, child maltreatment, and living in nonparental care, including meta-analyses of existing studies, are warranted. Longitudinal studies describing pathways into and out of nonparental care and the course of health throughout those experiences are also needed. Despite these identified gaps, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that attention to household structure is not only relevant but also essential for the clinical care of children and may aid in identifying youth at risk for developing poor health across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Beal
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mary V Greiner
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio
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23
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Abstract
Children in foster care need more from health providers than routine well-child care. The changes in legislation that were designed to prevent children from languishing in foster care also necessitate a plan that works with the child, the biological family, and the foster family in ensuring the best outcome for the child. This approach acknowledges that most foster children will return to the biological family. Recent research on the effect of adverse childhood experiences across all socioeconomic categories points to the need for specifically designed, focused, and coordinated health and mental health services for children in foster care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lolita M McDavid
- Child Advocacy and Protection, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop 6003, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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24
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Deutsch SA, Lynch A, Zlotnik S, Matone M, Kreider A, Noonan K. Mental Health, Behavioral and Developmental Issues for Youth in Foster Care. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2015; 45:292-7. [PMID: 26409926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Youth in foster care represent a unique population with complex mental and behavioral health, social-emotional, and developmental needs. For this population with special healthcare needs, the risk for adverse long-term outcomes great if needs go unaddressed or inadequately addressed while in placement. Although outcomes are malleable and effective interventions exist, there are barriers to optimal healthcare delivery. The general pediatrician as advocate is paramount to improve long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Deutsch
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Division of General Pediatrics, Safe Place: Center for Child Protection and Health, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Amy Lynch
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarah Zlotnik
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; PolicyLab, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Meredith Matone
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; PolicyLab, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Amanda Kreider
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; PolicyLab, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kathleen Noonan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; PolicyLab, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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25
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Deutsch SA, Fortin K. Physical Health Problems and Barriers to Optimal Health Care Among Children in Foster Care. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2015; 45:286-91. [PMID: 26364980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Children and adolescents in foster care placement represent a unique population with special health care needs, often resulting from pre-placement early adversity and neglected, unaddressed health care needs. High rates of all health problems, including acute and/or chronic physical, mental, and developmental issues prevail. Disparities in health status and access to health care are observed. This article summarizes the physical health problems of children in foster care, who are predisposed to poor health outcomes when complex care needs are unaddressed. Despite recognition of the significant burden of health care need among this unique population, barriers to effective and optimal health care delivery remain. Legislative solutions to overcome obstacles to health care delivery for children in foster care are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Anne Deutsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Safe Place: Center for Child Protection and Health, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Kristine Fortin
- Department of Pediatrics, Safe Place: Center for Child Protection and Health, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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26
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Köhler M, Emmelin M, Hjern A, Rosvall M. Children in family foster care have greater health risks and less involvement in Child Health Services. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:508-13. [PMID: 25619631 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated the impact of being in family foster care on selected health determinants and participation in Child Health Services (CHS). METHODS Two groups of 100 children, born between 1992 and 2008, were studied using data from Swedish Child Health Services for the preschool period up to the age of six. The first group had been in family foster care, and the controls, matched for age, sex and geographic location, had not. Descriptive statistics were used to describe differences in health determinants and participation in Child Health Services between the two groups. RESULTS The foster care group had higher health risks, with lower rates of breastfeeding and higher levels of parental smoking. They were less likely to have received immunisations and attended key nurse or physician visits and speech and vision screening. Missing data for the phenylketonuria test were more common in children in family foster care. CONCLUSION Children in family foster care were exposed to more health risks than the control children and had lower participation in the universal child health programme during the preschool period. These results call for secure access to high-quality preventive health care for this particularly vulnerable group of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Köhler
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; Malmö, Sweden
| | - M Emmelin
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Social Medicine and Global Health; Lund University; Malmö, Sweden
| | - A Hjern
- Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet and Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS); Stockholm Sweden
| | - M Rosvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Lund University; Malmö, Sweden
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27
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Saloner B, Matone M, Kreider AR, Budeir MS, Miller D, Huang YS, Raghavan R, French B, Rubin D. Second-generation antipsychotic use among stimulant-using children, by organization of medicaid mental health. Psychiatr Serv 2014; 65:1458-64. [PMID: 25179737 PMCID: PMC4757898 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201300574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reducing overuse of second-generation antipsychotics among Medicaid-enrolled children is a national priority, yet little is known about how service organization affects use. This study compared differences in second-generation antipsychotic utilization among Medicaid-enrolled children across fee-for-service, integrated managed care, and managed behavioral health carve-out organizational structures. METHODS Organizational structures of Medicaid programs in 82 diverse counties in 34 states were categorized and linked to child-level cross-sectional claims data from the Medicaid Analytic Extract covering fiscal years 2004, 2006, and 2008. To approximate the population at risk of antipsychotic treatment, the sample was restricted to stimulant-using children ages three to 18 (N=419,226). The sample was stratified by Medicaid eligibility group, and logistic regression models were estimated for probability of second-generation antipsychotic use. Models included indicators of county-level organizational structure as main predictors, with sequential adjustment for personal and county-level covariates. RESULTS With adjustment for person-level covariates, second-generation antipsychotic use was 31% higher among youths in foster care in fee-for-service counties than for youths in counties with carve-outs (odds ratio [OR]=1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.26-2.27). Foster care youths in integrated counties had the second highest adjusted odds (OR=1.31, CI=1.08-1.58). Similar patterns of use also were found for youths eligible for Supplemental Security Income but not for those eligible for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. Differences persisted after adjustment for county-level characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Carve-outs, versus other arrangements, were associated with lower second-generation antipsychotic use. Future research should explore carve-out features (for example, tighter management of inpatient or restricted access, as well as care coordination) contributing to lower second-generation antipsychotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Saloner
- Dr. Saloner is with the Department of Health Care Policy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (e-mail: ). Ms. Matone, Ms. Kreider, Mr. Budeir, Ms. Miller, and Dr. Rubin are with PolicyLab, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia. Dr. Rubin is also with the Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Ms. Huang is with Division of General Pediatrics and Healthcare Analytics Unit, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Dr. Raghavan is with the George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Dr. French is with the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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28
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Hornor G. Children in foster care: what forensic nurses need to know. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2014; 10:160-167. [PMID: 25144587 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Children living in foster care are a unique population with specialized healthcare needs. This article will assist forensic nurses and advanced practice forensic nurses, particularly those working in pediatrics, in understanding the needs of children in foster care and implementing a practice plan to better meet their healthcare needs. To that end, a basic understanding of the foster care system is crucial and involves an appreciation of the interface between the legal system and the child welfare system. Most important to providing care to children in foster care is a true understanding of trauma exposure and its potential effects on the lives of children: physically, developmentally, emotionally, and psychologically. This article will assist forensic nurses working with pediatric populations to more fully understand the needs of children in foster care and to develop innovative interventions to appropriately meet their unique needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Hornor
- Author Affiliation: Center for Family Safety and Healing, Nationwide Children's Hospital
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29
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Jaffee SR, Christian CW. The Biological Embedding of Child Abuse and Neglect: Implications for Policy and Practice and commentaries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2379-3988.2014.tb00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy W. Christian
- University of Pennsylvania; Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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30
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Psychosocial pathways to sexually transmitted infection risk among youth transitioning out of foster care: evidence from a longitudinal cohort study. J Adolesc Health 2013; 53:478-85. [PMID: 23859955 PMCID: PMC3875407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the fit of a theoretically driven conceptual model of pathways to sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk among foster youth transitioning to adulthood. The model included (1) historical abuse and foster care experiences; (2) mental health and attachment style in late adolescence; and (3) STI risk in young adulthood. METHODS We used path analysis to analyze data from a longitudinal study of 732 youth transitioning out of foster care. Covariates included gender, race, and an inverse probability weight. We also performed moderation analyses comparing models constrained and unconstrained by gender. RESULTS Thirty percent reported they or a partner had been diagnosed with an STI. Probability of other measured STI risk behaviors ranged from 9% (having sex for money) to 79% (inconsistent condom use). Overall model fit was good (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual of .026). Increased risk of oppositional/delinquent behaviors mediated an association between abuse history and STI risk, via increased inconsistent condom use. There was also a borderline association with having greater than five partners. Having a very close relationship with a caregiver and remaining in foster care beyond age 18 years decreased STI risk. Moderation analysis revealed better model fit when coefficients were allowed to vary by gender versus a constrained model, but few significant differences in individual path coefficients were found between male and female-only models. CONCLUSIONS Interventions/policies that (1) address externalizing trauma sequelae; (2) promote close, stable substitute caregiver relationships; and (3) extend care to age 21 years have the potential to decrease STI risk in this population.
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Kools S, Paul SM, Jones R, Monasterio E, Norbeck J. Health profiles of adolescents in foster care. J Pediatr Nurs 2013; 28:213-22. [PMID: 23036596 PMCID: PMC3540143 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe health profiles of adolescents in foster care. The Child Health and Illness Profile-Adolescent Edition clustered adolescents in foster care into 13 mutually exclusive health profiles using dimensions of satisfaction with health, risks, resilience, and discomfort. Health profiles were further characterized into four health status rankings from best to worst health status. Many reported best health status (39%); nearly equal numbers (30.6%) had profiles indicating poor or worst health status, particularly girls and those with high risk behaviors, aggression, sexual abuse, or suicidality. It is valuable to identify health characteristics of the most vulnerable subgroups of foster youth to tailor specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kools
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Schneiderman JU, Smith C, Palinkas LA. The Caregiver as Gatekeeper for Accessing Health Care for Children in Foster Care: A Qualitative Study of Kinship and Unrelated Caregivers. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2012; 34:2123-2130. [PMID: 23139436 PMCID: PMC3489500 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this qualitative study was to examine issues that unrelated and kinship foster caregivers in Los Angeles, CA, have in seeking help and accessing and using health care for children in foster care. There were four themes identified for all caregivers: (1) "Doing Our Best" (caregivers advocated persistently and creatively for health care); (2) "Support from Others Helped" (caregivers relied on caseworkers, organizations, and their social network); (3) "Child has Complicated, Serious, Chronic Health Problems" (caregivers had difficulty securing specialty services and with Medicaid insurance to meet health care needs); and (4) "Caregiver Competence in Meeting Health Needs" (caregivers noted their ability to attend health appointments and understand instructions). An additional theme of "Differences between Unrelated and Kinship Foster Caregivers" highlighted more difficulties among kinship caregivers in finding and using primary health care services and more financial stress, whereas unrelated caregivers were less satisfied with child welfare caseworker help. Despite wide-ranging stressors and serious frustrations with the child welfare and health care systems, caregivers emerged as powerful drivers of health care for foster children. National adoption of a medical home model would ameliorate some of the access barriers identified by foster caregivers in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet U. Schneiderman
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, 669 West 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0411
| | - Caitlin Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, SGM 501, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
| | - Lawrence A. Palinkas
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, 669 West 34th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0411.
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Paley B, Auerbach BE. Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in the Dependency Court System: Challenges and Recommendations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/009318531003800407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are at a greatly increased risk for developmental delays, learning disabilities, and behavioral, social, and emotional problems. High rates of secondary disabilities have been reported in this population, including mental health problems, school failure, delinquency, plus alcohol and substance abuse problems. Long-term outcomes for adolescents and adults with FASD include increased risk for unemployment, suicidal ideation and behavior, and confinement in psychiatric facilities and correctional institutions. Many children impacted by prenatal alcohol exposure are raised in out-of-home placements, and thus will likely have extensive involvement with the child welfare and dependency court systems. However, child welfare agencies and dependency courts are often not well-equipped to handle cases involving these children. This article will address the challenges that children with FASD and their families face in those systems, as well as recommendations for improvements in how those systems respond to the needs of these highly vulnerable children.
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Rothenberger A. Environment for the better, environment for the worse--new evidence to inform players in public mental health. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 19:547-8. [PMID: 20532576 PMCID: PMC2892067 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-010-0116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aribert Rothenberger
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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