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Bernicker MR, Birrer CA, Seeger MG, Iglesias BA, Vogel FSF, Cargnelutti JF. Antimicrobial activity of cationic water-soluble porphyrin against multidrug-resistant bacteria in biofilms and canine skin samples. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:124. [PMID: 38441804 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms pose a threat to animal health, particularly in integumentary diseases, which can be caused by multiple organisms and often manifest as biofilms, hindering treatment effectiveness. We evaluated the antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using a water-soluble tetra-cationic porphyrin (4-H2TMeP) against MDR bacteria cultured in biofilm and in mono and polyculture grown on canine skin samples. We utilized 4-H2TMeP porphyrin against MDR Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. A non-cytotoxic concentration of 4-H2TMeP (40 µM), previously shown to be effective in vitro against these bacteria cultured in solution, was employed. Biofilms were treated with 4-H2TMeP and subjected to light irradiation for 30, 60, and 90 min. Monocultures on canine skin samples were treated with 4-H2TMeP and irradiated for 30 (S. pseudintermedius), 60 (E. coli), or 60 and 90 min (P. aeruginosa). Polycultures of S. pseudintermedius and E. coli were treated with light for 60 and 90 min. The efficacy of aPDT was evaluated by plating light-exposed biofilms, mono and polycultures of bacteria obtained from skin samples exposed to light and kept in the dark. Colony-forming units were counted after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C. aPDT using 4-H2TMeP reduced bacterial concentrations of S. pseudintermedius and E. coli biofilms. Additionally, it significantly reduced bacterial concentrations cultivated on skin samples, with a particular emphasis on S. pseudintermedius. These findings indicate that aPDT with 4-H2TMeP is a promising alternative treatment against MDR bacteria in animal skin infections and should be further explored through in vivo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Rosa Bernicker
- Veterinary Medicine Graduate Programe, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caroline Arend Birrer
- Biomedicine Undergraduate Program, Universidade Franciscana, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marlane Geribone Seeger
- Veterinary Medicine Graduate Programe, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Porphyrinic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flôres Vogel
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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2
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Maisch T, Scholz KJ, Forster EM, Wenzl V, Auer DL, Cieplik F, Hiller KA. Optimal effective concentration combinations (OPECCs) for binary application of membrane-targeting antiseptics and TMPyP-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:189-196. [PMID: 38113026 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of multi-resistant bacteria is a health problem of global dimension. Infections caused by multi-resistant pathogens are difficult to treat and often associated with high mortality. Therefore, new treatment strategies are of interest, such as the use of differently acting antibacterial concepts. One of these new concepts is the use of antiseptics in combination with the antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Currently, no method has yet been established as a standard procedure for investigating combined effects and evaluating them in a generally valid and unambiguous manner. The focus of this study was on how cationic antiseptics benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) behave in a combined application with aPDT using the photosensitizer TMPyP. For this purpose, BAC and CHX were applied in combination with the aPDT using TMPyP in non-lethal concentrations to the three bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The results of the combination experiments with sublethal concentrations of BAC or CHX with the aPDT showed that the binary application had a lethal effect. Irrespective of the bacteria, the reduction in concentrations in OPECC, compared to individual concentrations, was more than 50% for TMPyP, 23-40% for BAC, and 18-43% for CHX. Furthermore, the optimal effective concentration combinations (OPECCs) could be determined. The latter showed that the combined application allowed the reduction of both concentrations compared to the single application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Konstantin J Scholz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Forster
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Wenzl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David L Auer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Pedro SN, Valente BF, Vilela C, Oliveira H, Almeida A, Freire MG, Silvestre AJ, Freire CS. Switchable adhesive films of pullulan loaded with a deep eutectic solvent-curcumin formulation for the photodynamic treatment of drug-resistant skin infections. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100733. [PMID: 37533730 PMCID: PMC10392606 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a potent tool to surpass the global rise of antimicrobial resistance; still, the effective topical administration of photosensitizers remains a challenge. Biopolymer-based adhesive films can safely extend the residence time of photosensitizers. However, their wide application is narrowed by their limited water absorption capacity and gel strength. In this study, pullulan-based films with a switchable character (from a solid film to an adhesive hydrogel) were developed. This was accomplished by the incorporation of a betaine-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) containing curcumin (4.4 μg.cm-2) into the pullulan films, which tuned the films' skin moisture absorption ability, and therefore they switch into an adhesive hydrogel capable of delivering the photosensitizer. The obtained transparent films presented higher extensibility (elongation at break up to 338.2%) than the pullulan counterparts (6.08%), when stored at 54% of relative humidity, and the corresponding hydrogels a 4-fold higher adhesiveness than commercial hydrogels. These non-cytotoxic adhesives allowed the inactivation (∼5 log reduction), down to the detection limit of the method, of multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in ex vivo skin samples. Overall, these materials are promising for aPDT in the treatment of resistant skin infections, while being easily removed from the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia N. Pedro
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno F.A. Valente
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Vilela
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Helena Oliveira
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mara G. Freire
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando J.D. Silvestre
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carmen S.R. Freire
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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4
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Sarabando SN, Palmeira A, Sousa ME, Faustino MAF, Monteiro CJP. Photomodulation Approaches to Overcome Antimicrobial Resistance. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050682. [PMID: 37242465 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photopharmacology is an approach that aims to be an alternative to classical chemotherapy. Herein, the different classes of photoswitches and photocleavage compounds and their biological applications are described. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) containing azobenzene moieties (PHOTACs) and photocleavable protecting groups (photocaged PROTACs) are also mentioned. Furthermore, porphyrins are referenced as successful photoactive compounds in a clinical context, such as in the photodynamic therapy of tumours as well as preventing antimicrobial resistance, namely in bacteria. Porphyrins combining photoswitches and photocleavage systems are highlighted, taking advantage of both photopharmacology and photodynamic action. Finally, porphyrins with antibacterial activity are described, taking advantage of the synergistic effect of photodynamic treatment and antibiotic therapy to overcome bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia N Sarabando
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia Palmeira
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemical Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos J P Monteiro
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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5
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Seeger MG, Iglesias BA, Vogel FSF, Cargnelutti JF. Antibiofilm action using water-soluble tetra-cationic porphyrin and antibacterial photodynamic therapy against Moraxella spp. from cattle. Microb Pathog 2023; 178:106081. [PMID: 36948363 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is the most important eye disease in ruminants worldwide. Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi can form biofilm and are frequently isolated from affected animals. Antimicrobials are used worldwide to treat clinical cases of IBK, although they have limited success in clearing the infection. Therefore, photodynamic therapy using porphyrins as photosensitizing molecules is an alternative method to eliminate microorganisms, including biofilms. We evaluated the antibacterial activity of a zinc(II) metalloporphyrin (ZnTMeP) against M. bovis and M. bovoculi biofilms since this compound can efficiently inactivate planktonic Moraxella spp. This study was carried out with two reference strains of Moraxella spp. (M. bovis: ATCC® 10900 and M. bovoculli: ATCC® BAA1259). The antibacterial activity of 4.0 μM of the ZnTMeP porphyrin was evaluated based on its ability to form and consolidate biofilms with three 30-min cycles of white-light exposure for three days. The ZnTMeP porphyrin reduced M. bovis and M. bovoculi biofilm formation. In addition, ZnTMeP partially destroyed consolidated M. bovoculi biofilms in the second white-light irradiation cycle, although the porphyrin had no effect against the consolidated biofilm of M. bovis. Despite the biofilm still not being completely inactivated, our findings are promising and encourage further experiments using the phototherapy protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlane Geribone Seeger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos, Departamento de Química, UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), UFSM, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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6
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Combination of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and ciprofloxacin to combat S. aureus and E. coli resistant biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 42:103142. [PMID: 36191747 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) coupled with an antibiotic, ciprofloxacin (CIP), was investigated using two indium metallated cationic photosensitizers, a porphyrin (1) and a phthalocyanine (2). Applying PACT followed by the antibiotic treatment led to a remarkable reduction in the biofilm cell survival of two antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, S. aureus (Gram-positive) and E. coli (Gram-nenative). Treating both bacteria strains with PACT alone showed no significant activity at 32 µM with 15 min irradiation, while CIP alone exhibited a minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) at 4 and 8 µg/mL on S. aureus and E. coli, respectively following 24 h incubation. The combined treatment resulted in the complete eradication of the matured biofilms with high log10 reduction values of 7.05 and 7.20 on S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, at low concentrations. It was found that 15 min PACT irradiation of 8 µM of complexes (1 and 2) combined with 2 µg/mL of CIP have a 100% reduction of the resistant S. aureus biofilms. Whereas the total killing of E. coli was obtained when combining 8 µM of complex 1 and 16 µM of complex 2 both combined with 4 µg/mL of CIP.
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7
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Seeger MG, Machado CS, Iglesias BA, Vogel FSF, Cargnelutti JF. Antimicrobial efficacy of in vitro and ex vivo photodynamic therapy using porphyrins against Moraxella spp. isolated from bovine keratoconjunctivitis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:103. [PMID: 35501420 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is an ocular disease affecting bovine herds worldwide, and it causes significant economic loss. The etiologic agent of IBK is considered to be Moraxella bovis, but M. ovis and M. bovoculi are frequently recovered of animals presenting clinical signs of IBK. The therapeutic measures available for its control have limited efficacy. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using porphyrins as photosensitizing molecules is an alternative method that can be used to reduce microbial growth. We evaluated the antibacterial activity of aPDT using two water-soluble tetra-cationic porphyrins (H2TMeP and ZnTMeP) against 22 clinical isolates and standard strains of Moraxella spp. in vitro and in an ex vivo model. For the in vitro assay, 4.0 µM of porphyrin was incubated with approximately 1.0 × 104 CFU/mL of each Moraxella sp. isolate and exposed to artificial light for 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 min. Next, 50 µL of this solution was plated and incubated for 24 h until CFU measurement. For the ex vivo assay, corneas excised from the eyeballs of slaughtered cattle were irrigated with Moraxella spp. culture, followed by the addition of zinc(II) porphyrin ZnTMeP (4.0 μM). The corneal samples were irradiated for 0, 7.5, and 30 min, followed by swab collection, plating, and CFU count. The results demonstrated the in vitro inactivation of the strains and clinical isolates of Moraxella spp. after 2.5 min of irradiation using ZnTMeP, reaching complete inactivation until 7.5 min. In the ex vivo experiment, the use of ZnTMeP resulted in the most significant reduction in bacterial concentration after 30 min of irradiation. These results encourage future in vivo experiments to investigate the role of metalloporphyrin ZnTMeP in the inactivation of Moraxella spp. isolates causing IBK.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Seeger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - B A Iglesias
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos, Departamento de Química, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - F S F Vogel
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - J F Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Evaluation of a Luminometric Cell Counting System in Context of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050950. [PMID: 35630394 PMCID: PMC9147394 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance belongs to the most demanding medical challenges, and antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is considered a promising alternative to classical antibiotics. However, the pharmacologic characterization of novel compounds suitable for aPDI is a tedious and time-consuming task that usually requires preparation of bacterial cultures and counting of bacterial colonies. In this study, we established and utilized a luminescence-based microbial cell viability assay to analyze the aPDI effects of two porphyrin-based photosensitizers (TMPyP and THPTS) on several bacterial strains with antimicrobial resistance. We demonstrate that after adaptation of the protocol and initial calibration to every specific bacterial strain and photosensitizer, the luminometric method can be used to reliably quantify aPDI effects in most of the analyzed bacterial strains. The interference of photosensitizers with the luminometric readout and the bioluminescence of some bacterial strains were identified as possible confounders. Using this method, we could confirm the susceptibility of several bacterial strains to photodynamic treatment, including extensively drug-resistant pathogens (XDR). In contrast to the conventional culture-based determination of bacterial density, the luminometric assay allowed for a much more time-effective analysis of various treatment conditions. We recommend this luminometric method for high-throughput tasks requiring measurements of bacterial viability in the context of photodynamic treatment approaches.
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Schulz S, Ziganshyna S, Lippmann N, Glass S, Eulenburg V, Habermann N, Schwarz UT, Voigt A, Heilmann C, Rüffer T, Werdehausen R. The Meta-Substituted Isomer of TMPyP Enables More Effective Photodynamic Bacterial Inactivation than Para-TMPyP In Vitro. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050858. [PMID: 35630304 PMCID: PMC9143678 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinoid-based photodynamic inactivation (PDI) provides a promising approach to treating multidrug-resistant infections. However, available agents for PDI still have optimization potential with regard to effectiveness, toxicology, chemical stability, and solubility. The currently available photosensitizer TMPyP is provided with a para substitution pattern (para-TMPyP) of the pyridinium groups and has been demonstrated to be effective for PDI of multidrug-resistant bacteria. To further improve its properties, we synthetized a structural variant of TMPyP with an isomeric substitution pattern in a meta configuration (meta-TMPyP), confirmed the correct structure by crystallographic analysis and performed a characterization with NMR-, UV/Vis-, and IR spectroscopy, photostability, and singlet oxygen generation assay. Meta-TMPyP had a hypochromic shift in absorbance (4 nm) with a 55% higher extinction coefficient and slightly improved photostability (+6.9%) compared to para-TMPyP. Despite these superior molecular properties, singlet oxygen generation was increased by only 5.4%. In contrast, PDI, based on meta-TMPyP, reduced the density of extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing and fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli by several orders of magnitude, whereby a sterilizing effect was observed after 48 min of illumination, while para-TMPyP was less effective (p < 0.01). These findings demonstrate that structural modification with meta substitution increases antibacterial properties of TMPyP in PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schulz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (S.Z.); (V.E.)
| | - Svitlana Ziganshyna
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (S.Z.); (V.E.)
| | - Norman Lippmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Sarah Glass
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Volker Eulenburg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (S.Z.); (V.E.)
| | - Natalia Habermann
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany; (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Ulrich T. Schwarz
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany; (N.H.); (U.T.S.)
| | - Alexander Voigt
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany; (A.V.); (C.H.)
| | - Claudia Heilmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany; (A.V.); (C.H.)
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany; (A.V.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: (T.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Robert Werdehausen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (S.Z.); (V.E.)
- Correspondence: (T.R.); (R.W.)
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10
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Shi H, Pan X, Wang Y, Wang H, Liu W, Wang L, Chen Z. Restricting Bond Rotations by Ring Fusion: A Novel Molecular Design Strategy to Improve Photodynamic Antibacterial Efficacy of AIE Photosensitizers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:17055-17064. [PMID: 35380770 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, aggregation-induced emission photosensitizers (AIE-PSs) for antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) have received increasing attention because of their ability to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the aggregation state. However, their antibacterial effect still has great room for improvement. Herein, we propose that if the rotation of some bonds in AIE-PSs is restricted, the nonradiative decay could be further suppressed to boost the generation of fluorescence and ROS, so as to improve their antibacterial efficacy. Following this molecular design strategy, we developed a new class of carbazole group-based AIE-PSs (CPVBA, CPVBP, CPVBP2, and CPVBP3), in which the rotation of phenyl-N bonds is restricted in the carbazole ring. Compared with diphenylamine group-based AIE-PSs with free rotation of phenyl-N bonds, carbazole group-based AIE-PSs showed stronger fluorescence, ROS generation, and antibacterial abilities, demonstrating the feasibility of this new design strategy. Notably, CPVBP3 can enter the entire cell of E. coli to exert its antibacterial effect, and there are few reports of photosensitizers with similar functions. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, the light dose (1.2 J/cm2) we used for CPVBP2 to kill Staphylococcus aureus is much lower than that of many reported photosensitizers, indicating great prospects for AIE antimicrobial photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Academy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Academy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Academy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Academy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Academy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Academy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fujian Academy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhu C, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Liu S, Xia X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhang H, Xu Y, Chen S, Jiang J, Wu Y, Wu X, Zhang G, Bai Y, Hu J, Fotina H, Wang L, Zhang X. The Antimicrobial Peptide MPX Can Kill Staphylococcus aureus, Reduce Biofilm Formation, and Effectively Treat Bacterial Skin Infections in Mice. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:819921. [PMID: 35425831 PMCID: PMC9002018 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.819921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen that can cause pneumonia and a variety of skin diseases. Skin injuries have a high risk of colonization by S. aureus, which increases morbidity and mortality. Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, antimicrobial peptides are considered to be among the best alternatives to antibiotics due to their unique mechanism of action and other characteristics. MPX is an antibacterial peptide extracted from wasp venom that has antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria. This study revealed that MPX has good bactericidal activity against S. aureus and that its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is 0.08 μM. MPX (4×MIC) can kill 99.9% of bacteria within 1 h, and MPX has good stability. The research on the bactericidal mechanism found that MPX could destroy the membrane integrity, increase the membrane permeability, change the membrane electromotive force, and cause cellular content leakage, resulting in bactericidal activity. Results from a mouse scratch model experiment results show that MPX can inhibit colonization by S. aureus, which reduces the wound size, decreases inflammation, and promotes wound healing. This study reports the activity of MPX against S. aureus and its mechanism and reveals the ability of MPX to treat S. aureus infection in mice, laying the foundation for the development of new drugs for bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaya Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xueqin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Shanqin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shouping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yanzhao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shijun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jinqing Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yundi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xilong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yueyu Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hanna Fotina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Wang
| | - Xueming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Xueming Zhang
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12
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Wang N, Luo J, Deng F, Huang Y, Zhou H. Antibiotic Combination Therapy: A Strategy to Overcome Bacterial Resistance to Aminoglycoside Antibiotics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:839808. [PMID: 35281905 PMCID: PMC8905495 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.839808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After the first aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin being applied in clinical practice in the mid-1940s, aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGAs) are widely used to treat clinical bacterial infections and bacterial resistance to AGAs is increasing. The bacterial resistance to AGAs is owed to aminoglycoside modifying enzyme modification, active efflux pump gene overexpression and 16S rRNA ribosomal subunit methylation, leading to modification of AGAs' structures and decreased concentration of drugs within bacteria. As AGAs's side effects and bacterial resistance, the development of AGAs is time-consuming and difficult. Because bacterial resistance may occur in a short time after application in clinical practice, it was found that the antibacterial effect of the combination was not only better than that of AGAs alone but also reduce the dosage of antibiotics, thereby reducing the occurrence of side effects. This article reviews the clinical use of AGAs, the antibacterial mechanisms, the molecular mechanisms of bacterial resistance, and especially focuses a recent development of the combination of AGAs with other drugs to exert a synergistic antibacterial effect to provide a new strategy to overcome bacterial resistance to AGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Ministry of Education and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation, Ministry of Education of Characteristic Ethnic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Ministry of Education and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation, Ministry of Education of Characteristic Ethnic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Ministry of Education and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation, Ministry of Education of Characteristic Ethnic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yasi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Ministry of Education and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation, Ministry of Education of Characteristic Ethnic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Ministry of Education and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation, Ministry of Education of Characteristic Ethnic Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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13
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Jadah NA, Shamkhi IA, Shamkhi JA. Photobiomodulation and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Influence of a 650 nm Wavelength on Staphylocoagulase and Viability of Staphylococcus aurous. J Lasers Med Sci 2022; 13:e5. [PMID: 35642239 PMCID: PMC9131292 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2022.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the critical pathological bacteria. This bacterium had developed a variety of genetic mutations that made it resistant to drugs and more harmful to humans. In addition, all attempts to design a specific vaccine against S. aureus have failed. Therefore, this experiment was designed as a trial for vaccine production, by using a photodynamic treatment (PDT) through partial biological inhibition. The PDT of bacteria mainly focused on reducing the activity of staphylocoagulase (SC), which has a protective feature for bacteria. This study aimed to examine the photodynamic effect of combining a specific wavelength of a laser and a certain dilution photosensitizer, methylene blue (MB) dye. The possible PDT effect on the inhibition of pathogenic enzymatic activity was predicted. This study also aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of PDT on the total bacterial account (viability) simultaneously with SC assay. Methods: A 650nm wavelength diode laser was used with 100 mW output power and 2 minutes of exposure time. Dye dilutions were 50, 100, 150 and 200 μg/mL. The viability of bacteria after and before laser treatment was calculated using single plate-serial dilution spotting methods. The activity of SC was detected by using human plasma for 4 hours incubation of crude-substrate interaction. Results: The results revealed a significant decrease in enzyme activity and colony-forming units (CFU) after irradiating bacterial suspension with 150 g/mL MB, as well as a decline in CFU. However, irradiation with a laser alone showed a significant increase in SC activity and CFU for the same exposure time. Conclusion: Besides reducing the production of SC activity, PDT significantly inhibited the viability of S. aureus. The application of MB photosensitizer at a concentration of 150 g/mL in combination with a laser wavelength of 650 nm resulted in a complete decrease in the SC activity value as well as the viability of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imad Abdulabbass Shamkhi
- Department of Basic Science, College of Dentistry, Ibn Sina University of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq
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14
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Advances in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Feng Y, Coradi Tonon C, Ashraf S, Hasan T. Photodynamic and antibiotic therapy in combination against bacterial infections: efficacy, determinants, mechanisms, and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113941. [PMID: 34419503 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment, the mainstay for the control of bacterial infections, is greatly hampered by the global prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is effective against MDR infections, but PDT-induced bacterial inactivation is often incomplete, causing the relapse of infections. Combination of PDT and antibiotics is a promising strategy to overcome the limitation of both antibiotic treatment and PDT, exerting increased disinfection efficacy on MDR bacterial pathogens versus either of the monotherapies alone. In this review, we present an overview of the therapeutic effects of PDT/antibiotic combinations that have been developed. We further summarize the influencing factors and the governing molecular mechanisms of the therapeutic outcomes of PDT/antibiotic combinations. In the end, we provide concluding remarks on the strengths, limitations, and future research directions of PDT/antibiotic combination therapy to guide its appropriate usage and further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Feng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Caroline Coradi Tonon
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Health Sciences and Technology (Harvard-MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA.
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16
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Mushtaq S, Yasin T, Saleem M, Dai T, Yameen MA. Potentiation of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy by Curcumin Loaded Graphene Quantum Dots. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:202-210. [PMID: 34382232 DOI: 10.1111/php.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing resistance to existing antibiotics by microbes is currently the biggest dilemma. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is a promising alternative for treatment of multidrug resistant infections. The aim of current study was to fabricate graphene quantum dots loaded with curcumin as photosensitizer for improved antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. The study involved fabrication of blank and curcumin-loaded graphene quantum dots, their characterizations (TEM, UV-visible & fluorescence emission spectra), cytotoxicity assay, ROS assay and investigation of enhanced antimicrobial photodynamic effect against resistant microbes. The fabrication of blank and loaded graphene quantum dots was confirmed by observation of peak shift and changes in peak intensity of blank graphene quantum dots, curcumin alone compared to curcumin loaded graphene quantum dots in UV-visible and fluoresce emission spectra. Cytotoxicity assay showed that 100 µM concentration was not toxic to NIH/3t3 fibroblasts. In ROS assay, the curcumin loaded formulation showed threefold increase in ROS production. Blue light (405 nm) irradiance of 30 J/cm2 and photosensitizer concentration of 100 µM showed ~3.5 log10 enhanced CUF reduction against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. In conclusion, curcumin-loaded graphene quantum dots shoed enhanced antimicrobial photodynamic effects and can be used as an alternative effective treatment for resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Mushtaq
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan.,Wellman Centre for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard, USA
| | - Tariq Yasin
- Department of Chemistry, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Nilor, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Centre for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard, USA
| | - Muhammad Arfat Yameen
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
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17
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Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Antibiotics or Antifungals against Microorganisms That Cause Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: A Planktonic and Biofilm Approach to Overcome Resistances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070603. [PMID: 34201530 PMCID: PMC8308592 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review covers combination approaches of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) plus antibiotics or antifungals to attack bacteria and fungi in vitro (both planktonic and biofilm forms) focused on those microorganisms that cause infections in skin and soft tissues. The combination can prevent failure in the fight against these microorganisms: antimicrobial drugs can increase the susceptibility of microorganisms to aPDT and prevent the possibility of regrowth of those that were not inactivated during the irradiation; meanwhile, aPDT is effective regardless of the resistance pattern of the strain and their use does not contribute to the selection of antimicrobial resistance. Additive or synergistic antimicrobial effects in vitro are evaluated and the best combinations are presented. The use of combined treatment of aPDT with antimicrobials could help overcome the difficulty of fighting high level of resistance microorganisms and, as it is a multi-target approach, it could make the selection of resistant microorganisms more difficult.
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18
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Akhtar F, Khan AU, Misba L, Akhtar K, Ali A. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm photodynamic therapy against vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) induced infection in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 160:65-76. [PMID: 33508436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm mediated infection caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria are difficult to treat since it protects the microorganisms by host defense system, making them resistant to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. Combating such type of nosocomial infection, especially in immunocompromised patients, is an urgent need and foremost challenge faced by clinicians. Therefore, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been intensely pursued as an alternative therapy for bacterial infections. aPDT leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that destroy bacterial cells in the presence of a photosensitizer, visible light and oxygen. Here, we elucidated a possibility of its clinical application by reducing the treatment time and exposing curcumin to 20 J/cm2 of blue laser light, which corresponds to only 52 s to counteract vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) both in vitro and in vivo. To understand the mechanism of action, the generation of total reactive oxygen species (ROS) was quantified by 2'-7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and the type of phototoxicity was confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopic analysis. The data showed more production of singlet oxygen, indicating type-II phototoxicity. Different anti-biofilm assays (crystal violet and congo red assays) and microscopic studies were performed at sub-MIC concentration of curcumin followed by treatment with laser light against preformed biofilm of VRSA. The result showed significant reduction in the preformed biofilm formation. Finally, its therapeutic potential was validated in skin abrasion wistar rat model. The result showed significant inhibition of bacterial growth. Furthermore, immunomodulatory analysis with rat serum was performed. A significant reduction in expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were observed. Hence, we conclude that curcumin mediated aPDT with 20 J/cm2 of blue laser treatment (for 52 s) could be used against multi-drug resistant bacterial infections and preformed biofilm formation as a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farheen Akhtar
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Lab., Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Asad U Khan
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Lab., Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
| | - Lama Misba
- Medical Microbiology and Molecular Biology Lab., Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Kafil Akhtar
- Department of Pathology, JNMC, A.M.U., Aligarh, India
| | - Asif Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, F/o Medicine, JNMC A.M.U., Aligarh, India
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19
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Klausen M, Ucuncu M, Bradley M. Design of Photosensitizing Agents for Targeted Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E5239. [PMID: 33182751 PMCID: PMC7696090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms has gained substantial attention due to its unique mode of action, in which pathogens are unable to generate resistance, and due to the fact that it can be applied in a minimally invasive manner. In photodynamic therapy (PDT), a non-toxic photosensitizer (PS) is activated by a specific wavelength of light and generates highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O2-, type-I mechanism) or singlet oxygen (1O2*, type-II mechanism). Although it offers many advantages over conventional treatment methods, ROS-mediated microbial killing is often faced with the issues of accessibility, poor selectivity and off-target damage. Thus, several strategies have been employed to develop target-specific antimicrobial PDT (aPDT). This includes conjugation of known PS building-blocks to either non-specific cationic moieties or target-specific antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides, or combining them with targeting nanomaterials. In this review, we summarise these general strategies and related challenges, and highlight recent developments in targeted aPDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Klausen
- School of Chemistry and the EPSRC IRC Proteus, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK;
| | - Muhammed Ucuncu
- School of Chemistry and the EPSRC IRC Proteus, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK;
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir 35620, Turkey
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry and the EPSRC IRC Proteus, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK;
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20
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In vitro antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using tetra-cationic porphyrins against multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from canine otitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:101982. [PMID: 32890692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria have been frequently isolated from canine otitis. Photodynamic therapy using porphyrins as photosensitizing molecules is an alternative therapy against microorganisms in localized infections. Therefore, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of two tetra-cationic porphyrins (H2TMeP and ZnTMeP) against gram-positive and -negative bacteria isolated from canine otitis, as well as its putative action mechanism. For this, two gram-positive and two gram-negative bacteria frequently detected in cases of canine otitis (coagulase-positive and -negative staphylococci [CPS and CNS], Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis) were used in antibacterial activity assays. Each porphyrin at a non-cytotoxic dose was incubated with a fixed concentration of each bacterium and exposed to white-light irradiation for 0, 30, 60, and 90 min. Clinical isolates of CPS and CNS were photo-inactivated after 30 min of white-light exposure by both porphyrins (p < 0.05). Gram-negative bacteria were also photo-inactivated after 30 min (p < 0.05), reaching complete inactivation after 60 and 90 min of white-light irradiation by H2TMeP and ZnTMeP, respectively. Antibacterial assays using standard bacterial strains (ATCCs) demonstrated similar results to those obtained with clinical isolates, except for P. aeruginosa, which was completely inactivated by ZnTMeP at 60 min, and the absence of a significant reduction in P. mirabilis concentration when irradiated for 30 min. Similar assays were conducted using reactive oxygen species scavengers showing that the putative mechanism for bacterial inactivation is through the production of singlet oxygen species. These results indicated that H2TMeP and ZnTMeP tetra-cationic porphyrins were effective against bacteria isolated from canine otitis.
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21
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Martínez SR, Ibarra LE, Ponzio RA, Forcone MV, Wendel AB, Chesta CA, Spesia MB, Palacios RE. Photodynamic Inactivation of ESKAPE Group Bacterial Pathogens in Planktonic and Biofilm Cultures Using Metallated Porphyrin-Doped Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2202-2213. [PMID: 32538610 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) protocols using photoactive metallated porphyrin-doped conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) and blue light were developed to eliminate multidrug-resistant pathogens. CPNs-PDI protocols using varying particle concentrations and irradiation doses were tested against nine pathogenic bacterial strains including antibiotic-resistant bacteria of the ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) pathogens group. The bactericidal effect was achieved in methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureus (S. aureus) strains using low light doses (9.6-14.4 J/cm2), while Gram-negative bacteria required a higher light dose (28.8 J/cm2). The bacteria-CPN interaction was studied through flow cytometry, taking advantage of the intrinsic CPN fluorescence, demonstrating that CPNs efficiently bind to the bacterial envelope. Finally, the performance of CPNs-PDI was explored in biofilms; good antibiofilm ability and almost complete eradication were observed for S. aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms, respectively, using confocal microscopy. Overall, we demonstrated that CPNs-PDI is an efficient tool not only to kill superbugs as sessile cells but also to disrupt and eradicate biofilms of highly relevant pathogenic bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol R. Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologı́as Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Rı́o Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rı́o Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Luis E. Ibarra
- Instituto de Biotecnologı́a Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Rı́o Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rı́o Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo A. Ponzio
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologı́as Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Rı́o Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rı́o Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
| | | | | | - Carlos A. Chesta
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologı́as Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Rı́o Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rı́o Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Mariana B. Spesia
- Instituto de Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), Universidad Nacional de Rı́o Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rı́o Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo E. Palacios
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologı́as Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados (IITEMA), Universidad Nacional de Rı́o Cuarto, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rı́o Cuarto, Córdoba X5804BYA, Argentina
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22
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Braz M, Salvador D, Gomes AT, Mesquita MQ, Faustino MAF, Neves MGP, Almeida A. Photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on skin using a porphyrinic formulation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Maisch
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg Germany
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24
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Photodynamic Therapy in the Inactivation of Microorganisms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9040138. [PMID: 32218130 PMCID: PMC7235899 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9040138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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25
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Liu S, Mai B, Jia M, Lin D, Zhang J, Liu Q, Wang P. Synergistic antimicrobial effects of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and gentamicin on Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101703. [PMID: 32151763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is generally increasing, which has become a great challenge for treating infectious diseases caused by microbes. Photodynamic antibacterial chemotherapy (PACT) has been considered as a promising method for inactivating bacteria. The combination of antimicrobial agent with PACT may provide efficient way against drug-resistant microbe. This study aims to investigate the synergistic effects of PACT mediated by toluidine blue (TB), combined with gentamicin (GEN) on common pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and multidrug-resistant S. aureus (MDR S. aureus). METHODS Alkaline lysis was used to detect the uptake of TB by S. aureus and MDR S. aureus. Plate counting was applied to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of GEN alone, TB-PACT alone, and work together. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were performed to examine the permeability of bacterial membranes after different treatments. Intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed with the assist of H2DCF-DA and SOSG probes. RESULTS TB-PACT combined with GEN led to more pronounced antibacterial effects in S. aureus and MDR S. aureus, as compared with either alone. TB-PACT treatment permeabilized the bacterial membranes, promoted GEN cellular accumulation and augmented the antibacterial efficiency. The intracellular ROS generation by the combination of TB-PACT and GEN was much higher than that of single treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS TB-PACT decreased the GEN cytotoxic threshold and usage, and the synergy of them significantly enhanced the sterilization of S. aureus and MDR S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bingjie Mai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengqi Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dewu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingdan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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Otieno W, Liu C, Deng H, Li J, Zeng X, Ji Y. Hypocrellin B-Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation of Gram-Positive Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: An In Vitro Study. PHOTOBIOMODULATION PHOTOMEDICINE AND LASER SURGERY 2020; 38:36-42. [DOI: 10.1089/photob.2019.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Woodvine Otieno
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Hong Deng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Ji
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, P.R. China
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Diogo P, F Faustino MA, P M S Neves MG, Palma PJ, P Baptista I, Gonçalves T, Santos JM. An Insight into Advanced Approaches for Photosensitizer Optimization in Endodontics-A Critical Review. J Funct Biomater 2019; 10:E44. [PMID: 31575005 PMCID: PMC6963755 DOI: 10.3390/jfb10040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is a biofilm-mediated disease; therefore, an antimicrobial approach is essential to cure or prevent its development. In the quest for efficient strategies to achieve this objective, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged as an alternative to classical endodontic irrigation solutions and antibiotics. The aim of the present critical review is to summarize the available evidence on photosensitizers (PSs) which has been confirmed in numerous studies from diverse areas combined with several antimicrobial strategies, as well as emerging options in order to optimize their properties and effects that might be translational and useful in the near future in basic endodontic research. Published data notably support the need for continuing the search for an ideal endodontic photosensitizer, that is, one which acts as an excellent antimicrobial agent without causing toxicity to the human host cells or presenting the risk of tooth discoloration. The current literature on experimental studies mainly relies on assessment of mixed disinfection protocols, combining approaches which are already available with aPDT as an adjunct therapy. In this review, several approaches concerning aPDT efficiency are appraised, such as the use of bacteriophages, biopolymers, drug and light delivery systems, efflux pump inhibitors, negative pressure systems, and peptides. The authors also analyzed their combination with other approaches for aPDT improvement, such as sonodynamic therapy. All of the aforementioned techniques have already been tested, and we highlight the biological challenges of each formulation, predicting that the collected information may encourage the development of other effective photoactive materials, in addition to being useful in endodontic basic research. Moreover, special attention is dedicated to studies on detailed conditions, aPDT features with a focus on PS enhancer strategies, and the respective final antimicrobial outcomes. From all the mentioned approaches, the two which are most widely discussed and which show the most promising outcomes for endodontic purposes are drug delivery systems (with strong development in nanoparticles) and PS solubilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Diogo
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Palma
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Isabel P Baptista
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Miguel Santos
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
- FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Calixto GMF, de Annunzio SR, Victorelli FD, Frade ML, Ferreira PS, Chorilli M, Fontana CR. Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Optimization of Photodynamic Therapy: a Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:253. [PMID: 31309346 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) can be designed to enrich the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of several drugs. Many of the initial obstacles that impeded the clinical applications of conventional DDS have been overcome with nanotechnology-based DDS, especially those formed by chitosan (CS). CS is a linear polysaccharide obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, which has potential properties such as biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, non-toxicity, high bioavailability, simplicity of modification, aqueous solubility, and excellent chemical resistance. Furthermore, CS can prepare several DDS as films, gels, nanoparticles, and microparticles to improve delivery of drugs, such as photosensitizers (PS). Thus, CS-based DDS are broadly investigated for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer and fungal and bacterial diseases. In PDT, a PS is activated by light of a specific wavelength, which provokes selective damage to the target tissue and its surrounding vasculature, but most PS have low water solubility and cutaneous photosensitivity impairing the clinical use of PDT. Based on this, the application of nanotechnology using chitosan-based DDS in PDT may offer great possibilities in the treatment of diseases. Therefore, this review presents numerous applications of chitosan-based DDS in order to improve the PDT for cancer and fungal and bacterial diseases.
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Torres-Hurtado S, Ramírez-Ramírez J, Larios-Morales A, Ramírez-San-Juan J, Ramos-García R, Espinosa-Texis A, Spezzia-Mazzocco T. Efficient in vitro photodynamic inactivation using repetitive light energy density on Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:203-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Garcia-Sampedro A, Tabero A, Mahamed I, Acedo P. Multimodal use of the porphyrin TMPyP: From cancer therapy to antimicrobial applications. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cationic porphyrin meso-tetra(4-[Formula: see text]-methylpyridyl)porphine (TMPyP) has a high yield of singlet oxygen generation upon light activation and a strong affinity for DNA. These advantageous properties have turned it into a promising photosensitizer for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this review, we have summarized the current state-of-the-art applications of TMPyP for the treatment of cancer as well as its implementation in antimicrobial PDT. The most relevant studies reporting its pharmacokinetics, subcellular localization, mechanism of action, tissue biodistribution and dosimetry are discussed. Combination strategies using TMPyP-PDT together with other photosensitizers and chemotherapeutic agents to achieve synergistic anti-tumor effects and reduce resistance to therapy are also explored. Finally, we have addressed emerging applications of this porphyrin, including nanoparticle-mediated delivery, controlled drug release, biosensing and G-quadruplex stabilization for tumor growth inhibition. Altogether, this work highlights the great potential and versatility that TMPyP can offer in different fields of biomedicine such us cancer treatment or antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Garcia-Sampedro
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Pond Street, NW3 2PG, London, UK
| | - Andrea Tabero
- Departament of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismahan Mahamed
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Pond Street, NW3 2PG, London, UK
| | - Pilar Acedo
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Pond Street, NW3 2PG, London, UK
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31
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Wozniak A, Rapacka-Zdonczyk A, Mutters NT, Grinholc M. Antimicrobials Are a Photodynamic Inactivation Adjuvant for the Eradication of Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:229. [PMID: 30814989 PMCID: PMC6381035 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide emergence of extensively drug resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii has reduced the number of antimicrobials that exert high bactericidal activity against this pathogen. This is the reason why many scientists are focusing on investigations concerning novel non-antibiotic strategies such as antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) or the use of antimicrobial blue light (aBL). Therefore, the aim of the current study was to screen for antimicrobial synergies of routinely used antibiotics and phototherapies, including both aPDI involving exogenously administered photosensitizing molecules, namely, rose bengal, and aBL, involving excitation of endogenously produced photoactive compounds. The synergy testing was performed in accordance with antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) standards, including various methodological approaches, i.e., antibiotic diffusion tests, checkerboard assays, CFU counting and the evaluation of postantibiotic effects (PAEs). We report that combining antimicrobials and aPDI/aBL treatment led to a new strategy that overcomes drug resistance in XDR A. baumannii, rendering this pathogen susceptible to various categories of antibiotics. Sublethal aPDI/aBL treatment in the presence of sub-MIC levels of antimicrobials effectively killed A. baumannii expressing drug resistance to studied antibiotics when treated with only antibiotic therapy. The susceptibility of XDR A. baumannii to a range of antibiotics was enhanced following sublethal aPDI/aBL. Furthermore, 3′-(p-aminophenyl) fluorescein (APF) testing indicated that significantly increased reactive oxygen species production upon combined treatment could explain the observed synergistic activity. This result represents a conclusive example of the synergistic activity between photodynamic inactivation and clinically used antimicrobials leading to effective eradication of XDR A. baumannii isolates and indicates a potent novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Wozniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rapacka-Zdonczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Nico T Mutters
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Efficacy of photoactivated Myrciaria cauliflora extract against Staphylococcus aureus infection – A pilot study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 191:107-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Schreiner M, Bäumler W, Eckl D, Späth A, König B, Eichner A. Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria to decolonize meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
from human skin. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1358-1367. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Schreiner
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Regensburg; Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - W. Bäumler
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Regensburg; Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - D.B. Eckl
- Institute of Microbiology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - A. Späth
- TriOptoTec GmbH; Am Biopark 13 Regensburg Germany
| | - B. König
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - A. Eichner
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Regensburg; Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11 93053 Regensburg Germany
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He Y, Huang YY, Xi L, Gelfand JA, Hamblin MR. Tetracyclines function as dual-action light-activated antibiotics. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196485. [PMID: 29742128 PMCID: PMC5942775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) employs photosensitizing dyes activated by visible light to produce reactive oxygen species. aPDI is independent of the antibiotic resistance status of the target cells, and is thought unlikely to produce resistance itself. Among many PS that have been investigated, tetracyclines occupy a unique niche. They are potentially dual-action compounds that can both kill bacteria under illumination, and prevent bacterial regrowth by inhibiting ribosomes. Tetracycline antibiotics are regarded as bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal. Doxycycline (DOTC) is excited best by UVA light (365 nm) while demeclocycline (DMCT) can be efficiently activated by blue light (415 nm) as well as UVA. Both compounds were able to eradicate Gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria (>6 log(10) steps of killing) at concentrations (10–50μM) and fluences (10-20J/cm2). In contrast to methylene blue, MB plus red light, tetracyclines photoinactivated bacteria in rich growth medium. When ~3 logs of bacteria were killed with DMCT/DOTC+light and the surviving cells were added to growth medium, further bacterial killing was observed, while the same experiment with MB allowed complete regrowth. MIC studies were carried out either in the dark or exposed to 0.5mW/cm2 blue light. Up to three extra steps (8-fold) increased antibiotic activity was found with light compared to dark, with MRSA and tetracycline-resistant strains of E. coli. Tetracyclines can accumulate in bacterial ribosomes, where they could be photoactivated with blue/UVA light producing microbial killing via ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya He
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liyan Xi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jeffrey A. Gelfand
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAG); (MRH)
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAG); (MRH)
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Wozniak A, Grinholc M. Combined Antimicrobial Activity of Photodynamic Inactivation and Antimicrobials-State of the Art. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:930. [PMID: 29867839 PMCID: PMC5952179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a promising tool for the eradication of life-threatening pathogens with different profiles of resistance. This study presents the state-of-the-art published studies that have been dedicated to analyzing the bactericidal effects of combining aPDI and routinely applied antibiotics in in vitro (using biofilm and planktonic cultures) and in vivo experiments. Furthermore, the current paper reviews the methodology used to obtain the published data that describes the synergy between these antimicrobial approaches. The authors are convinced that even though the combined efficacy of aPDI and antimicrobials could be investigated with the wide range of methods, the use of a unified experimental methodology that is in agreement with antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is required to investigate possible synergistic cooperation between aPDI and antimicrobials. Conclusions concerning the possible synergistic activity between the two treatments can be drawn only when appropriate assays are employed. It must be noticed that some of the described papers were just aimed at determination if combined treatments exert enhanced antibacterial outcome, without following the standard methodology to evaluate the synergistic effect, but in most of them (18 out of 27) authors indicated the existence of synergy between described antibacterial approaches. In general, the increase in bacterial inactivation was observed when both therapies were used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Wozniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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