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Jerie S, Mutekwa TV, Mudyazhezha OC, Shabani T, Shabani T. Environmental and Human Health Problems Associated with Hospital Wastewater Management in Zimbabwe. Curr Environ Health Rep 2024; 11:380-389. [PMID: 38849638 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-024-00452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Wastewater is a term used to describe water that has undergone degradation in quality owing to anthropogenic activities or natural processes. Wastewater encompasses liquid waste originating from academic institutions, households, agricultural sector, industries, mines and hospitals. Hospital wastewater contains potentially hazardous substances including residues of pharmaceuticals, radioisotopes, detergents and pathogens, with detrimental impacts to the environment and human health. Nevertheless, studies related to hospital waste management are limited in Africa, particularly in Southern Africa. This research offers an overview of aspects surrounding hospital wastewater in Southern Africa, focusing on Zimbabwe. Already published and grey literature was reviewed to compile the paper. RECENT FINDINGS Number of patients, nature of medical services offered and hospital size influences generation of hospital wastewater. Partially and non-treated hospital wastewater is managed together with municipal wastewater. Management of hospital wastewater is impeded by shortage of resources, lack of co-ordination among responsible authorities and ineffective legal framework enforcement, among other challenges. Inappropriate hospital wastewater management results in environmental contamination, causing human ailments. Attainment of sustainable hospital wastewater management requires clearly defined and enforced legislation, collaboration of accountable stakeholders, sufficient resources and enhanced awareness of involved stakeholders. Application of technologies that uphold recycling and reuse of wastewater is essential to reach Sustainable Development Goals, Zimbabwe Vision 2030 and National Development Strategy 1 targets, particularly those dealing with environmental protection while upholding human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Jerie
- Midlands State University, Department of Geography, Environmental Sustainability and Resilience Building P. Bag, 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Timothy Vurayayi Mutekwa
- Midlands State University, Department of Geography, Environmental Sustainability and Resilience Building P. Bag, 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Olivia C Mudyazhezha
- Midlands State University, Department of Geography, Environmental Sustainability and Resilience Building P. Bag, 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Tapiwa Shabani
- Midlands State University, Department of Geography, Environmental Sustainability and Resilience Building P. Bag, 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Takunda Shabani
- Midlands State University, Department of Geography, Environmental Sustainability and Resilience Building P. Bag, 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe.
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Halmans Y, Wellenstein DJ, Romijn M, Cremers S, Smit JJ, Hopman J, Takes RP, van den Broek GB. Is ultraviolet light disinfection fit to be the future standard for the disinfection of flexible endoscopes without a working channel? Clin Otolaryngol 2024; 49:130-135. [PMID: 37882501 DOI: 10.1111/coa.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate colony-forming unit (CFU) reduction on contaminated flexible endoscopes (FEs) without a working channel after UV-C light disinfection, compared to the current disinfection method with the endoscope washer disinfector (EWD). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS After pharyngolaryngoscopy, a manual pre-cleaning with tap water was performed. A culture was then collected by rolling the distal 8-10 cm of the FE over an Agar plate. The FE was disinfected using the D60 (60-s disinfection process with UV-C light) or the EWD (gold standard reprocessing process with water and chemicals). Another culture was then taken. After incubation, a CFU count was performed. RESULTS A total of 200 FEs without a working channel were divided equally between the two disinfection groups. After clinical use and manual pre-cleaning, 84 of the 100 (84.0%) (UV-C light group) and 79 of the 100 (79.0%) (EWD) FEs were contaminated with at least 1 CFU. FEs that showed no contamination after use were excluded from further analysis. After disinfection with UV-C light, 72 (85.7%) FEs showed no contamination (i.e., 0 CFUs) versus 66 (83.5%) FEs after reprocessing with the EWD. CONCLUSION There is no difference in CFUs reduction on contaminated FEs without a working channel between UV-C light disinfection and the current gold standard, the EWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Halmans
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University, Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David J Wellenstein
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University, Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Romijn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University, Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Cremers
- Department of Hygiene and Infection Prevention, Radboud University, Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jannie J Smit
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University, Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Hopman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University, Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P Takes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University, Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido B van den Broek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Radboud University, Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Zhao Y, Bhavya ML, Patange A, Sun DW, Tiwari BK. Plasma-activated liquids for mitigating biofilms on food and food contact surfaces. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1654-1685. [PMID: 36861750 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-activated liquids (PALs) are emerging and promising alternatives to traditional decontamination technologies and have evolved as a new technology for applications in food, agriculture, and medicine. Contamination caused by foodborne pathogens and their biofilms has posed challenges and concerns to the food industry in terms of safety and quality. The nature of the food and the food processing environment are major factors that contribute to the growth of various microorganisms, followed by the biofilm characteristics that ensure their survival in severe environmental conditions and against traditional chemical disinfectants. PALs show an efficient impact against microorganisms and their biofilms, with various reactive species (short- and long-lived ones), physiochemical properties, and plasma processing factors playing a crucial role in mitigating biofilms. Moreover, there is potential to improve and optimize disinfection strategies using a combination of PALs with other technologies for the inactivation of biofilms. The overarching aim of this study is to build a better understanding of the parameters that govern the liquid chemistry generated in a liquid exposed to plasma and how these translate into biological effects on biofilms. This review provides a current understanding of PALs-mediated mechanisms of action on biofilms; however, the precise inactivation mechanism is still not clear and is an important part of the research. Implementation of PALs in the food industry could help overcome the disinfection hurdles and can enhance biofilm inactivation efficacy. Future perspectives in this field to expand existing state of the art to seek breakthroughs for scale-up and implementation of PALs technology in the food industry are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Zhao
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,Food Refrigeration and Computerised Food Technology (FRCFT), School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Da-Wen Sun
- Food Refrigeration and Computerised Food Technology (FRCFT), School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Biadsee A, Crosby L, Chow W, Sowerby LJ. Cost minimization analysis of nasopharyngoscope reprocessing in community practice. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 52:8. [PMID: 36750881 PMCID: PMC9906939 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-022-00610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reprocessing of nasopharyngoscopes represents a large financial burden to community physicians. The aim of this study was to perform a cost analysis of nasopharyngoscope reprocessing methods at the community level. METHODS Electronic surveys were distributed by email to community otolaryngologists. Surveys were comprised of 14 questions assessing clinic size, nasopharyngoscope volume, scope reprocessing method and maintenance. Four manual techniques were evaluated: (1) soak with ortho-phthalaldehyde solution (Cidex-OPA; Advanced Sterilization Products, Johnson and Johnson Inc., Markham, Canada), (2) soak with accelerated hydrogen peroxide solution (Revital-Ox; Steris Canada Inc., Mississauga, Canada), (3) disinfection with chlorine dioxide wipe (Tristel Trio Wipes System; Tristel plc., Cambridgeshire, UK), (4) UV-C light system (UV Smart, Delft, The Netherlands). All costs are reported in CAD, and consumable and capital costs for reprocessing methods were obtained from reported vendor prices. Time costs were derived from manufacturer recommendations, the Ontario Medical Association Physician's Guide to Uninsured Services, and the Ontario Nurses Association Collective Agreement. Cost analyses determined the most cost-effective reprocessing method in the community setting. Sensitivity analyses assessed the impact of reprocessing volume and labour costs. RESULTS Thirty-six (86%) otolaryngologists responded and answered the survey. The cost per reprocessing event for Cidex-OPA, Revital-Ox, Tristel and UV system were $38.59, $26.47, $30.53, and $22.74 respectively when physicians reprocessed their endoscopes themselves. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that Revital-Ox was the least costly option in a low volume, however, the UV system remained the most cost effective in higher volumes. The cost per reprocessing event when done by clinic staff was $5.51, $4.42, $11.23 and $6.21 for Cidex-OPA, Revital-Ox, Tristel and the UV system. CONCLUSIONS The UV light system appears to be the most cost-effective method in high volumes of reprocessing, and Revital-Ox is cheaper in lower volumes and when performed by clinic staff rather than physicians. It is important to consider the anticipated work volume, shared clinic space and number of co-workers prior to choosing a reprocessing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameen Biadsee
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON N6A 4V2 Canada ,grid.415250.70000 0001 0325 0791Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lauren Crosby
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Winsion Chow
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Deptartment of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Leigh J Sowerby
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, 268 Grosvenor Street, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada.
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Bosco R, Cevenini G, Gambelli S, Nante N, Messina G. Improvement and standardization of disinfection in Hospital Theatre with UV-C technology. J Hosp Infect 2022; 128:19-25. [PMID: 35820555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The level of disinfection between operating sessions is important to prevent cross-contamination risk in Operating Theatres (OTs). The aim was to assess the difference in microbial contamination between different disinfection levels (DLs), before T(0) and after T(1) application of a UVC Device (UVC-D). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2019 and August 2020 in a Clinic. Three DLs: no disinfection after surgery (DL0), after in-between cleaning (DL1), and after terminal cleaning (DL2), were compared to assess the reduction of microbial presence before T(0) and after T(1), the use of UVC-D that was used for 5-3 minutes per bedside. 260 Petri dishes (PD), divided into a preliminary phase followed by a probabilistic model-driven experiment, were used in 3 OTs, and Colony Forming Units (CFU) were counted. The Mann-Whitney test was performed in the preliminary phase to establish UVC exposure time. Using the probabilistic model, we calculated descriptive statistics and % and log10 reduction. The MANOVA analysis for repeated measure was performed to verify the 95% statistical difference between T(0) and T(1), combined with the DLs and different OTs. RESULTS The Mann-Whitney showed no CFU difference between 3-5 minutes of UVC exposure time; the MANOVA test for showed no significant difference between DLs in T(0)-T(1) CFU reduction with a mean CFU reduction of 72% (CI95% 61.7 - 84.9%) regardless of the DL applied before. CONCLUSION UVC-D enhanced environmental disinfection under any initial conditions. In concert with sainting procedures improves and standardizes the level of environmental hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bosco
- Post Graduate School in Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy, MD
| | - G Cevenini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Italy, EngD
| | - S Gambelli
- Rugani Hospital Monteriggioni, Siena, Italy, MD
| | - N Nante
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy MD
| | - G Messina
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy MD.
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Scott R, Joshi LT, McGinn C. Hospital surface disinfection using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation technology: A review. Healthc Technol Lett 2022; 9:25-33. [PMID: 35662749 PMCID: PMC9160814 DOI: 10.1049/htl2.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) technologies have emerged as a promising alternative to biocides as a means of surface disinfection in hospitals and other healthcare settings. This paper reviews the methods used by researchers and clinicians in deploying and evaluating the efficacy of UVGI technology. The type of UVGI technology used, the clinical setting where the device was deployed, and the methods of environmental testing that the researchers followed are investigated. The findings suggest that clinical UVGI deployments have been growing steadily since 2010 and have increased dramatically since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hardware platforms and operating procedures vary considerably between studies. Most studies measure efficacy of the technology based on the objective measurement of bacterial bioburden reduction; however, studies conducted over longer durations have examined the impact of UVGI on the reduction of healthcare associated infections (HCAIs). Future trends include increased automation and the use of UVGI technologies that are safer for use around people. Although existing evidence seems to support the efficacy of UVGI as a tool capable of reducing HCAIs, more research is needed to measure the magnitude of these effects and to establish recommended best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Scott
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical EngineeringTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | | | - Conor McGinn
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical EngineeringTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Akara RoboticsDublinIreland
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7
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Qiao JJ, Li JJ, Li CH, Qi Y, Chen LY, Wang SN, Honess PE, Liu YB, Zhang C, Liu QX, Yi B, Gao CQ. A Practical Assessment of the Disinfectant Efficacy of UV Light with and without Ozone Using a Novel Transfer Hatch in a Research Animal Facility. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2022; 61:248-251. [PMID: 35393007 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Most in vivo animal research and breeding using mice and rats in China takes place in facilities under barrier conditions. Items being moved across the barrier are typically disinfected using UV radiation in a transfer hatch. However, the time periods necessary for this disinfection technique are inefficient, and disinfection is frequently incomplete, especially if concealed surfaces are present. The current study used a newly developed transfer hatch incorporating both UV and ozone disinfection to examine disinfection efficacy against 4 bacteria species (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii). Disinfection trials used UV and ozone, applied separately and in combination, for up to 30 min. Separate and combined treatments were also tested with a UV barrier. We found that if UV radiation has direct contact with surfaces, it is an efficient disinfection method. However, where surfaces are concealed by a UV barrier, UV radiation performs relatively poorly. The results of this study indicate that a combination of UV and ozone produces the most effective disinfection and is markedly quicker than current disinfection times for UV applied on its own. This novel transfer hatch design therefore allows more complete and efficient disinfection, improves workflow, and reduces barrier breaches by pathogens that may affect animal health and welfare and compromise research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Qiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Study in Laboratory Animals, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Center for Study in Laboratory Animals, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun-Hui Li
- Infection Control Center, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Qi
- Clinical Laboratory, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Xiang-Ya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shan-Ni Wang
- Center for Study in Laboratory Animals, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Paul E Honess
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom, UK
| | - Yun-Bo Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Xia Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Qing Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Study in Laboratory Animals, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China;,
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Zrehen A, Hili U, Weil N, Ben-David O, Yosef A, Eitan B. UV surface disinfection in a wearable drug delivery device. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:2144-2155. [PMID: 35519282 PMCID: PMC9045911 DOI: 10.1364/boe.453270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The advent of recombinant DNA technology fundamentally altered the drug discovery landscape, replacing traditional small-molecule drugs with protein and peptide-based biologics. Being susceptible to degradation via the oral route, biologics require comparatively invasive injections, most commonly by intravenous infusion (IV). Significant academic and industrial efforts are underway to replace IV transport with subcutaneous delivery by wearable infusion devices. To further complement the ease-of-use and safety of disposable infusion devices, surface disinfection of the drug container can be automated. For ease of use, the desired injector is a combination device, where the drug is inside the injector as a single solution combination device. The main obstacle of the desired solution is the inability to sterilize both injector and drug in the same chamber or using the same method (Gamma for the drug and ETO for the injector). This leads to the assembly of both drug container and injector after sterilization, resulting in at least one transition area that is not sterilized. To automate the delivery of the drug to the patient, a disinfection step before the drug delivery through the injector is required on the none-sterilized interface. As an innovative solution, the autoinjector presented here is designed with a single ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) for surface disinfection of the drug container and injector interface. In order to validate microbial disinfection similar to ethanol swabbing on the injector, a bacterial 3 or 6 log reduction needed to be demonstrated. However, the small disinfection chamber surfaces within the device are incapable of holding an initial bacterial load for demonstrating the 3 or 6 log reduction, complicating the validation method, and presenting a dilemma as to how to achieve the log reduction while producing real chamber conditions. The suggested solution in this paper is to establish a correlation model between the UV irradiance distribution within the disinfection chamber and a larger external test setup, which can hold the required bacterial load and represents a worse-case test scenario. Bacterial log reduction was subsequently performed on nine different microorganisms of low to high UV-tolerance. The procedure defined herein can be adopted for other surface or chamber disinfection studies in which the inoculation space is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uri Hili
- Eitan Medical, Netanya 4250529, Israel
| | - Noam Weil
- Eitan Medical, Netanya 4250529, Israel
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Rudhart SA, Günther F, Dapper L, Stuck BA, Hoch S. UV-C Light-Based Surface Disinfection: Analysis of Its Virucidal Efficacy Using a Bacteriophage Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063246. [PMID: 35328933 PMCID: PMC8950158 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: The reprocessing of medical devices has become more complex due to increasing hygiene requirements. Previous studies showed satisfactory bactericidal disinfection effects of UV-C light in rigid and flexible endoscopes. Especially in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, virucidal properties are of high importance. In the present study, the virucidal efficacy of UV-C light surface disinfection was analyzed. Methods: MS-2 bacteriophages were applied to the test samples and irradiated by UV-C light using the UV Smart D25 device; unirradiated test samples were used as controls. A dilution series of the samples was mixed with 1 × 108 Escherichia coli and assayed. Results: 8.6 × 1012 pfu could be harvested from the unprocessed test samples. In the control group without UV-C exposure, a remaining contamination of 1.2 × 1012 pfu was detected, resulting in a procedural baseline reduction rate with a LOG10 reduction factor of 0.72. The LOG10 reduction factor was found to be 3.0 after 25 s of UV-C light exposure. After 50 and 75 s of UV-C radiation LOG10 reduction factors 4.2 and 5.9, respectively, were found, with all reductions being statistically significantly different to baseline. Conclusions: The tested UV system seems to provide a significant virucidal effect after a relatively short irradiation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A. Rudhart
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (S.A.R.); (B.A.S.)
| | - Frank Günther
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (F.G.); (L.D.)
| | - Laura Dapper
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (F.G.); (L.D.)
| | - Boris A. Stuck
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (S.A.R.); (B.A.S.)
| | - Stephan Hoch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (S.A.R.); (B.A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Rudhart SA, Günther F, Dapper L, Thangavelu K, Geisthoff UW, Stankovic P, Wilhelm T, Stuck BA, Hoch S. UV light-based reprocessing of flexible endoscopes without working channel in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology: an effective method? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 278:4075-4080. [PMID: 33713189 PMCID: PMC8382609 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Reprocessing of flexible endoscopes (FEs) is often expensive, time consuming, and becomes increasingly complex, due to rising demands of hygiene. After beneficial results in reprocessing of rigid endoscopes using Impelux™ UV-C light technology, we tested the same method for reprocessing of FEs without working channel. Materials and methods Testing was performed on FEs without working channel after routine clinical use (transnasal flexible endoscopy). Disinfection consisted of mechanical precleaning and 60 s exposure to Impelux™ UV-C light technology. Bacterial contamination was tested on 50 FEs before and after disinfection. Further 50 FEs regarding protein residuals. The absolute effectiveness of the D60 was tested on 50 test bodies (RAMS) with a standardized contamination of 107 colony-forming units (CFU) of Enterococcus faecium. Results The FEs were contaminated with a high average value of 916.7 CFU (± 1057 CFU) after clinical usage. After reprocessing, an average contamination of 2.8 CFU (± 1.6) on 14% (n = 7) of the FEs was detected consisting of non-pathogenic species, the remaining FE were sterile. After reprocessing, all FEs were protein-free (< 1 μg). The artificially contaminated test bodies showed no remaining bacterial contamination after disinfection, resulting in an average absolute germ reduction of about 107 CFU. Conclusion Impelux™ UV-C light technology efficiently reduces bacterial contamination of FEs and might be useful in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Rudhart
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Günther
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Laura Dapper
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kruthika Thangavelu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Urban W Geisthoff
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petar Stankovic
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head/Neck and Facial Plastic Surgery, Sana Kliniken Leipziger Land, Borna, Germany
| | - Thomas Wilhelm
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head/Neck and Facial Plastic Surgery, Sana Kliniken Leipziger Land, Borna, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Boris A Stuck
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hoch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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Jean J, Rodríguez-López MI, Jubinville E, Núñez-Delicado E, Gómez-López VM. Potential of pulsed light technology for control of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital environments. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2021; 215:112106. [PMID: 33383557 PMCID: PMC7767662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its potential transmission through touching surfaces in clinical environments have impelled the use of conventional and novel methods of disinfection to prevent its spreading. Among the latter, pulsed light may be an effective, non-chemical decontamination alternative. Pulsed light technology inactivates microorganisms and viruses by using high intensity polychromatic light pulses, which degrades nucleic acids and proteins. This review describes this technology, compiles and critically analyzes the evidence about the virucidal efficacy of pulsed light technology with view on its potential use against SARS-CoV-2 in touching surfaces in health-care facilities. The efficacy of pulsed light proved against many different kind of viruses allows to conclude that is a suitable candidate to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 as long as the required fluence is applied and the appropriated exposure to contaminated surfaces is guaranteed. Pulsed light can inactivate many different types of viruses. Its antimicrobial efficacy has been proved in different health care facilities. Pulsed light produces fast inactivation and it is ecologically friendly. Evidence shows that it should be effective for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jean
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Alimentación y Nutrición, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Eric Jubinville
- Département des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Estrella Núñez-Delicado
- Departamento de Tecnología de la Alimentación y Nutrición, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente M Gómez-López
- Catedra Alimentos para la Salud, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, E-30107 Murcia, Spain.
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Santos TD, de Castro LF. Evaluation of a portable Ultraviolet C (UV-C) device for hospital surface decontamination. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102161. [PMID: 33373741 PMCID: PMC7764389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Surface decontamination of hospital environments is essential to ensure the safety of health professionals and patients. This process is usually performed through active chemicals substances with high toxicity, and new decontamination technologies that do not leave residues have been currently used, such as UV-C light. Thus, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a portable UV-C light device on the viability of standard pathogenic strains and other microorganisms isolated from different surfaces of a public health hospital. Methods In vitro decontamination was performed by applying Biosept Home© UV-C to Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica and Candida albicans. In real conditions, the application was made on different surfaces of a hospital. The device used in the experiment haa a 254 nm UV-C light and a radiation intensity of 45.6 mW/cm2 over a distance of 1 cm from the surfaces. The light dose was 0.912 J/cm2 for 20 s of application in both conditions (in vitro and hospital). Results After in vitro decontamination with UV-C light no bacterial growth was observed, demonstrating 100 % of bacterial inactivation under the conditions tested. Additionally, there was a reduction of approximately 4 logs for the yeast C. albicans. In all hospital surfaces, the number of colonies of microorganisms was significantly reduced after the procedure. Conclusion The results suggest that Biosept Home© UV-C is efficient and constitutes a promosing intervention for disinfection protocols in hospitals and clinics.
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UV light-based decontamination: an effective and fast way for disinfection of endoscopes in otorhinolaryngology? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277:2363-2369. [PMID: 32358650 PMCID: PMC7335372 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-05978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Reprocessing of endoscopes becomes increasingly complex, due to rising demands of hygiene. Established methods are often expensive/time-consuming. Recent studies suggest beneficial aspects of disinfection by UV light. In this study we analyzed the efficiency of UV light disinfection of rigid otorhinolaryngological endoscopes. Materials and methods After mechanical pre-cleaning, the endoscopes were decontaminated for 25 s in the D25 using Impelux™ UV C light technology (UV Smart B.V., Delft, The Netherlands). First, the surface contact samples were taken from 50 used endoscopes to evaluate the bacterial load. Additionally, surface contact samples were taken from further 50 used endoscopes after reprocessing with the D25. Another 50 endoscopes were tested on protein residuals. Furthermore, the absolute effectiveness of the D25 was tested on 50 test bodies (RAMS) with a standardized contamination of 107 colony-forming units (CFU) of Enterococcus faecium. Results The used endoscopes showed a high bacterial contamination with an average value of 66.908 (± 239.215) CFU. After reprocessing, only a minimal contamination on 10% (n = 5) of the endoscopes with a mean value of 0.12 CFU (± 0.39) was found, resulting in a log-5 reduction in a clinical environment. The documented bacteria were components of the normal skin flora. All tested endoscopes were practically protein-free (< 1 μg). Furthermore, the average absolute germ reduction of the D25 was about 106 CFU on the tested RAMS. Conclusion The D25 UV light system seems to be an effective device for the reprocessing of rigid ORL endoscopes, and therefore, might be suitable for the usage in clinical practice on site.
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