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García YE, Schmidt AJ, Solis L, Daza-Torres ML, Montesinos-López JC, Pollock BH, Nuño M. Assessing SARS-CoV-2 Testing Adherence in a University Town: Recurrent Event Modeling Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e48784. [PMID: 38631033 PMCID: PMC11025600 DOI: 10.2196/48784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy Davis Together was a program launched in September 2020 in the city of Davis, California, to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 and facilitate the return to normalcy. The program involved multiple interventions, including free saliva-based asymptomatic testing, targeted communication campaigns, education efforts, and distribution of personal protective equipment, community partnerships, and investments in the local economy. OBJECTIVE This study identified demographic characteristics of individuals that underwent testing and assessed adherence to testing over time in a community pandemic-response program launched in a college town in California, United States. METHODS This study outlines overall testing engagement, identifies demographic characteristics of participants, and evaluates testing participation changes over 4 periods of the COVID-19 pandemic, distinguished by the dominant variants Delta and Omicron. Additionally, a recurrent model is employed to explore testing patterns based on the participants' frequency, timing, and demographic characteristics. RESULTS A total of 770,165 tests were performed between November 18, 2020, and June 30, 2022, among 89,924 (41.1% of total population) residents of Yolo County, with significant participation from racially or ethnically diverse participants and across age groups. Most positive cases (6351 of total) and highest daily participation (895 per 100,000 population) were during the Omicron period. There were some gender and age-related differences in the pattern of recurrent COVID-19 testing. Men were slightly less likely (hazard ratio [HR] 0.969, 95% CI 0.943-0.996) to be retested and more likely (HR 1.104, 95% CI 1.075-1.134) to stop testing altogether than women. People aged between 20 and 34 years were less likely to be retested (HR 0.861, 95% CI 0.828-0.895) and more likely to stop testing altogether (HR 2.617, 95% CI 2.538-2.699). However, older age groups were less likely to stop testing, especially those aged between 65-74 years and 75-84 years, than those aged between 0 and 19 years. The likelihood of stopping testing was lower (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.889-0.976) for the Asian group and higher for the Hispanic or Latino (HR 1.185, 95% CI 1.148-1.223) and Black or African American (HR 1.198, 95% CI 1.054-1.350) groups than the White group. CONCLUSIONS The unique features of a pandemic response program that supported community-wide access to free asymptomatic testing provide a unique opportunity to evaluate adherence to testing recommendations and testing trends over time. Identification of individual and group-level factors associated with testing behaviors can provide insights for identifying potential areas of improvement in future testing initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury E García
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alec J Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Leslie Solis
- Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - María L Daza-Torres
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Brad H Pollock
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Miriam Nuño
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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Kim W, Chang K, Lee SY, Ju YJ. Area-level deprivation and handwashing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multilevel analysis on a nationwide survey in Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:2088-2103. [PMID: 37204032 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2212600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between area deprivation level and performance of handwashing behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korean adults. This study used data from the 2015 Population and Housing Census data to measure area deprivation level. The 2020 Korea Community Health Survey was used for all other variables, including hand hygiene behavior (August through November 2020). The association between area deprivation level and practice of handwashing behavior was examined using multilevel logistic regression analysis. The study population comprised 215,676 adults aged 19 years or above. Compared to the least area deprived group, the most deprived group was more likely to not wash hands after using the restroom (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.13-1.82), after coming home (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.43-2.39), and using soap (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.29-1.84). The findings suggest the importance of considering area deprivation in implementing policies that promote handwashing, particularly during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woorim Kim
- Division of Cancer Control & Policy, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyujin Chang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Young Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Jun Ju
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea
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Hotopf I, Majorin F, White S. What did we learn about changing behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic? A systematic review of interventions to change hand hygiene and mask use behaviour. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 257:114309. [PMID: 38325104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND behaviour change interventions were central in the COVID-19 response and are vital for strengthening pandemic preparedness and resilience. To be effective, interventions must target specific behavioural determinants, but determinants are complex and multifaceted and there is a gap in robust, theory driven evidence on which behavioural determinants are most effective at changing mask usage and hand hygiene behaviour. PURPOSE to map available evidence on the types of hand hygiene and mask usage behaviour change interventions conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic and assess their effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability. METHODS we conducted a systematic review, searching four peer-reviewed databases for terms related to COVID-19, targeted behaviours (hand hygiene and mask usage) and interventions. Eligible studies were those which focused on adults or children in naturalistic, non-experimental settings; reported on an intervention designed to change hand hygiene and or mask usage to reduce COVID-19 transmission; provided clear outcome measures, including through self-report, proxy indicators or observation. Studies were excluded if they were purely qualitative, opinion pieces or based on secondary data alone; focused on health workers; measured intended rather than enacted behaviour; were conducted in laboratory or health care-based settings; involved infants; were published before the 11th of March 2020 (when COVID-19 was declared a pandemic) and published in a language other than English. There were no geographical limits set. Descriptive summaries were produced and the quality of evidence and reporting was evaluated. Studies were divided into three sub-groups according to the behaviour targeted and behaviour change techniques (BCTs) were mapped. Effect estimates were summarised and the relationship between BCTs and effect was explored. Feasibility and acceptability was summarised where reported. Due to the heterogeneity of studies included, meta-analysis could not be conducted. FINDINGS sixteen citations met the criteria, with sub-studies (two citations including multiple studies) totalling nineteen eligible studies. The majority were randomised controlled trials which targeted hand hygiene only and were conducted in high income nations, with none conducted in crisis settings. Due to the constraints of the pandemic, many interventions were delivered online. The quality of studies was low, with the majority demonstrating a medium risk of bias (Likert scale: low, medium, high). Whilst acceptability and feasibility was good, both were rarely evaluated. 'Natural consequences' was the most commonly used BCT group. Fourteen of the studies elicited positive or potentially positive effects in at least one intervention arm and/or targeted behaviour. Effective interventions typically targeted multiple individual BCTs, including 'Instruction on how to perform a behaviour', 'Information about health consequences', and group 'Reward and threat', through repeated engagement over a sustained period of time. CONCLUSION there is a substantial knowledge gap, particularly in low resource and crisis settings, and available evidence is of low quality. We must address these gaps to enable evidence-based practice and strengthen pandemic preparedness and resilience. Future research should include another systematic review which includes grey literature and different languages, as well as more robust evaluations which use implementation research to explore the impact of multiple BCTs in low resource and crisis settings. Evaluations should include assessments of acceptability, practicability, affordability and equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- India Hotopf
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Fiona Majorin
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sian White
- UK Humanitarian Innovation Hub, London, UK
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Hareesh PV, Rajkumar E, Gopi A, Sri Lakshmi K NV, Romate J. Prevalence and determinants of hand hygiene behavior among Indian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2619. [PMID: 38297104 PMCID: PMC10830553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite a global call to action, many deaths occur yearly in developing nations from contagious diseases due to poor sanitation and hygiene. Although hand hygiene (HH) behavior was critical in preventing the COVID-19 pandemic, the sustainability of such practices is still questionable. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the prevalence and determinants of HH behavior among the Indian population (PROSPERO registration ID: CRD42022344961). Systematic searches on electronic databases, including ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, JSTOR, PubMed, and Google Scholar, targeted qualitative and quantitative studies that report HH behaviors in India. Pooled effect sizes were calculated with the inverse-variance method using random-effects models, acknowledging the study heterogeneity. Out of 1053 studies, 15 studies that met eligibility criteria were included in the qualitative synthesis. Among them, five studies were included in the meta-analyses. The overall prevalence of HH before food was 55% (95% CI = 31-78), and after the toilet was 84% (95% CI = 65-96). Subgroup analysis showed that before-food HH prevalence pre- and post-COVID-19 was 61% and 36%, respectively, whereas after-toilet HH prevalence was 91% and 74%, respectively. Meta-regression revealed statistically non-significant results for COVID-19 status. While it could not adequately explain the heterogeneity of the 'before-food prevalence' studies (Adj. R2 = - 34.80%), it did account for more than 19% in 'after-toilet prevalence' (Adj. R2 = 19.72%). This systematic review highlights various demographic, psychosocial, and environmental determinants of HH behavior. The results offer the potential for a deeper comprehension of the key factors influencing HH in India and could find implications for developing viable interventions. This aids in planning efficient promotional campaigns to enhance personal hygiene and control infectious diseases in the nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Hareesh
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - Eslavath Rajkumar
- Department of Liberal Arts, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Durg, Chattisgarh, India.
| | - Aswathy Gopi
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - N V Sri Lakshmi K
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| | - John Romate
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
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Öztürk FÖ, Sönmez S, Soylar P, Okan O, Dadaczynski K. Coronavirus-related health literacy levels among school administrators and influencing factors. Health Promot Int 2023; 38:daad081. [PMID: 37594742 PMCID: PMC10437087 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to determine the level of coronavirus-related health literacy among school administrators and the factors that influence this. The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 402 school administrators serving in primary, secondary and high schools in Ankara. The data were collected between September 2021 and February 2022 using the descriptive characteristics questionnaire and the Coronavirus-Related Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS-COVID-Q22). It was seen that 64.4% of the participants were male, 34.6% were 40 years old or younger and 35.6% were working in primary schools; 77.6% of the participants had a sufficient, 16.2% had a problematic and 6.2% had an inadequate level of coronavirus-related health literacy. Age, gender, chronic disease status, type of school they work in, level of knowledge about coronavirus, level of confusion due to knowledge about coronavirus, willingness to be vaccinated, believing that vaccines are safe/effective/compatible with their religious beliefs were found to affect coronavirus-related health literacy (p < 0.05). Gender, age, information satisfaction on coronavirus, confusion due to information on coronavirus and 'Overall, I believe that vaccinations are effective' explained 24.9% of HLS-COVID-Q22 variance (Adjusted R2 = 0.249, F = 13.080, p < 0.001). This study found the coronavirus-related health literacy level among school administrators to be sufficient. It found that their level of health literacy was affected by gender, age, chronic disease status, type of school they worked at, level of knowledge about coronavirus, level of confusion due to information about coronavirus, desire to be vaccinated and their thoughts about vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Özlem Öztürk
- Nursing Department, Nursing Faculty, Ankara University, Hacettepe Mahallesi Plevne Caddesi No:7 PK: 06230 Altındağ/Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Sönmez
- Department of Elementary and Early Childhood Education, Ege University, Bornova Kampüsü Bornova/İzmir, Turkey
| | - Pınar Soylar
- Nursing Department, Health Science Faculty, Fırat University, Rektörlük Kampüsü Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Orkan Okan
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin Dadaczynski
- Department of Health Sciences, Public Health Centre Fulda, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
- Center for Applied Health Science Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
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Hua L, Wang Y, Mo B, Guo Z, Wang Y, Su Z, Huang M, Chen H, Ma X, Xie J, Luo M. The hidden inequality: the disparities in the quality of daily use masks associated with family economic status. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1163428. [PMID: 37397746 PMCID: PMC10313325 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1163428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearing high-quality masks plays a critical role in reducing COVID-19 transmission. However, no study has investigated socioeconomic inequality in the quality of masks. Addressing this gap, this paper explored the relationships between mask's quality and family economic status. The cross-sectional survey was conducted in two Chinese universities by distributing structured questionnaires to assess participants' characteristics including family economic status, and meanwhile collecting their masks to evaluate the quality by measuring particle filtration efficiency. The valid responses were obtained from 912 students with mean age of 19.556 ± 1.453 years and were analyzed by using fractional or binary logistic regression. Three main findings were presented. First, inequality existed in the quality of masks. 36.07% of students were using unqualified masks with average filtration efficiency of 0.795 ± 0.119, which was much lower than China's national standard (0.9). Of those masks with identified production date, 11.43% were manufactured during COVID-19 outbreak when market was flooded with counterfeit production, and thus were of poor quality with average filtration efficiency of 0.819 ± 0.152. Second, better family economic status was associated with better masks' filtration efficiency and greater probability of using qualified masks. Third, students with better family economic status tend to use masks with individual packaging, and unique patterns and special designs, which may lead to inequality on a psychological level. Our analysis reveals the hidden socioeconomic inequality that exist behind cheap masks. In facing the challenges of future emerging infectious diseases, it is important to address the inequity to ensure equal access to affordable qualified personal protection equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hua
- School of Public Administration, Nanfang College · Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
- School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bijuan Mo
- School of Foreign Language, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zuqi Guo
- School of Public Administration, Nanfang College · Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulei Wang
- School of Public Administration, Nanfang College · Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zexuan Su
- School of Public Administration, Nanfang College · Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minqi Huang
- School of Public Administration, Nanfang College · Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Chen
- School of Public Administration, Nanfang College · Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- School of Public Administration, Nanfang College · Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Xie
- School of Public Administration, Nanfang College · Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengxian Luo
- School of Public Administration, Nanfang College · Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
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Jarnig G, Kerbl R, van Poppel MNM. Effects of Wearing FFP2 Masks on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Rates in Classrooms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13511. [PMID: 36294092 PMCID: PMC9603337 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this retrospective cohort study involving 614 secondary school students, the likelihood of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 in schools with different focus (sports focus vs. general branch; the only difference in the sports focus school was that PE was allowed at all times without restrictions) and different prevailing restrictions were compared. A significantly higher likelihood of infection with SARS-CoV-2 was found in sports classes during the period with a strict FFP-2 mask requirement compared to general branch classes (for Delta from November 2021 to December 2021, and for Omicron from January 2022 to February 2022). The higher likelihood of infection was observed both during the Delta and the Omicron wave. After the relaxation of the mitigation measures, however, students in general branch classes showed a clear "catch-up" of infections, leading to a higher incidence of infections during this phase. By the end of the observation period (30 April 2022), only a small difference in cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infection rates (p = 0.037, φ = 0.09) was detected between classes with a sports focus and those without a sports focus. The results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 transmission can be reduced in school classes by mandatory FFP-2 mask use. In many cases, however, infection appears to be postponed rather than avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Jarnig
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhold Kerbl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKH Hochsteiermark, 8700 Leoben, Austria
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How Middle and High School Students Wear Their Face Masks in Classrooms and School Buildings. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10091641. [PMID: 36141253 PMCID: PMC9498795 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to other mitigation measures, face masks have been used in schools worldwide as a precondition for allowing school attendance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The quality and habits of mask wearing have, however, not been evaluated thus far, leaving uncertainty about the efficacy of this measure. It was the aim of this study to assess the accuracy of face mask wearing by children and adolescents in different school situations. In May and June 2022, students of two selected Austrian schools were asked to provide information about the different variations in wearing a face mask in different situations at school (in classrooms with or without the presence of a teacher, and in school buildings outside classrooms without the presence of a teacher). Strongly divergent results were identified for the amount of time in which face masks were worn correctly in the three different situations (p < 0.001, eta = 0.29). In the presence of a teacher, masks were worn correctly 63.7% of the time, while this percentage decreased to 31.9% when no teacher was present (p < 0.001). These results suggest the limited efficacy of mandatory face masks in schools. Should this measure become necessary again in the future due to the pandemic situation and highly pathogenic variants, special efforts are necessary in order to improve the quality of face mask wearing by school children.
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