1
|
Xiao Z, Wang J, Jiang N, Fan C, Xiang X, Liu W. An LcMYB111-LcHY5 Module Differentially Activates an LcFLS Promoter in Different Litchi Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16817. [PMID: 38069137 PMCID: PMC10706726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonol synthase (FLS) is the crucial enzyme of the flavonol biosynthetic pathways, and its expression is tightly regulated in plants. In our previous study, two alleles of LcFLS,LcFLS-A and LcFLS-B, have been identified in litchi, with extremely early-maturing (EEM) cultivars only harboring LcFLS-A, while middle-to-late-maturing (MLM) cultivars only harbor LcFLS-B. Here, we overexpressed both LcFLS alleles in tobacco, and transgenic tobacco produced lighter-pink flowers and showed increased flavonol levels while it decreased anthocyanin levels compared to WT. Two allelic promoters of LcFLS were identified, with EEM cultivars only harboring proLcFLS-A, while MLM cultivars only harbor proLcFLS-B. One positive and three negative R2R3-MYB transcription regulators of LcFLS expression were identified, among which only positive regulator LcMYB111 showed a consistent expression pattern with LcFLS, which both have higher expression in EEM than that of MLM cultivars. LcMYB111 were further confirmed to specifically activate proLcFLS-A with MYB-binding element (MBE) while being unable to activate proLcFLS-B with mutated MBE (MBEm). LcHY5 were also identified and can interact with LcMYB111 to promote LcFLS expression. Our study elucidates the function of LcFLS and its differential regulation in different litchi cultivars for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Z.X.); (J.W.); (N.J.); (C.F.); (X.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yiakoumetti A, Hanko EKR, Zou Y, Chua J, Chromy J, Stoney RA, Valdehuesa KNG, Connolly JA, Yan C, Hollywood KA, Takano E, Breitling R. Expanding flavone and flavonol production capabilities in Escherichia coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1275651. [PMID: 37920246 PMCID: PMC10619664 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1275651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavones and flavonols are important classes of flavonoids with nutraceutical and pharmacological value, and their production by fermentation with recombinant microorganisms promises to be a scalable and economically favorable alternative to extraction from plant sources. Flavones and flavonols have been produced recombinantly in a number of microorganisms, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae typically being a preferred production host for these compounds due to higher yields and titers of precursor compounds, as well as generally improved ability to functionally express cytochrome P450 enzymes without requiring modification to improve their solubility. Recently, a rapid prototyping platform has been developed for high-value compounds in E. coli, and a number of gatekeeper (2S)-flavanones, from which flavones and flavonols can be derived, have been produced to high titers in E. coli using this platform. In this study, we extended these metabolic pathways using the previously reported platform to produce apigenin, chrysin, luteolin and kaempferol from the gatekeeper flavonoids naringenin, pinocembrin and eriodictyol by the expression of either type-I flavone synthases (FNS-I) or type-II flavone synthases (FNS-II) for flavone biosynthesis, and by the expression of flavanone 3-dioxygenases (F3H) and flavonol synthases (FLS) for the production of the flavonol kaempferol. In our best-performing strains, titers of apigenin and kaempferol reached 128 mg L-1 and 151 mg L-1 in 96-DeepWell plates in cultures supplemented with an additional 3 mM tyrosine, though titers for chrysin (6.8 mg L-1) from phenylalanine, and luteolin (5.0 mg L-1) from caffeic acid were considerably lower. In strains with upregulated tyrosine production, apigenin and kaempferol titers reached 80.2 mg L-1 and 42.4 mg L-1 respectively, without the further supplementation of tyrosine beyond the amount present in the rich medium. Notably, the highest apigenin, chrysin and luteolin titers were achieved with FNS-II enzymes, suggesting that cytochrome P450s can show competitive performance compared with non-cytochrome P450 enzymes in prokaryotes for the production of flavones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rainer Breitling
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang X, Shi Y, Fu Z, Li WW, Lai S, Wu Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Gao L, Xia T. Functional characterization of three flavonol synthase genes from Camellia sinensis: Roles in flavonol accumulation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110632. [PMID: 33180711 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flavonol derivatives are a group of flavonoids benefiting human health. Their abundant presence in tea is associated with astringent taste. To date, mechanism pertaining to the biosynthesis of flavonols in tea plants remains unknown. In this study, we used bioinformatic analysis mining the tea genome and obtained three cDNAs that were annotated to encode flavonol synthases (FLS). Three cDNAs, namely CsFLSa, b, and c, were heterogenously expressed in E. coli to induce recombinant proteins, which were further used to incubate with three substrates, dihydrokampferol (DHK), dihydroquercetin (DHQ), and dihydromyricetin (DHM). The resulting data showed that three rCsFLSs preferred to catalyze (DHK). Overexpression of each cDNA in tobacco led to the increase of kampferol and the reduction of anthocyanins in flowers. Further metabolic profiling of flavan-3-ols in young tea shoots characterized that kaempferol derivatives were the most abundant, followed by quercetin and then myricetin derivatives. Taken together, these data characterized the key step committed to the biosynthesis of flavonols in tea leaves. Moreover, these data enhance understanding the metabolic accumulation relevance between flavonols and other main flavonoids such as flavan-3-ols in tea leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yufeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhouping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Sanyan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yahui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, and International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park S, Kim DH, Yang JH, Lee JY, Lim SH. Increased Flavonol Levels in Tobacco Expressing AcFLS Affect Flower Color and Root Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1011. [PMID: 32033022 PMCID: PMC7037354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The onion (Allium cepa L.) flavonol synthase (AcFLS-HRB) gene, encoding an enzyme responsible for flavonol biosynthesis in yellow onion, was recently identified and enzymatically characterized. Here, we performed an in vivo feeding assay involving bacterial expression of AcFLS-HRB and observed that it exhibited both flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and FLS activity. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) expressing AcFLS-HRB produced lighter-pink flowers compared to wild-type plants. In transgenic petals, AcFLS-HRB was highly expressed at the mRNA and protein levels, and most AcFLS-HRB protein accumulated in the insoluble microsomal fractions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that flavonol levels increased but anthocyanin levels decreased in transgenic petals, indicating that AcFLS-HRB is a functional gene in planta. Gene expression analysis showed the reduced transcript levels of general phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes and flavonoid biosynthetic genes in AcFLS-HRB overexpressed tobacco petals. Additionally, transgenic tobacco plants at the seedling stages showed increased primary root and root hair length and enhanced quercetin signals in roots. Exogenous supplementation with quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) led to the same phenotypic changes in root growth, suggesting that rutin is the causal compound that promotes root growth in tobacco. Therefore, augmenting flavonol levels affects both flower color and root growth in tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu 54874, Korea; (S.P.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-H.Y.); (J.-Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park S, Kim DH, Park BR, Lee JY, Lim SH. Molecular and Functional Characterization of Oryza sativa Flavonol Synthase (OsFLS), a Bifunctional Dioxygenase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7399-7409. [PMID: 31244203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Flavonol synthase (FLS) belongs to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-ODD) superfamily. We isolated OsFLS from the rice ( Oryza sativa) cultivar "Ilmi" OsFLS includes highly conserved 2-ODD-specific motifs and FLS-specific regions. Recombinant OsFLS exhibited both FLS and flavanone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H) activities, converting dihydroflavonols into flavonols and flavanones into dihydroflavonols, respectively, and more efficiently used dihydrokaempferol than dihydroquercetin as a substrate. OsFLS was expressed in both nonpigmented and pigmented rice seeds and was developmentally regulated during seed maturation. Transgenic tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum) plants expressing OsFLS produced pale pink or white flowers with significantly increased levels of kaempferol-3- O-rutinoside and dramatically reduced levels of anthocyanin in their petals. Additionally, pod size and weight were reduced compared to the wild type. Several early and late biosynthetic genes of flavonoid were downregulated in the transgenic flowers. We demonstrated that OsFLS is a bifunctional 2-ODD enzyme and functions in flavonol production in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyu Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Rural Development Administration , JeonJu , 54874 , Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Rural Development Administration , JeonJu , 54874 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Rural Development Administration , JeonJu , 54874 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Rural Development Administration , JeonJu , 54874 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences , Rural Development Administration , JeonJu , 54874 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pei J, Chen A, Dong P, Shi X, Zhao L, Cao F, Tang F. Modulating heterologous pathways and optimizing fermentation conditions for biosynthesis of kaempferol and astragalin from naringenin in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:171-186. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-02134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Kaempferol and astragalin are used as standards to assess the quality of Ginkgo biloba extract and Radix astragali, respectively, and possess numerous biological properties. In this study, we constructed a recombinant strain with a highly efficient biosynthetic pathway of kaempferol by screening key enzyme genes, designing a synthetic fusion enzyme and increasing the gene copy number. By optimizing conversion and fed-batch fermentation conditions, maximal kaempferol production reached 1184.2 ± 16.5 mg/L, which represents the highest yield of kaempferol from naringenin reported to date. Based on this result, glycosyltransferase (AtUGT78D2) and an efficient UDP-glucose synthesis pathway were introduced into the recombinant strain to produce astragalin, resulting in maximal astragalin production at 1738.5 ± 24.8 mg/L without kaempferol accumulation. The efficient synthesis pathway described in this study for kaempferol and astragalin biosynthesis can be widely used for flavonoid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Pei
- grid.410625.4 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- grid.410625.4 College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass Nanjing China
| | - Anna Chen
- grid.410625.4 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- grid.410625.4 College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China
| | - Ping Dong
- grid.410625.4 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- grid.410625.4 College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China
| | - Xuejia Shi
- grid.410625.4 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- grid.410625.4 College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- grid.410625.4 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- grid.410625.4 College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass Nanjing China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- grid.410625.4 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- grid.410625.4 College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing China
| | - Feng Tang
- 0000 0001 0742 5632 grid.459618.7 International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Z, Wang S, Wu M, Li Z, Liu P, Li F, Chen Q, Yang A, Yang J. Evolutionary and functional analyses of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in tobacco. PLANTA 2019; 249:543-561. [PMID: 30293202 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study illustrates the differences in the gene structure of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase involved in flavonoid biosynthesis (2ODD-IFB), and their potential roles in regulating tobacco flavonoid biosynthesis and plant growth. Flavonol synthase (FLS), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and flavanone 3β-hydroxylase belong to the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent (2ODD) oxygenase family, and each performs crucial functions in the biosynthesis of flavonoids. We identified two NtFLS genes, two NtANS genes, and four NtF3H genes from Nicotiana tabacum genome, as well as their homologous genes in the N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis genomes. Our phylogenetic analysis indicated that these three types of genes split from each other before the divergence of gymnosperms and angiosperms. FLS evolved faster in the eudicot plants, whereas ANS evolved faster in the monocot plants. Gene structure analysis revealed two fragment insertions occurred at different times in the intron one position of tobacco FLS genes. Homologous protein modeling revealed distinct structures in the N terminus of the tobacco 2ODD oxygenases. We found that the expression patterns of genes encoding tobacco 2ODD oxygenases in flavonoids biosynthesis (2ODD-IFB) did not determine the accumulation patterns of flavonoids among various tobacco tissues, but strongly affected the concentration of flavonoids in the tissues, where they were biosynthesized. More carbon resource flowed to the flavonol biosynthesis when NtANS gene was silenced, otherwise more anthocyanidin accumulated when NtFLS gene was repressed. This study illustrates the 2ODD-IFB gene structure evolution, differences among their protein structures, and provides a foundation for regulating plant development and altering flavonoid content and/or composition through the manipulation of plant 2ODD-IFB genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mingzhu Wu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zefeng Li
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Feng Li
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qiansi Chen
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jun Yang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in plants: Versatile targets for metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 38:107316. [PMID: 30458225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants, fungi, and microorganisms are equipped with biosynthesis machinery for producing thousands of secondary metabolites. These compounds have important functions in nature as a defence against predators or competitors as well as other ecological significances. The full utilization of these compounds for food, medicine, and other purposes requires a thorough understanding of their structures and the distinct biochemical pathways of their production in cellular systems. In this review, flavonoids as classical examples of secondary metabolites are employed to highlight recent advances in understanding how valuable compounds can be regulated at various levels. With extensive diversity in their chemistry and pharmacology, understanding the metabolic engineering of flavonoids now allows us to fine-tune the eliciting of their production, accumulation, and extraction from living systems. More specifically, recent advances in the shikimic acid and acetate biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids production from metabolic engineering point of view, from genes expression to multiple principles of regulation, are addressed. Specific examples of plants and microorganisms as the sources of flavonoids-based compounds with particular emphasis on therapeutic applications are also discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ochnio ME, Martínez JH, Allievi MC, Palavecino M, Martínez KD, Pérez OE. Proteins as Nano-Carriers for Bioactive Compounds. The Case of 7S and 11S Soy Globulins and Folic Acid Complexation. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10020149. [PMID: 30966185 PMCID: PMC6415263 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated 7S and 11S globulins obtained from defeated soy flour were complexated with folic acid (FA) in order to generate nano-carriers for this important vitamin in human nutrition. Fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering were applied to follow the nano-complexes formation and for their characterization. Fluorescence experimental data were modeled by the Stern-Volmer and a modified double logarithm approach. The results obtained confirmed static quenching. The number of binding sites on the protein molecule was ~1. The values obtained for the binding constants suggest a high affinity between proteins and FA. Particle size distribution allowed to study the protein aggregation phenomenon induced by FA bound to the native proteins. Z-average manifested a clear trend to protein aggregation. 11S-FA nano-complexes resulted in more polydispersity. ζ-potential of FA nano-complexes did not show a remarkable change after FA complexation. The biological activity of nano-complexes loaded with FA was explored in terms of their capacity to enhance the biomass formation of Lactobacillus casei BL23. The results concerning to nano-complexes inclusion in culture media showed higher bacterial growth. Such a result was attributed to the entry of the acid by the specific receptors concomitantly by the peptide receptors. These findings have technological impact for the use of globulins-FA based nano-complexes in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and food industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Emilia Ochnio
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Intendente Güiraldes, s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires CP 1428, Argentina.
| | - Jimena H Martínez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnicas de la República Argentina IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Intendente Güiraldes, s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires CP 1428, Argentina.
| | - Mariana C Allievi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnicas de la República Argentina IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Intendente Güiraldes, s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires CP 1428, Argentina.
| | - Marcos Palavecino
- Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnicas de la República Argentina IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Intendente Güiraldes, s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires CP 1428, Argentina.
| | - Karina D Martínez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigación Científica y Técnicas de la República Argentina, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Intendente Güiraldes, s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires CP 1428, Argentina.
| | - Oscar E Pérez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Intendente Güiraldes, s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires CP 1428, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meng X, Song Q, Ye J, Wang L, Xu F. Characterization, Function, and Transcriptional Profiling Analysis of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Synthase Gene (GbHMGS1) towards Stresses and Exogenous Hormone Treatments in Ginkgo biloba. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101706. [PMID: 29023415 PMCID: PMC6151752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the mevalonate pathway as it catalyzes the condensation of acetoacetyl-CoA to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA. In this study, A HMGS gene (designated as GbHMGS1) was cloned from Ginkgo biloba for the first time. GbHMGS1 contained a 1422-bp open-reading frame encoding 474 amino acids. Comparative and bioinformatics analysis revealed that GbHMGS1 was extensively homologous to HMGSs from other plant species. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the GbHMGS1 belonged to the plant HMGS superfamily, sharing a common evolutionary ancestor with other HMGSs, and had a further relationship with other gymnosperm species. The yeast complement assay of GbHMGS1 in HMGS-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YSC6274 demonstrated that GbHMGS1 gene encodes a functional HMGS enzyme. The recombinant protein of GbHMGS1 was successfully expressed in E. coli. The in vitro enzyme activity assay showed that the kcat and Km values of GbHMGS1 were 195.4 min−1 and 689 μM, respectively. GbHMGS1 was constitutively expressed in all tested tissues, including the roots, stems, leaves, female flowers, male flowers and fruits. The transcript accumulation for GbHMGS1 was highest in the leaves. Expression profiling analyses revealed that GbHMGS1 expression was induced by abiotic stresses (ultraviolet B and cold) and hormone treatments (salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and ethephon) in G. biloba, indicating that GbHMGS1 gene was involved in the response to environmental stresses and plant hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Meng
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Qiling Song
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiabao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Lanlan Wang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Park S, Kim DH, Lee JY, Ha SH, Lim SH. Comparative Analysis of Two Flavonol Synthases from Different-Colored Onions Provides Insight into Flavonoid Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5287-5298. [PMID: 28537403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We isolated cDNAs encoding flavonol synthase (FLS) from the red onion "H6" (AcFLS-H6) and the yellow onion "Hwangryongball" (AcFLS-HRB). We found three amino acid variations between the two sequences. Kinetic analysis with recombinant proteins revealed that AcFLS-HRB exhibited approximately 2-fold higher catalytic efficiencies than AcFLS-H6 for dihydroflavonol substrates and that both proteins preferred dihydroquercetin to dihydrokaempferol. The expression patterns of flavonoid biosynthesis genes corresponded to the accumulation patterns of flavonoid aglycones in both onions. Whereas the other flavonoid biosynthesis genes were weakly expressed in the HRB sheath compared to that of H6, the expression of FLS was similar in both onions. This relatively enhanced FLS expression, along with the higher activity of AcFLS-HRB, could increase the quercetin production in the HRB sheath. The quercetin content was approximately 12-fold higher than the cyanidin content in the H6 sheath, suggesting that FLS has priority in the competition between FLS and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) for their substrate dihydroquercetin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyu Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration , JeonJu 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration , JeonJu 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration , JeonJu 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hwa Ha
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration , JeonJu 54874, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hernández-Vega JC, Cady B, Kayanja G, Mauriello A, Cervantes N, Gillespie A, Lavia L, Trujillo J, Alkio M, Colón-Carmona A. Detoxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Arabidopsis thaliana involves a putative flavonol synthase. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 321:268-280. [PMID: 27637093 PMCID: PMC5373802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental contaminants with cytotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties. Bioremediation studies with bacteria have led to the identification of dioxygenases (DOXs) in the first step to degrade these recalcitrant compounds. In this study, we characterized the role of the Arabidopsis thaliana AT5G05600, a putative DOX of the flavonol synthase family, in the transformation of PAHs. Phenotypic analysis of loss-of-function mutant lines showed that these plant lines were less sensitive to the toxic effects of phenanthrene, suggesting possible roles of this gene in PAH degradation in vivo. Interestingly, these mutant lines showed less accumulation of H2O2 after PAH exposure. Transgenic lines over-expressing At5g05600 showed a hypersensitive response and more oxidative stress after phenanthrene treatments. Moreover, fluorescence spectra results of biochemical assays with the recombinant His-tagged protein AT5G05600 detected chemical modifications of phenanthrene. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that AT5G05600 is involved in the catabolism of PAHs and the accumulation of toxic intermediates during PAH biotransformation in plants. This research represents the first step in the design of transgenic plants with the potential to degrade PAHs, leading to the development of vigorous plant varieties that can reduce the levels of these pollutants in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Hernández-Vega
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Brian Cady
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Gilbert Kayanja
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Anthony Mauriello
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Natalie Cervantes
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Andrea Gillespie
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Lisa Lavia
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Joshua Trujillo
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | | | - Adán Colón-Carmona
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA 02125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Buds and the Young Expanding Leaves of the Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis L.). Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14007-38. [PMID: 26096006 PMCID: PMC4490536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a perennial woody plant that is widely cultivated to produce a popular non-alcoholic beverage; this beverage has received much attention due to its pleasant flavor and bioactive ingredients, particularly several important secondary metabolites. Due to the significant changes in the metabolite contents of the buds and the young expanding leaves of tea plants, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) analysis were performed. A total of 233 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Among these, 116 proteins were up-regulated and 117 proteins were down-regulated in the young expanding leaves compared with the buds. A large array of diverse functions was revealed, including roles in energy and carbohydrate metabolism, secondary metabolite metabolism, nucleic acid and protein metabolism, and photosynthesis- and defense-related processes. These results suggest that polyphenol biosynthesis- and photosynthesis-related proteins regulate the secondary metabolite content of tea plants. The energy and antioxidant metabolism-related proteins may promote tea leaf development. However, reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) showed that the protein expression levels were not well correlated with the gene expression levels. These findings improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the changes in the metabolite content of the buds and the young expanding leaves of tea plants.
Collapse
|
14
|
Cheng AX, Han XJ, Wu YF, Lou HX. The function and catalysis of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases involved in plant flavonoid biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1080-95. [PMID: 24434621 PMCID: PMC3907857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15011080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine and acetate metabolism. They fulfil a variety of functions in plants and have health benefits for humans. During the synthesis of the tricyclic flavonoid natural products in plants, oxidative modifications to the central C ring are catalyzed by four of FeII and 2-oxoglutarate dependent (2-ODD) oxygenases, namely flavone synthase I (FNS I), flavonol synthase (FLS), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and flavanone 3β-hydroxylase (FHT). FNS I, FLS and ANS are involved in desaturation of C2–C3 of flavonoids and FHT in hydroxylation of C3. FNS I, which is restricted to the Apiaceae species and in rice, is predicted to have evolved from FHT by duplication. Due to their sequence similarity and substrate specificity, FLS and ANS, which interact with the α surface of the substrate, belong to a group of dioxygenases having a broad substrate specificity, while FNS I and FHT are more selective, and interact with the naringenin β surface. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the function of the four 2-ODD oxygenases and the relationship between their catalytic activity, their polypeptide sequence and their tertiary structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Xiao-Juan Han
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Yi-Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
De Novo transcriptome sequencing reveals important molecular networks and metabolic pathways of the plant, Chlorophytum borivilianum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83336. [PMID: 24376689 PMCID: PMC3871651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophytum borivilianum, an endangered medicinal plant species is highly recognized for its aphrodisiac properties provided by saponins present in the plant. The transcriptome information of this species is limited and only few hundred expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are available in the public databases. To gain molecular insight of this plant, high throughput transcriptome sequencing of leaf RNA was carried out using Illumina's HiSeq 2000 sequencing platform. A total of 22,161,444 single end reads were retrieved after quality filtering. Available (e.g., De-Bruijn/Eulerian graph) and in-house developed bioinformatics tools were used for assembly and annotation of transcriptome. A total of 101,141 assembled transcripts were obtained, with coverage size of 22.42 Mb and average length of 221 bp. Guanine-cytosine (GC) content was found to be 44%. Bioinformatics analysis, using non-redundant proteins, gene ontology (GO), enzyme commission (EC) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) databases, extracted all the known enzymes involved in saponin and flavonoid biosynthesis. Few genes of the alkaloid biosynthesis, along with anticancer and plant defense genes, were also discovered. Additionally, several cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and glycosyltransferase unique sequences were also found. We identified simple sequence repeat motifs in transcripts with an abundance of di-nucleotide simple sequence repeat (SSR; 43.1%) markers. Large scale expression profiling through Reads per Kilobase per Million mapped reads (RPKM) showed major genes involved in different metabolic pathways of the plant. Genes, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and unique sequences from this study provide an important resource for the scientific community, interested in the molecular genetics and functional genomics of C. borivilianum.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kundu S. Distribution and prediction of catalytic domains in 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:410. [PMID: 22862831 PMCID: PMC3475032 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2-oxoglutarate dependent superfamily is a diverse group of non-haem dioxygenases, and is present in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaea. The enzymes differ in substrate preference and reaction chemistry, a factor that precludes their classification by homology studies and electronic annotation schemes alone. In this work, I propose and explore the rationale of using substrates to classify structurally similar alpha-ketoglutarate dependent enzymes. FINDINGS Differential catalysis in phylogenetic clades of 2-OG dependent enzymes, is determined by the interactions of a subset of active-site amino acids. Identifying these with existing computational methods is challenging and not feasible for all proteins. A clustering protocol based on validated mechanisms of catalysis of known molecules, in tandem with group specific hidden markov model profiles is able to differentiate and sequester these enzymes. Access to this repository is by a web server that compares user defined unknown sequences to these pre-defined profiles and outputs a list of predicted catalytic domains. The server is free and is accessible at the following URL (http://comp-biol.theacms.in/H2OGpred.html). CONCLUSIONS The proposed stratification is a novel attempt at classifying and predicting 2-oxoglutarate dependent function. In addition, the server will provide researchers with a tool to compare their data to a comprehensive list of HMM profiles of catalytic domains. This work, will aid efforts by investigators to screen and characterize putative 2-OG dependent sequences. The profile database will be updated at regular intervals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, Army College of Medical Sciences, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi 110010, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li C, Bai Y, Li S, Chen H, Han X, Zhao H, Shao J, Park SU, Wu Q. Cloning, characterization, and activity analysis of a flavonol synthase gene FtFLS1 and its association with flavonoid content in tartary buckwheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5161-8. [PMID: 22563787 DOI: 10.1021/jf205192q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies indicates that rutin, the main flavonoid in tartary buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum ), may have high value for medicine and health. This paper reports the finding of a flavonol synthase (FLS) gene, cloned and characterized from F. tataricum and designated FtFLS1, that is involved in rutin biosynthesis. The FtFLS1 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the recombinant soluble FtFLS1 protein had a relative molecular mass of 40 kDa. The purified recombinant protein showed, with dihydroquercetin as substrate, total and specific activities of 36.55 × 10(-3) IU and 18.94 × 10(-3) IU/mg, respectively, whereas the total and specific activities were 10.19 × 10(-3) IU and 5.28 × 10(-3) IU/mg, respectively, with dihydrokaempferol. RT-PCR revealed that during F. tataricum florescence there was an organ-specific expression pattern by the FtFLS1 gene, with similar trends in flavonoid content. These observations suggest that FtFLS1 in F. tataricum encodes a functional protein, which might play a key role in rutin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agriculture University , Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dai C, Wang MH. Isolation and characterization of thioredoxin and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). BMB Rep 2012; 44:692-7. [PMID: 22027005 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.10.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the pathways of oxidoreductases in plants, 2 key components in thioredox systems i.e. thioredoxin h (Trx h) and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR) genes were first isolated from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). Subsequently, the coding sequences of Trx h and NTR were inserted into pET expression vectors, and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. In the UV-Visible spectra of the purified proteins, tomato Trx h was shown to have a characteristic 'shoulder' at -290 nm, while the NTR protein had the 3 typical peaks unique to flavoenzymes. The activities of both proteins were demonstrated by following insulin reduction, as well as DTNB reduction. Moreover, both NADPH and NADH could serve as substrates in the NTR reduction system, but the catalytic efficiency of NTR with NADPH was 2500-fold higher than with NADH. Additionally, our results reveal that the tomato Trx system might be involved in oxidative stress, but not in cold damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Dai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Characterization and functional analysis of methionine sulfoxide reductase A gene family in tomato. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:6297-308. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
Isolation, characterization, and function analysis of a flavonol synthase gene from Ginkgo biloba. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2285-96. [PMID: 21643949 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flavonols are produced by the desaturation of dihydroflavanols, which is catalyzed by flavonol synthase (FLS). FLS belongs to the 2-oxoglutarate iron-dependent oxygenase family. The full-length cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of the FLS gene (designated as GbFLS) were isolated from Ginkgo biloba. The full-length cDNA of GbFLS contained a 1023-bp open reading frame encoding a 340-amino-acid protein. The GbFLS genomic DNA had three exons and two introns. The deduced GbFLS protein showed high identities with other plant FLSs. The conserved amino acids (H-X-D) ligating ferrous iron and residues (R-X-S) participating in 2-oxoglutarate binding were found in GbFLS at similar positions like other FLSs. GbFLS was found to be expressed in all tested tissues including roots, stems, leaves, and fruits. Expression profiling analyses revealed that GbFLS expression was induced by all of the six tested abiotic stresses, namely, UV-B, abscisic acid, cold, sucrose, salicylic acid, and ethephon, consistent with the in silico analysis results of the promoter region. The recombinant protein was successfully expressed in the E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) with a pET-28a vector. The in vitro enzyme activity assay by high performance liquid chromatography indicated that recombinant GbFLS protein could catalyze the formation of dihydrokaempferol to kaempferol and the conversion of kaempferol from naringenin, suggesting that GbFLS is a bifunctional enzyme within the flavonol biosynthetic pathway.
Collapse
|
21
|
Shi CY, Yang H, Wei CL, Yu O, Zhang ZZ, Jiang CJ, Sun J, Li YY, Chen Q, Xia T, Wan XC. Deep sequencing of the Camellia sinensis transcriptome revealed candidate genes for major metabolic pathways of tea-specific compounds. BMC Genomics 2011. [PMID: 21356090 DOI: 10.1186/1471‐2164‐12‐131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages worldwide. However, the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, is difficult to culture in vitro, to transform, and has a large genome, rendering little genomic information available. Recent advances in large-scale RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) provide a fast, cost-effective, and reliable approach to generate large expression datasets for functional genomic analysis, which is especially suitable for non-model species with un-sequenced genomes. RESULTS Using high-throughput Illumina RNA-seq, the transcriptome from poly (A)+ RNA of C. sinensis was analyzed at an unprecedented depth (2.59 gigabase pairs). Approximate 34.5 million reads were obtained, trimmed, and assembled into 127,094 unigenes, with an average length of 355 bp and an N50 of 506 bp, which consisted of 788 contig clusters and 126,306 singletons. This number of unigenes was 10-fold higher than existing C. sinensis sequences deposited in GenBank (as of August 2010). Sequence similarity analyses against six public databases (Uniprot, NR and COGs at NCBI, Pfam, InterPro and KEGG) found 55,088 unigenes that could be annotated with gene descriptions, conserved protein domains, or gene ontology terms. Some of the unigenes were assigned to putative metabolic pathways. Targeted searches using these annotations identified the majority of genes associated with several primary metabolic pathways and natural product pathways that are important to tea quality, such as flavonoid, theanine and caffeine biosynthesis pathways. Novel candidate genes of these secondary pathways were discovered. Comparisons with four previously prepared cDNA libraries revealed that this transcriptome dataset has both a high degree of consistency with previous EST data and an approximate 20 times increase in coverage. Thirteen unigenes related to theanine and flavonoid synthesis were validated. Their expression patterns in different organs of the tea plant were analyzed by RT-PCR and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). CONCLUSIONS An extensive transcriptome dataset has been obtained from the deep sequencing of tea plant. The coverage of the transcriptome is comprehensive enough to discover all known genes of several major metabolic pathways. This transcriptome dataset can serve as an important public information platform for gene expression, genomics, and functional genomic studies in C. sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ying Shi
- Key laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shi CY, Yang H, Wei CL, Yu O, Zhang ZZ, Jiang CJ, Sun J, Li YY, Chen Q, Xia T, Wan XC. Deep sequencing of the Camellia sinensis transcriptome revealed candidate genes for major metabolic pathways of tea-specific compounds. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:131. [PMID: 21356090 PMCID: PMC3056800 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tea is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages worldwide. However, the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, is difficult to culture in vitro, to transform, and has a large genome, rendering little genomic information available. Recent advances in large-scale RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) provide a fast, cost-effective, and reliable approach to generate large expression datasets for functional genomic analysis, which is especially suitable for non-model species with un-sequenced genomes. Results Using high-throughput Illumina RNA-seq, the transcriptome from poly (A)+ RNA of C. sinensis was analyzed at an unprecedented depth (2.59 gigabase pairs). Approximate 34.5 million reads were obtained, trimmed, and assembled into 127,094 unigenes, with an average length of 355 bp and an N50 of 506 bp, which consisted of 788 contig clusters and 126,306 singletons. This number of unigenes was 10-fold higher than existing C. sinensis sequences deposited in GenBank (as of August 2010). Sequence similarity analyses against six public databases (Uniprot, NR and COGs at NCBI, Pfam, InterPro and KEGG) found 55,088 unigenes that could be annotated with gene descriptions, conserved protein domains, or gene ontology terms. Some of the unigenes were assigned to putative metabolic pathways. Targeted searches using these annotations identified the majority of genes associated with several primary metabolic pathways and natural product pathways that are important to tea quality, such as flavonoid, theanine and caffeine biosynthesis pathways. Novel candidate genes of these secondary pathways were discovered. Comparisons with four previously prepared cDNA libraries revealed that this transcriptome dataset has both a high degree of consistency with previous EST data and an approximate 20 times increase in coverage. Thirteen unigenes related to theanine and flavonoid synthesis were validated. Their expression patterns in different organs of the tea plant were analyzed by RT-PCR and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Conclusions An extensive transcriptome dataset has been obtained from the deep sequencing of tea plant. The coverage of the transcriptome is comprehensive enough to discover all known genes of several major metabolic pathways. This transcriptome dataset can serve as an important public information platform for gene expression, genomics, and functional genomic studies in C. sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ying Shi
- Key laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Falcone Ferreyra ML, Rius S, Emiliani J, Pourcel L, Feller A, Morohashi K, Casati P, Grotewold E. Cloning and characterization of a UV-B-inducible maize flavonol synthase. THE PLANT JOURNAL 2010; 62:77-91. [PMID: 20059741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
|
24
|
Duhita N, Hiwasa-Tanase K, Yoshida S, Ezura H. Single-step purification of native miraculin using immobilized metal-affinity chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5148-5151. [PMID: 19469504 DOI: 10.1021/jf9004065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Miraculin is a taste-modifying protein that can be isolated from miracle fruit ( Richadella dulcifica ), a shrub native to West Africa. It is able to turn a sour taste into a sweet taste. The commercial exploitation of this sweetness-modifying protein is underway, and a fast and efficient purification method to extract the protein is needed. We succeeded in purifying miraculin from miracle fruit in a single-step purification using immobilized metal-affinity chromatography (IMAC). The purified miraculin exhibited high purity (>95%) in reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. We also demonstrated the necessity of its structure for binding to the nickel-IMAC column.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Duhita
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martínez-Alonso M, García-Fruitós E, Villaverde A. Yield, solubility and conformational quality of soluble proteins are not simultaneously favored in recombinant Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:1353-8. [PMID: 18980180 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many enzymes or fluorescent proteins produced in Escherichia coli are enzymatically active or fluorescent respectively when deposited as inclusion bodies. The occurrence of insoluble but functional protein species with native-like secondary structure indicates that solubility and conformational quality of recombinant proteins are not coincident parameters, and suggests that both properties can be engineered independently. We have here proven this principle by producing elevated yields of a highly fluorescent but insoluble green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a DnaK- background, and further enhancing its solubility through adjusting the growth temperature and GFP gene expression rate. The success of such a two-step approach confirms the independent control of solubility and conformational quality, advocates for new routes towards high quality protein production and intriguingly, proves that high protein yields dramatically compromise the conformational quality of soluble versions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Alonso
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|