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Liu D, Diao W, Chen H, Qi X, Fang H, Yu X, Li L, Bai Y, Liang C. Heterologous expression and characterization of a dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Ganoderma lucidum, and its application in decolorization and detoxifization of different types of dyes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:303. [PMID: 39153119 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) belong to a novel superfamily of heme peroxidases that can oxidize recalcitrant compounds. In the current study, the GlDyP2 gene from Ganoderma lucidum was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the enzymatic properties of the recombinant GlDyP2 protein were investigated. The GlDyP2 protein could oxidize not only the typical peroxidase substrate ABTS but also two lignin substrates, namely guaiacol and 2,6-dimethoxy phenol (DMP). For the ABTS substrate, the optimum pH and temperature of GlDyP2 were 4.0 and 35 °C, respectively. The pH stability and thermal stability of GlDyP2 were also measured; the results showed that GlDyP2 could function normally in the acidic environment, with a T50 value of 51 °C. Moreover, compared to untreated controls, the activity of GlDyP2 was inhibited by 1.60 mM of Mg2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and ethanol; 0.16 mM of Cu2+, Zn2+, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, and Na2EDTA·2H2O; and 0.016 mM of Fe2+ and SDS. The kinetic constants of recombinant GlDyP2 for oxidizing ABTS, Reactive Blue 19, guaiacol, and DMP were determined; the results showed that the recombination GlDyP2 exhibited the strongest affinity and the most remarkable catalytic efficiency towards guaiacol in the selected substrates. GlDyP2 also exhibited decolorization and detoxification capabilities towards several dyes, including Reactive Blue 19, Reactive Brilliant Blue X-BR, Reactive Black 5, Methyl Orange, Trypan Blue, and Malachite Green. In conclusion, GlDyP2 has good application potential for treating dye wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Wentong Diao
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiwu Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hailing Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Dhankhar P, Dalal V, Singh V, Sharma AK, Kumar P. Structure of dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Bacillus subtilis in complex with veratryl alcohol. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:601-608. [PMID: 34687768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) are heme-containing peroxidases, which have promising application in biodegradation of phenolic lignin compounds and in detoxification of dyes. In this study, the crystal structure of BsDyP- veratryl alcohol (VA) complex delves deep into the binding of small substrate molecules within the DyP heme cavity. The biochemical analysis shows that BsDyP oxidizes the VA with a turnover number of 0.065 s-1, followed by the oxidation of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP) and guaiacol with a comparable turnover number (kcat) of 0.07 s-1 and 0.07 s-1, respectively. Moreover, biophysical and computational studies reveal the comparable binding affinity of substrates to BsDyP and produce lower-energy stable BsDyP-ligand(s) complexes. All together with our previous findings, we are providing a complete structural description of substrate-binding sites in DyP. The structural insight of BsDyP helps to modulate its engineering to enhance the activity towards the oxidation of a wide range of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Dhankhar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Vikram Dalal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Vishakha Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 247667, India.
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Kimani V, Ullrich R, Büttner E, Herzog R, Kellner H, Jehmlich N, Hofrichter M, Liers C. First Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidase from an Ascomycetous Fungus Secreted by Xylaria grammica. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091391. [PMID: 34572604 PMCID: PMC8469222 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fungal DyP-type peroxidases have so far been described exclusively for basidiomycetes. Moreover, peroxidases from ascomycetes that oxidize Mn2+ ions are yet not known. Methods: We describe here the physicochemical, biocatalytic, and molecular characterization of a DyP-type peroxidase (DyP, EC 1.11.1.19) from an ascomycetous fungus. Results: The enzyme oxidizes classic peroxidase substrates such as 2,6-DMP but also veratryl alcohol and notably Mn2+ to Mn3+ ions, suggesting a physiological function of this DyP in lignin modification. The KM value (49 µM) indicates that Mn2+ ions bind with high affinity to the XgrDyP protein but their subsequent oxidation into reactive Mn3+ proceeds with moderate efficiency compared to MnPs and VPs. Mn2+ oxidation was most effective at an acidic pH (between 4.0 and 5.0) and a hypothetical surface exposed an Mn2+ binding site comprising three acidic amino acids (two aspartates and one glutamate) could be localized within the hypothetical XgrDyP structure. The oxidation of Mn2+ ions is seemingly supported by four aromatic amino acids that mediate an electron transfer from the surface to the heme center. Conclusions: Our findings shed new light on the possible involvement of DyP-type peroxidases in lignocellulose degradation, especially by fungi that lack prototypical ligninolytic class II peroxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Kimani
- Unit of Environmental Biotechnology, International Institute Zittau, Dresden University of Technology, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (V.K.); (R.U.); (E.B.); (R.H.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
- Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30650-00100, Kenya
| | - René Ullrich
- Unit of Environmental Biotechnology, International Institute Zittau, Dresden University of Technology, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (V.K.); (R.U.); (E.B.); (R.H.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Enrico Büttner
- Unit of Environmental Biotechnology, International Institute Zittau, Dresden University of Technology, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (V.K.); (R.U.); (E.B.); (R.H.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Robert Herzog
- Unit of Environmental Biotechnology, International Institute Zittau, Dresden University of Technology, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (V.K.); (R.U.); (E.B.); (R.H.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Harald Kellner
- Unit of Environmental Biotechnology, International Institute Zittau, Dresden University of Technology, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (V.K.); (R.U.); (E.B.); (R.H.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ, Department of Molecular System Biology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Martin Hofrichter
- Unit of Environmental Biotechnology, International Institute Zittau, Dresden University of Technology, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (V.K.); (R.U.); (E.B.); (R.H.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Christiane Liers
- Unit of Environmental Biotechnology, International Institute Zittau, Dresden University of Technology, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany; (V.K.); (R.U.); (E.B.); (R.H.); (H.K.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3583-6124154
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Qin X, Su X, Tu T, Zhang J, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Bai Y, Yao B, Luo H, Huang H. Enzymatic Degradation of Multiple Major Mycotoxins by Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidase from Bacillus subtilis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060429. [PMID: 34205294 PMCID: PMC8235724 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON), widely exists in cereal-based animal feed and food. At present, most reported mycotoxins degrading enzymes target only a certain type of mycotoxins. Therefore, it is of great significance for mining enzymes involved in the simultaneous degradation of different types of mycotoxins. In this study, a dye-decolorizing peroxidase-encoding gene BsDyP from Bacillus subtilis SCK6 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21/pG-Tf2. The purified recombinant BsDyP was capable of oxidizing various substrates, including lignin phenolic model compounds 2,6-dimethylphenol and guaiacol, the substrate 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), anthraquinone dye reactive blue 19 and azo dye reactive black 5, as well as Mn2+. In addition, BsDyP could efficiently degrade different types of mycotoxins, including AFB1, ZEN and DON, in presence of Mn2+. More important, the toxicities of their corresponding enzymatic degradation products AFB1-diol, 15-OH-ZEN and C15H18O8 were significantly lower than AFB1, ZEN and DON. In summary, these results proved that BsDyP was a promising candidate for the simultaneous degradation of multiple mycotoxins in animal feed and food.
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Sugano Y, Yoshida T. DyP-Type Peroxidases: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5556. [PMID: 34074047 PMCID: PMC8197335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we chart the major milestones in the research progress on the DyP-type peroxidase family over the past decade. Though mainly distributed among bacteria and fungi, this family actually exhibits more widespread diversity. Advanced tertiary structural analyses have revealed common and different features among members of this family. Notably, the catalytic cycle for the peroxidase activity of DyP-type peroxidases appears to be different from that of other ubiquitous heme peroxidases. DyP-type peroxidases have also been reported to possess activities in addition to peroxidase function, including hydrolase or oxidase activity. They also show various cellular distributions, functioning not only inside cells but also outside of cells. Some are also cargo proteins of encapsulin. Unique, noteworthy functions include a key role in life-cycle switching in Streptomyces and the operation of an iron transport system in Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. We also present several probable physiological roles of DyP-type peroxidases that reflect the widespread distribution and function of these enzymes. Lignin degradation is the most common function attributed to DyP-type peroxidases, but their activity is not high compared with that of standard lignin-degrading enzymes. From an environmental standpoint, degradation of natural antifungal anthraquinone compounds is a specific focus of DyP-type peroxidase research. Considered in its totality, the DyP-type peroxidase family offers a rich source of diverse and attractive materials for research scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Sugano
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan;
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6
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de Eugenio LI, Peces-Pérez R, Linde D, Prieto A, Barriuso J, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Martínez MJ. Characterization of a Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidase from Irpex lacteus Expressed in Escherichia coli: An Enzyme with Wide Substrate Specificity Able to Transform Lignosulfonates. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:325. [PMID: 33922393 PMCID: PMC8145141 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) from Irpex lacteus was cloned and heterologously expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. The protein was purified in one chromatographic step after its in vitro activation. It was active on ABTS, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP), and anthraquinoid and azo dyes as reported for other fungal DyPs, but it was also able to oxidize Mn2+ (as manganese peroxidases and versatile peroxidases) and veratryl alcohol (VA) (as lignin peroxidases and versatile peroxidases). This corroborated that I. lacteus DyPs are the only enzymes able to oxidize high redox potential dyes, VA and Mn+2. Phylogenetic analysis grouped this enzyme with other type D-DyPs from basidiomycetes. In addition to its interest for dye decolorization, the results of the transformation of softwood and hardwood lignosulfonates suggest a putative biological role of this enzyme in the degradation of phenolic lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - María Jesús Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.I.d.E.); (R.P.-P.); (D.L.); (A.P.); (J.B.); (F.J.R.-D.)
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7
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Ben Ayed A, Saint-Genis G, Vallon L, Linde D, Turbé-Doan A, Haon M, Daou M, Bertrand E, Faulds CB, Sciara G, Adamo M, Marmeisse R, Comtet-Marre S, Peyret P, Abrouk D, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Marchand C, Hugoni M, Luis P, Mechichi T, Record E. Exploring the Diversity of Fungal DyPs in Mangrove Soils to Produce and Characterize Novel Biocatalysts. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050321. [PMID: 33919051 PMCID: PMC8143184 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional diversity of the New Caledonian mangrove sediments was examined, observing the distribution of fungal dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs), together with the complete biochemical characterization of the main DyP. Using a functional metabarcoding approach, the diversity of expressed genes encoding fungal DyPs was investigated in surface and deeper sediments, collected beneath either Avicennia marina or Rhizophora stylosa trees, during either the wet or the dry seasons. The highest DyP diversity was observed in surface sediments beneath the R. stylosa area during the wet season, and one particular operational functional unit (OFU1) was detected as the most abundant DyP isoform. This OFU was found in all sediment samples, representing 51–100% of the total DyP-encoding sequences in 70% of the samples. The complete cDNA sequence corresponding to this abundant DyP (OFU 1) was retrieved by gene capture, cloned, and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant enzyme, called DyP1, was purified and characterized, leading to the description of its physical–chemical properties, its ability to oxidize diverse phenolic substrates, and its potential to decolorize textile dyes; DyP1 was more active at low pH, though moderately stable over a wide pH range. The enzyme was very stable at temperatures up to 50 °C, retaining 60% activity after 180 min incubation. Its ability to decolorize industrial dyes was also tested on Reactive Blue 19, Acid Black, Disperse Blue 79, and Reactive Black 5. The effect of hydrogen peroxide and sea salt on DyP1 activity was studied and compared to what is reported for previously characterized enzymes from terrestrial and marine-derived fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Ben Ayed
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie, Enzymatique des Lipases, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia;
| | - Geoffroy Saint-Genis
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Laurent Vallon
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.L.); (F.J.R.-D.)
| | - Annick Turbé-Doan
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Marianne Daou
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Emmanuel Bertrand
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Craig B. Faulds
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuliano Sciara
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
| | - Martino Adamo
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Roland Marmeisse
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sophie Comtet-Marre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.C.-M.); (P.P.)
| | - Pierre Peyret
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (S.C.-M.); (P.P.)
| | - Danis Abrouk
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Francisco J. Ruiz-Dueñas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.L.); (F.J.R.-D.)
| | - Cyril Marchand
- IMPMC, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), UPMC, CNRS, MNHN, 98851 Noumea, France;
- ISEA, EA, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), 3325, BP R4, 98851 Noumea, France
| | - Mylène Hugoni
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Patricia Luis
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (G.S.-G.); (L.V.); (M.A.); (P.L.); (R.M.); (D.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Tahar Mechichi
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie, Enzymatique des Lipases, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia;
| | - Eric Record
- INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France; (A.B.A.); (A.T.-D.); (M.H.); (M.D.); (E.B.); (C.B.F.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Comparing Ligninolytic Capabilities of Bacterial and Fungal Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidases and Class-II Peroxidase-Catalases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052629. [PMID: 33807844 PMCID: PMC7961821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to clarify the ligninolytic capabilities of dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) from bacteria and fungi, compared to fungal lignin peroxidase (LiP) and versatile peroxidase (VP). With this purpose, DyPs from Amycolatopsis sp., Thermomonospora curvata, and Auricularia auricula-judae, VP from Pleurotus eryngii, and LiP from Phanerochaete chrysosporium were produced, and their kinetic constants and reduction potentials determined. Sharp differences were found in the oxidation of nonphenolic simple (veratryl alcohol, VA) and dimeric (veratrylglycerol-β- guaiacyl ether, VGE) lignin model compounds, with LiP showing the highest catalytic efficiencies (around 15 and 200 s−1·mM−1 for VGE and VA, respectively), while the efficiency of the A. auricula-judae DyP was 1–3 orders of magnitude lower, and no activity was detected with the bacterial DyPs. VP and LiP also showed the highest reduction potential (1.28–1.33 V) in the rate-limiting step of the catalytic cycle (i.e., compound-II reduction to resting enzyme), estimated by stopped-flow measurements at the equilibrium, while the T. curvata DyP showed the lowest value (1.23 V). We conclude that, when using realistic enzyme doses, only fungal LiP and VP, and in much lower extent fungal DyP, oxidize nonphenolic aromatics and, therefore, have the capability to act on the main moiety of the native lignin macromolecule.
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Advances in enzymatic oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107703. [PMID: 33545329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective oxyfunctionalizations of aliphatic compounds are difficult chemical reactions, where enzymes can play an important role due to their stereo- and regio-selectivity and operation under mild reaction conditions. P450 monooxygenases are well-known biocatalysts that mediate oxyfunctionalization reactions in different living organisms (from bacteria to humans). Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs), discovered in fungi, have arisen as "dream biocatalysts" of great biotechnological interest because they catalyze the oxyfunctionalization of aliphatic and aromatic compounds, avoiding the necessity of expensive cofactors and regeneration systems, and only depending on H2O2 for their catalysis. Here, we summarize recent advances in aliphatic oxyfunctionalization reactions by UPOs, as well as the molecular determinants of the enzyme structures responsible for their activities, emphasizing the differences found between well-known P450s and the novel fungal peroxygenases.
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Scalable High-Performance Production of Recombinant Horseradish Peroxidase from E. coli Inclusion Bodies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134625. [PMID: 32610584 PMCID: PMC7369975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), an enzyme omnipresent in biotechnology, is still produced from hairy root cultures, although this procedure is time-consuming and only gives low yields. In addition, the plant-derived enzyme preparation consists of a variable mixture of isoenzymes with high batch-to-batch variation preventing its use in therapeutic applications. In this study, we present a novel and scalable recombinant HRP production process in Escherichia coli that yields a highly pure, active and homogeneous single isoenzyme. We successfully developed a multi-step inclusion body process giving a final yield of 960 mg active HRP/L culture medium with a purity of ≥99% determined by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC). The Reinheitszahl, as well as the activity with 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as reducing substrates, are comparable to commercially available plant HRP. Thus, our preparation of recombinant, unglycosylated HRP from E. coli is a viable alternative to the enzyme from plant and highly interesting for therapeutic applications.
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11
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Two New Unspecific Peroxygenases from Heterologous Expression of Fungal Genes in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02899-19. [PMID: 31980430 PMCID: PMC7082571 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02899-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UPOs catalyze regio- and stereoselective oxygenations of both aromatic and aliphatic compounds. Similar reactions were previously described for cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, but UPOs have the noteworthy biotechnological advantage of being stable enzymes requiring only H2O2 to be activated. Both characteristics are related to the extracellular nature of UPOs as secreted proteins. In the present study, the limited repertoire of UPO enzymes available for organic synthesis and other applications is expanded with the description of two new ascomycete UPOs obtained by Escherichia coli expression of the corresponding genes as soluble and active enzymes. Moreover, directed mutagenesis in E. coli, together with enzyme molecular modeling, provided relevant structure-function information on aromatic substrate oxidation by these two new biocatalysts. Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) constitute a new family of fungal heme-thiolate enzymes in which there is high biotechnological interest. Although several thousand genes encoding hypothetical UPO-type proteins have been identified in sequenced fungal genomes and other databases, only a few UPO enzymes have been experimentally characterized to date. Therefore, gene screening and heterologous expression from genetic databases are a priority in the search for ad hoc UPOs for oxyfunctionalization reactions of interest. Very recently, Escherichia coli production of a previously described basidiomycete UPO (as a soluble and active enzyme) has been reported. Here, we explored this convenient heterologous expression system to obtain the protein products from available putative UPO genes. In this way, two UPOs from the ascomycetes Collariella virescens (syn., Chaetomium virescens) and Daldinia caldariorum were successfully obtained, purified, and characterized. Comparison of their kinetic constants for oxidation of model substrates revealed 10- to 20-fold-higher catalytic efficiency of the latter enzyme in oxidizing simple aromatic compounds (such as veratryl alcohol, naphthalene, and benzyl alcohol). Homology molecular models of these enzymes showed three conserved and two differing residues in the distal side of the heme (the latter representing two different positions of a phenylalanine residue). Interestingly, replacement of the C. virescens UPO Phe88 by the homologous residue in the D. caldariorum UPO resulted in an F88L variant with 5- to 21-fold-higher efficiency in oxidizing these aromatic compounds. IMPORTANCE UPOs catalyze regio- and stereoselective oxygenations of both aromatic and aliphatic compounds. Similar reactions were previously described for cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, but UPOs have the noteworthy biotechnological advantage of being stable enzymes requiring only H2O2 to be activated. Both characteristics are related to the extracellular nature of UPOs as secreted proteins. In the present study, the limited repertoire of UPO enzymes available for organic synthesis and other applications is expanded with the description of two new ascomycete UPOs obtained by Escherichia coli expression of the corresponding genes as soluble and active enzymes. Moreover, directed mutagenesis in E. coli, together with enzyme molecular modeling, provided relevant structure-function information on aromatic substrate oxidation by these two new biocatalysts.
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Routoula E, Patwardhan SV. Degradation of Anthraquinone Dyes from Effluents: A Review Focusing on Enzymatic Dye Degradation with Industrial Potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:647-664. [PMID: 31913605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Up to 84 000 tons of dye can be lost in water, and 90 million tons of water are attributed annually to dye production and their application, mainly in the textile and leather industry, making the dyestuff industry responsible for up to 20% of the industrial water pollution. The majority of dyes industrially used today are aromatic compounds with complex, reinforced structures, with anthraquinone dyes being the second largest produced in terms of volume. Despite the progress on decolorization and degradation of azo dyes, very little attention has been given to anthraquinone dyes. Anthraquinone dyes pose a serious environmental problem as their reinforced structure makes them difficult to degrade naturally. Existing methods of decolorization might be effective but are neither efficient nor practical due to extended time, space, and cost requirements. Attention should be given to the emerging routes for dye decolorization via the enzymatic action of oxidoreductases, which have already a strong presence in various other bioremediation applications. This review will discusses the presence of anthraquinone dyes in the effluents and ways for their remediation from dyehouse effluents, focusing on enzymatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Routoula
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Sheffield Mappin Street , Sheffield , United Kingdom , S1 3JD
| | - Siddharth V Patwardhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Sheffield Mappin Street , Sheffield , United Kingdom , S1 3JD
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13
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Li HH, Wang YT, Wang Y, Wang HX, Sun KK, Lu ZM. Bacterial degradation of anthraquinone dyes. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:528-540. [PMID: 31090278 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthraquinone dyes, which contain anthraquinone chromophore groups, are the second largest class of dyes after azo dyes and are used extensively in textile industries. The majority of these dyes are resistant to degradation because of their complex and stable structures; consequently, a large number of anthraquinone dyes find their way into the environment causing serious pollution. At present, the microbiological approach to treating printing and dyeing wastewater is considered to be an economical and feasible method, and reports regarding the bacterial degradation of anthraquinone dyes are increasing. This paper reviews the classification and structures of anthraquinone dyes, summarizes the types of degradative bacteria, and explores the possible mechanisms and influencing factors of bacterial anthraquinone dye degradation. Present research progress and existing problems are further discussed. Finally, future research directions and key points are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hong Li
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Yang-Tao Wang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Shaanxi 710048, China
| | - Hai-Xia Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai-Kai Sun
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhen-Mei Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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14
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Linde D, Ayuso-Fernández I, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Martínez AT. Different fungal peroxidases oxidize nitrophenols at a surface catalytic tryptophan. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 668:23-28. [PMID: 31095936 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) from Auricularia auricula-judae and versatile peroxidase (VP) from Pleurotus eryngii oxidize the three mononitrophenol isomers. Both enzymes have been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and in vitro activated. Despite their very different three-dimensional structures, the nitrophenol oxidation site is located at a solvent-exposed aromatic residue in both DyP (Trp377) and VP (Trp164), as revealed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and kinetic analyses of nitrophenol oxidation by the native enzymes and their tryptophan-less variants (the latter showing 10-60 fold lower catalytic efficiencies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Qin X, Luo H, Zhang X, Yao B, Ma F, Su X. Dye-decolorizing peroxidases in Irpex lacteus combining the catalytic properties of heme peroxidases and laccase play important roles in ligninolytic system. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:302. [PMID: 30455731 PMCID: PMC6223037 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The white rot fungus Irpex lacteus exhibits a great potential in biopretreatment of lignocellulose as well as in biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds by extracellular ligninolytic enzymes. Among these enzymes, the possible involvement of dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) in lignin degradation is not clear yet. RESULTS Based on the extracellular enzyme activities and secretome analysis, I. lacteus CD2 produced DyPs as the main ligninolytic enzymes when grown in Kirk's medium supplemented with lignin. Further transcriptome analysis revealed that induced transcription of genes encoding DyPs was accompanied by the increased expression of transcripts for H2O2-generating enzymes such as alcohol oxidase, pyranose 2-oxidase, and glyoxal oxidases. Meanwhile, accumulation of transcripts for glycoside hydrolase and protease was observed, in agreement with abundant proteins. Moreover, the biochemical analysis of IlDyP2 and IlDyP1 confirmed that DyPs were able to catalyze the oxidation of typical peroxidases substrates ABTS, phenolic lignin compounds DMP, and guaiacol as well as non-phenolic lignin compound, veratryl alcohol. More importantly, IlDyP1 enhanced catalytic activity for veratryl alcohol oxidation in the presence of mediator 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, which was similar to the laccase/1-hydroxybenzotriazole system. CONCLUSIONS The results proved for the first time that DyPs depolymerized lignin individually, combining catalytic features of different peroxidases on the functional level. Therefore, DyPs may be considered an important part of ligninolytic system in wood-decaying fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Fuying Ma
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081 China
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16
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Fernández-Fueyo E, Davó-Siguero I, Almendral D, Linde D, Baratto MC, Pogni R, Romero A, Guallar V, Martínez AT. Description of a Non-Canonical Mn(II)-Oxidation Site in Peroxidases. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Davó-Siguero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Almendral
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Duan Z, Shen R, Liu B, Yao M, Jia R. Comprehensive investigation of a dye-decolorizing peroxidase and a manganese peroxidase from Irpex lacteus F17, a lignin-degrading basidiomycete. AMB Express 2018; 8:119. [PMID: 30019324 PMCID: PMC6049852 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Irpex lacteus F17 is well-known for its ability to degrade recalcitrant aromatic pollutants, which mainly results from the action of the manganese peroxidase (MnP) that it is able to produce. Recently, the genome sequencing and annotation of this strain provided comprehensive picture of the ligninolytic peroxidase gene family. In addition to revealing the presence of 13 MnPs, genes for five dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) were also discovered in the I. lacteus F17 genome, which are unrelated to the fungal class II peroxidases. In the present study, amino acid sequences of five DyPs and 13 MnPs, representing two different families of heme peroxidases, were analyzed. Of these, two enzymes, a DyP (Il-DyP4) and a MnP (Il-MnP6) were expressed respectively in Escherichia coli, and were characterized by comparing their molecular models, substrate specificities, and catalytic features. The results showed that Il-DyP4 possessed a higher catalytic efficiency for some representative substrates, and a stronger decolorizing ability to a wide range of synthetic dyes in acidic conditions. Based on electrochemical measurements, Il-DyP4 was found to have a high redox potential of 27 mV at pH 3.5, which was superior to that of Il-MnP6 (− 75 mV), thereby contributing to its ability to oxidize high redox potential substrates, such as veratryl alcohol and polymeric dye Poly R-478. The results highlighted the potential of Il-DyP4 for use in industrial and environmental applications.
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18
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Enzyme Activities of Two Recombinant Heme-Containing Peroxidases, TvDyP1 and TvVP2, Identified from the Secretome of Trametes versicolor. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02826-17. [PMID: 29453263 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02826-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trametesversicolor is a wood-inhabiting agaricomycete known for its ability to cause strong white-rot decay on hardwood and for its high tolerance of phenolic compounds. The goal of the present work was to gain insights into the molecular biology and biochemistry of the heme-including class II and dye-decolorizing peroxidases secreted by this fungus. Proteomic analysis of the secretome of T. versicolor BRFM 1218 grown on oak wood revealed a set of 200 secreted proteins, among which were the dye-decolorizing peroxidase TvDyP1 and the versatile peroxidase TvVP2. Both peroxidases were heterologously produced in Escherichia coli, biochemically characterized, and tested for the ability to oxidize complex substrates. Both peroxidases were found to be active against several substrates under acidic conditions, and TvDyP1 was very stable over a relatively large pH range of 2.0 to 6.0, while TvVP2 was more stable at pH 5.0 to 6.0 only. The thermostability of both enzymes was also tested, and TvDyP1 was globally found to be more stable than TvVP2. After 180 min of incubation at temperatures ranging from 30 to 50°C, the activity of TvVP2 drastically decreased, with 10 to 30% of the initial activity retained. Under the same conditions, TvDyP1 retained 20 to 80% of its enzyme activity. The two proteins were catalytically characterized, and TvVP2 was shown to accept a wider range of reducing substrates than TvDyP1. Furthermore, both enzymes were found to be active against two flavonoids, quercetin and catechin, found in oak wood, with TvVP2 displaying more rapid oxidation of the two compounds. They were tested for the ability to decolorize five industrial dyes, and TvVP2 presented a greater ability to oxidize and decolorize the dye substrates than TvDyP1.IMPORTANCETrametesversicolor is a wood-inhabiting agaricomycete known for its ability to cause strong white-rot decay on hardwood and for its high tolerance of phenolic compounds. Among white-rot fungi, the basidiomycete T. versicolor has been extensively studied for its ability to degrade wood, specifically lignin, thanks to an extracellular oxidative enzymatic system. The corresponding oxidative system was previously studied in several works for classical lignin and manganese peroxidases, and in this study, two new components of the oxidative system of T. versicolor, one dye-decolorizing peroxidase and one versatile peroxidase, were biochemically characterized in depth and compared to other fungal peroxidases.
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19
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Martínez AT, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Camarero S, Serrano A, Linde D, Lund H, Vind J, Tovborg M, Herold-Majumdar OM, Hofrichter M, Liers C, Ullrich R, Scheibner K, Sannia G, Piscitelli A, Pezzella C, Sener ME, Kılıç S, van Berkel WJ, Guallar V, Lucas MF, Zuhse R, Ludwig R, Hollmann F, Fernández-Fueyo E, Record E, Faulds CB, Tortajada M, Winckelmann I, Rasmussen JA, Gelo-Pujic M, Gutiérrez A, del Río JC, Rencoret J, Alcalde M. Oxidoreductases on their way to industrial biotransformations. Biotechnol Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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20
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Lauber C, Schwarz T, Nguyen QK, Lorenz P, Lochnit G, Zorn H. Identification, heterologous expression and characterization of a dye-decolorizing peroxidase of Pleurotus sapidus. AMB Express 2017; 7:164. [PMID: 28831735 PMCID: PMC5567573 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The coding sequence of a peroxidase from the secretome of Pleurotus sapidus was cloned from a cDNA library. Bioinformatic analyses revealed an open reading frame of 1551 bp corresponding to a primary translation product of 516 amino acids. The DyP-type peroxidase was heterologously produced in Trichoderma reesei with an activity of 55,000 U L-1. The enzyme was purified from the culture supernatant, biochemically characterized and the kinetic parameters were determined. The enzyme has an N-terminal signal peptide composed of 62 amino acids. Analysis by Blue Native PAGE and activity staining with ABTS, as well as gel filtration chromatography showed the native dimeric state of the enzyme (115 kDa). Analysis of the substrate range revealed that the recombinant enzyme catalyzes, in addition to the conversion of some classic peroxidase substrates such as 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylthiazoline-6-sulfonate) and substituted phenols like 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, also the decolorization of the anthraquinonic dye Reactive Blue 5. The enzyme also catalyzes bleaching of natural colorants such as β-carotene and annatto. Surprisingly, β-carotene was transformed in the presence and absence of H2O2 by rPsaDyP, however enzyme activity was increased by the addition of H2O2. This indicates that the rPsaDyP has an oxidase function in addition to a peroxidase activity. As a consequence of the high affinity to the characteristic substrate Reactive Blue 5 the rPsaDyP belongs functionally to the dyp-type peroxidase family.
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21
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Eggenreich B, Willim M, Wurm DJ, Herwig C, Spadiut O. Production strategies for active heme-containing peroxidases from E. coli inclusion bodies - a review. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 10:75-83. [PMID: 28352527 PMCID: PMC5040872 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Heme-containing peroxidases are frequently used in medical applications. However, these enzymes are still extracted from their native source, which leads to inadequate yields and a mixture of isoenzymes differing in glycosylation which limits subsequent enzyme applications. Thus, recombinant production of these enzymes in Escherichia coli is a reasonable alternative. Even though production yields are high, the product is frequently found as protein aggregates called inclusion bodies (IBs). These IBs have to be solubilized and laboriously refolded to obtain active enzyme. Unfortunately, refolding yields are still very low making the recombinant production of these enzymes in E. coli not competitive. Motivated by the high importance of that enzyme class, this review aims at providing a comprehensive summary of state-of-the-art strategies to obtain active peroxidases from IBs. Additionally, various refolding techniques, which have not yet been used for this enzyme class, are discussed to show alternative and potentially more efficient ways to obtain active peroxidases from E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Eggenreich
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melissa Willim
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Johannes Wurm
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Behrens CJ, Zelena K, Berger RG. Comparative Cold Shock Expression and Characterization of Fungal Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:1404-17. [PMID: 27106285 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) from Auricularia auricula-judae, Bjerkandera adusta, Pleurotus ostreatus and Marasmius scorodonius (Basidiomycota) were expressed in Escherichia coli using the cold shock-inducible expression system pCOLD I DNA. Functional expression was achieved without the addition of hemin or the co-expression of any chaperones. The presence or absence of the native signal sequence had a strong impact on the success of the expression, but the effect was not consistent for the different DyPs. While BaDyP and AajDyP were stable at 50 °C, the more thermolabile MsP2 and PoDyp, upon catalytic intervention, lend themselves to more rapid thermal inactivation. The bleaching of norbixin (E 160b) using MsP2 was most efficient at pH 4.0, while BaDyP and AajDypP worked best in the weakly acidic to neutral range, indicating a choice of DyPs for a broad field of applications in different food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph J Behrens
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Kateryna Zelena
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf G Berger
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Callinstraße 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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23
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Linde D, Cañellas M, Coscolín C, Davó-Siguero I, Romero A, Lucas F, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Guallar V, Martínez AT. Asymmetric sulfoxidation by engineering the heme pocket of a dye-decolorizing peroxidase. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy00539j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By enlarging the active site of DyP, F359G stereoselectively converting methyl-phenyl sulfide (MPS) into S methyl-phenyl sulfoxide (MPSO) was obtained, while the parent DyP has no activity, and L357G yields racemic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
- CSIC
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Marina Cañellas
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- E-08034 Barcelona
- Spain
- Anaxomics Biotech
| | | | | | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
- CSIC
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Fátima Lucas
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- E-08034 Barcelona
- Spain
- Anaxomics Biotech
| | | | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- E-08034 Barcelona
- Spain
- ICREA
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Baratto MC, Sinicropi A, Linde D, Sáez-Jiménez V, Sorace L, Ruiz-Duenas FJ, Martinez AT, Basosi R, Pogni R. Redox-Active Sites in Auricularia auricula-judae Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidase and Several Directed Variants: A Multifrequency EPR Study. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:13583-92. [PMID: 26120933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxide-activated Auricularia auricula-judae dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) forms a mixed Trp377 and Tyr337 radical, the former being responsible for oxidation of the typical DyP substrates (Linde et al. Biochem. J., 2015, 466, 253-262); however, a pure tryptophanyl radical EPR signal is detected at pH 7 (where the enzyme is inactive), in contrast with the mixed signal observed at pH for optimum activity, pH 3. On the contrary, the presence of a second tyrosine radical (at Tyr147) is deduced by a multifrequency EPR study of a variety of simple and double-directed variants (including substitution of the above and other tryptophan and tyrosine residues) at different freezing times after their activation by H2O2 (at pH 3). This points out that subsidiary long-range electron-transfer pathways enter into operation when the main pathway(s) is removed by directed mutagenesis, with catalytic efficiencies progressively decreasing. Finally, self-reduction of the Trp377 neutral radical is observed when reaction time (before freezing) is increased in the absence of reducing substrates (from 10 to 60 s). Interestingly, the tryptophanyl radical is stable in the Y147S/Y337S variant, indicating that these two tyrosine residues are involved in the self-reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena , I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Adalgisa Sinicropi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena , I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Sáez-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Sorace
- Department of Chemistry, "Ugo Schiff" and INSTM RU, University of Florence , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Angel T Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Riccardo Basosi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena , I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena , I-53100 Siena, Italy
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Characterization and application of a novel class II thermophilic peroxidase from Myceliophthora thermophila in biosynthesis of polycatechol. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 75-76:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fernández-Fueyo E, Linde D, Almendral D, López-Lucendo MF, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Martínez AT. Description of the first fungal dye-decolorizing peroxidase oxidizing manganese(II). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8927-42. [PMID: 25967658 PMCID: PMC4619462 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two phylogenetically divergent genes of the new family of dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) were found during comparison of the four DyP genes identified in the Pleurotus ostreatus genome with over 200 DyP genes from other basidiomycete genomes. The heterologously expressed enzymes (Pleos-DyP1 and Pleos-DyP4, following the genome nomenclature) efficiently oxidize anthraquinoid dyes (such as Reactive Blue 19), which are characteristic DyP substrates, as well as low redox-potential dyes (such as 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and substituted phenols. However, only Pleos-DyP4 oxidizes the high redox-potential dye Reactive Black 5, at the same time that it displays high thermal and pH stability. Unexpectedly, both enzymes also oxidize Mn2+ to Mn3+, albeit with very different catalytic efficiencies. Pleos-DyP4 presents a Mn2+ turnover (56 s−1) nearly in the same order of the two other Mn2+-oxidizing peroxidase families identified in the P. ostreatus genome: manganese peroxidases (100 s−1 average turnover) and versatile peroxidases (145 s−1 average turnover), whose genes were also heterologously expressed. Oxidation of Mn2+ has been reported for an Amycolatopsis DyP (24 s−1) and claimed for other bacterial DyPs, albeit with lower activities, but this is the first time that Mn2+ oxidation is reported for a fungal DyP. Interestingly, Pleos-DyP4 (together with ligninolytic peroxidases) is detected in the secretome of P. ostreatus grown on different lignocellulosic substrates. It is suggested that generation of Mn3+ oxidizers plays a role in the P. ostreatus white-rot lifestyle since three different families of Mn2+-oxidizing peroxidase genes are present in its genome being expressed during lignocellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Almendral
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María F López-Lucendo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Catalytic surface radical in dye-decolorizing peroxidase: a computational, spectroscopic and site-directed mutagenesis study. Biochem J 2015; 466:253-62. [PMID: 25495127 PMCID: PMC4357238 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) of Auricularia auricula-judae has been expressed in Escherichia coli as a representative of a new DyP family, and subjected to mutagenic, spectroscopic, crystallographic and computational studies. The crystal structure of DyP shows a buried haem cofactor, and surface tryptophan and tyrosine residues potentially involved in long-range electron transfer from bulky dyes. Simulations using PELE (Protein Energy Landscape Exploration) software provided several binding-energy optima for the anthraquinone-type RB19 (Reactive Blue 19) near the above aromatic residues and the haem access-channel. Subsequent QM/MM (quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics) calculations showed a higher tendency of Trp-377 than other exposed haem-neighbouring residues to harbour a catalytic protein radical, and identified the electron-transfer pathway. The existence of such a radical in H₂O₂-activated DyP was shown by low-temperature EPR, being identified as a mixed tryptophanyl/tyrosyl radical in multifrequency experiments. The signal was dominated by the Trp-377 neutral radical contribution, which disappeared in the W377S variant, and included a tyrosyl contribution assigned to Tyr-337 after analysing the W377S spectra. Kinetics of substrate oxidation by DyP suggests the existence of high- and low-turnover sites. The high-turnover site for oxidation of RB19 (k(cat) > 200 s⁻¹) and other DyP substrates was assigned to Trp-377 since it was absent from the W377S variant. The low-turnover site/s (RB19 k(cat) ~20 s⁻¹) could correspond to the haem access-channel, since activity was decreased when the haem channel was occluded by the G169L mutation. If a tyrosine residue is also involved, it will be different from Tyr-337 since all activities are largely unaffected in the Y337S variant.
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Linde D, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Fernández-Fueyo E, Guallar V, Hammel KE, Pogni R, Martínez AT. Basidiomycete DyPs: Genomic diversity, structural-functional aspects, reaction mechanism and environmental significance. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 574:66-74. [PMID: 25637654 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The first enzyme with dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) activity was described in 1999 from an arthroconidial culture of the fungus Bjerkandera adusta. However, the first DyP sequence had been deposited three years before, as a peroxidase gene from a culture of an unidentified fungus of the family Polyporaceae (probably Irpex lacteus). Since the first description, fewer than ten basidiomycete DyPs have been purified and characterized, but a large number of sequences are available from genomes. DyPs share a general fold and heme location with chlorite dismutases and other DyP-type related proteins (such as Escherichia coli EfeB), forming the CDE superfamily. Taking into account the lack of an evolutionary relationship with the catalase-peroxidase superfamily, the observed heme pocket similarities must be considered as a convergent type of evolution to provide similar reactivity to the enzyme cofactor. Studies on the Auricularia auricula-judae DyP showed that high-turnover oxidation of anthraquinone type and other DyP substrates occurs via long-range electron transfer from an exposed tryptophan (Trp377, conserved in most basidiomycete DyPs), whose catalytic radical was identified in the H2O2-activated enzyme. The existence of accessory oxidation sites in DyP is suggested by the residual activity observed after site-directed mutagenesis of the above tryptophan. DyP degradation of substituted anthraquinone dyes (such as Reactive Blue 5) most probably proceeds via typical one-electron peroxidase oxidations and product breakdown without a DyP-catalyzed hydrolase reaction. Although various DyPs are able to break down phenolic lignin model dimers, and basidiomycete DyPs also present marginal activity on nonphenolic dimers, a significant contribution to lignin degradation is unlikely because of the low activity on high redox-potential substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kenneth E Hammel
- US Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Dept. Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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