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Changes in Neuropeptide Prohormone Genes among Cetartiodactyla Livestock and Wild Species Associated with Evolution and Domestication. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050247. [PMID: 35622775 PMCID: PMC9144646 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of evolution and domestication processes on the sequences of neuropeptide prohormone genes that participate in cell–cell signaling influences multiple biological process that involve neuropeptide signaling. This information is important to understand the physiological differences between Cetartiodactyla domesticated species such as cow, pig, and llama and wild species such as hippopotamus, giraffes, and whales. Systematic analysis of changes associated with evolutionary and domestication forces in neuropeptide prohormone protein sequences that are processed into neuropeptides was undertaken. The genomes from 118 Cetartiodactyla genomes representing 22 families were mined for 98 neuropeptide prohormone genes. Compared to other Cetartiodactyla suborders, Ruminantia preserved PYY2 and lost RLN1. Changes in GNRH2, IAPP, INSL6, POMC, PRLH, and TAC4 protein sequences could result in the loss of some bioactive neuropeptides in some families. An evolutionary model suggested that most neuropeptide prohormone genes disfavor sequence changes that incorporate large and hydrophobic amino acids. A compelling finding was that differences between domestic and wild species are associated with the molecular system underlying ‘fight or flight’ responses. Overall, the results demonstrate the importance of simultaneously comparing the neuropeptide prohormone gene complement from close and distant-related species. These findings broaden the foundation for empirical studies about the function of the neuropeptidome associated with health, behavior, and food production.
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Ryan KK, Packard AEB, Larson KR, Stout J, Fourman SM, Thompson AMK, Ludwick K, Habegger KM, Stemmer K, Itoh N, Perez-Tilve D, Tschöp MH, Seeley RJ, Ulrich-Lai YM. Dietary Manipulations That Induce Ketosis Activate the HPA Axis in Male Rats and Mice: A Potential Role for Fibroblast Growth Factor-21. Endocrinology 2018; 159:400-413. [PMID: 29077838 PMCID: PMC5761593 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In response to an acute threat to homeostasis or well-being, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis is engaged. A major outcome of this HPA axis activation is the mobilization of stored energy, to fuel an appropriate behavioral and/or physiological response to the perceived threat. Importantly, the extent of HPA axis activity is thought to be modulated by an individual's nutritional environment. In this study, we report that nutritional manipulations signaling a relative depletion of dietary carbohydrates, thereby inducing nutritional ketosis, acutely and chronically activate the HPA axis. Male rats and mice maintained on a low-carbohydrate high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) exhibited canonical markers of chronic stress, including increased basal and stress-evoked plasma corticosterone, increased adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotropin hormone, increased stress-evoked c-Fos immunolabeling in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and thymic atrophy, an indicator of chronic glucocorticoid exposure. Moreover, acutely feeding medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) to rapidly induce ketosis among chow-fed male rats and mice also acutely increased HPA axis activity. Lastly, and consistent with a growing literature that characterizes the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) as both a marker of the ketotic state and as a key metabolic stress hormone, the HPA response to both KD and MCTs was significantly blunted among mice lacking FGF21. We conclude that dietary manipulations that induce ketosis lead to increased HPA axis tone, and that the hepatokine FGF21 may play an important role to facilitate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K. Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Amy E. B. Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Karlton R. Larson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jayna Stout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Sarah M. Fourman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Abigail M. K. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Kristen Ludwick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Kirk M. Habegger
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Centre Munich & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Yvonne M. Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237
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Wierzbicka JM, Żmijewski MA, Piotrowska A, Nedoszytko B, Lange M, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT. Bioactive forms of vitamin D selectively stimulate the skin analog of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in human epidermal keratinocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 437:312-322. [PMID: 27524410 PMCID: PMC5048597 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation B stimulates both the production of vitamin D3 in the skin and the activation of the skin analog of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) as well as the central HPA. Since the role of vitamin D3 in the regulation of the HPA is largely unknown, we investigated the impact of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its noncalcemic analogs, 20(OH)D3 and 21(OH)pD, on the expression of the local HPA in human epidermal keratinocytes. The noncalcemic analogs showed similar efficacy to 1,25(OH)2D3 in stimulating the expression of neuropeptides, CRF, urocortins and POMC, and their receptors, CRFR1, CRFR2, MC1R, MC2R, MC3R and MC4R. Interestingly, unlike other secosteroids, the activity of 21(OH)pD did not correlate with induction of differentiation, suggesting a separate but overlapping mechanism of action. Thus, biologically active forms of vitamin D can regulate different elements of the local equivalent of the HPA with implications for the systemic HPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Nedoszytko
- Department and Clinic of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lange
- Department and Clinic of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Bicknell AB. 60 YEARS OF POMC: N-terminal POMC peptides and adrenal growth. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:T39-48. [PMID: 26759392 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The peptide hormones contained within the sequence of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) have diverse roles ranging from pigmentation to regulation of adrenal function to control of our appetite. It is generally acknowledged to be the archetypal hormone precursor, and as its biology has been unravelled, so too have many of the basic principles of hormone biosynthesis and processing. This short review focuses on one group of its peptide products, namely, those derived from the N-terminal of POMC and their role in the regulation of adrenal growth. From a historical and a personal perspective, it describes how their role in regulating proliferation of the adrenal cortex was identified and also highlights the key questions that remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Bicknell
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
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Lotfi CFP, de Mendonca POR. Comparative Effect of ACTH and Related Peptides on Proliferation and Growth of Rat Adrenal Gland. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:39. [PMID: 27242663 PMCID: PMC4860745 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a polypeptide precursor known to yield biologically active peptides related to a range of functions. These active peptides include the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which is essential for maintenance of adrenal growth and steroidogenesis, and the alpha-melanocyte stimulation hormone, which plays a key role in energy homeostasis. However, the role of the highly conserved N-terminal region of POMC peptide fragments has begun to be unraveled only recently. Here, we review the cascade of events involved in regulation of proliferation and growth of murine adrenal cortex triggered by ACTH and other POMC-derived peptides. Key findings regarding signaling pathways and modulation of genes and proteins required for the regulation of adrenal growth are summarized. We have outlined the known mechanisms as well as future challenges for research on the regulation of adrenal proliferation and growth triggered by these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudimara Ferini Pacicco Lotfi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Claudimara Ferini Pacicco Lotfi,
| | - Pedro O. R. de Mendonca
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review fundamentals in adrenal gland histophysiology. Key findings regarding the important signaling pathways involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis and adrenal growth are summarized. We illustrate how adrenal gland morphology and function are deeply interconnected in which novel signaling pathways (Wnt, Sonic hedgehog, Notch, β-catenin) or ionic channels are required for their integrity. Emphasis is given to exploring the mechanisms and challenges underlying the regulation of proliferation, growth, and functionality. Also addressed is the fact that while it is now well-accepted that steroidogenesis results from an enzymatic shuttle between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, key questions still remain on the various aspects related to cellular uptake and delivery of free cholesterol. The significant progress achieved over the past decade regarding the precise molecular mechanisms by which the two main regulators of adrenal cortex, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and angiotensin II act on their receptors is reviewed, including structure-activity relationships and their potential applications. Particular attention has been given to crucial second messengers and how various kinases, phosphatases, and cytoskeleton-associated proteins interact to ensure homeostasis and/or meet physiological demands. References to animal studies are also made in an attempt to unravel associated clinical conditions. Many of the aspects addressed in this article still represent a challenge for future studies, their outcome aimed at providing evidence that the adrenal gland, through its steroid hormones, occupies a central position in many situations where homeostasis is disrupted, thus highlighting the relevance of exploring and understanding how this key organ is regulated. © 2014 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 4:889-964, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Zmijewski MA, Slominski AT. Is Mc1r an important regulator of non-pigmentary responses to UV radiation? Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:790-1. [PMID: 24279915 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
MC1R is recognized for its role in the regulation of melanin pigmentation. In addition, many investigators believe that it also plays a crucial role in immunomodulation (immunosuppression) and in melanogenesis-independent protective responses against ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Surprisingly, Wolnicka-Glubisz et al. have shown that loss of function in the MC1R has no effect on inflammatory responses and immunosuppression induced by UVR in C57BL/6 mice as well as on the degree of UVA-induced DNA damage in the epidermis and dermis. These findings, by challenging the existing dogmas on the precise role of MC1R in non-pigmentary responses to the UVR, mandate further research to either validate the presented data or to define to which degree these phenomena are restricted to the C57BL/6 mouse model or are applicable to other species including humans. The alternative target for immunomodulation is represented by MC3R. However, cutaneous expression of MC3R remains to be demonstrated.
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Corander MP, Fenech M, Coll AP. Science of self-preservation: how melanocortin action in the brain modulates body weight, blood pressure, and ischemic damage. Circulation 2009; 120:2260-8. [PMID: 19948994 PMCID: PMC2880450 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.854612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus P Corander
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
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Bicknell KA, Harmer SC, Yiangson S, Lockwood W, Bicknell AB. Lys-gamma3-MSH: a global regulator of hormone sensitive lipase activity? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:71-6. [PMID: 18977407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormone (gamma-MSH) is a peptide derived from the ACTH precursor, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and belongs to a family of peptides called the melanocortins that also comprises alpha- and beta-MSH. Although conserved in tetrapods, the biological role of gamma-MSH remains largely undefined. It has been demonstrated previously that gamma-MSH is involved in the regulating the activity of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) activity in the adrenal and more recently, in the adipocyte. It has been shown also to have effects on the cardiovascular and renal systems. This short review will provide a brief overview of the role of gamma-MSH in the adrenal and the more recent report that it can also regulate HSL function in the adipocyte. We also present some preliminary data purporting a direct role for Lys-gamma(3)-MSH in the regulation of HSL phosphorylation in the heart. Taken together these data suggest that gamma-MSH peptides might play a more widespread role in lipid and cholesterol utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Bicknell
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AJ, UK
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Wachira SJM, Guruswamy B, Uradu L, Hughes-Darden CA, Denaro FJ. Activation and endocytic internalization of melanocortin 3 receptor in neuronal cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1096:271-86. [PMID: 17405938 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1397.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortins play a central role in autonomic modulation of metabolism by acting through a family of highly homologous G protein-coupled receptors. Studies with gene knockout mice have implicated neural melanocortin receptors, MC3R and MC4R, in the etiology of obesity, insulin resistance, and salt-sensitive hypertension. In an attempt to better understand the mechanisms of function of these receptors, we expressed MC3R and MC4R in neuronal cells and demonstrated their co-localization to several membrane regions. We now show that in cultured neuronal cells, MC3R localizes to lipid rafts and undergoes endocytic internalization upon activation by gamma-MSH through a protein kinase-sensitive pathway. The appearance of the internalized receptor in lysosomes suggests that it is subsequently degraded. The expression of protein kinase A regulatory subunits and of c-Jun and c-Fos was analyzed by either immunoblotting or real-time PCR. No discernable changes were observed in the expression levels of these protein kinase A and protein kinase C responsive genes. Immunohistochemical studies showed a robust expression of MC3R protein in brain nuclei with relevance to cardiovascular function and fluid homeostasis further supporting the notion that the physiological effects of melanocortins on the cardiovascular system arise from effects on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J M Wachira
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.
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