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Abstract
Heat stress is described as the cumulative detrimental effect caused by an imbalance between heat production within the body and heat dissipation. When cattle are exposed to heat stress with skin surface temperatures exceeding 35 °C, gene networks within and across cells respond to environmental heat loads with both intra and extracellular signals that coordinate cellular and whole-animal metabolism changes to store heat and rapidly increase evaporative heat loss. In this study, we examined evidence from genes known to be associated with heat tolerance (Hsp70, HSF1, HspB8, SOD1, PRLH, ATP1A1, MTOR, and EIF2AK4). This information could serve as valuable resource material for breeding programs aimed at increasing the thermotolerance of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- LuLan Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kaixing Qu
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Jicai Zhang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Bizhi Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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2
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Villalba M, Gómez G, Torres L, Maldonado N, Espiñeira C, Payne G, Vargas-Chacoff L, Figueroa J, Yáñez A, Olavarría VH. Prolactin peptide (pPRL) induces anti-prolactin antibodies, ROS and cortisol but suppresses specific immune responses in rainbow trout. Mol Immunol 2020; 127:87-94. [PMID: 32947170 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin has several immune functions in fish however, the effects on innate and specific components of rainbow trout immunity are currently unknown. Therefore in this study, prolactin peptide (pPRL) injection in rainbow trout generated anti-PRL antibodies that were confirmed through Western blot assays of fish brain tissue extract. At the same time, this group of fish was immunized with a viral antigen (VP2) and the specific antibody titer generated by the rainbow trout was subsequently determined, as well as the sero-neutralizing capacity of the antibodies. Interestingly, this group of fish (pPRL-VP2) generated approximately 150% less antibodies compared with fish immunized only with the viral antigen (VP2), and pPRL-VP2 fish increased their cortisol level by 4 times compared to the control. Additionally, through qPCR assay, we determined that the pPRL-VP2 fish group decreased pro-inflammatory transcript expression, and the serum of these (pPRL-VP2) fish stimulated ROS production in untreated fish leukocytes, a phenomenon that was blocked by the pharmacological cortisol receptor inhibitor (RU486). Collectively, this is the first report that indicates that pPRL could modulate both components of immunity in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Villalba
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gabriel Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Lidia Torres
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nicolas Maldonado
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Constanza Espiñeira
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gardenia Payne
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jaime Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Alejandro Yáñez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Víctor H Olavarría
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Chile.
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Katayama Y, Sakamoto T, Takanami K, Takei Y. The Amphibious Mudskipper: A Unique Model Bridging the Gap of Central Actions of Osmoregulatory Hormones Between Terrestrial and Aquatic Vertebrates. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1112. [PMID: 30154735 PMCID: PMC6102947 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Body fluid regulation, or osmoregulation, continues to be a major topic in comparative physiology, and teleost fishes have been the subject of intensive research. Great progress has been made in understanding the osmoregulatory mechanisms including drinking behavior in teleosts and mammals. Mudskipper gobies can bridge the gap from aquatic to terrestrial habitats by their amphibious behavior, but the studies are yet emerging. In this review, we introduce this unique teleost as a model to study osmoregulatory behaviors, particularly amphibious behaviors regulated by the central action of hormones. Regarding drinking behavior of mammals, a thirst sensation is aroused by angiotensin II (Ang II) through direct actions on the forebrain circumventricular structures, which predominantly motivates them to search for water and take it into the mouth for drinking. By contrast, aquatic teleosts can drink water that is constantly present in their mouth only by reflex swallowing, and Ang II induces swallowing by acting on the hindbrain circumventricular organ without inducing thirst. In mudskippers, however, through the loss of buccal water by swallowing, which appears to induce buccal drying on land, Ang II motivates these fishes to move to water for drinking. Thus, mudskippers revealed a unique thirst regulation by sensory detection in the buccal cavity. In addition, the neurohypophysial hormones, isotocin (IT) and vasotocin (VT), promote migration to water via IT receptors in mudskippers. VT is also dipsogenic and the neurons in the forebrain may mediate their thirst. VT regulates social behaviors as well as osmoregulation. The VT-induced migration appears to be a submissive response of subordinate mudskippers to escape from competitive and dehydrating land. Together with implications of VT in aggression, mudskippers may bridge the multiple functions of neurohypophysial hormones. Interestingly, cortisol, an important hormone for seawater adaptation and stress response in teleosts, also stimulates the migration toward water, mediated possibly via the mineralocorticoid receptor. The corticosteroid system that is responsive to external stressors can accelerate emergence of migration to alternative habitats. In this review, we suggest this unique teleost as an important model to deepen insights into the behavioral roles of these hormones in relation to osmoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukitoshi Katayama
- Physiology Section, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Ushimado Marine Institute, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Setouchi, Japan
| | - Keiko Takanami
- Ushimado Marine Institute, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Setouchi, Japan.,Mouse Genomics Resource Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takei
- Physiology Section, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
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Aruna A, Nagarajan G, Chang CF. The acute salinity changes activate the dual pathways of endocrine responses in the brain and pituitary of tilapia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 211:154-64. [PMID: 25535862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To analyze and compare the stress and osmoregulatory hormones and receptors in pituitary during acute salinity changes, the expression patterns of corticotropin releasing hormone (crh) in hypothalamus, prolactin (prl) releasing peptide (pRrp) in telencephalon and diencephalon, glucocorticoid receptors 2 (gr2), and mineralocorticoid receptor (mr), crh-r, pro-opiomelanocorticotropin (pomc), pRrp, prl, dopamine 2 receptor (d2-r), growth hormone (gh), gh-receptor (gh-r) and insulin-like growth hormone (igf-1) transcripts in pituitary were characterized in euryhaline tilapia. The results indicate that the crh transcripts increased in the hypothalamus and rostral pars distalis of the pituitary after the transfer of fish to SW. Similarly, the pRrp transcripts were more abundant in SW acclimated tilapia forebrain and hypothalamus. The crh-r, gr2 and mr transcripts were more expressed in rostral pars distalis and pars intermedia of pituitary at SW than FW tilapia. The data indicate that the SW acclimation stimulates these transcripts in the specific regions of the brain and pituitary which may be related to the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI)-axis. The results of dual in situ hybridization reveal that the transcripts of crh-r, gr2 and mr with pomc are highly co-localized in corticotrophs of pituitary. Furthermore, we demonstrate high expression of pRrp in the brain and low expression of pRrp and prl transcripts in the pituitary of SW fish. No crh-r and corticosteroid receptors were co-localized with prl transcripts in the pituitary. The gh-r and igf-1 mRNA levels were significantly increased in SW acclimated tilapia pituitary whereas there was no difference in the gh mRNA levels. The data suggest that the locally produced pRrp and d2-r may control and regulate the expression of prl mRNA in pituitary. Therefore, the dual roles of pRrp are involved in the stress (via brain-pituitary) and osmoregulatory (via pituitary) pathways in tilapia exposed to acute salinity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adimoolam Aruna
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Ganesan Nagarajan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; The Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
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5
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Tachibana T, Sakamoto T. Functions of two distinct "prolactin-releasing peptides" evolved from a common ancestral gene. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:170. [PMID: 25426099 PMCID: PMC4226156 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is one of the RF-amide peptides and was originally identified in the bovine hypothalamus as a stimulator of prolactin (PRL) release. Independently, another RF-amide peptide was found in Japanese crucian carp and named Carassius-RFa (C-RFa), which shows high homology to PrRP and stimulates PRL secretion in teleost fish. Therefore, C-RFa has been recognized as fish PrRP. However, recent work has revealed that PrRP and C-RFa in non-mammalian vertebrates are encoded by separate genes originated through duplication of an ancestral gene. Indeed, both PrRP and C-RFa are suggested to exist in teleost, amphibian, reptile, and avian species. Therefore, we propose that non-mammalian PrRP (C-RFa) be renamed PrRP2. Despite a common evolutionary origin, PrRP2 appears to be a physiological regulator of PRL, whereas this is not a consistent role for PrRP itself. Further work revealed that the biological functions of PrRP and PrRP2 are not limited solely to PRL release, because they are also neuromodulators of several hypothalamus-pituitary axes and are involved in some brain circuits related to the regulation of food intake, stress, and cardiovascular functions. However, these actions appear to be different among vertebrates. For example, central injection of PrRP inhibits feeding behavior in rodents and teleosts, while it stimulates it in chicks. Therefore, both PrRP and PrRP2 have acquired diverse actions through evolution. In this review, we integrate the burgeoning information of structures, expression profiles, and multiple biological actions of PrRP in higher vertebrates, as well as those of PrRP2 in non-mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tachibana
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tetsuya Tachibana, Laboratory of Animal Production, Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan e-mail:
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Ushimado Marine Institute, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Ushimado, Japan
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6
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Seale AP, Yamaguchi Y, Johnstone WM, Borski RJ, Lerner DT, Grau EG. Endocrine regulation of prolactin cell function and modulation of osmoreception in the Mozambique tilapia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 192:191-203. [PMID: 23722201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) cells of the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, are osmoreceptors by virtue of their intrinsic osmosensitivity coupled with their ability to directly regulate hydromineral homeostasis through the actions of PRL. Layered upon this fundamental osmotic reflex is an array of endocrine control of PRL synthesis and secretion. Consistent with its role in fresh water (FW) osmoregulation, PRL release in tilapia increases as extracellular osmolality decreases. The hyposmotically-induced release of PRL can be enhanced or attenuated by a variety of hormones. Prolactin release has been shown to be stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 17-β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain-natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), ventricular natriuretic peptide (VNP), PRL-releasing peptide (PrRP), angiotensin II (ANG II), leptin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), ghrelin, and inhibited by somatostatin (SS), urotensin-II (U-II), dopamine, cortisol, ouabain and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). This review is aimed at providing an overview of the hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic hormones that regulate PRL release in euryhaline Mozambique tilapia, particularly in the context on how they may modulate osmoreception, and mediate the multifunctional actions of PRL. Also considered are the signal transduction pathways through which these secretagogues regulate PRL cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Seale
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA.
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Parhar I, Ogawa S, Kitahashi T. RFamide peptides as mediators in environmental control of GnRH neurons. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 98:176-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Molecular characterization and haplotype combination of PrRP gene polymorphism and its association with production traits in Chinese native goats. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Prolactin-releasing peptide is a potent mediator of the innate immune response in leukocytes from Salmo salar. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:170-9. [PMID: 22578983 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL)-releasing peptide (PrRP) is a strong candidate stimulator of pituitary PRL transcription and secretion in teleosts. However, the role in control of extrapituitary PRL expression or its effects on innate immunity are unclear even in mammals. To study the possible presence of PrRP in peripheral organs, PrRP expression patterns and their effect on innate immunity were characterised in SHK-1 cells and head kidney (HK) leukocytes purified from the salmonid, Salmo salar. We detected immunoreactive cells in leukocytes from blood and HK of S. salar and found that PrRP mRNA was abundantly expressed in these cells. We have recently reported that physiological concentrations of native PRL, downstream of neuropeptide PrRP were able to induce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HK leukocytes and macrophages from S. salar and Sparus aurata. It is of interest to note that in this work we have revealed that synthetic PrRP was able to induce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins) IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12 and PRL. We also show here that PrRP increased both (ROS) production and phagocytosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that PrRP may be a local modulator of innate immune responses in leukocytes from S. salar.
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Watanabe S, Seale AP, Grau EG, Kaneko T. Stretch-activated cation channel TRPV4 mediates hyposmotically induced prolactin release from prolactin cells of mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R1004-11. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00632.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In teleost fish, prolactin (PRL) is an important hormone for hyperosmoregulation. The release of PRL from the pituitary of Mozambique tilapia is stimulated by a decrease in extracellular osmolality. Previous studies have shown that hyposmotically induced PRL release is linked with cell volume changes, and that stretch-activated Ca2+ channels are likely responsible for the initiation of the signal transduction for PRL release. In this study, we identified the stretch-activated Ca2+ channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) from the rostral pars distalis (RPD) of tilapia acclimated to freshwater (FW). TRPV4 transcripts were ubiquitously expressed in tilapia; the level of expression in RPDs of FW-acclimated fish was lower than that found in RPDs of seawater (SW)-acclimated fish. Immunohistochemical analysis of the pituitary revealed that TRPV4 is localized in the cell membrane of PRL cells of both FW and SW tilapia. A functional assay with CHO-K1 cells showed that tilapia TRPV4 responded to a decrease in extracellular osmolality, and that its function was suppressed by ruthenium red (RR) and activated by 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4aPDD). Exposure of dissociated PRL cells from FW-acclimated tilapia to RR blocked hyposmolality induced PRL release. PRL release, on the other hand, was stimulated by 4aPDD. These results indicate that PRL release in response to physiologically relevant changes in extracellular osmolality is mediated by the osmotically sensitive TRPV4 cation channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Watanabe
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Andre P. Seale
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii
| | - E. Gordon Grau
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, Hawaii
| | - Toyoji Kaneko
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; and
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Tachibana T, Moriyama S, Takahashi A, Tsukada A, Oda A, Takeuchi S, Sakamoto T. Isolation and characterisation of prolactin-releasing peptide in chicks and its effect on prolactin release and feeding behaviour. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23:74-81. [PMID: 21083629 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL)-releasing peptides (PrRP) have been identified in mammals, amphibians and fishes, and these animals have several PrRPs that consist of different numbers of amino acids such as 20, 31 and 37. In the present study, we identified the cDNA encoding chicken prepro-PrRP, which can generate putative PrRPs, and cloned and sequenced it. Sequences for the coding region suggested the occurrence of putative PrRPs of 20, 31 and 32 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of chicken PrRP20 showed 100%, 95% and 70% identity with those of PrRP20s from teleosts, Xenopus laevis and mammals, respectively. On the other hand, chicken PrRP31 showed approximately 90% and 52-55% homology to PrRP31s of X. laevis and mammals, respectively. Native chicken PrRPs were purified from an acid extract of chick brain by a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA), affinity chromatography using anti-salmon PrRP serum, and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an ODS-120T column (TOSOH, Tokyo, Japan). The existence of chicken PrRP20 and PrRP31 in the brain was demonstrated by comparing them with the synthetic peptides using HPLC and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chicken PrRP31 increased plasma PRL concentration when administered peripherally, whereas central administration decreased the concentration, suggesting that chicken PrRP31 has a distinct effect on PRL secretion between tissues in chicks. On the other hand, plasma growth hormone concentration decreased with both peripheral and central administrations of chicken PrRP31. Furthermore, central administration of chicken PrRP31 increased food intake in chicks compared to those observed in mammals and fishes. Taken together with the results indicating that chicken PrRP20 did not show endocrine and behavioural effects, we showed that chicken PrRP has a similar amino acid sequence to teleosts, Xenopus laevis and mammals, although the actions were variable among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tachibana
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.
School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Ofunato, Iwate, Japan.
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12
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Eyckmans M, Tudorache C, Darras VM, Blust R, De Boeck G. Hormonal and ion regulatory response in three freshwater fish species following waterborne copper exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 152:270-8. [PMID: 20488257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated effects of sublethal copper exposure in 3 different freshwater fish: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). In a first experiment we exposed these fishes to an equally toxic Cu dose, a Cu level 10 times lower than their 96 h LC50 value: 20, 65, and 150 microg/L Cu. In a second series we exposed them to the same Cu concentration (50 microg/L). Na+/K+-ATPase activity in gill tissue was disturbed differently in rainbow trout then in common and gibel carp. Rainbow trout showed a thorough disruption of plasma ion levels at the beginning of both exposures, whereas common carp and gibel carp displayed effects only after 3 days. Rainbow trout and common carp thyroid hormones experienced adverse effects in the beginning of the exposure. The involvement of prolactin in handling metal stress was reflected in changes of mRNA prolactin receptor concentrations in gill tissue, with an up regulation of this mRNA in rainbow trout and a down regulation in gibel carp, which was more pronounced in the latter. Overall, rainbow trout appeared more sensitive in the beginning of the exposure, however, when it overcame this first challenge, it handled copper exposure in a better manner then common and gibel carp as they showed more long term impacts of Cu exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Eyckmans
- Laboratory for Ecophysiology, Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Watanabe S, Kaneko T. Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor expressed in the pituitary in Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus: an aspect of prolactin regulatory mechanisms. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 167:27-34. [PMID: 20226787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL)-releasing peptide (PrRP) has been reported as a strong candidate for a stimulating factor of both PRL secretion and expression in teleost species; however, there is no information available on its receptor. Here we report cDNA cloning and characterization of PrRP receptor expressed in the pituitary of Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. The deduced amino acid sequence of cDNA for tilapia PrRP receptor shared 50-83% homology with other vertebrate homologs. Intracellular calcium mobilization assay revealed that PrRP receptor responded to as low as 1nM order of tilapia PrRP, indicating its high affinity to PrRP. The expression of PrRP receptor was detected in the brain, pituitary, heart, spleen, kidney and rectum of freshwater (FW)- and seawater (SW)-adapted fish. There was no significant difference between FW and SW fish in transcription levels of PrRP receptor in the rostral pars distalis (RPD) of the pituitary. Similarly, the PrRP expression level in the whole brain was not changed by environmental salinity. Immunohistochemistry with a specific antibody showed that PrRP receptor was mainly localized in the cells of the RPD and neurohypophysis in the pituitary of both FW and SW tilapia. We also examined the effects of PrRP on PRL expression in primary-incubated PRL cells of FW tilapia; PrRP failed to stimulate PRL expression in PRL cells in vitro. These results suggest that in vivo stimulatory effects of PrRP on PRL gene expression reported in teleosts are presumably mediated by an unknown regulator secreted from the neurohypophysis expressing PrRP receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Watanabe
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Walker RJ, Papaioannou S, Holden-Dye L. A review of FMRFamide- and RFamide-like peptides in metazoa. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2010; 9:111-53. [PMID: 20191373 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-010-0097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are a diverse class of signalling molecules that are widely employed as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in animals, both invertebrate and vertebrate. However, despite their fundamental importance to animal physiology and behaviour, they are much less well understood than the small molecule neurotransmitters. The neuropeptides are classified into families according to similarities in their peptide sequence; and on this basis, the FMRFamide and RFamide-like peptides, first discovered in molluscs, are an example of a family that is conserved throughout the animal phyla. In this review, the literature on these neuropeptides has been consolidated with a particular emphasis on allowing a comparison between data sets in phyla as diverse as coelenterates and mammals. The intention is that this focus on the structure and functional aspects of FMRFamide and RFamide-like neuropeptides will inform understanding of conserved principles and distinct properties of signalling across the animal phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Kawauchi H, Sower SA, Moriyama S. Chapter 5 The Neuroendocrine Regulation of Prolactin and Somatolactin Secretion in Fish. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(09)28005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kwong AKY, Woo NYS. Prolactin-releasing peptide, a possible modulator of prolactin in the euryhaline silver sea bream (Sparus sarba): A molecular study. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008; 158:154-60. [PMID: 18640118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PRL and PrRP cDNAs have been isolated from euryhaline silver sea bream (Sparus sarba). The PRL cDNA consists of 1360bp encoding 212 amino acids whereas the PrRP cDNA contains 631bp encoding preproPrRP with 122 amino acids. The mature PrRP sequence within the preprohormone is identical to the PrRPs isolated from other fish species. PRL mRNA was uniquely expressed in sea bream pituitary but PrRP mRNA was expressed in a variety of organs and tissues including the intestines, olfactory rosette and various brain regions such as hypothalamus and pituitary. Expression levels of PRL and PrRP mRNA have been examined in sea bream adapted to different salinities (0, 6, 12, 33 and 50ppt). In the pituitary, both PRL and PrRP mRNA were significantly higher in fish adapted to low salinities (0 and 6ppt) and the expression profiles of both hormones closely paralleled each other. However, expression of hypothalamic PrRP was significantly higher in fish adapted to iso-osmotic salinity (12ppt) when pituitary PRL expression was low. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, a synchronized mRNA expression pattern between PRL and PrRP in fish pituitary but a disparity of mRNA expression levels between hypothalamic PrRP and pituitary PRL during salinity adaptation. These data suggest that PrRP may possibly act as a local modulator in pituitary rather than a hypothalamic factor for regulation of pituitary PRL expression in silver sea bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Y Kwong
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
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Matsuda K, Nejigaki Y, Satoh M, Shimaura C, Tanaka M, Kawamoto K, Uchiyama M, Kawauchi H, Shioda S, Takahashi A. Effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) on prolactin and somatolactin release from the goldfish pituitary in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 145:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Amano M, Oka Y, Amiya N, Yamamori K. Immunohistochemical localization and ontogenic development of prolactin-releasing peptide in the brain of the ovoviviparous fish species Poecilia reticulata (guppy). Neurosci Lett 2007; 413:206-9. [PMID: 17267118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical localization and ontogenic development of prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) in the brain of the ovoviviparous fish species Poecilia reticulata (guppy) were examined to gain a better understanding of this hormone in teleost fish. In adult guppies, PrRP-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies were detected in the posterior part of the hypothalamus. In the pituitary, a small number of PrRP-ir fibers were observed adjacent to the prolactin cells, whereas numerous PrRP-ir fibers were detected not only in the hypothalamus but also widely throughout the brain. PrRP-ir cell bodies and prolactin cells were already detected on the birth day in the hypothalamus and pituitary, respectively. The number of PrRP-ir fibers in the brain increased as the fish developed. These results suggest that PrRP is involved in neuromodulation in the brain and that PrRP plays some physiological roles in the early development of the guppy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Amano
- School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Ofunato, Iwate 022-0101, Japan.
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Sakamoto T, Oda A, Yamamoto K, Kaneko M, Kikuyama S, Nishikawa A, Takahashi A, Kawauchi H, Tsutsui K, Fujimoto M. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a prolactin-releasing peptide homolog from Xenopus laevis. Peptides 2006; 27:3347-51. [PMID: 16979799 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid sequences for identified prolactin (PRL)-releasing peptides (PrRPs) were conserved in mammals (>90%) or teleost fishes (100%), but there were considerable differences between these classes in the sequence (<65%) as well as in the role of PrRP. In species other than fishes and mammals, we have identified frog PrRP. The cDNA encoding Xenopus laevis prepro-PrRP, which can generate putative PrRPs, was cloned and sequenced. Sequences for the coding region showed higher identity with teleost PrRPs than mammalian homologues, but suggested the occurrence of putative PrRPs of 20 and 31 residues as in mammals. The amino acid sequence of PrRP20 was only one residue different from teleost PrRP20, but shared 70% identity with mammalian PrRP20s. In primary cultures of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) pituitary cells, Xenopus PrRPs increased prolactin concentrations in culture medium to 130-160% of the control, but PrRPs was much less potent than thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) causing a three- to four-fold increase in prolactin concentrations. PrRP mRNA levels in the developing Xenopus brain peak in early prometamorphosis, different from prolactin levels. PrRP may not be a major prolactin-releasing factor (PRF), at least in adult frogs, as in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Ushimado Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, 130-17 Kashino, Ushimado, Setouchi 701-4303, Japan
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Sakamoto T, McCormick SD. Prolactin and growth hormone in fish osmoregulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006; 147:24-30. [PMID: 16406056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin is an important regulator of multiple biological functions in vertebrates, and has been viewed as essential to ion uptake as well as reduction in ion and water permeability of osmoregulatory surfaces in freshwater and euryhaline fish. Prolactin-releasing peptide seems to stimulate prolactin expression in the pituitary and peripheral organs during freshwater adaptation. Growth hormone, a member of the same family of hormones as prolactin, promotes acclimation to seawater in several teleost fish, at least in part through the action of insulin-like growth factor I. In branchial epithelia, development and differentiation of the seawater-type chloride cell (and their underlying biochemistry) is regulated by GH, IGF-I, and cortisol, whereas the freshwater-type chloride cell is regulated by prolactin and cortisol. In the epithelia of gastrointestinal tract, prolactin induces cell proliferation during freshwater adaptation, whereas cortisol stimulates both cell proliferation and apoptosis. We propose that control of salinity acclimation in teleosts by prolactin and growth hormone primarily involves regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation (the latter including upregulation of specific ion transporters), and that there is an important interaction of these hormones with corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Ushimado Marine Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Ushimado, Okayama, Japan.
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