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Sun T, Zhen T, Harakandi CH, Wang L, Guo H, Chen Y, Sun H. New insights into butyrylcholinesterase: Pharmaceutical applications, selective inhibitors and multitarget-directed ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116569. [PMID: 38852337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), also known as pseudocholinesterase and serum cholinesterase, is an isoenzyme of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). It mediates the degradation of acetylcholine, especially under pathological conditions. Proverbial pharmacological applications of BChE, its mutants and modulators consist of combating Alzheimer's disease (AD), influencing multiple sclerosis (MS), addressing cocaine addiction, detoxifying organophosphorus poisoning and reflecting the progression or prognosis of some diseases. Of interest, recent reports have shed light on the relationship between BChE and lipid metabolism. It has also been proved that BChE is going to increase abnormally as a compensator for AChE in the middle and late stages of AD, and BChE inhibitors can alleviate cognitive disorders and positively influence some pathological features in AD model animals, foreboding favorable prospects and potential applications. Herein, the selective BChE inhibitors and BChE-related multitarget-directed ligands published in the last three years were briefly summarized, along with the currently known pharmacological applications of BChE, aiming to grasp the latest research directions. Thereinto, some emerging strategies for designing BChE inhibitors are intriguing, and the modulators based on target combination of histone deacetylase and BChE against AD is unprecedented. Furthermore, the involvement of BChE in the hydrolysis of ghrelin, the inhibition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake, and the down-regulation of LDL receptor (LDLR) expression suggests its potential to influence lipid metabolism disorders. This compelling prospect likely stimulates further exploration in this promising research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Zhen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanchao Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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Coria-Caballero V, Jaramillo-Narvaez MDLL, Leon-Verdin MG, Martinez F, Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy ML, Barbosa-Sabanero G. Desacylghrelin modulates GHS-R1 receptor expression and cell differentiation in placental BeWo cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 577:112035. [PMID: 37506870 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and purpose: Ghrelin is the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1). Ghrelin, and GHS-R1, may have a role in placental growth and function, and its unacylated form desacylghrelin (DAG) could be involved in fetal growth. Nevertheless, the effects of DAG on placental function, and the receptor involved in its actions, remain to be determined. We aimed to investigate the effect of DAG in placental BeWo cells viability, proliferation, differentiation, and GSH-R1 expression. METHODS BeWo cells, a human trophoblast cell line, was cultured with 3 nM DAG during 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Cell viability, proliferation, differentiation (assessed by human Chorionic Gonadotropin quantification), and GSH-R1 expression were analyzed. To evaluate the mechanism of DAG effect on GSH-R1, 30 nM receptor antagonist ([D-Lys3]-GHRP-6) was added alone or in combination with 3 nM DAG during 12 h and 24 h. RESULTS DAG has no effect on cell proliferation or viability, but it has an inhibitory effect on cell differentiation. DAG had a stimulatory effect on GSH-R1 expression at 12 and 24 h (p = 0.029 and p = 0.025, respectively). On the contrary, culture with 48 h DAG inhibits GSH-R1 expression compared to the control (p = 0.005), while GSH-R1 antagonist inhibited the effect of DAG on GSH-R1 expression. DAG also reduces intracellular (p = 0.020) and secreted (p = 0.011) hCG concentration in BeWo cells. CONCLUSION DAG increases GHS-R1 expression, potentially mediated through GHS-R1 itself. DAG may also inhibit placental BeWo cell differentiation, suggesting a possible role of DAG in placental and fetal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Coria-Caballero
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus, Mexico
| | | | - Ma Guadalupe Leon-Verdin
- Department of Engineering Physics, Division of Sciences and Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus, Mexico
| | - Federico Martinez
- Biochemistry Department, Medicine Faculty, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gloria Barbosa-Sabanero
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus, Mexico.
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Yamano H, Horike H, Taguchi Y, Inabu Y, Sugino T, Suzuki N, Etoh T, Shiotsuka Y, Fujino R, Takahashi H. Effect of Ca-octanoate supplementation on concentrations of ghrelin and ghrelin-related hormones in plasma and milk of beef cattle. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16795. [PMID: 37313147 PMCID: PMC10258411 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary calcium (Ca)-octanoate supplementation on concentrations of ghrelin, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin in plasma and milk of beef cattle during late gestation and early postpartum. Twelve Japanese Black cattle were offered concentrate without (CON, n = 6) or with Ca-octanoate supplementation at 1.5% of dietary dry matter (OCT, n = 6). Blood samples were collected at -60, -30, and -7 d relative to the expected parturition date and daily from d 0 to 3 after parturition. Milk samples were collected daily postpartum. Compared to the CON group, concentrations of acylated ghrelin increased in plasma as parturition approached in the OCT group (P = 0.02). However, concentrations of GH, IGF-1, and insulin in plasma and milk were not affected by treatment groups throughout the study. Additionally, we showed for the first time that bovine colostrum and transition milk contain acylated ghrelin at a significantly higher concentration than plasma (P = 0.01). Interestingly, concentrations of acylated ghrelin in milk were negatively correlated with those in plasma postpartum (r = -0.50, P < 0.01). Feeding Ca-octanoate increased concentrations of total cholesterol (T-cho) in plasma and milk (P < 0.05), tended to increase those of glucose in plasma at postpartum and milk (P < 0.1). We conclude that feeding Ca-octanoate in late gestation and early postpartum may contribute to increased concentrations of glucose and T-cho in plasma and milk without affecting concentrations of ghrelin, GH, IGF-1, and insulin in plasma and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Yamano
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Horike
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Yutaka Taguchi
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Yudai Inabu
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Sugino
- The Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Nonomi Suzuki
- Feed and Livestock Sector, Kanematsu Agritech Co., Ltd., Saitama, 343-0845, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Etoh
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Yuji Shiotsuka
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Fujino
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Kuju Agricultural Research Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Oita, 878-0201, Japan
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Pan F, Li P, Hao G, Liu Y, Wang T, Liu B. Enhancing Milk Production by Nutrient Supplements: Strategies and Regulatory Pathways. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030419. [PMID: 36766308 PMCID: PMC9913681 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The enhancement of milk production is essential for dairy animals, and nutrient supplements can enhance milk production. This work summarizes the influence of nutrient supplements-including amino acids, peptides, lipids, carbohydrates, and other chemicals (such as phenolic compounds, prolactin, estrogen and growth factors)-on milk production. We also attempt to provide possible illuminating insights into the subsequent effects of nutrient supplements on milk synthesis. This work may help understand the strategy and the regulatory pathway of milk production promotion. Specifically, we summarize the roles and related pathways of nutrients in promoting milk protein and fat synthesis. We hope this review will help people understand the relationship between nutritional supplementation and milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Pan
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Peizhi Li
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guijie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huzhou 313001, China
- Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Yinuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Boqun Liu
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (B.L.)
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Zhdanov AV, Golubeva AV, Yordanova MM, Andreev DE, Ventura-Silva AP, Schellekens H, Baranov PV, Cryan JF, Papkovsky DB. Ghrelin rapidly elevates protein synthesis in vitro by employing the rpS6K-eEF2K-eEF2 signalling axis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:426. [PMID: 35841486 PMCID: PMC9288388 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Activated ghrelin receptor GHS-R1α triggers cell signalling pathways that modulate energy homeostasis and biosynthetic processes. However, the effects of ghrelin on mRNA translation are unknown. Using various reporter assays, here we demonstrate a rapid elevation of protein synthesis in cells within 15–30 min upon stimulation of GHS-R1α by ghrelin. We further show that ghrelin-induced activation of translation is mediated, at least in part, through the de-phosphorylation (de-suppression) of elongation factor 2 (eEF2). The levels of eEF2 phosphorylation at Thr56 decrease due to the reduced activity of eEF2 kinase, which is inhibited via Ser366 phosphorylation by rpS6 kinases. Being stress-susceptible, the ghrelin-mediated decrease in eEF2 phosphorylation can be abolished by glucose deprivation and mitochondrial uncoupling. We believe that the observed burst of translation benefits rapid restocking of neuropeptides, which are released upon GHS-R1α activation, and represents the most time- and energy-efficient way of prompt recharging the orexigenic neuronal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Zhdanov
- School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Anna V Golubeva
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martina M Yordanova
- School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dmitry E Andreev
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ana Paula Ventura-Silva
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Harriet Schellekens
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pavel V Baranov
- School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dmitri B Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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Isokawa M. Ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) acylates ghrelin in the hippocampus. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 118:369-392. [PMID: 35180934 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulating peptide hormone and produced in the stomach. Serine 3 on ghrelin must be acylated by the lipid transferase known as Ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) in order for the peptide to become physiologically-active and bind to the cognate receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR1a). GHSR1a has been known to be expressed in the feeding center of the hypothalamus. However, the interest in GHSR1a increased dramatically among researchers in various biomedical fields when GHSR1a mRNA was found wide-spread in the brain including the hippocampus. Current understanding is that GHSR1a has multifaceted functions beyond the regulation of metabolism. In the blood, a nonacylated form of ghrelin (des-acyl ghrelin) exists in far greater amounts. Des-acyl ghrelin can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but it cannot bind to GHSR1a in the brain. Thus, the identification of the source for acyl ghrelin in the brain became the critical and urgent quest. Here, we discuss the presence of GOAT in the hippocampus and its ability to acylate ghrelin locally within the hippocampus. We will show that GOAT is localized specifically at the base of the dentate granule cell layer in the rat and wild-type mouse, but not in the GHSR1a knockout mouse. This evidence points the possibility that the expression of GHSR1a may be a prerequisite for the synthesis of GOAT in the hippocampus. We will also show that: (1) the activation of GHSR1a by acyl ghrelin upregulates the cAMP and CREB phosphorylation, (2) amplifies the NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission by phosphorylating GluN1 subunit at Ser896/897, and (3) activates Fyn kinase and induces GluN2B phosphorylation at Tyr1336. In summary, GOAT is a critical molecule that acts as the master switch in the initiation of ghrelin-induced hippocampal synapse and neuron plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Isokawa
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States.
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Herrera-Martínez Y, Alzas Teomiro C, León Idougourram S, Molina Puertas MJ, Calañas Continente A, Serrano Blanch R, Castaño JP, Gálvez Moreno MÁ, Gahete MD, Luque RM, Herrera-Martínez AD. Sarcopenia and Ghrelin System in the Clinical Outcome and Prognosis of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010111. [PMID: 35008278 PMCID: PMC8750458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Malnutrition and sarcopenia affect clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Nutritional evaluation in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is not routinely performed. Currently, the evaluation of sarcopenia using CT scans is the gold standard in cancer patients, additionally, anthropometric, biochemical and molecular analysis of patients with gastroenteropancreatic NENs at diagnosis was perfomed. The expression levels of key ghrelin system components were assessed in 63 tumor samples. Results: Nutritional parameters were similar in GEP-NEN tumors of different origin. Relapsed disease was associated with decreased BMI. Patients who presented with weight loss at diagnosis had significantly lower overall survival (108 (25–302) vs. 263 (79–136) months). Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) enzyme expression was higher in these patients. The prevalence of sarcopenia using CT images reached 87.2%. Mortality was observed only in patients with sarcopenia. Muscle evaluation was correlated with biochemical parameters but not with the expression of ghrelin system components. Conclusion: Survival is related to the nutritional status of patients with GEP-NENs and also to the molecular expression of some relevant ghrelin system components. Routine nutritional evaluation should be performed in these patients, in order to prescribe appropriate nutritional support, when necessary, for increasing quality of life and improving clinical outcomes. Abstract Background: Malnutrition and sarcopenia affect clinical outcomes and treatment response in cancer patients. Patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) may present with additional symptoms related to tumor localization in the gastrointestinal tract and hormone secretion, increasing the risk and effects of sarcopenia. Aim: To explore the presence of malnutrition and sarcopenia in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-NEN patients, their relation to tumor characteristics, patient outcomes, survival and the molecular expression of ghrelin system components in the tumor. Patients and methods: One-hundred-and-four patients were included. Anthropometric, biochemical and CT-scans at diagnosis were evaluated. The expression levels of key ghrelin system components were assessed in 63 tumor samples. Results: Nutritional parameters were similar in GEP-NEN tumors of different origin. Relapsed disease was associated with decreased BMI. Patients who presented with weight loss at diagnosis had significantly lower overall survival (108 (25–302) vs. 263 (79–136) months). Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) enzyme expression was higher in these patients. The prevalence of sarcopenia using CT images reached 87.2%. Mortality was observed only in patients with sarcopenia. Muscle evaluation was correlated with biochemical parameters but not with the expression of ghrelin system components. Conclusion: Survival is related to the nutritional status of patients with GEP-NENs and also to the molecular expression of some relevant ghrelin system components. Routine nutritional evaluation should be performed in these patients, in order to prescribe appropriate nutritional support, when necessary, for increasing quality of life and improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Alzas Teomiro
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Soraya León Idougourram
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - María José Molina Puertas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Alfonso Calañas Continente
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Raquel Serrano Blanch
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordova, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Gálvez Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Manuel D. Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordova, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14014 Cordova, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordova, Spain
| | - Aura D. Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain; (C.A.T.); (S.L.I.); (M.J.M.P.); (A.C.C.); (R.S.B.); (J.P.C.); (M.Á.G.M.); (M.D.G.); (R.M.L.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordova, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Spiridon IA, Ciobanu DGA, Giușcă SE, Căruntu ID. Ghrelin and its role in gastrointestinal tract tumors (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:663. [PMID: 34296307 PMCID: PMC8335721 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone, is a peptide that binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor; it is secreted mainly by enteroendocrine cells in the oxyntic glands of the stomach. Ghrelin serves a role in both local and systemic physiological processes, and is implicated in various pathologies, including neoplasia, with tissue expression in several types of malignancies in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, the precise implications of the ghrelin axis in metastasis, invasion and cancer progression regulation has yet to be established. In the case of gastrointestinal (GI) tract malignancies, ghrelin has shown potential to become a prognostic factor or even a therapeutic target, although data in the literature are inconsistent and unsystematic, with reports untailored to a specific histological subtype of cancer or a particular localization. The evaluation of immunohistochemical expression shows a limited outlook owing to the low number of cases analyzed, and in vivo analyses have conflicting data regarding differences in ghrelin serum levels in patients with cancer. The aim of this review was to examine the relationship between ghrelin and GI tract malignancies to demonstrate the inconsistencies in current results and to highlight its clinical significance in the outcome of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Alexandra Spiridon
- Department of Pathology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași 700115, Romania
| | | | - Simona Eliza Giușcă
- Department of Pathology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași 700115, Romania
| | - Irina Draga Căruntu
- Department of Histology, 'Grigore T. Popa' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iași 700115, Romania
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Bayraktutan Z, Dincer B, Keskin H, Kose D, Bilen A, Toktay E, Sirin B, Halici Z. Roflumilast as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Cecal Ligation and Puncture-Induced Septic Lung Injury. J INVEST SURG 2021; 35:605-613. [PMID: 33843406 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2021.1908462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIMS This study focused on delineating the possible effects of roflumilast (ROF), a selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, in rats with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced polymicrobial sepsis, and investigated whether ROF can act as a protective agent in sepsis-induced lung damage. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four experimental groups were organized, each comprising eight rats: Control, Sepsis, Sepsis + ROF 0.5 mgkg-1, and Sepsis + ROF 1 mgkg-1 groups. A polymicrobial sepsis model was induced in the rats by cecal ligation and puncture under anesthesia. Twelve hours after sepsis induction, the lungs were obtained for biochemical, molecular, and histopathological analyses. RESULTS In the sepsis group's lungs, the TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA expression levels peaked in the sepsis group's lung tissues, and ROF significantly decreased these levels compared with the sepsis group dose-dependently. ROF also significantly decreased MDA levels in septic lungs and increased antioxidant parameters (SOD and GSH) compared with the sepsis group. Histopathological analysis results supported biochemical and molecular results. CONCLUSIONS ROF, a PDE4 inhibitor, suppressed the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, alleviated lung damage (probably by blocking neutrophil infiltration), and increased the capacity of the antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Busra Dincer
- Department of Pharmacology, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Halil Keskin
- Department of Child Health and Diseases, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Duygu Kose
- Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Arzu Bilen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Erdem Toktay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Busra Sirin
- Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zekai Halici
- Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey.,Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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10
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Raghay K, Akki R, Bensaid D, Errami M. Ghrelin as an anti-inflammatory and protective agent in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Peptides 2020; 124:170226. [PMID: 31786283 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) continue to be the most frequent cause of damaged tissues. Injured tissues resulted from the first ischemic insult, which is determined by the interruption in the blood supply, followed by subsequent impairment induced by reperfusion. In addition, ischemia-reperfusion injury is mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other cytokines that activate complements and proteases responsible for free radical production. However, earlier studies have reported the protective roles of bioactive peptides during ischemia reperfusion injury. In fact, ghrelin is a peptide hormone discovered since 1999 as GH secretagogue and its production was identified in gastric X/A-like endocrine cells in rats and P/D1 type cells in humans. To date, this peptide receives growing attention due to its pleiotropic action in the organism and its role in maintaining energy homeostasis. Ghrelin is also involved in stress responses, assuming a modulatory action on immune pathways. Previous studies have identified many other functions related to an anti-inflammatory role in ischemia reperfusion injury. Under these challenging conditions, studies described acylated and unacylated ghrelin in activation and/or inhibition processes related to ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this article is to provide a minireview about ghrelin mechanisms involved in the proinflammatory response of I/R injury. However, the regulatory processes of ghrelin in this pathologic event are still very limited and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Raghay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - R Akki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - D Bensaid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - M Errami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.
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11
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Serrenho D, Santos SD, Carvalho AL. The Role of Ghrelin in Regulating Synaptic Function and Plasticity of Feeding-Associated Circuits. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:205. [PMID: 31191250 PMCID: PMC6546032 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity of the neuronal circuits associated with feeding behavior is regulated by peripheral signals as a response to changes in the energy status of the body. These signals include glucose, free fatty acids, leptin and ghrelin and are released into circulation, being able to reach the brain. Ghrelin, a small peptide released from the stomach, is an orexigenic hormone produced in peripheral organs, and its action regulates food intake, body weight and glucose homeostasis. Behavioral studies show that ghrelin is implicated in the regulation of both hedonic and homeostatic feeding and of cognition. Ghrelin-induced synaptic plasticity has been described in neuronal circuits associated with these behaviors. In this review, we discuss the neuromodulatory mechanisms induced by ghrelin in regulating synaptic plasticity in three main neuronal circuits previously associated with feeding behaviors, namely hypothalamic (homeostatic feeding), ventral tegmental (hedonic and motivational feeding) and hippocampal (cognitive) circuits. Given the central role of ghrelin in regulating feeding behaviors, and the altered ghrelin levels associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity and anorexia, it is of paramount relevance to understand the effects of ghrelin on synaptic plasticity of neuronal circuits associated with feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Serrenho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,PhD Program in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra D Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Wu B, Liu Y, Liu F, Deng Q, Wang J, Han R, Zhang D, Chen J, Wei J. The antinociceptive effects and molecular mechanisms of ghrelin(1–7)-NH2 at the supraspinal level in acute pain in mice. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:112-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Ghrelin Promotes Cortical Neurites Growth in Late Stage After Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:29-37. [PMID: 30806968 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acyl ghrelin, a novel brain-gut peptide, is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Accumulated research data have shown that acyl ghrelin exercises a significant neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in animal models and in cultured neurons during the acute phase, usually, 1 day after cerebral ischemia. The chronic effects of acyl ghrelin 1 week after brain ischemia remain largely unknown. In this study, we explored the effects of acyl ghrelin on cultured organotypic brain slices and cortical neurons which were injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion(OGD/R) for 7 days. The underlying molecular mechanisms were deciphered based on label-free proteomic analysis. Acyl ghrelin treatment promoted neurite (axons and dendrites) growth and alleviated the neuronal damage in both cultured brain slices and neurons. Proteomic analysis showed that cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42) mediates the effects of acyl ghrelin on neurite growth. Acyl ghrelin stimulated the expression of Cdc42 and neurite growth in cultured neurons comparing with OGD/R group. Inhibition of Cdc42 attenuated the effects of acyl ghrelin. These results suggest that acyl ghrelin promotes neurite growth during the later stage after OGD/R injury via Cdc42. Our study suggests that acyl ghrelin may be promising to restore the neuronal structure in the late phase after stroke.
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14
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Stutz B, Nasrallah C, Nigro M, Curry D, Liu ZW, Gao XB, Elsworth JD, Mintz L, Horvath TL. Dopamine neuronal protection in the mouse Substantia nigra by GHSR is independent of electric activity. Mol Metab 2019; 24:120-138. [PMID: 30833218 PMCID: PMC6531791 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Dopamine neurons in the Substantia nigra (SN) play crucial roles in control of voluntary movement. Extensive degeneration of this neuronal population is the cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Many factors have been linked to SN DA neuronal survival, including neuronal pacemaker activity (responsible for maintaining basal firing and DA tone) and mitochondrial function. Dln-101, a naturally occurring splice variant of the human ghrelin gene, targets the ghrelin receptor (GHSR) present in the SN DA cells. Ghrelin activation of GHSR has been shown to protect SN DA neurons against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment. We decided to compare the actions of Dln-101 with ghrelin and identify the mechanisms associated with neuronal survival. Methods Histologial, biochemical, and behavioral parameters were used to evaluate neuroprotection. Inflammation and redox balance of SN DA cells were evaluated using histologial and real-time PCR analysis. Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) technology was used to modulate SN DA neuron electrical activity and associated survival. Mitochondrial dynamics in SN DA cells was evaluated using electron microscopy data. Results Here, we report that the human isoform displays an equivalent neuroprotective factor. However, while exogenous administration of mouse ghrelin electrically activates SN DA neurons increasing dopamine output, as well as locomotion, the human isoform significantly suppressed dopamine output, with an associated decrease in animal motor behavior. Investigating the mechanisms by which GHSR mediates neuroprotection, we found that dopamine cell-selective control of electrical activity is neither sufficient nor necessary to promote SN DA neuron survival, including that associated with GHSR activation. We found that Dln101 pre-treatment diminished MPTP-induced mitochondrial aberrations in SN DA neurons and that the effect of Dln101 to protect dopamine cells was dependent on mitofusin 2, a protein involved in the process of mitochondrial fusion and tethering of the mitochondria to the endoplasmic reticulum. Conclusions Taken together, these observations unmasked a complex role of GHSR in dopamine neuronal protection independent on electric activity of these cells and revealed a crucial role for mitochondrial dynamics in some aspects of this process. Dln101 is a human splice-variant of the ghrelin gene with different expression pattern. Ghrelin and Dln101 display equivalent levels of neuroprotection of SN DA cells. Modulation of electrical activity of SN DA cells is not relevant for neuroprotection. Mitochondrial fusion protein 2 (MFN 2) blocks DLN101-induced mitochondrial fusion in SN DA neurons and prevents DLN101-induced neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Stutz
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, USA.
| | - Carole Nasrallah
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, USA
| | - Mariana Nigro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, USA
| | | | - Zhong-Wu Liu
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Gao
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, USA
| | | | | | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary.
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15
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Hernández S, Díaz A, Loyola A, Villanueva RA. Recombinant HCV NS3 and NS5B enzymes exhibit multiple posttranslational modifications for potential regulation. Virus Genes 2019; 55:227-232. [PMID: 30694421 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification (PTM) of proteins is critical to modulate protein function and to improve the functional diversity of polypeptides. In this report, we have analyzed the PTM of both hepatitis C virus NS3 and NS5B enzyme proteins, upon their individual expression in insect cells under the baculovirus expression system. Using mass spectrometry, we present evidence that these recombinant proteins exhibit diverse covalent modifications on certain amino acid side chains, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation. Although the functional implications of these PTM must be further addressed, these data may prove useful toward the understanding of the complex regulation of these key viral enzymes and to uncover novel potential targets for antiviral design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Hernández
- Fundación Ciencia &, Vida, Avda. Zañartu 1482, 7780272, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.,Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR7257, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Aix Marseille Universite, Marseille, France
| | - Ariel Díaz
- Fundación Ciencia &, Vida, Avda. Zañartu 1482, 7780272, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Loyola
- Fundación Ciencia &, Vida, Avda. Zañartu 1482, 7780272, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Herrera-Martínez AD, Gahete MD, Sánchez-Sánchez R, Alors-Perez E, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Serrano-Blanch R, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Ghrelin-O-Acyltransferase (GOAT) Enzyme as a Novel Potential Biomarker in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9:196. [PMID: 30297816 PMCID: PMC6175927 DOI: 10.1038/s41424-018-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association between the presence and alterations of the components of the ghrelin system and the development and progression of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is still controversial and remains unclear. METHODS Here, we systematically evaluated the expression levels (by quantitative-PCR) of key ghrelin system components of in gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-NETs, as compared to non-tumor adjacent (NTA; n = 42) and normal tissues (NT; n = 14). Then, we analyzed their putative associations with clinical-histological characteristics. RESULTS The results indicate that ghrelin and its receptor GHSR1a are present in a high proportion of normal tissues, while the enzyme ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) and the splicing variants In1-ghrelin and GHSR1b were present in a lower proportion of normal tissues. In contrast, all ghrelin system components were present in a high proportion of tumor and NTA tissues. GOAT was significantly overexpressed (by quantitative-PCR (qPCR)) in tumor samples compared to NTA, while a trend was found for ghrelin, In1-ghrelin and GHSR1a. In addition, expression of these components displayed significant correlations with key clinical parameters. The marked overexpression of GOAT in tumor samples compared to NTA regions was confirmed by IHC, revealing that this enzyme is particularly overexpressed in gastrointestinal NETs, where it is directly correlated with tumor diameter. CONCLUSIONS These results provide novel information on the presence and potential pathophysiological implications of the ghrelin system components in GEP-NETs, wherein GOAT might represent a novel diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Sánchez-Sánchez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Pathology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilia Alors-Perez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raquel Serrano-Blanch
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Medical Oncology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio J Martínez-Fuentes
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain. .,Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
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17
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Leptin and ghrelin: Sewing metabolism onto neurodegeneration. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:307-316. [PMID: 29248481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Life expectancy has considerably increased over the last decades. The negative consequence of this augmented longevity has been a dramatic increase of age-related chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and multiple sclerosis. Epidemiology is telling us there exists a strong correlation between the neuronal loss characterizing these disorders and metabolic dysfunction. This review aims at presenting the evidence supporting the existence of a molecular system linking metabolism with neurodegeneration, with a specific focus on the role of two hormones with a key role in the regulatory cross talk between metabolic imbalance and the damage of nervous system: leptin and ghrelin. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabolic Impairment as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders.'
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18
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Murtuza MI, Isokawa M. Endogenous ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) acylates local ghrelin in the hippocampus. J Neurochem 2017; 144:58-67. [PMID: 29063591 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulating peptide. Serine 3 on ghrelin must be acylated by octanoate via the enzyme ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT) for the peptide to bind and activate the cognate receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR1a). Interest in GHSR1a increased dramatically when GHSR1a mRNA was demonstrated to be widespread in the brain, including the cortex and hippocampus, indicating that it has multifaceted functions beyond the regulation of metabolism. However, the source of octanoylated ghrelin for GHSR1a in the brain, outside of the hypothalamus, is not well understood. Here, we report the presence of GOAT and its ability to acylate non-octanoylated ghrelin in the hippocampus. GOAT immunoreactivity is aggregated at the base of the dentate granule cell layer in the rat and wild-type mouse. This immunoreactivity was not affected by the pharmacological inhibition of GHSR1a or the metabolic state-dependent fluctuation of systemic ghrelin levels. However, it was absent in the GHSR1a knockout mouse hippocampus, pointing the possibility that the expression of GHSR1a may be a prerequisite for the production of GOAT. Application of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated non-octanoylated ghrelin in live hippocampal slice culture (but not in fixed culture or in the presence of GOAT inhibitors) mimicked the binding profile of FITC-conjugated octanoylated ghrelin, suggesting that extracellularly applied non-octanoylated ghrelin was acylated by endogenous GOAT in the live hippocampus while GOAT being mobilized out of neurons. Our results will advance the understanding for the role of endogenous GOAT in the hippocampus and facilitate the search for the source of ghrelin that is intrinsic to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad I Murtuza
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Masako Isokawa
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
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19
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Is Ghrelin Synthesized in the Central Nervous System? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030638. [PMID: 28294994 PMCID: PMC5372651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an octanoylated peptide that acts via its specific receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR-1a), and regulates a vast variety of physiological functions. It is well established that ghrelin is predominantly synthesized by a distinct population of endocrine cells located within the gastric oxyntic mucosa. In addition, some studies have reported that ghrelin could also be synthesized in some brain regions, such as the hypothalamus. However, evidences of neuronal production of ghrelin have been inconsistent and, as a consequence, it is still as a matter of debate if ghrelin can be centrally produced. Here, we provide a comprehensive review and discussion of the data supporting, or not, the notion that the mammalian central nervous system can synthetize ghrelin. We conclude that no irrefutable and reproducible evidence exists supporting the notion that ghrelin is synthetized, at physiologically relevant levels, in the central nervous system of adult mammals.
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20
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Liu A, Huang C, Xu J, Cai X. Lentivirus-mediated shRNA interference of ghrelin receptor blocks proliferation in the colorectal cancer cells. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2417-26. [PMID: 27464938 PMCID: PMC5055151 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, acts via the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) to stimulate the release of growth hormone. Moreover, it has a range of biological actions, including the stimulation of food intake, modulation of insulin signaling and cardiovascular effects. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ghrelin has a proliferative and antiapoptotic effects in cancers, suggesting a potential role in promoting tumor growth. However, it remains unknown whether GHSR contributes to colorectal cancer proliferation. In this study, the therapeutic effect of lentivirus‐mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting ghrelin receptor 1a (GHSR1a) was analyzed in colorectal cancer cell line SW480 both in vitro and in vivo. Our study demonstrated that ghrelin and GHSR1a are significantly upregulated in cancerous colorectal tissue samples and cell lines. In vitro, human colorectal cancer cell line SW480 with downregulation of GHSR1a by shRNA showed significant inhibition of cell viability compared with blank control (BC) or scrambled control (SC) regardless of the application of exogenous ghrelin. Furthermore, GHSR1a silencing by target specific shRNA was shown capable of increasing PTEN, inhibiting AKT phosphorylation and promoting the release of p53 in SW480 cells. In addition, the effects of GHSR1a knockdown were further explored in vivo using colorectal tumor xenograft mouse model. The tumor weights were decreased markedly in GHSR1α knockdown SW480 mouse xenograft tumors compared with blank control or negative control tumors. Our results suggested that the expression of GHSR1a is significantly correlated with the growth of colorectal cancer cells, and the GHSR1a knockdown approach may be a potential therapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First People Hospital of Yueyang, 39 Dong mao ling Road, Yueyang, Hunan, 325000, China.
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First People Hospital of Yueyang, 39 Dong mao ling Road, Yueyang, Hunan, 325000, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First People Hospital of Yueyang, 39 Dong mao ling Road, Yueyang, Hunan, 325000, China
| | - Xuehong Cai
- Department of General Surgery, The First People Hospital of Yueyang, 39 Dong mao ling Road, Yueyang, Hunan, 325000, China
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21
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Satou M, Kaiya H, Nishi Y, Shinohara A, Kawada SI, Miyazato M, Kangawa K, Sugimoto H. Mole ghrelin: cDNA cloning, gene expression, and diverse molecular forms in Mogera imaizumii. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 232:199-210. [PMID: 27102942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe cDNA cloning and purification of the ghrelin gene sequences and ghrelin peptides from the Japanese true mole, Mogera imaizumii. The gene spans >2.9kbp, has four exons and three introns, and shares structural similarity with those of terrestrial animals. Mature mole ghrelin peptide was predicted to be 28 amino acids long (GSSFLSPEHQKVQQRKESKKPPSKPQPR) and processed from a prepropeptide of 116 amino acids. To further elucidate molecular characteristics, we purified ghrelin peptides from mole stomach. By mass spectrometry, we found that the mole ghrelin peptides had higher ratios of the odd-number fatty acids (C9 and C11 as much as C8) attached to the third serine residue than other vertebrate ghrelin. Truncated forms of ghrelins such as [1-27], [1-19], [1-16] and [1-15], and that lacked the 14th glutamine residue (des-Gln14 ghrelin) were produced in the stomach. Marked expression of ghrelin mRNA in lung was observed as in stomach and brain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the branch of M. imaizumii has slightly higher dN/dS ratios (the nucleotide substitution rates at non-synonymous and synonymous sites) than did other eulipotyphlans. Peptide length was positively correlated with human ghrelin receptor activation, whereas the length of fatty-acyl chains showed no obvious functional correlation. The basal higher luciferase activities of the 5'-proximal promoter region of mole ghrelin were detected in ghrelin-negative C2C12 cells and hypoxic culture conditions impaired transcriptional activity. These results indicated that moles have acquired diverse species of ghrelin probably through distinctive fatty acid metabolism because of their food preferences. The results provide a gateway to understanding ghrelin metabolism in fossorial animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Satou
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Akio Shinohara
- Division of Bio-resources, Department of Biotechnology, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Kihara 5200, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kawada
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.
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22
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Beauloye V, Diene G, Kuppens R, Zech F, Winandy C, Molinas C, Faye S, Kieffer I, Beckers D, Nergårdh R, Hauffa B, Derycke C, Delhanty P, Hokken-Koelega A, Tauber M. High unacylated ghrelin levels support the concept of anorexia in infants with prader-willi syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:56. [PMID: 27146407 PMCID: PMC4855494 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder with different nutritional phases from suckling deficit with failure to thrive to early onset of obesity. Hyperghrelinemia has been described in PWS long before the development of obesity. Ghrelin is found in both acylated (AG) and unacylated (UAG) forms in the circulation. In contrast to AG, UAG has been shown to inhibit food intake and to be elevated in anorexia nervosa. The present project is aiming to determine the underlying mechanisms driving the different nutritional phases in PWS. Methods Measurement of at least 4 h-fasting plasma acylated and unacylated ghrelin in 37 infants with a genetic diagnosis of PWS aged from 1 month to 4 years and in 100 age-matched controls without endocrine disorder recruited prior to minor surgery. One blood sampling was analysed for each patient/control and clinical data were recorded. Eleven PWS infants underwent repetitive blood samples at 3 or 6-month intervals during routine visits. Results In infants with PWS, AG is not elevated (p = 0.45), UAG is significantly higher (p = 0.0044; confidence interval 1.06;1.33) resulting in a low AG/UAG ratio (p = 0.0056; confidence interval 0.76;0.95) compared to controls. Conclusion Unlike children and adults with PWS that have high AG and AG/UAG ratio, infants with PWS have elevated UAG that supports the concept of anorexia in the early phases of the disease. The change in AG/UAG ratio possibly drives the switch from failure to thrive to obesity. Clinical trial registration NCT02529085. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0440-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Beauloye
- Unité d'Endocrinologie pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10/1300, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Gwenaelle Diene
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Renske Kuppens
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francis Zech
- IREC, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Coralie Winandy
- Unité d'Endocrinologie pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10/1300, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Molinas
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandy Faye
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Kieffer
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Beckers
- Unité d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, CHU Dinant Godinne, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Ricard Nergårdh
- Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Berthold Hauffa
- Department of Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Christine Derycke
- BESPEED (Belgian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Delhanty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hokken-Koelega
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maithé Tauber
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Unité d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital des Enfants, 330, Avenue de Grande Bretagne, TSA 70034, 31059, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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23
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Physiological roles for butyrylcholinesterase: A BChE-ghrelin axis. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:271-275. [PMID: 26915976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has long been regarded as an "orphan enzyme" with no specific physiological role other than to metabolize exogenous bioactive esters in the diet or in medicines. Human beings with genetic mutations that eliminate all BChE activity appear completely normal, and BChE-knockout mice have been described as "lacking a phenotype" except for faster weight gain on high-fat diets. However, our recent studies with viral gene transfer of BChE in mice reveal that BChE hydrolyzes the so-called "hunger hormone," ghrelin, at a rate which strongly affects the circulating levels of this peptide hormone. This action has important consequences for weight gain and fat metabolism. Surprisingly, it also impacts emotional behaviors such as aggression. Overexpression of BChE leads to low ghrelin levels in the blood stream and reduces aggression and social stress in mice. Under certain circumstances these combined effects contribute to increased life-span in group-housed animals. These findings may generalize to humans, as recent clinical studies by multiple investigators indicate that, among patients with severe cardiovascular disease, longevity correlates with increasing levels of plasma BChE activity.
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24
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Liu B, Han X, Feng W, Cui J, Hasegawa T, Amizuka N, Xu X, Li M. Altered distribution of Ghrelin protein in mice molar development. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 65:82-6. [PMID: 26871984 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ghrelin, an appetite-stimulating hormone, plays diverse regulatory functions in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis during mammalian development. There is limited information currently available regarding Ghrelin expression during mammalian tooth development, thus we aimed to establish the spatiotemporal expression of Ghrelin during murine molar odontogenesis. DESIGN Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression pattern of Ghrelin in mandible molar from E15.5 to PN7 during murine tooth development. RESULTS The results showed that Ghrelin initially expressed in the inner enamel epithelium and the adjacent mesenchymal cells below, further with persistent expression in the ameloblasts and odontoblasts throughout the following developmental stages. In addition, Ghrelin was also present in Hertwig's epithelial root sheath at the beginning of tooth root formation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Ghrelin was present in tooth organs throughout the stages of tooth development, especially in ameloblasts and odontoblasts with little spatiotemporal expression differences. However, the potential regulatory roles of this hormone in tooth development still need to be validated by functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China; Stomatology Department of Jining Medical University, China
| | - Xiuchun Han
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Minqi Li
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.
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25
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Muniz BG, Isokawa M. Ghrelin receptor activity amplifies hippocampal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated postsynaptic currents and increases phosphorylation of the GluN1 subunit at Ser896 and Ser897. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:3045-53. [PMID: 26490687 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although ghrelin and its cognate receptor growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR1a) are highly localized in the hypothalamic nuclei for the regulation of metabolic states and feeding, GHSR1a is also highly localized in the hippocampus, suggesting its involvement in extra-hypothalamic functions. Indeed, exogenous application of ghrelin has been reported to improve hippocampal learning and memory. However, the underlying mechanism of ghrelin regulation of hippocampal functions is poorly understood. Here, we report ghrelin-promoted phosphorylation of GluN1 and amplified N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents in the CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus in slice preparations. The ghrelin-induced responses were sensitive to a GHSR1a antagonist and inverse agonist, and were absent in GHSR1a homozygous knock-out mice. These results indicated that activation of GHSR1a was critical in the ghrelin-induced enhancement of the NMDAR function. Interestingly, heterozygous mouse hippocampi were also insensitive to ghrelin treatment, suggesting that a slight reduction in the availability of GHSR1a may be sufficient to negate the effect of ghrelin on GluN1 phosphorylation and NMDAR channel activities. In addition, NMDAR-mediated spike currents, which are of dendritic origin, were blocked by the GHSR1a antagonist, suggesting the presence of GHSR1a on the pyramidal cell dendrites in physical proximity to NMDAR. Together with our findings on the localization of GHSR1a in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, which was shown by fluorescent ghrelin binding, immunoreactivity, and enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene expression, we conclude that the activation of GHSR1a favours rapid modulation of the NMDAR-mediated glutamatergic synaptic transmission by phosphorylating GluN1 in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon G Muniz
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Boulevard, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA
| | - Masako Isokawa
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, One West University Boulevard, Brownsville, TX, 78520, USA
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26
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Hatef A, Yufa R, Unniappan S. Ghrelin O-Acyl Transferase in Zebrafish Is an Evolutionarily Conserved Peptide Upregulated During Calorie Restriction. Zebrafish 2015; 12:327-38. [PMID: 26226634 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2014.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a multifunctional orexigenic hormone with a unique acyl modification enabled by ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT). Ghrelin is well-characterized in nonmammals, and GOAT sequences of several fishes are available in the GenBank. However, endogenous GOAT in non-mammals remains poorly understood. In this research, GOAT sequence comparison, tissue-specific GOAT expression, and its regulation by nutrient status and exogenous ghrelin were studied. It was found that the bioactive core of zebrafish GOAT amino acid sequence share high identity with that of mammals. GOAT mRNA was most abundant in the gut. GOAT-like immunoreactivity (i.r.) was found colocalized with ghrelin in the gastric mucosa. Food deprivation increased, and feeding decreased GOAT and preproghrelin mRNA expression in the brain and gut. GOAT and ghrelin peptides in the gut and brain showed corresponding decrease in food-deprived state. Intraperitoneal injection of acylated fish ghrelin caused a significant decrease in GOAT mRNA expression, suggesting a feedback mechanism regulating its abundance. Together, these results provide the first in-depth characterization of GOAT in a non-mammal. Our results demonstrate that endogenous GOAT expression is responsive to metabolic status and availability of acylated ghrelin, providing further evidences for GOAT in the regulation of feeding in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Hatef
- 1 Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Roman Yufa
- 2 Department of Biology, York University , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- 1 Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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27
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Ibáñez-Costa A, Gahete MD, Rivero-Cortés E, Rincón-Fernández D, Nelson R, Beltrán M, de la Riva A, Japón MA, Venegas-Moreno E, Gálvez MÁ, García-Arnés JA, Soto-Moreno A, Morgan J, Tsomaia N, Culler MD, Dieguez C, Castaño JP, Luque RM. In1-ghrelin splicing variant is overexpressed in pituitary adenomas and increases their aggressive features. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8714. [PMID: 25737012 PMCID: PMC4649711 DOI: 10.1038/srep08714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas comprise a heterogeneous subset of pathologies causing serious comorbidities, which would benefit from identification of novel, common molecular/cellular biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The ghrelin system has been linked to development of certain endocrine-related cancers. Systematic analysis of the presence and functional implications of some components of the ghrelin system, including native ghrelin, receptors and the recently discovered splicing variant In1-ghrelin, in human normal pituitaries (n = 11) and pituitary adenomas (n = 169) revealed that expression pattern of ghrelin system suffers a clear alteration in pituitary adenomasas comparedwith normal pituitary, where In1-ghrelin is markedly overexpressed. Interestingly, in cultured pituitary adenoma cells In1-ghrelin treatment (acylated peptides at 100 nM; 24–72 h) increased GH and ACTH secretion, Ca2+ and ERK1/2 signaling and cell viability, whereas In1-ghrelin silencing (using a specific siRNA; 100 nM) reduced cell viability. These results indicate that an alteration of the ghrelin system, specially its In1-ghrelin variant, could contribute to pathogenesis of different pituitary adenomas types, and suggest that this variant and its related ghrelin system could provide new tools to identify novel, more general diagnostic, prognostic and potential therapeutic targets in pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Esther Rivero-Cortés
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Rincón-Fernández
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Beltrán
- Department of Pathology, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cádiz
| | - Andrés de la Riva
- Service of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miguel A Japón
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ma Ángeles Gálvez
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, and Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan A García-Arnés
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Carlos Haya Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Natia Tsomaia
- IPSEN Bioscience, Cambridge, 02142 Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición; and Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Clinical application of ghrelin in the field of surgery. Surg Today 2014; 45:801-7. [PMID: 25366350 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-014-1040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin was discovered as an intrinsic ligand for the growth hormone (GH)-secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) in 1999. The endogenous production of ghrelin occurs mainly in the stomach. Ghrelin has multiple functions; it has orexigenic action, stimulates GH secretion, has anti-inflammatory activities, stimulates gastrointestinal activity, stabilizes heart function and has other metabolic roles. Moreover, ghrelin is the only gastrointestinal hormone known to stimulate appetite. In the past decade, clinical applications of ghrelin have been attempted for various pathologies, based on its anabolic function, including applications for patients with anorexia nervosa and cachexia due to chronic heart, renal or pulmonary diseases. In the field of surgery, we have conducted several clinical trials using exogenous ghrelin in patients undergoing total gastrectomy, esophagectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, including cisplatin treatment, and consistently obtained unique and striking benefits in these patients. Ghrelin comprehensively improves the patients' general conditions and quality of life via its pleiotropic physiological functions. This characteristic is unique and different from the existing drugs; therefore, ghrelin may be an indispensable supplement to prevent surgical stress and postoperative sequelae. This review summarizes the recent advances toward the clinical application of ghrelin.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past 3 years, several patents appeared dealing with the discovery of compounds able to modulate ghrelin actions: agonists for the treatment of cachexia, as diagnostic agents for GH deficiency or for the increase in gastrointestinal motility, antagonists and inverse agonists as anorexigenic agents for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. This research has been conducted by several pharmaceutical companies and some compounds have entered clinical trials, but, to date, compounds acting on the ghrelin receptor do not represent clinical options yet. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive description and categorization of patents related to each type of compounds is provided, together with data related to these compounds that appeared in the scientific literature. EXPERT OPINION Ghrelin appears to mediate a myriad of actions, and some of these appear to be due to unknown mechanisms (a second putative ghrelin receptor, putative receptors for unacylated ghrelin); several agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists at ghrelin receptor have been developed but their mechanism of action into CNS is poorly understood. The therapeutic potential of compounds acting on ghrelin receptor is still to be fully assessed, but the results obtained to date are encouraging for the successful clinical translation of compounds able to treat several pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Costantino
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita , Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena , Italy +39 059 2055749 ; +39 059 2055131 ;
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Perret J, De Vriese C, Delporte C. Polymorphisms for ghrelin with consequences on satiety and metabolic alterations. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2014; 17:306-11. [PMID: 24870813 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To understand the current trend of ghrelin genetic variations on the control of satiety, eating behaviours, obesity, and metabolic alterations, and its development over the last 18 months. RECENT FINDINGS Several polymorphisms of the ghrelin gene, its receptor gene and ghrelin's acylating enzyme, ghrelin O-acyl transferase, have been identified and studied over the last decade in relation to control of satiety, obesity, eating behaviours, metabolic syndrome, glucose homeostasis, and type 2 diabetes. However, the effects described are either small or nonsignificant and often subjected to contradictory conclusions between studies. In the last 18 months, several of these areas of investigations have been revisited under more controlled conditions or have been subjected to meta-analysis. SUMMARY The effects of ghrelin gene polymorphism, is a complex area of investigation, due to ghrelin's interplay with a host of various factors part of an integrative network. However, taken together, results suggest that there are no or nonsignificant effects of the common genetic variants. A better understanding of the network, probably by a systems biology type approach, will be necessary to assign the exact role played by gene polymorphism of the component of the ghrelin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Perret
- aLaboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry bLaboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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31
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Yuan MJ, Huang H, Huang CX. Potential new role of the GHSR-1a-mediated signaling pathway in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (Review). Oncol Lett 2014; 8:969-971. [PMID: 25120643 PMCID: PMC4114710 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal hormone ghrelin has important cardiovascular protective effects, however, its specific mechanisms are not yet completely understood. Recent studies have shown that the ghrelin receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR-1a), regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation-related signaling pathways. In human aortic endothelial cells, ghrelin activates NO production through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Akt activation, and these effects can be blocked by knockdown of GHSR-1a. Obese mice have been found to exhibit an increased GHSR-1a content and expression in the heart, associated with an increase in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) content and an increase AKT content and phosphorylation. Furthermore, GHSR-1a expression was observed to be increased in heart failure after myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Given such complexity in GHSR-1a signaling and crosstalk with the AMPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, both of which are well-known factors involved in cardiac remodeling after MI, we speculate that GHSR-1a signaling may play a regulatory role in cardiac protection and hope to identify new drugs targets. However, to date, no direct association between GHSR-1a and cardiac remodeling has been found. Therefore, further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Cong-Xin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Abstract
After the discovery in 1996 of the GH secretagogue-receptor type-1a (GHS-R1a) as an orphan G-protein coupled receptor, many research groups attempted to identify the endogenous ligand. Finally, Kojima and colleagues successfully isolated the peptide ligand from rat stomach extracts, determined its structure, and named it ghrelin. The GHS-R1a is now accepted to be the ghrelin receptor. The existence of the ghrelin system has been demonstrated in many animal classes through biochemical and molecular biological strategies as well as through genome projects. Our work, focused on identifying the ghrelin receptor and its ligand ghrelin in laboratory animals, particularly nonmammalian vertebrates, has provided new insights into the molecular evolution of the ghrelin receptor. In mammals, it is assumed that the ghrelin receptor evolution is in line with the plate tectonics theory. In contrast, the evolution of the ghrelin receptor in nonmammalian vertebrates differs from that of mammals: multiplicity of the ghrelin receptor isoforms is observed in nonmammalian vertebrates only. This multiplicity is due to genome duplication and polyploidization events that particularly occurred in Teleostei. Furthermore, it is likely that the evolution of the ghrelin receptor is distinct from that of its ligand, ghrelin, because only one ghrelin isoform has been detected in all species examined so far. In this review, we summarize current knowledge related to the molecular evolution of the ghrelin receptor in mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of BiochemistryNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of BiochemistryNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of BiochemistryNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Gahete MD, Rincón-Fernández D, Villa-Osaba A, Hormaechea-Agulla D, Ibáñez-Costa A, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Gracia-Navarro F, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Ghrelin gene products, receptors, and GOAT enzyme: biological and pathophysiological insight. J Endocrinol 2014; 220:R1-24. [PMID: 24194510 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid acylated hormone, highly expressed in the stomach, which binds to its cognate receptor (GHSR1a) to regulate a plethora of relevant biological processes, including food intake, energy balance, hormonal secretions, learning, inflammation, etc. However, ghrelin is, in fact, the most notorious component of a complex, intricate regulatory system comprised of a growing number of alternative peptides (e.g. obestatin, unacylated ghrelin, and In1-ghrelin, etc.), known (GHSRs) and, necessarily unknown receptors, as well as modifying enzymes (e.g. ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase), which interact among them as well as with other regulatory systems in order to tightly modulate key (patho)-physiological processes. This multiplicity of functions and versatility of the ghrelin system arise from a dual, genetic and functional, complexity. Importantly, a growing body of evidence suggests that dysregulation in some of the components of the ghrelin system can lead to or influence the development and/or progression of highly concerning pathologies such as endocrine-related tumors, inflammatory/cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration, wherein these altered components could be used as diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic targets. In this context, the aim of this review is to integrate and comprehensively analyze the multiple components and functions of the ghrelin system described to date in order to define and understand its biological and (patho)-physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Gahete
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Planta 3, University of Córdoba, 14014-Córdoba; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba; Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba; and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
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Riley LG. Different forms of ghrelin exhibit distinct biological roles in tilapia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:118. [PMID: 24027561 PMCID: PMC3759782 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin has been identified in all vertebrate classes, including sharks. Each species possesses multiple forms of ghrelin that vary in peptide length and acyl modifications (e.g., n-hexanoic, n-non-anoic, n-octanoic, and n-decanoic acids) including des-acyl ghrelin. Octanoylated ghrelin has been shown to be a potent GH secretagogue, orexigenic factor, and plays a role in overall metabolism in vertebrates. In the tilapia model, octanoylated ghrelin (ghrelin-C8) and decanoylated ghrelin (ghrelin-C10) exhibit different biological actions. This mini review highlights the current knowledge of the differential actions of ghrelin-C8 and ghrelin-C10 from studies in the tilapia model. These findings suggest that the multiple forms of ghrelin may exhibit distinct yet complimentary actions directed toward maintaining overall energy balance in other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry G. Riley
- Department of Biology, California State University Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Larry G. Riley, Department of Biology, California State University Fresno, 2555 East San Ramon, Fresno, CA 93740, USA e-mail:
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Jönsson E. The role of ghrelin in energy balance regulation in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 187:79-85. [PMID: 23557643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about the endocrine regulation of energy balance in fish is of interest for basic as well as aquaculture research. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that was first identified in fish 10 years ago and has important roles in the control of food intake and metabolism. Both ghrelin and its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), have been found in numerous fish species. Their tissue distributions support the idea that ghrelin has an integrative role in the regulation of energy balance at both the central nervous system level and systemic level. In tilapia and goldfish, ghrelin treatment appears to increase food intake and to stimulate lipogenesis and tissue fat deposition to promote a more positive energy status. In rainbow trout, on the other hand, ghrelin decreases food intake. Goldfish and rainbow trout are the fish species in which the mode of action of ghrelin on food intake has been most thoroughly investigated. The results from these studies indicate that ghrelin alters food intake by acting on well-known appetite signals, such as CRH, NPY and orexin, in the hypothalamus in a species-specific manner. In goldfish, sensory fibres of the vagus nerve convey the signal from gut-derived ghrelin to modulate appetite. The data also indicate that ghrelin may modulate foraging/swimming activity and the perception of food in fish. Results related to the effects of energy status, temperature, and stressors on plasma ghrelin/tissue ghrelin mRNA levels are occasionally inconsistent between short- and long-term studies, between the protein and mRNA, and between species. Recent data also imply a role of ghrelin in carbohydrate metabolism. More functional studies are required to understand the role of ghrelin and its mechanisms of action in the regulation of energy balance among fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Jönsson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Wang L, Stengel A, Goebel-Stengel M, Shaikh A, Yuan PQ, Taché Y. Intravenous injection of urocortin 1 induces a CRF2 mediated increase in circulating ghrelin and glucose levels through distinct mechanisms in rats. Peptides 2013; 39. [PMID: 23183626 PMCID: PMC3599411 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Urocortins (Ucns) injected peripherally decrease food intake and gastric emptying through peripheral CRF(2) receptors in rodents. However, whether Ucns influence circulating levels of the orexigenic and prokinetic hormone, ghrelin has been little investigated. We examined plasma levels of ghrelin and blood glucose after intravenous (iv) injection of Ucn 1, the CRF receptor subtype involved and underlying mechanisms in ad libitum fed rats equipped with a chronic iv cannula. Ucn 1 (10 μg/kg, iv) induced a rapid onset and long lasting increase in ghrelin levels reaching 68% and 219% at 0.5 and 3h post injection respectively and a 5-h hyperglycemic response. The selective CRF(2) agonist, Ucn 2 (3 μg/kg, iv) increased fasting acyl (3h: 49%) and des-acyl ghrelin levels (3h: 30%) compared to vehicle while the preferential CRF(1) agonist, CRF (3 μg/kg, iv) had no effect. Ucn 1's stimulatory actions were blocked by the selective CRF(2) antagonist, astressin(2)-B (100 μg/kg, iv). Hexamethonium (10 mg/kg, sc) prevented Ucn 1-induced rise in total ghrelin levels while not altering the hyperglycemic response. These data indicate that systemic injection of Ucns induces a CRF(2)-mediated increase in circulating ghrelin levels likely via indirect actions on gastric ghrelin cells that involves a nicotinic pathway independently from the hyperglycemic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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Nishi Y, Mifune H, Yabuki A, Tajiri Y, Hirata R, Tanaka E, Hosoda H, Kangawa K, Kojima M. Changes in Subcellular Distribution of n-Octanoyl or n-Decanoyl Ghrelin in Ghrelin-Producing Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:84. [PMID: 23847595 PMCID: PMC3705199 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) catalyzes the acylation of ghrelin. The molecular form of GOAT, together with its reaction in vitro, has been reported previously. However, the subcellular processes governing the acylation of ghrelin remain to be elucidated. METHODS Double immunoelectron microscopy was used to examine changes in the relative proportions of secretory granules containing n-octanoyl ghrelin (C8-ghrelin) or n-decanoyl ghrelin (C10-ghrelin) in ghrelin-producing cells of mouse stomachs. The dynamics of C8-type (possessing C8-ghrelin exclusively), C10-type (possessing C10-ghrelin only), and mixed-type secretory granules (possessing both C8- and C10-ghrelin) were investigated after fasting for 48 h or after 2 weeks feeding with chow containing glyceryl-tri-octanoate (C8-MCT) or glyceryl-tri-decanoate (C10-MCT). The dynamics of C8- or C10-ghrelin-immunoreactivity (ir-C8- or ir-C10-ghrelin) within the mixed-type granules were also investigated. RESULTS Immunoelectron microscopic analysis revealed the co-existence of C8- and C10-ghrelin within the same secretory granules (mixed-type) in ghrelin-producing cells. Compared to control mice fed standard chow, the ratio of C10-type secretory granules increased significantly after ingestion of C10-MCT, whereas that of C8-type granules declined significantly under the same treatment. After ingestion of C8-MCT, the proportion of C8-type secretory granules increased significantly. Within the mixed-type granules the ratio of ir-C10-ghrelin increased significantly and that of ir-C8-ghrelin decreased significantly upon fasting. CONCLUSION These findings confirmed that C10-ghrelin, another acyl-form of active ghrelin, is stored within the same secretory granules as C8-ghrelin, and suggested that the types of medium-chain acyl-molecules surrounding and available to the ghrelin-GOAT system may affect the physiological processes of ghrelin acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nishi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshihiro Nishi, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan e-mail: ; Hiroharu Mifune, Institute of Animal Experimentation, Asahi-machi, Kurume University, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan e-mail:
| | - Hiroharu Mifune
- Institute of Animal Experimentation, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshihiro Nishi, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan e-mail: ; Hiroharu Mifune, Institute of Animal Experimentation, Asahi-machi, Kurume University, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan e-mail:
| | - Akira Yabuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Tajiri
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rumiko Hirata
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kaiya H, Andoh T, Ichikawa T, Amiya N, Matsuda K, Kangawa K, Miyazato M. Determination of Ghrelin Structure in the Barfin Flounder (Verasper moseri) and Involvement of Ingested Fatty Acids in Ghrelin Acylation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:117. [PMID: 24027560 PMCID: PMC3760443 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that is acylated with a fatty acid, usually n-octanoic acid, at the third amino acid (aa) residue (usually a serine or threonine), and this acylation is known to be essential for ghrelin activity not only in mammals but also in non-mammals, such as fish. However, the modification mechanisms of ghrelin modification in fish are not known. In this study, we elucidated the structure of ghrelin in a teleost, the barfin flounder (Verasper moseri), and determined whether ingested free fatty acids of various chain lengths participated in ghrelin acylation. Complementary DNA cloning revealed the barfin flounder prepro-ghrelin to be a 106-aa peptide and the mature ghrelin to be a 20-aa peptide (GSSFLSPSHKPPNKGKPPRA). However, purification of ghrelin peptides from stomach extracts demonstrated that the major form of the hormone was a 19-aa decanoylated peptide [GSS(C10:0)FLSPSHKPPNKGKPPR] missing the last alanine of the 20-aa peptide. Ingestion of feed enriched with n-heptanoic acid (C7), n-octanoic acid (C8), or n-non-anoic acid (C9) changed the modification status of the peptide: ingestion of C8 or C9 increased the amount of C8:0 or C9:0 19-aa ghrelin, respectively, but no C7:0 ghrelin was isolated after ingestion of C7. These results indicate that ingested free fatty acids are substrates for ghrelin acylation in the barfin flounder, but the types of free fatty acids utilized as substrates may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroyuki Kaiya, Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan e-mail:
| | - Tadashi Andoh
- Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Ichikawa
- Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency, Akkeshi, Japan
| | - Noriko Amiya
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kouhei Matsuda
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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Polowinczak-Przybylek J, Siejka A, Melen-Mucha G. D-Lys(3)-GHRP-6 antagonizes the effect of unacylated but not of acylated ghrelin on the growth of HECa10 murine endothelial cells. Peptides 2012; 38:248-54. [PMID: 23044212 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that ghrelin can be an endogenous regulator of angiogenesis. We studied direct effects of human acylated (hAG) and unacylated (hUAG) ghrelin, as well as of rat acylated ghrelin (rAG) on the growth of HECa10 murine endothelial cells. Ghrelin was applied separately or together with D-Lys(3)-GHRP-6, which is commonly used as an antagonist of ghrelin receptor type 1a - GHS-R1a. The growth of HECa10 cells was assessed with Mosmann and in selected study conditions also with BrdU and TUNEL methods. Both hAG and hUAG (10(-5) M to 10(-12) M) inhibited the growth of HECa10 cells in 24h and 72 h cultures. Similarly, rAG decreased the growth of the cells after 24h (10(-7) M and 10(-11) M), and after 72 h (10(-7) M, 10(-8) M and 10(-11) M). Unexpectedly, D-Lys(3)-GHRP-6 itself also inhibited the growth of these cells at 10(-4) to 10(-6) M in 24h, 48 h (dose-response effect) and 72 h cultures. D-Lys(3)-GHRP-6 did not modify the inhibitory effect of rAG. However, D-Lys(3)-GHRP-6 at the concentration of 10(-4) M diminished, abolished or even reversed the inhibitory effect of hUAG in 72 h culture and this was dependent on ghrelin concentrations. These data indicate that both AG and UAG have antiangiogenic properties at least at the level of endothelial growth, through decreased metabolic activity of the cells or stimulation of apoptosis. D-Lys(3)-GHRP-6 (inhibitor of GHS-R1a) seems not to be an appropriate antagonist in this experimental condition. Similar effects of these substances on HECa10 cells suggest that they are not mediated by GHS-R1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Polowinczak-Przybylek
- Chemotherapy Department, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, Paderewskiego 4, PL 93-509 Lodz, Poland
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Examination of the tissue ghrelin expression of rats with diet-induced obesity using radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical methods. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365:165-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Like other posttranslational modifications, fatty acid modification of amino acid residues in peptide chains is a critical determinant of their functional properties. A unique feature of ghrelin is the attachment of an acyl moiety at the third serine residue. Ghrelin is a hormone present in the circulation with roles in the release of growth hormone, control of behaviors related to appetite, and diverse cellular functions. Although lipid modification of ghrelin is essential for its binding to the ghrelin receptor, several lines of evidence suggest that deacylated ghrelin has physiological activity or activities similar to and distinct from the activities of the acylated form. Therefore, the understanding of deacylating process of ghrelin in vivo is key to accepting the physiological importance of ghrelin. In this review, we summarize results and methodology relevant to our recent efforts to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in ghrelin processing, including (1) immunological and mass spectrometry-based detection of ghrelin, (2) quantification of ghrelin deacylase activity, and (3) characterization of ghrelin deacylation enzymes isolated from biological fluids and using heterologous expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Satou
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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