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Remolif G, Buonsenso F, Schiavon G, Garello M, Spadaro D. Efficacy of Essential Oil Vapours in Reducing Postharvest Rots and Effect on the Fruit Mycobiome of Nectarines. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:341. [PMID: 38786695 PMCID: PMC11121902 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nectarines can be affected by many diseases, resulting in significant production losses. Natural products, such as essential oils (EOs), are promising alternatives to pesticides to control storage rots. This work aimed to test the efficacy of biofumigation with EOs in the control of nectarine postharvest diseases while also evaluating the effect on the quality parameters (firmness, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity) and on the fruit fungal microbiome. Basil, fennel, lemon, oregano, and thyme EOs were first tested in vitro at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% concentrations to evaluate their inhibition activity against Monilinia fructicola. Subsequently, an in vivo screening trial was performed by treating nectarines inoculated with M. fructicola, with the five EOs at 2.0% concentration by biofumigation, performed using slow-release diffusers placed inside the storage cabinets. Fennel, lemon, and basil EOs were the most effective after storage and were selected to be tested in efficacy trials using naturally infected nectarines. After 28 days of storage, all treatments showed a significant rot reduction compared to the untreated control. Additionally, no evident phytotoxic effects were observed on the treated fruits. EO vapors did not affect the overall quality of the fruits but showed a positive effect in reducing firmness loss. Metabarcoding analysis showed a significant impact of tissue, treatment, and sampling time on the fruit microbiome composition. Treatments were able to reduce the abundance of Monilinia spp., but basil EO favored a significant increase in Penicillium spp. Moreover, the abundance of other fungal genera was found to be modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Remolif
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (G.R.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.G.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector—AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Fabio Buonsenso
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (G.R.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.G.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector—AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giada Schiavon
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (G.R.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.G.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector—AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Marco Garello
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (G.R.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.G.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector—AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (G.R.); (F.B.); (G.S.); (M.G.)
- Interdepartmental Centre for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector—AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Zhang Z, Chen T, Yin X, Wang W, Li W, Chen X, Ma J, Long Y. Honokiol inhibits Botryosphaeria dothidea, the causal pathogen of kiwifruit soft rot, by targeting membrane lipid biosynthesis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1779-1794. [PMID: 38031205 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kiwifruit soft rot is mainly caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, representing a considerable threat to kiwifruit industry. This investigation assessed the inhibitory consequences and mechanisms of honokiol against B. dothidea, evaluating the inhibitory effects and underlying mechanism. RESULTS A strain of B.dothidea (XFCT-2) was isolated from infected soft rot kiwifruit. The findings indicate that honokiol hindered the mycelial growth, conidial germination, and pathogenicity of B. dothidea in a dose-dependent manner, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ultrastructural examinations showed that honokiol impaired the integrity of B. dothidea, leading to an elevation in cell membrane permeability, engendering a multitude of intracellular substance extravasations and hampering energy metabolism. Transcriptome analysis exhibited that honokiol-regulated genes were related to membrane lipid biosynthesis, comprising ACC1, FAS2, Arp2, gk, Cesle, and Etnk1. These findings indicate that honokiol impedes B. dothidea by obstructing lipid biosynthesis within the cell membrane and compromising its integrity, halting the growth of the mycelia, which could potentially cause cellular demise. CONCLUSION This investigation illustrates how honokiol functions as an eco-friendly approach to prevent the occurrence of soft rot in kiwifruits. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuzhu Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Teaching Experiment Farm, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Teaching Experiment Farm, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xianhui Yin
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Weizhen Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenzhi Li
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuetang Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiling Ma
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Youhua Long
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Teaching Experiment Farm, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Lai D, Wang D, Shao X, Qin J, Zhuang Q, Xu H, Xiao W. Comparative physiological and transcriptome analysis provide insights into the inhibitory effect of osthole on Penicillium choerospondiatis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105749. [PMID: 38225092 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Blue mold induced by Penicillium choerospondiatis is a primary cause of growth and postharvest losses in the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica. There is an urgent need to explore novel and safe fungicides to control this disease. Here, we demonstrated osthole, a natural coumarin compound isolated from Cnidium monnieri, exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on mycelia growth, conidial germination rate and germ tube length of P. choerospondiatis, and effectively suppressed the blue mold development in postharvest fruit of P. emblica. The median effective concentration of osthole was 9.86 mg/L. Osthole treatment resulted in cellular structural disruption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and induced autophagic vacuoles containing cytoplasmic components in fungal cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that osthole treatment led to the differentially expressed genes mainly enriched in the cell wall synthesis, TCA cycle, glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, osthole treatment led to increase genes expression involved in peroxisome, autophagy and endocytosis. Particularly, the autophagy pathway related genes (PcATG1, PcATG3, PcATG15, PcATG27, PcYPT7 and PcSEC18) were prominently up-regulated by osthole. Summarily, these results revealed the potential antifungal mechanism of osthole against P. choerospondiatis. Osthole has potentials to develop as a natural antifungal agent for controlling blue mold disease in postharvest fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Lai
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Delin Wang
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Shao
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Qin
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingli Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
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Yang X, Deng P, Liu Q, Meng Y, Dong P, Xu L, Huang L. Exploring the efficacy of carvacrol as a biocontrol agent against pear Valsa canker. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105641. [PMID: 37945237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Valsa canker, a fungal disease caused by Valsa pyri, poses a significant threat to the pear industry. Currently, chemical control serves as the primary method to control valsa canker. However, the emergence of resistance can pose a challenge to its effectiveness. Biopesticides are a relatively new option for disease control, but there is limited research on their effects on pear Valsa canker. To determine the effectiveness of different biopesticides, we selected 10 common biopesticides to test their inhibition efficacy and impacts on mycelial growth rate and conidial germination. Results showed that carvacrol had very good antifungal activity; therefore its inhibition mechanisms were further investigated. Electron microscopy and transcriptome data analysis were utilized to examine how carvacrol impeded V. pyri by inducing mycelium deformation, wrinkling, and rupture. Carvacrol also affected plant hormones, thus improving plant resistance to the disease. This study lays the groundwork for the utilization of 10 distinct biopesticides to control V. pyri while elucidating how carvacrol harms the pathogen and prompts the plant defense control mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pujiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiuyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangguang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengpeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Shi L, Jia C, Feng J, Zhang W, He J. Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and antifungal activities of 1- O-alkylglycerols. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21790. [PMID: 38027856 PMCID: PMC10651514 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
1-O-alkylglycerols are a class of natural existing lipids with broad biological activities. However, their use in food or agricultural fields remains to be investigated, especially for their antimicrobial activity. In this work, three 1-O-alkylglycerols, 1-O-octanylglycerol (C8Gly1), 1-O-dodecylglycerol (C12Gly1), and 1-O-hexadecylglycerol (C16Gly1), were synthesized in the isolated yields of 71.3-89.8 % and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FITR, mass spectra, and HPLC-ESLD. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 1-O-alkylglycerols was determined to be 1.65 mmol/L (C8Gly1), 0.33 mmol/L (C12Gly1), and 0.23 mmol/L (C16Gly1) using the pyrene method. C12Gly1 and C16Gly1 had similar surface tensions that are lower than C8Gly1. C8Gly1 can form micelles in aqueous solution with excellent nano-dispersed uniformity and stability. Furthermore, C8Gly1 and C12Gly1 not only displayed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, but they also inhibited the growth of Botryosphaeria dothidea, Monilia fructigena, and Phytophthora capsicum at 400 μg/mL. Thus, the C8Gly1 and C12Gly1 can serve as novel antimicrobial agents in food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Shi
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Chenyue Jia
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jiangtao Feng
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Lipid-based Fine Chemicals of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Weinong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Lipid-based Fine Chemicals of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Junbo He
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Lipid-based Fine Chemicals of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430023, China
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Yuan M, Liang X, Cao D, Wu H, Xiao S, Liang H, Li H, Huang Y, Wei H, Peng W, Fu X. Dictamnine suppresses the development of pear ring rot induced by Botryosphaeria dothidea infection by disrupting the chitin biosynthesis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 195:105534. [PMID: 37666587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Ring rot induced by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a major cause of growth and postharvest losses in various fruits. There is an urgent need to develop green fungicides due to pesticide resistance and environmental pressure. Here, we demonstrated the efficacy of dictamnine (DIC, 4-methoxyfuro [2,3-β] quinoline, purity 98%), a compound isolated from the stems and leaves of Clausena lansium, in effectively suppressing pear ring rot by inhibiting the mycelial growth of B. dothidea. The median effective concentration of DIC was 15.48 μg/mL. Application of DIC to B. dothidea resulted in structural disruption of the cell wall and plasma membrane, leading to mycelial deformation, breakage, and cell death. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant inhibition of the synthetic pathways for fungal cell wall and membrane components by DIC. Particularly, the expression of chitin synthase, a key enzyme of chitin synthesis, was prominently down-regulated. Moreover, the chitin content in DIC-treated B. dothidea mycelia exhibited a substantial dose-dependent reduction. Based on these results, it is promising to develop DIC as an antifungal pesticide for controlling ring rot disease in pear fruits. Our study provides new insights into the underlying mechanism through which DIC inhibits the mycelial growth of B. dothidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxuan Yuan
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaogui Liang
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Duantao Cao
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hongliang Wu
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Suling Xiao
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hui Liang
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hang Li
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yingjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tuberous Plant Biology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Hongyi Wei
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wenwen Peng
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tuberous Plant Biology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Fu
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tuberous Plant Biology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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7
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Li W, Long Y, Yin X, Wang W, Zhang R, Mo F, Zhang Z, Chen T, Chen J, Wang B, Chen X. Antifungal activity and mechanism of tetramycin against Alternaria alternata, the soft rot causing fungi in kiwifruit. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:105409. [PMID: 37105636 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Kiwifruit rot caused by the fungus Alternaria alternata occurs in many countries, leading to considerable losses during kiwifruit production. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal activity and mechanism of tetramycin against kiwifruit soft rot caused by Alternaria alternata. Tetramycin exerted antifungal effects through the suppression of mycelial growth, conidial germination, and the pathogenicity of A. alternata. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed that tetramycin destroyed the mycelial structure, causing the mycelia to twist, shrink, and even break. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy revealed that tetramycin caused severe plasmolysis and a decrease in cell inclusions, and the cell wall appeared thinner with blurred boundaries. In addition, tetramycin destroyed cell membrane integrity, resulting in the leakage of cellular components such as nucleic acids and proteins in mycelial suspensions. Moreover, tetramycin also caused cell wall lysis by enhancing the activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase and inducing the overexpression of related chitinase gene (Chit) and β-1,3-glucanase gene (β-1,3-glu) in A. alternata. In field trials, tetramycin not only decreased the incidence of kiwifruit rot but also create a beneficial living space for kiwifruit growth. Overall, this study indicated that the application of tetramycin could serve as an alternative measure for the management of kiwifruit rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Li
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Youhua Long
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Teaching Experiment Farm, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Xianhui Yin
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Weizhen Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Rongquan Zhang
- Management Committee of Eastern Agricultural Industrial Park of Shuicheng County, Liupanshui 553000, China
| | - Feixu Mo
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Zhuzhu Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Tingting Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bingce Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xuetang Chen
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Kiwifruit, Institute of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Peng J, Zhu S, Lin X, Wan X, Zhang Q, Njie A, Luo D, Long Y, Fan R, Dong X. Evaluation of Preharvest Melatonin on Soft Rot and Quality of Kiwifruit Based on Principal Component Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071414. [PMID: 37048235 PMCID: PMC10093534 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Botryosphaeria dothidea is the source of the deadly kiwifruit disease known as soft rot. In order to explore the role of melatonin in regulating the postharvest quality and disease resistance of kiwifruit at different growth and development stages, in this study, we applied melatonin at different concentrations to kiwifruit at the young fruit, expansion, and late expansion stages to assess its effect on fruit resistance to B. dothidea, minimize soft rot, and maintain postharvest fruit quality. The results showed that melatonin significantly suppressed the mycelial growth of B. dothidea, with 1.0 mmol/L melatonin inhibiting it by up to 50%. However, 0.1–0.3 mmol/L melatonin had the best control over soft rot. Furthermore, spraying MT during kiwifruit growth can successfully increase fruit weight; preserve postharvest fruit firmness; reduce respiration intensity in the early stages of storage; delay the rise in soluble solids, while maintaining a high titratable acid content to ensure suitable solid acid ratio; increase total phenol, flavonoid, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and ascorbic acid contents; and delay the rise in soluble sugar contents in the late stages of storage. These results have a positive effect on maintaining the nutritional composition of kiwifruit. However, the effects on weight loss, dry matter content, and soluble protein content were not significant. In addition, the results of the principal component analysis demonstrated that 0.3 mmol/L MT increased kiwifruit’s resistance to soft rot while preserving postharvest fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsen Peng
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Shouliang Zhu
- Guizhou Workstation for Fruit and Vegetables, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Xin Lin
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Xuan Wan
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Qin Zhang
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Alagie Njie
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Dengcan Luo
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.P.); (A.N.)
| | - Youhua Long
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Kiwifruit, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Rong Fan
- Engineering and Technology Research Center of Kiwifruit, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoqing Dong
- Fruit Crops Center of Guizhou Engineering Research, College of Agricultural, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.P.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang B, Zhang G, Yang J, Li L, Li P, Xu S, Feng X, Chen Y. Evaluation of Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of Euphorbia Factor L3 against Phytophthora capsici. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072958. [PMID: 37049722 PMCID: PMC10096396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is a highly destructive phytopathogenic oomycete with a broad host range and is responsible for tremendous losses. Euphorbia factor L3 (EFL3) is a natural plant-derived compound that has been widely studied in medicine and cosmetic applications. In this study, the sensitivity of 105 P. capsici isolates to EFL3 was determined, and the biological activity and physiological effects of EFL3 against P. capsici were investigated. The median effective concentration (EC50) values for EFL3 inhibition mycelial growth and spore germination ranged from 0.66 to 8.94 μg/mL (mean, 2.96 ± 0.91 μg/mL) and 1.63 to 13.16 μg/mL (mean, 5.30 ± 1.64 μg/mL), respectively. EFL3 treatment resulted in cell wall and cell membrane damage of P. capsici, which was revealed by morphological and ultrastructural observations, propidium iodide (PI) and calcofluor white (CFW) staining, and measurements of relative conductivity as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and glycerol contents. In addition, the contents of phospholipid and cellulose, which are the major components of cell membrane and cell wall, were significantly reduced following EFL3 treatment. Furthermore, EFL3 provided protective as well as curative efficacies against P. capsici on detached tomato leaves and pepper seedlings in vivo. These data show that EFL3 exhibits strong inhibitory activity against P. capsici, thereby suggesting that it could be an effective alternative for controlling P. capsici-induced diseases.
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Zhang YW, Fu XX, Chen JG, Yang YL, Wu WX, Xiao SL, Huang YJ, Peng WW. Antifungal alkaloids from the branch-leaves of Clausena lansium Lour. Skeels (Rutaceae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 36889932 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rational utilization of botanical secondary metabolites is one of the strategies to reduce the application of chemical fungicides. The extensive biological activities of Clausena lansium indicate that it has the potential to develop botanical fungicides. RESULTS A systematic investigation on the antifungal alkaloids from C. lansium branch-leaves following bioassay-guided isolation was implemented. Sixteen alkaloids, including two new and nine known carbazole alkaloids, one known quinoline alkaloid and four known amides, were isolated. Compounds 4, 7, 12 and 14 showed strong antifungal activity on Phytophthora capsiciwith EC50 values ranging from 50.67 to 70.82 μg mL-1 . Compounds 1, 3, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 16 displayed different degrees of antifungal activity against Botryosphaeria dothidea with EC50 values ranging from 54.18 to 129.83 μg mL-1 . It was reported for the first time that these alkaloids had antifungal effects on P. capsici or B. dothidea, and their structure-activity relationships were further discussed systematically. Additionally, among all alkaloids, dictamine (12) had the strongest antifungal activities against P. capsici (EC50 = 50.67 μg mL-1 ) and B. dothidea (EC50 = 54.18 μg mL-1 ), and its physiological effects on P. capsici and B. dothidea also were further evaluated. CONCLUSION Capsicum lansium is a potential source of antifungal alkaloids, and C. lansium alkaloids had the potential as lead compounds of botanical fungicides in the development of new fungicides with novel action mechanism. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Zhang
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Fu
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tuberous Plant Biology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ji-Guang Chen
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Le Yang
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei-Xuan Wu
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Su-Ling Xiao
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying-Jin Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tuberous Plant Biology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen-Wen Peng
- The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tuberous Plant Biology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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11
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Zhao L, Wang J, Zhang H, Wang P, Wang C, Zhou Y, Li H, Yu S, Wu R. Inhibitory effect of carvacrol against Alternaria alternata causing goji fruit rot by disrupting the integrity and composition of cell wall. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139749. [PMID: 36891390 PMCID: PMC9986456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) is a widely planted crop in China that is easily infected by the pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata, which causes rot after harvest. Previous studies showed that carvacrol (CVR) significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of A. alternata in vitro and reduced Alternaria rot in goji fruits in vivo. The present study aimed to explore the antifungal mechanism of CVR against A. alternata. Optical microscopy and calcofluor white (CFW) fluorescence observations showed that CVR affected the cell wall of A. alternata. CVR treatment affected the integrity of the cell wall and the content of substances in the cell wall as measured by alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Chitin and β-1,3-glucan contents in cells decreased after CVR treatment, and the activities of β-glucan synthase and chitin synthase decreased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CVR treatment affected cell wall-related genes in A. alternata, thereby affecting cell wall growth. Cell wall resistance also decreased with CVR treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that CVR may exert antifungal activity by interfering with cell wall construction, leading to impairment of cell wall permeability and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunaike Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yueli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shukun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Rina Wu
- Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Plant Agro-Products, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
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12
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Wang D, Wang G, Wang J, Zhai H, Xue X. Inhibitory effect and underlying mechanism of cinnamon and clove essential oils on Botryosphaeria dothidea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing rots in postharvest bagging-free apple fruits. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1109028. [PMID: 36922972 PMCID: PMC10008952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1109028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bagging-free apple is more vulnerable to postharvest disease, which severely limits the cultivation pattern transformation of the apple industry in China. This study aimed to ascertain the dominant pathogens in postharvest bagging-free apples, to evaluate the efficacy of essential oil (EO) on inhibition of fungal growth, and to further clarify the molecular mechanism of this action. By morphological characteristics and rDNA sequence analyses, Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioides) were identified as the main pathogens isolated from decayed bagging-free apples. Cinnamon and clove EO exhibited high inhibitory activities against mycelial growth both in vapor and contact phases under in vitro conditions. EO vapor at a concentration of 60 μL L-1 significantly reduced the incidence and lesion diameter of inoculated decay in vivo. Observations using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that EO changed the mycelial morphology and cellular ultrastructure and destroyed the integrity and structure of cell membranes and major organelles. Using RNA sequencing and bioinformatics, it was demonstrated that clove EO treatment impaired the cell membrane integrity and biological function via downregulating the genes involved in the membrane component and transmembrane transport. Simultaneously, a stronger binding affinity of trans-cinnamaldehyde and eugenol with CYP51 was assessed by in silico analysis, attenuating the activity of this ergosterol synthesis enzyme. Moreover, pronounced alternations in the oxidation/reduction reaction and critical materials metabolism of clove EO-treated C. gloeosporioides were also observed from transcriptomic data. Altogether, these findings contributed novel antimicrobial cellular and molecular mechanisms of EO, suggesting its potential use as a natural and useful preservative for controlling postharvest spoilage in bagging-free apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Guiping Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Jinzheng Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Hao Zhai
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaomin Xue
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, China
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13
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Zhang QQ, Shi J, Shen PY, Xi F, Qian CY, Zhang GH, Zhu HJ, Xiao HM. Exploring the Efficacy of Biocontrol Microbes against the Fungal Pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea JNHT01 Isolated from Fresh Walnut Fruit. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223651. [PMID: 36429242 PMCID: PMC9689359 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control by antagonistic microorganisms are an effective and environmentally friendly approach in postharvest disease management. In order to develop a biocontrol agent for fresh walnut fruit preservation, the potential biocontrol effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RD.006 and Hanseniaspora uvarum FA.006 against the main fungal pathogen of walnuts were evaluated. Botryosphaeria species showed the highest detection, and the JNHT01 strain showed the strongest pathogenicity. Bot. dothidea JNHT01 caused gray mold and brown rot on fresh walnuts, and its incidence rate reached 100% after an 8 days incubation. The growth of this fungal strain can be promoted by lighting, with a maximum growth rate achieved at a pH of 7 and at 28 °C. B. amyloliquefaciens RD.006 and H. uvarum FA.006 supernatants at a concentration of 1-15% v/v showed antifungal activity. The mycelial growth inhibition rates of Bot. dothidea JNHT01 were 23.67-82.61% for B. amyloliquefaciens RD.006 and 1.45-21.74% for H. uvarum FA.006. During Bot. dothidea JNHT01 growth, the biomass, nucleic acid leakage, and malondialdehyde content gradually increased, while the DPPH scavenging capacity and SOD activity decreased. The B. amyloliquefaciens RD.006 and H. uvarum FA.006 strains showed antifungal activity by damaging fungal cell membranes and reducing fungal antioxidant activity. Moreover, the antifungal effect of B. amyloliquefaciens RD.006 was higher than that of H. uvarum FA.006. Hence, the RD.006 strain of B. amyloliquefaciens can be considered a potential biocontrol agent for the management of postharvest walnut diseases caused by Bot. dothidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Qin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (H.M.X.)
| | - Jie Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (H.M.X.)
| | - Pei Yao Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (H.M.X.)
| | - Fei Xi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (H.M.X.)
| | - Cheng Yu Qian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (H.M.X.)
| | - Guo Hua Zhang
- Shandong Wukangxuan Modern Agriculture and Forestry Development Co., Ltd., Zoucheng 273519, China
| | - Hai Jun Zhu
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hong Mei Xiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China (H.M.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-02584395618
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14
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Pan H, Zhong C, Wang Z, Deng L, Li W, Zhao J, Long CA, Li L. Biocontrol Ability and Action Mechanism of Meyerozyma guilliermondii 37 on Soft Rot Control of Postharvest Kiwifruit. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112143. [PMID: 36363735 PMCID: PMC9695699 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Postharvest soft rot of kiwifruit has resulted in substantial market losses, yet there were few antagonistic yeasts reported to control the disease. This study screened 1113 yeast strains for potential antagonistic yeast to control soft rot of kiwifruit caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea and Diaporthe actinidiae, and strain 37 was selected to evaluate the control efficacy and mechanisms, which was identified as Meyerozyma guilliermondii via molecular biological identification. Our results showed that M. guilliermondii 37 effectively reduced pathogen spore germination rate to 28.52% and decay incidence of inoculated kiwifruit to 42.11% maximumly, whereas cell-free supernatant lacked antifungal activity, implying that M. guilliermondii 37 didn’t produce direct antifungal compounds against the two pathogens. In addition, M. guilliermondii 37 adhered tenaciously to the pathogens’ mycelium and colonized rapidly in kiwifruit flesh. Moreover, yeast strain 37 induced kiwifruit resistance by elevating the defense-related enzyme activity, increasing the antioxidant substances content, and suppressing the cell wall-degrading enzyme activity. Gene expression was consistent with the corresponding enzyme activity. Further postharvest yeast immersion treatment significantly reduced natural decay to 35.69% while maintaining soft-ripe quality. These results indicated that M. guilliermondii 37 might serve as a biocontrol agent against postharvest soft rot in kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Caihong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zupeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao-an Long
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (C.-a.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (C.-a.L.); (L.L.)
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15
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Li L, Pan H, Deng L, Qian G, Wang Z, Li W, Zhong C. The antifungal activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against four pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:988633. [PMID: 36118196 PMCID: PMC9471003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.988633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-harvest rot causes enormous economic loss to the global kiwifruit industry. Currently, there are no effective fungicides to combat the disease. It is unclear whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are effective in controlling post-harvest rot and, if so, what the underlying antifungal mechanism is. Our results indicated that 75 ppm AgNPs effectively inhibited the mycelial growth and spore germination of four kiwifruit rot pathogens: Alternaria alternata, Pestalotiopsis microspora, Diaporthe actinidiae, and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Additionally, AgNPs increased the permeability of mycelium’s cell membrane, indicating the leakage of intracellular substance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed that AgNPs induced pathogen hypha shrinkage and distortion, as well as vacuolation in hypha cells, implying that AgNPs caused cellular and organelle structural degradation. The transcriptome sequencing of mycelium treated with AgNPs (24 h / 48 h) was performed on the Illumina Hiseq 4000 sequencing (RNA-Seq) platform. For the time points of 24 h and 48 h, AgNPs treatment resulted in 1,178 and 1,461 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of A. alternata, 517 and 91 DEGs of P. microspora, 1,287 and 65 DEGs of D. actinidiae, 239 and 55 DEGs of B. dothidea, respectively. The DEGs were found to be involved in “catalytic activity,” “small molecule binding,” “metal ion binding,” “transporter activity,” “cellular component organization,” “protein metabolic process,” “carbohydrate metabolic process,” and “establishment of localization.” Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis also revealed that “carbohydrate metabolism,” “amino acid metabolism,” “energy metabolism,” and “xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism” of “metabolism processes” were the most highly enriched pathways for these DEGs in four pathogens, with “cellular processes” being particularly enriched for B. dothidea. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCRs) were used to validate the RNA-seq results. It was also confirmed that AgNPs could significantly reduce the symptoms of kiwifruit rot without leaving any Ag+ residue on the peel and flesh of kiwifruit. Our findings contributed to a better understanding of the antifungal effect and molecular mechanisms of AgNPs against pathogens causing kiwifruit post-harvest rot, as well as a new perspective on the application of this novel antifungal alternative to fruit disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Qian
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zupeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Caihong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Caihong Zhong,
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The plasma membrane H +-ATPase is critical for cell growth and pathogenicity in Penicillium digitatum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5123-5136. [PMID: 35771244 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PMA1) is a major cytosolic pH regulator and a potential candidate for antifungal drug discovery due to its fungal specificity and criticality. In this study, the function of Penicillum digitatum PMA1 was characterized through RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression technology. The results showed that silencing the PMA1 gene reduces cell growth and pathogenicity, and increases susceptibility of P. digitatum to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination, cell morphology was significantly altered in the PMA1- silenced mutant (si57). When compared with wild type (WT) and the overexpressed mutant (oe9), the cell walls of the si57 mutant were thicker and their cell membrane damage manifested particularly at sites of polarized growth. Consistent with the morphological change on the cell wall, chitin and glucan content of the cell wall of si57 were significantly lower and accompanied with increased activities of chitinase and glucanase. The lower ergosterol content in the si57 mutant then increased cell membrane permeability, ultimately leading to leakage of cytoplasmic contents such as ions, reduced sugars and soluble proteins. Furthermore, significantly decreased activity of cell wall degrading enzymes of si57 during citrus fruit infections indicates a reduced pathogenicity in this mutant. We conclude that PMA1 in P. digitatum plays an important role in maintaining pathogenesis and PMA1 could be a candidate novel fungicidal drug discovery for citrus green mold. KEY POINTS: Silencing PMA1 gene decreased the growth and pathogenicity of P. digitatum. Silencing PMA1 gene damaged cell wall and cell membrane integrity of P. digitatum. PMA1 appears to be a suitable fungicidal target against citrus green mold.
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Sun M, Duan Y, Liu JP, Fu J, Huang Y. Efficacy of Dimethyl Trisulfide on the Suppression of Ring Rot Disease Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea and Induction of Defense-Related Genes on Apple Fruits. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:796167. [PMID: 35197948 PMCID: PMC8859264 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.796167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple ring rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is prevalent in main apple-producing areas in China, bringing substantial economic losses to the growers. In the present study, we demonstrated the inhibitory effect of dimethyl trisulfide (DT), one of the main activity components identified in Chinese leek (Allium tuberosum) volatile, on the apple ring rot on postharvest fruits. In in vitro experiment, 250 μL/L DT completely suppressed the mycelia growth of B. dothidea. In in vivo experiment, 15.63 μL/L DT showed 97% inhibition against the apple ring rot on postharvest fruit. In addition, the soluble sugar content, vitamin C content, and the soluble sugar/titratable acidity ratio of the DT-treated fruit were significantly higher than those of the control fruit. On this basis, we further explored the preliminary underlying mechanism. Microscopic observation revealed that DT seriously disrupted the normal morphology of B. dothidea. qRT-PCR determination showed the defense-related genes in DT-treated fruit were higher than those in the control fruit by 4.13–296.50 times, which showed that DT inhibited apple ring rot on postharvest fruit by suppressing the growth of B. dothidea, and inducing the defense-related genes in apple fruit. The findings of this study provided an efficient, safe, and environment-friendly alternative to control the apple ring rot on apple fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
- National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanxin Duan
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
- National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Ping Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
- National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Fu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
- National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Yonghong Huang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, China
- National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yonghong Huang,
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Peng X, Zhang Y, Wan C, Gan Z, Chen C, Chen J. Antofine Triggers the Resistance Against Penicillium italicum in Ponkan Fruit by Driving AsA-GSH Cycle and ROS-Scavenging System. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:874430. [PMID: 35495682 PMCID: PMC9039625 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.874430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Postharvest fungal infection can accelerate the quality deterioration of Ponkan fruit and reduce its commodity value. Penicillium italicum is the causal pathogen of blue mold in harvested citrus fruits, not only causing huge fungal decay but also leading to quality deterioration. In our preliminary study, antofine (ATF) was found to have a great potential for significant in vitro suppression of P. italicum growth. However, the regulatory mechanism underpinning ATF-triggered resistance against P. italicum in citrus fruit remains unclear. Here, the protective effects of ATF treatment on blue mold development in harvested Ponkan fruit involving the enhancement of ROS-scavenging system were investigated. Results showed that ATF treatment delayed blue mold development and peel firmness loss. Moreover, the increase of electrolyte leakage, O2 •- production, and malonyldialdehyde accumulation was significantly inhibited by ATF treatment. The ATF-treated Ponkan fruit maintained an elevated antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by inducted the increase in glutathione (GSH) content, delayed the declines of ascorbic acid (AsA) content and GSH/oxidized GSH ratio, and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and six key AsA-GSH cycle-related enzymes, along with their encoding gene expressions, thereby maintaining ROS homeostasis and reducing postharvest blue mold in harvested Ponkan fruit. Collectively, the current study revealed a control mechanism based on ATF-triggered resistance and maintenance of a higher redox state by driving AsA-GSH cycle and ROS-scavenging system in P. italicum-infected Ponkan fruit.
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