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Ambrogi M, Vezina CM. Roles of airway and intestinal epithelia in responding to pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1346087. [PMID: 38736751 PMCID: PMC11082347 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1346087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form a resilient barrier and orchestrate defensive and reparative mechanisms to maintain tissue stability. This review focuses on gut and airway epithelia, which are positioned where the body interfaces with the outside world. We review the many signaling pathways and mechanisms by which epithelial cells at the interface respond to invading pathogens to mount an innate immune response and initiate adaptive immunity and communicate with other cells, including resident microbiota, to heal damaged tissue and maintain homeostasis. We compare and contrast how airway and gut epithelial cells detect pathogens, release antimicrobial effectors, collaborate with macrophages, Tregs and epithelial stem cells to mount an immune response and orchestrate tissue repair. We also describe advanced research models for studying epithelial communication and behaviors during inflammation, tissue injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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2
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Liu T, Zhang M, Asif IM, Wu Y, Li B, Wang L. The regulatory effects of fucoidan and laminarin on functional dyspepsia mice induced by loperamide. Food Funct 2023. [PMID: 37377021 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00936j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal dysmotility is a common cause of functional dyspepsia. As two kinds of polysaccharides derived from brown algae, fucoidan and laminarin possess many physiological properties; however, their relative abilities in regulating gastrointestinal motility have not been illustrated yet. In this study, we aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of fucoidan and laminarin on functional dyspepsia mice induced by loperamide. Mice with gastrointestinal dysmotility were treated with fucoidan (100 and 200 mg per kg bw) and laminarin (50 and 100 mg per kg bw). As a result, fucoidan and laminarin reversed the dysfunction mainly through regulating gastrointestinal hormones (motilin and ghrelin), the cholinergic pathway, the total bile acid level, c-kit protein expression, and gastric smooth muscle contraction-related gene expression (ANO1 and RYR3). Moreover, fucoidan and laminarin intervention modulated the gut microbiota profile including the altered richness of Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Streptococcus. The results indicated that fucoidan and laminarin may restore the rhythm of the migrating motor complex and regulate gut microecology. In conclusion, we provided evidence to support that fucoidan and laminarin might have potential abilities to regulate gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ismail Muhammad Asif
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yonglin Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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Mori H, Verbeure W, Tanemoto R, Sosoranga ER. Physiological functions and potential clinical applications of motilin. Peptides 2023; 160:170905. [PMID: 36436612 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Motilin is a gastrointestinal hormone secreted by the duodenum. This peptide regulates a characteristic gastrointestinal contraction pattern, called the migrating motor complex, during the fasting state. Motilin also affects the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter, gastric motility and gastric accommodation in the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, motilin induces bile discharge into the duodenum by promoting gallbladder contraction, pepsin secretion in the stomach, pancreatic juice and insulin secretion from the pancreas. In recent years, it has been shown that motilin is associated with appetite, and clinical applications are expected for diseases affected by food intake, e.g. obesity, by regulating motilin levels. Gastric acid and bile are the two major physiological regulators for motilin release. Caloric foods have varying effects on motilin levels, depending on their composition. Among non-caloric foods, bitter substances reduce motilin levels and are therefore expected to have an appetite-suppressing effect. Various motilin receptor agonists and antagonists have been developed but have yet to reach clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mori
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rina Tanemoto
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Matsumoto M, Takemi S, Sakai T, Sakata I. Identification of motilin in Japanese fire bellied newt. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 323-324:114031. [PMID: 35331740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Motilin, a peptide hormone consisting of 22 amino acid residues, was identified in the duodenum of pigs in the 1970s. It is known to induce gastrointestinal contractions during the interdigestive state in mammals. Although the motilin gene has been identified in various animal species, it has not been studied in amphibians. Here, we identified the motilin gene in the Japanese fire bellied newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster), and conducted an analysis of tissue distribution, morphological observations, and physiological experiments. The deduced mature newt motilin comprises 22 amino acid residues, like in mammals and birds. The C-terminus of the newt motilin showed high homology with motilin from other species compared to the N-terminus region, which is considered the bioactive site. Motilin mRNA expression in newts was abundant in the upper small intestine, with notably high motilin mRNA expression found in the pancreas. Motilin-producing cells were found in the mucosal layer of the upper small intestine and existed as two cell types: open-and closed-type cells. Motilin-producing cells in the pancreas were also found to produce insulin but not glucagon. Newt motilin stimulated gastric contractions but not in other parts of the intestines in vitro, and motilin-induced gastric contraction was significantly inhibited by treatment with atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. These results indicate that motilin is also present in amphibians, and that its gastrointestinal contractile effects are conserved in mammals, birds, and amphibians. Additionally, we demonstrated for the first time the existence of pancreatic motilin, suggesting that newt motilin has an additional unknown physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Matsumoto
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Gu X, Zhou W, Han J. Factors Affecting the Readmission of Patients with Pancreatic Cancer after Surgery. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:6106914. [PMID: 35528536 PMCID: PMC9076323 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6106914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest solid malignancies. Its surgical resection is technically very challenging and has a high risk of complications even after discharge. This study analyzed the risk factors associated with unplanned readmission after pancreatic cancer surgery. Methods Pancreatic cancer patients who were readmitted within 30 days after surgery were classified as the observation group, while those not readmitted within 30 days postsurgery were classified as the control group. The serum levels of gastrointestinal hormones, stress hormones, and peripheral immune cells of the two groups were compared at different intervals. Results No significant differences in gender and age were observed between the two groups. At 7, 14, and 21 days postsurgery, the levels of gastrointestinal hormones motilin, gastrin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and growth hormone-releasing peptide of the observation group were lower than the control group, while the levels of adrenocorticotropin, renin, angiotensin, and plasma aldosterone of the observation group were significantly higher than the control group. In addition, compared to the control group, lower levels of CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, and NKT cells and higher levels of Treg, Breg, and MDSC cells were observed in the peripheral blood of the observation group. Conclusion The serum levels of gastrointestinal hormones, stress hormones, and peripheral immune cells could be associated with the risk of unplanned readmission within 30 days after pancreatic cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Gu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei 430023, China
| | - Juan Han
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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James J, Mair S, Doll W, Sandefer E, Wurtman D, Maurer A, Deane AM, Harris MS. The effects of ulimorelin, a ghrelin agonist, on liquid gastric emptying and colonic transit in humans. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13784. [PMID: 32017341 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulimorelin, a small molecule ghrelin agonist and prokinetic agent, was effective in animal models of gastroparesis and delayed transit. However, employing once daily administration, it failed in clinical trials of postoperative ileus (POI), a condition in which colonic motility recovers last. The aim of this study was to evaluate drug dosing and regional differences in drug activity between stomach and colon. METHODS Gastric emptying was assessed by scintigraphy in healthy adults at single doses of 600-1200 µg kg-1 and multiple doses of 80-600 µg kg-1 Q8H for 7 days. Colonic motility was assessed by 7-region scintigraphic analysis at a dose of 600 µg kg-1 for 2 days. The primary endpoints were percent change in time to 50% (∆t50 ) liquid gastric emptying on Days 1, 4, and 6 and the geometric mean center of colonic transit at 24 hours (GC24 ). Plasma concentrations of free and total ulimorelin were measured for pharmacokinetic and exposure-response modeling. KEY RESULTS Ulimorelin 150-600 µg kg-1 every 8 hours resulted in statistically significant improvements (∆t50 = 23% to 46% (P < .05)) in gastric emptying from baseline that were sustained through Day 6. However, no effects on GC24 were observed. Pharmacokinetic analyses suggested that the free concentrations of ulimorelin achieved in POI trials and dosing frequency may have been inadequate. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Ulimorelin is a potent gastric prokinetic but lacks evidence of activity in the human colon, pointing to the stomach as the predominant site of action of ghrelin in humans; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02993055.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce James
- Lyric Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - David Wurtman
- Lyric Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan Maurer
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam M Deane
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - M Scott Harris
- Lyric Pharmaceuticals, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Kim JN, Kim BJ. The Mechanism of Action of Ghrelin and Motilin in the Pacemaker Potentials of Interstitial Cells of Cajal from the Murine Small Intestine. Mol Cells 2019; 42:470-479. [PMID: 31250620 PMCID: PMC6602145 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells that exhibit periodic spontaneous depolarization in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and generate pacemaker potentials. In this study, we investigated the effects of ghrelin and motilin on the pacemaker potentials of ICCs isolated from the mouse small intestine. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration, we demonstrated that ghrelin depolarized pacemaker potentials of cultured ICCs in a dose-dependent manner. The ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys] GHRP-6 completely inhibited this ghrelin-induced depolarization. Intracellular guanosine 5'-diphosphate-β-S and pre-treatment with Ca2+free solution or thapsigargin also blocked the ghrelin-induced depolarization. To investigate the involvement of inositol triphosphate (IP3), Rho kinase, and protein kinase C (PKC) in ghrelin-mediated pacemaker potential depolarization of ICCs, we used the IP3 receptor inhibitors 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and xestospongin C, the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632, and the PKC inhibitors staurosporine, Go6976, and rottlerin. All inhibitors except rottlerin blocked the ghrelin-induced pacemaker potential depolarization of ICCs. In addition, motilin depolarized the pacemaker potentials of ICCs in a similar dose-dependent manner as ghrelin, and this was also completely inhibited by [D-Lys] GHRP-6. These results suggest that ghrelin induced the pacemaker potential depolarization through the ghrelin receptor in a G protein-, IP3-, Rho kinase-, and PKC-dependent manner via intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ regulation. In addition, motilin was able to depolarize the pacemaker potentials of ICCs through the ghrelin receptor. Therefore, ghrelin and its receptor may modulate GI motility by acting on ICCs in the murine small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Nam Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612,
Korea
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612,
Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612,
Korea
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612,
Korea
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Weltens N, Depoortere I, Tack J, Van Oudenhove L. Effect of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration on subjective and metabolic hormone responses to food stimuli and food intake in healthy humans: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1051-1063. [PMID: 30949710 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is considered a key player in the neurophysiology of food reward. Animal studies suggest that the ECS stimulates the sensory perception of food, thereby increasing its incentive-motivational and/or hedonic properties and driving consumption, possibly via interactions with metabolic hormones. However, it remains unclear to what extent this can be extrapolated to humans. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effect of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on subjective and metabolic hormone responses to visual food stimuli and food intake. METHODS Seventeen healthy subjects participated in a single-blinded, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 crossover trial. In each of the 4 visits, subjective "liking" and "wanting" ratings of high- and low-calorie food images were acquired after oral THC or placebo administration. The effect on food intake was quantified in 2 ways: via ad libitum oral intake (half of the visits) and intragastric infusion (other half) of chocolate milkshake. Appetite-related sensations and metabolic hormones were measured at set time points throughout each visit. RESULTS THC increased "liking" (P = 0.031) and "wanting" ratings (P = 0.0096) of the high-calorie, but not the low-calorie images, compared with placebo. Participants consumed significantly more milkshake after THC than after placebo during oral intake (P = 0.0005), but not intragastric infusion, of milkshake. Prospective food consumption ratings during the food image paradigm were higher after THC than after placebo (P = 0.0039). THC also increased plasma motilin (P = 0.0021) and decreased octanoylated ghrelin (P = 0.023) concentrations before milkshake consumption (i.e., in both oral intake and intragastric infusion test sessions), whereas glucagon-like peptide 1 responses to milkshake intake were attenuated by THC during both oral (P = 0.0002) and intragastric (P = 0.0055) administration. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the ECS drives food intake by interfering with anticipatory, cephalic phase, and metabolic hormone responses. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02310347.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Tack
- GI Motility and Sensitivity Group, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism, and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Deloose E, Verbeure W, Depoortere I, Tack J. Motilin: from gastric motility stimulation to hunger signalling. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2019; 15:238-250. [PMID: 30675023 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After the discovery of motilin in 1972, motilin and the motilin receptor were studied intensely for their role in the control of gastrointestinal motility and as targets for treating hypomotility disorders. The genetic revolution - with the use of knockout models - sparked novel insights into the role of multiple peptides but contributed to a decline in interest in motilin, as this peptide and its receptor exist only as pseudogenes in rodents. The past 5 years have seen a major surge in interest in motilin, as a series of studies have shown its relevance in the control of hunger and regulation of food intake in humans in both health and disease. Luminal stimuli, such as bitter tastants, have been identified as modulators of motilin release, with effects on hunger and food intake. The current state of knowledge and potential implications for therapy are summarized in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Deloose
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Erythromycin acts through the ghrelin receptor to attenuate inflammatory responses in chondrocytes and maintain joint integrity. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:79-90. [PMID: 30862504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent disease characterized by chronic joint degeneration and low-grade localized inflammation. There is no available treatment to delay OA progression. We report that in human primary articular chondrocytes, erythromycin, a well-known macrolide antibiotic, had the ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-induced catabolic gene expression and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. Furthermore, erythromycin inhibited monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced joint inflammation and cartilage matrix destruction in mice, an arthritis model that reflects the inflammatory and cartilage matrix loss aspects of OA. EM900, an erythromycin-derivative lacking antibiotic function, had the same activity as erythromycin in vitro and in vivo, indicating distinct anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties. Using an antibody against erythromycin, we found erythromycin was present on chondrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. The association of erythromycin with chondrocytes was diminished in ghrelin receptor null chondrocytes, and administration of the ghrelin ligand prevented the association of erythromycin with chondrocytes. Importantly, the anti-inflammatory activity of erythromycin was diminished in ghrelin receptor null chondrocytes. Moreover, erythromycin could not exert its chondroprotective effect in ghrelin receptor null mice, and the loss of ghrelin receptor further augmented joint damage upon MIA-injection. Therefore, our study identified a novel pharmacological mechanism for how erythromycin exerts its chondroprotective effect. This mechanism entails ghrelin receptor signaling, which is necessary for alleviating inflammation and joint destruction.
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Besecker EM, White AR, Holmes GM. Diminished gastric prokinetic response to ghrelin in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13258. [PMID: 29205695 PMCID: PMC5878704 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cervical or high-thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) often present reduced gastric emptying and early satiety. Ghrelin provokes motility via gastric vagal neurocircuitry and ghrelin receptor agonists offer a therapeutic option for gastroparesis. We have previously shown that experimental high-thoracic injury (T3-SCI) diminishes sensitivity to another gastrointestinal peptide, cholecystokinin. This study tests the hypothesis that T3-SCI impairs the vagally mediated response to ghrelin. METHODS We investigated ghrelin sensitivity in control and T3-SCI rats at 3-days or 3-weeks after injury utilizing: (i) acute (3-day post-injury) fasting and post-prandial serum levels of ghrelin; (ii) in vivo gastric reflex recording following intravenous or central brainstem ghrelin; and (iii) in vitro whole cell recording of neurons within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). KEY RESULTS The 2-day food intake of T3-SCI rats was reduced while fasting serum ghrelin levels were higher than in controls. Intravenous and fourth ventricle ghrelin increased in vivo gastric motility in fasted 3-day control rats but not fasted T3-SCI rats. In vitro recording of DMV neurons from 3-day T3-SCI rats were insensitive to exogenous ghrelin. For each measure, vagal responses returned after 3-weeks. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Hypophagia accompanying T3-SCI produces a significant and physiologically appropriate elevation in serum ghrelin levels. However, higher ghrelin levels did not translate into increased gastric motility in the acute stage of T3-SCI. We propose that this may reflect diminished sensitivity of peripheral vagal afferents to ghrelin or a reduction in the responsiveness of medullary gastric vagal neurocircuitry following T3-SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Besecker
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University
College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033,Department of Health Sciences, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA
17325
| | - Amanda R. White
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University
College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Gregory M. Holmes
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University
College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033,Corresponding Author: Dr. Gregory M. Holmes, Penn State
University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., H181, Hershey, PA 17033,
Tel: +1 717 531-6413, fax; +1 717 531-5184,
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12
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Masuy I, Van Oudenhove L, Tack J, Biesiekierski JR. Effect of intragastric FODMAP infusion on upper gastrointestinal motility, gastrointestinal, and psychological symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome vs healthy controls. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 28762592 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyol (FODMAP) diet is a treatment strategy to reduce symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Acute effects of FODMAPs on upper gastrointestinal motility are incompletely understood. Our objectives were to assess the acute effects of intragastric FODMAP infusions on upper gastrointestinal motility and gastrointestinal and psychological symptoms in healthy controls (HC) and IBS patients. METHODS A high-resolution solid-state manometry probe and an infusion tube were positioned into the stomach. Fructans, fructose, FODMAP mix, or glucose was intragastrically administered to HC, and fructans or glucose was administered to IBS patients until full satiation (score 0-5), in a randomized crossover fashion. Manometric measurements continued for 3 hours. Gastrointestinal and psychological symptoms were assessed by questionnaires at predefined time points. The study was registered on www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02980406). KEY RESULTS Twenty HC and 20 IBS patients were included. Fructans induced higher postprandial gastric pressures compared with glucose over both groups (P<.001). Bloating, belching, and pain increased more in IBS over both carbohydrates (P<.041). In addition, IBS patients reported more flatulence and cramps compared with HC following fructans (P<.001). Glucose induced more fatigue and dominance compared with fructans (P=.028, P=.001). Irritable bowel syndrome patients reported a higher increase in anger (P=.030) and a stronger decrease in positive affect (P=.021). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The upper gastrointestinal motility response varies between carbohydrates. Irritable bowel syndrome patients are more sensitive to fructan infusion, reflected in their higher gastrointestinal symptom scores. Acute carbohydrate infusion can have differential psychological effects in IBS and HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Masuy
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Van Oudenhove
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Tack
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J R Biesiekierski
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Dennie J, Atiee G, Warren V, Tao B, Morimoto K, Senaldi G. A Phase 1 Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Single Oral Doses of DS-3801b, a Motilin Receptor Agonist, in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 57:1221-1230. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ben Tao
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc.; Edison NJ USA
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14
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Stengel A, Taché YF. Activation of Brain Somatostatin Signaling Suppresses CRF Receptor-Mediated Stress Response. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:231. [PMID: 28487631 PMCID: PMC5403923 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the hallmark brain peptide triggering the response to stress and mediates—in addition to the stimulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis—other hormonal, behavioral, autonomic and visceral components. Earlier reports indicate that somatostatin-28 injected intracerebroventricularly counteracts the acute stress-induced ACTH and catecholamine release. Mounting evidence now supports that activation of brain somatostatin signaling exerts a broader anti-stress effect by blunting the endocrine, autonomic, behavioral (with a focus on food intake) and visceral gastrointestinal motor responses through the involvement of distinct somatostatin receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Yvette F Taché
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care SystemLos Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Effect of Xiaoyao San on the brain-gut axis in rats after chronic immobilization stress. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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16
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Luo D, Qu C, Zhang Z, Xie J, Xu L, Yang H, Li C, Lin G, Wang H, Su Z. Granularity and Laxative Effect of Ultrafine Powder of Dendrobium officinale. J Med Food 2017; 20:180-188. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- DanDan Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Qu
- Guangdong Province Forestry Science and Technology Extension Station, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhenBiao Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - JianHui Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - LieQiang Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - HongMei Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - CaiLan Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - GuoSheng Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - HongFeng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Control for the Forest Disease and Pest, Guangzhou, China
- Biotechnology Division, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZiRen Su
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Dongguan Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
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17
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Lee SP, Lee OY, Lee KN, Lee HL, Choi HS, Yoon BC, Jun DW. Effect of DA-9701, a Novel Prokinetic Agent, on Post-operative Ileus in Rats. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23:109-116. [PMID: 27832682 PMCID: PMC5216641 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Post-operative ileus (POI) is a common complication of abdominal surgery. DA-9701, an extract of Pharbitis Semen and Corydalis Tuber, is a new prokinetic agent that also alleviates visceral pain. The aim of this study was to investigate whether DA-9701 can ameliorate POI in rats. Methods A total of 32 rats were divided into 4 groups: no surgery/no medication (NSNM), no surgery/medication (NSM), surgery/no medication (SNM), and surgery/medication (SM). Gastrointestinal transit (GIT), which is assessed by migration of charcoal, and cumulative stool weight were measured at 24 hours after surgery. Results GIT was significantly more delayed in the SNM group than in the other groups (SNM vs NSNM, P < 0.001; SNM vs NSM, P < 0.001; SNM vs SM, P = 0.005). Cumulative stool weight in that group was also lower than in the no surgery groups (SNM vs NSNM, P = 0.007; SNM vs NSM, P = 0.033), and there was no significant difference between the SM group and the no surgery groups (SM vs NSM, P = 0.703; SM vs NSNM, P = 0.347). Conclusion DA-9701 can ameliorate POI by reducing delayed GIT and improving defecation in a rat model of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Oh Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang Nyeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hang Lak Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Soon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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From Belly to Brain: Targeting the Ghrelin Receptor in Appetite and Food Intake Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020273. [PMID: 28134808 PMCID: PMC5343809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is the only known peripherally-derived orexigenic hormone, increasing appetite and subsequent food intake. The ghrelinergic system has therefore received considerable attention as a therapeutic target to reduce appetite in obesity as well as to stimulate food intake in conditions of anorexia, malnutrition and cachexia. As the therapeutic potential of targeting this hormone becomes clearer, it is apparent that its pleiotropic actions span both the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Despite a wealth of research, a therapeutic compound specifically targeting the ghrelin system for appetite modulation remains elusive although some promising effects on metabolic function are emerging. This is due to many factors, ranging from the complexity of the ghrelin receptor (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor, GHSR-1a) internalisation and heterodimerization, to biased ligand interactions and compensatory neuroendocrine outputs. Not least is the ubiquitous expression of the GHSR-1a, which makes it impossible to modulate centrally-mediated appetite regulation without encroaching on the various peripheral functions attributable to ghrelin. It is becoming clear that ghrelin’s central signalling is critical for its effects on appetite, body weight regulation and incentive salience of food. Improving the ability of ghrelin ligands to penetrate the blood brain barrier would enhance central delivery to GHSR-1a expressing brain regions, particularly within the mesolimbic reward circuitry.
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19
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Uchimura T, Foote AT, Markel DC, Ren W, Zeng L. The Chondroprotective Role of Erythromycin in a Murine Joint Destruction Model. Cartilage 2016; 7:373-87. [PMID: 27688845 PMCID: PMC5029567 DOI: 10.1177/1947603516630787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation is a major player in the joint destruction process. Macrolide antibiotics have recently been found to have a novel anti-inflammatory function, but their effects on the joint are unknown. Our objective was to investigate the effect of macrolide antibiotic erythromycin on cartilage gene expression under inflammatory conditions as well as on joint pathology in an in vivo inflammatory joint destruction model. DESIGN In our in vivo studies, mouse knee joints were injected with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA), a chemical that inhibits glycolysis and causes joint inflammation and matrix loss. Erythromycin was administered by daily intraperitoneal injection. Changes in joint cartilage and synovium were evaluated by histological analysis. In our in vitro studies, primary bovine articular chondrocytes were treated with erythromycin in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cartilage gene expression analysis was performed. RESULTS Regional differences in cartilage matrix destruction along the medial-lateral axis were observed in joints of MIA-injected mice. Erythromycin treatment inhibited cartilage matrix loss and synovitis in these joints. In addition, erythromycin inhibited IL-1β and LPS-induced expression of MMPs and iNOS, as well as the positive regulatory loop between IL-1β and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in articular chondrocytes. Furthermore, erythromycin prevented LPS-induced NF-κB activation, a key mediator of TLR4-mediated cartilage destruction process. CONCLUSIONS Erythromycin has the ability to inhibit catabolic gene expression mediated by IL-1β and TLR4 in chondrocytes in vitro and maintains cartilage matrix levels in experimental inflammatory joint destruction in vivo, suggesting that it possesses a chondroprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Uchimura
- Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea T. Foote
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C. Markel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Providence Hospital, Southfield, MI, USA
| | - Weiping Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li Zeng
- Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Orthopedics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA,Li Zeng, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, J323, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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20
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Apu AS, Mondal A, Kitazawa T, Takemi S, Sakai T, Sakata I. Molecular cloning of motilin and mechanism of motilin-induced gastrointestinal motility in Japanese quail. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 233:53-62. [PMID: 27179882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Motilin, a peptide hormone produced in the upper intestinal mucosa, plays an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. In the present study, we first determined the cDNA and amino acid sequences of motilin in the Japanese quail and studied the distribution of motilin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract. We also examined the motilin-induced contractile properties of quail GI tracts using an in vitro organ bath, and then elucidated the mechanisms of motilin-induced contraction in the proventriculus and duodenum of the quail. Mature quail motilin was composed of 22 amino acid residues, which showed high homology with chicken (95.4%), human (72.7%), and dog (72.7%) motilin. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that motilin-immunopositive cells were present in the mucosal layer of the duodenum (23.4±4.6cells/mm(2)), jejunum (15.2±0.8cells/mm(2)), and ileum (2.5±0.7cells/mm(2)), but were not observed in the crop, proventriculus, and colon. In the organ bath study, chicken motilin induced dose-dependent contraction in the proventriculus and small intestine. On the other hand, chicken ghrelin had no effect on contraction in the GI tract. Motilin-induced contraction in the duodenum was not inhibited by atropine, hexamethonium, ritanserin, ondansetron, or tetrodotoxin. However, motilin-induced contractions in the proventriculus were significantly inhibited by atropine and tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that motilin is the major stimulant of GI contraction in quail, as it is in mammals and the site of action of motilin is different between small intestine and proventriculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auvijit Saha Apu
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Anupom Mondal
- Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- Comparative Animal Pharmacology Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Dudani A, Aizawa S, Zhi G, Tanaka T, Jogahara T, Sakata I, Sakai T. The proximal gastric corpus is the most responsive site of motilin-induced contractions in the stomach of the Asian house shrew. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:665-75. [PMID: 27062028 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-0985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The migrating motor complex (MMC) is responsible for emptying the stomach during the interdigestive period, in preparation for the next meal. It is known that gastric phase III of MMC starts from the proximal stomach and propagates the contraction downwards. We hypothesized that a certain region of the stomach must be more responsive to motilin than others, and that motilin-induced strong gastric contractions propagate from that site. Stomachs of the Suncus or Asian house shrew, a small insectivorous mammal, were dissected and the fundus, proximal corpus, distal corpus, and antrum were examined to study the effect of motilin using an organ bath experiment. Motilin-induced contractions differed in different parts of the stomach. Only the proximal corpus induced gastric contraction even at motilin 10(-10) M, and strong contraction was induced by motilin 10(-9) M in all parts of the stomach. The GPR38 mRNA expression was also higher in the proximal corpus than in the other sections, and the lowest expression was observed in the antrum. GPR38 mRNA expression varied with low expression in the mucosal layer and high expression in the muscle layer. Additionally, motilin-induced contractions in each dissected part of the stomach were inhibited by tetrodotoxin and atropine pretreatment. These results suggest that motilin reactivity is not consistent throughout the stomach, and an area of the proximal corpus including the cardia is the most sensitive to motilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Dudani
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Sayaka Aizawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Gong Zhi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Toru Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keiyaki dai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Takamichi Jogahara
- Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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Whitehead K, Cortes Y, Eirmann L. Gastrointestinal dysmotility disorders in critically ill dogs and cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:234-53. [PMID: 26822390 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the human and veterinary literature regarding gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility disorders in respect to pathogenesis, patient risk factors, and treatment options in critically ill dogs and cats. ETIOLOGY GI dysmotility is a common sequela of critical illness in people and small animals. The most common GI motility disorders in critically ill people and small animals include esophageal dysmotility, delayed gastric emptying, functional intestinal obstruction (ie, ileus), and colonic motility abnormalities. Medical conditions associated with the highest risk of GI dysmotility include mechanical ventilation, sepsis, shock, trauma, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and multiple organ failure. The incidence and pathophysiology of GI dysmotility in critically ill small animals is incompletely understood. DIAGNOSIS A presumptive diagnosis of GI dysmotility is often made in high-risk patient populations following detection of persistent regurgitation, vomiting, lack of tolerance of enteral nutrition, abdominal pain, and constipation. Definitive diagnosis is established via radioscintigraphy; however, this diagnostic tool is not readily available and is difficult to perform on small animals. Other diagnostic modalities that have been evaluated include abdominal ultrasonography, radiographic contrast, and tracer studies. THERAPY Therapy is centered at optimizing GI perfusion, enhancement of GI motility, and early enteral nutrition. Pharmacological interventions are instituted to promote gastric emptying and effective intestinal motility and prevention of complications. Promotility agents, including ranitidine/nizatidine, metoclopramide, erythromycin, and cisapride are the mainstays of therapy in small animals. PROGNOSIS The development of complications related to GI dysmotility (eg, gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration) have been associated with increased mortality risk. Institution of prophylaxic therapy is recommended in high-risk patients, however, no consensus exists regarding optimal timing of initiating prophylaxic measures, preference of treatment, or duration of therapy. The prognosis for affected small animal patients remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- KimMi Whitehead
- Emergency and Critical Care Department, Oradell Animal Hospital, Paramus, NJ, 07452
| | - Yonaira Cortes
- Emergency and Critical Care Department, Oradell Animal Hospital, Paramus, NJ, 07452
| | - Laura Eirmann
- the Nutrition Department (Eirmann), Oradell Animal Hospital, Paramus, NJ, 07452
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Kuroda K, Hequing H, Mondal A, Yoshimura M, Ito K, Mikami T, Takemi S, Jogahara T, Sakata I, Sakai T. Ghrelin Is an Essential Factor for Motilin-Induced Gastric Contraction in Suncus murinus. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4437-47. [PMID: 26441238 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Motilin was discovered in the 1970s as the most important hormone for stimulating strong gastric contractions; however, the mechanisms by which motilin causes gastric contraction are not clearly understood. Here, we determined the coordinated action of motilin and ghrelin on gastric motility during fasted and postprandial contractions by using house musk shrew (Suncus murinus; order: Insectivora, suncus named as the laboratory strain). Motilin-induced gastric contractions at phases I and II of the migrating motor complex were inhibited by pretreatment with (D-Lys(3))-GHRP-6 (6 mg/kg/h), a ghrelin receptor antagonist. Administration of the motilin receptor antagonist MA-2029 (0.1 mg/kg) and/or (D-Lys(3))-GHRP-6 (0.6 mg/kg) at the peak of phase III abolished the spontaneous gastric phase III contractions in vivo. Motilin did not stimulate gastric contractions in the postprandial state. However, in the presence of a low dose of ghrelin, motilin evoked phase III-like gastric contractions even in the postprandial state, and postprandial gastric emptying was accelerated. In addition, pretreatment with (D-Lys(3))-GHRP-6 blocked the motilin-induced gastric contraction in vitro and in vivo, and a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist reversed this block in gastric contraction. These results indicate that blockade of the GABAergic pathway by ghrelin is essential for motilin-induced gastric contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayuri Kuroda
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Huang Hequing
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Anupom Mondal
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimura
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Kazuma Ito
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Takashi Mikami
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Takamichi Jogahara
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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24
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Müller TD, Nogueiras R, Andermann ML, Andrews ZB, Anker SD, Argente J, Batterham RL, Benoit SC, Bowers CY, Broglio F, Casanueva FF, D'Alessio D, Depoortere I, Geliebter A, Ghigo E, Cole PA, Cowley M, Cummings DE, Dagher A, Diano S, Dickson SL, Diéguez C, Granata R, Grill HJ, Grove K, Habegger KM, Heppner K, Heiman ML, Holsen L, Holst B, Inui A, Jansson JO, Kirchner H, Korbonits M, Laferrère B, LeRoux CW, Lopez M, Morin S, Nakazato M, Nass R, Perez-Tilve D, Pfluger PT, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Sleeman M, Sun Y, Sussel L, Tong J, Thorner MO, van der Lely AJ, van der Ploeg LHT, Zigman JM, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Smith RG, Horvath T, Tschöp MH. Ghrelin. Mol Metab 2015; 4:437-60. [PMID: 26042199 PMCID: PMC4443295 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Increasing evidence supports more complicated and nuanced roles for the hormone, which go beyond the regulation of systemic energy metabolism. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the diverse biological functions of ghrelin, the regulation of its secretion, and address questions that still remain 15 years after its discovery. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In recent years, ghrelin has been found to have a plethora of central and peripheral actions in distinct areas including learning and memory, gut motility and gastric acid secretion, sleep/wake rhythm, reward seeking behavior, taste sensation and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - R Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela (CIMUS)-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS)-CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M L Andermann
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S D Anker
- Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - J Argente
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBER Fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - R L Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S C Benoit
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - C Y Bowers
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, Peptide Research Section, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - F Broglio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F F Casanueva
- Department of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), CIBER de Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D D'Alessio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - I Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Geliebter
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Ghigo
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P A Cole
- Monash Obesity & Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Monash Obesity & Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - D E Cummings
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Dagher
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Diano
- Dept of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Granata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - H J Grill
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Grove
- Department of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - K M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - K Heppner
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - M L Heiman
- NuMe Health, 1441 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - L Holsen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Holst
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - A Inui
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - J O Jansson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Kirchner
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - B Laferrère
- New York Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - C W LeRoux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Lopez
- Department of Physiology, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela (CIMUS)-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS)-CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Morin
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - M Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - R Nass
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - P T Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - T W Schwartz
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Sleeman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Y Sun
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Sussel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Tong
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M O Thorner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A J van der Lely
- Department of Medicine, Erasmus University MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - J M Zigman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - M Kojima
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - K Kangawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - R G Smith
- The Scripps Research Institute, Florida Department of Metabolism & Aging, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - T Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany ; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Kazemi M, Eshraghian A, Hamidpour L, Taghavi S. Changes in serum ghrelin level in relation to meal-time in patients with functional dyspepsia. United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 3:11-6. [PMID: 25653854 DOI: 10.1177/2050640614563373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that is involved in gastrointestinal motility and secretion; and therefore, may play a role in functional dyspepsia. OBJECTIVES To compare the change of serum ghrelin level in relation to meal-time, between patients with functional dyspepsia and a control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 18 subjects with functional dyspepsia according to the Rome III criteria were enrolled in our study. Blood samples were collected five times: 30 minutes (min) before a standard breakfast; at the time as serving breakfast; and 30, 60 and 90 min after breakfast. Serum ghrelin concentration was measured in these patients and compared with eight normal individuals, as controls. RESULTS The serum ghrelin level 30 minutes after breakfast was significantly higher in dyspepsia patients, compared to controls (751 ± 171.84 pg/ml versus 576.9 ± 195.62 pg/ml, p = 0.033). Although patients had a higher mean serum ghrelin level 30 minutes before, exactly at the time of serving breakfast and 60 min after breakfast there was no statistically significant difference between patients and controls. The shape of the curve was also different between the two groups, from 30 min until 90 min after breakfast, which is the time that most dyspeptic symptoms usually occur, although this difference was not significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The significantly different ghrelin levels between dyspeptic patients and the normal population showed that ghrelin may have an important role in inducing symptoms, in functional dyspeptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mh Kazemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center (GEHRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Eshraghian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center (GEHRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - L Hamidpour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center (GEHRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sa Taghavi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center (GEHRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Deloose E, Vos R, Corsetti M, Depoortere I, Tack J. Endogenous motilin, but not ghrelin plasma levels fluctuate in accordance with gastric phase III activity of the migrating motor complex in man. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:63-71. [PMID: 25393165 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluctuations in motilin plasma levels have been implicated in the control of the migrating motor complex (MMC). A plasma peak of motilin is present before a gastric phase III. Furthermore, not only exogenous administration of motilin but also ghrelin induces a gastric phase III in man. Aim of this study was to investigate the role of endogenous ghrelin in the regulation of the MMC. METHODS Plasma samples for motilin and ghrelin were taken in between two consecutive phases III of either origin measured using high-resolution manometry. KEY RESULTS The duration of 1 complete MMC cycle was on average 95 ± 12 min. Sixty percent of the first phases III and 40% of the second phases III had a gastric origin (p = 0.0574). Motilin (p < 0.05) plasma levels differed significantly between the phases of the MMC but total and octanoylated ghrelin did not. The percentage change in motilin during the MMC was dependent on the origin of phase III (p < 0.05). Motilin levels increased on average with 35 ± 10% right before a gastric phase III and with 3 ± 4% before a duodenal phase III (p < 0.05). The percentage change in total and octanoylated ghrelin plasma levels was not affected by the origin of phase III. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These results confirm the role of motilin but not of ghrelin as an endogenous physiological regulator of the MMC with a gastric phase III.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deloose
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lu Y, Zhong F, Wang X, Li H, Zhu Z, Kong X, Zhao J, Wu Q. Mechanism of motilin-mediated inhibition on voltage-dependent potassium currents in hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2014; 284:374-380. [PMID: 25168724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of motilin on voltage-dependent K+ currents in hippocampal neurons with the addition of L-arginine (L-AA), D-arginine (D-AA) and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) were investigated in this study. METHODS Mice (1-3 days old) were randomly assigned to different groups according to the addition of motilin, L-AA, D-AA, and L-NAME. The K+ current signals were detected by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the transient outward voltage-dependent K+ current was significantly inhibited by motilin added with L-AA. In contrast, the addition of motilin and L-NAME significantly increased the K+ current, while no significant change was detected by the addition of motilin accompanied with D-AA. CONCLUSION The inhibiting effects of motilin on the voltage-dependent K+ current in hippocampal neurons indicate that motilin acts as a regulatory factor for the nitric oxide pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- Department of Neonatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi province 710061, China; Department of Physiology, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong Province, China.
| | - F Zhong
- Department of Stomatology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
| | - X Wang
- Department of Physiology, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong Province, China.
| | - H Li
- Department of Neonatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi province 710061, China.
| | - Z Zhu
- Department of Neonatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi province 710061, China; Shaanxi Province Biomedicine Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shanxi province, China.
| | - X Kong
- Department of Physiology, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong Province, China.
| | - J Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Q Wu
- Department of Physiology, Heze Medical College, Heze, Shandong Province, China.
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Wang L, Mogami S, Karasawa H, Yamada C, Yakabi S, Yakabi K, Hattori T, Taché Y. Preventive effect of rikkunshito on gastric motor function inhibited by L-dopa in rats. Peptides 2014; 55:136-44. [PMID: 24631952 PMCID: PMC5944319 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that ghrelin prevented l-dopa (LD)-induced inhibition of gastric emptying (GE) of a non-nutrient solution in rats. Parkinson's disease treatment involves the combined administration of l-dopa with the enzyme l-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa (CD) to reduce peripheral formation of dopamine. We investigated the effect LD/CD given orogastrically (og) on GE of a non-nutrient or nutrient meal and whether og pretreatment with rikkunshito, a kampo medicine clinically used to treat gastroparesis, influenced LD/CD effect on GE and postprandial antral and duodenal motility in conscious rats. LD/CD (20/2 mgkg(-1)) decreased significantly GE to 26.3 ± 6.0% compared to 61.2 ± 3.2% in og vehicle monitored 20-min after a non-nutrient meal and to 41.9 ± 5.8% compared to 72.9 ± 5.2% in og vehicle monitored 60 min after a nutrient meal. Rikkunshito (0.5 or 1.0 g kg(-1)) reduced the LD/CD (20/2 mg kg(-1)) inhibition of GE of non-nutrient meal (36.9 ± 7.4% and 46.6 ± 4.8% respectively vs. 12.1 ± 7.4% in og vehicle plus LD/CD) while having no effect alone (56.6 ± 8.5%). The ghrelin antagonist, [d-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6 (1 mg kg(-1)) injected intraperitoneally partially reversed rikkunshito preventive effect on LD/CD-inhibited GE. Rikkunshito (1.0 g kg(-1)) blocked LD/CD (20/2 mg kg(-1))-induced delayed GE of a nutrient meal and the reduction of postprandial antral motility. In 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's disease rat model, rikkunshito (1.0 g kg(-1), og) also prevented LD/CD-inhibited gastric emptying of a nutrient meal and enhanced fasting plasma levels of acylated ghrelin. These data indicate that oral rikkunshito alleviates the delayed GE induced by LD/CD in naïve and PD rat model in part through ghrelin-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - Hiroshi Karasawa
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Seiichi Yakabi
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Koji Yakabi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Zhao J, Gao B, Zhang Y, Zheng B, Liu H, Cao JL. Effects of intrathecal opioids combined with low-dose naloxone on motilin and its receptor in a rat model of postoperative pain. Life Sci 2014; 103:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a common occurrence in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients. Reflux can lead to pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents and subsequent pneumonia. Several characteristics of patients, interventions provided in the intensive care unit setting, and factors associated with feeding increase a patient's risk for reflux. Critical care nurses and clinical nurse specialists can identify patients at highest risk for GER by utilizing the patient's history, reviewing the medications, and assessing the current status to provide interventions to reduce the risk of GER and its sequelae of aspiration pneumonia. This article reviews the physiology of GER, risk factors, and interventions to decrease GER in the critically ill patient.
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Bashashati M, McCallum RW. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacologic strategies in managing nausea and vomiting related to cyclic vomiting syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 722:79-94. [PMID: 24161560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints which could be triggered by stimuli in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. They may be considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/agents enter the gastrointestinal tract or there is excessive retention of gastrointestinal contents due to obstruction. The pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting is complex and much still remains unknown. Therefore, treatments are restricted or ineffective in many cases. Nausea and vomiting with functional etiologies including cyclic vomiting syndrome are challenging in gastroenterology. In this article, we review potential pathways, neurochemical transmitters, and their receptors which are possibly involved in the pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting including the entity cyclic vomiting syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bashashati
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richard W McCallum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.
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Avau B, De Smet B, Thijs T, Geuzens A, Tack J, Vanden Berghe P, Depoortere I. Ghrelin is involved in the paracrine communication between neurons and glial cells. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e599-608. [PMID: 23781841 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is the only known peripherally active orexigenic hormone produced by the stomach that activates vagal afferents to stimulate food intake and to accelerate gastric emptying. Vagal sensory neurons within the nodose ganglia are surrounded by glial cells, which are able to receive and transmit chemical signals. We aimed to investigate whether ghrelin activates or influences the interaction between both types of cells. The effect of ghrelin was compared with that of leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK). METHODS Cultures of rat nodose ganglia were characterized by immunohistochemistry and the functional effects of peptides, neurotransmitters, and pharmacological blockers were measured by Ca(2+) imaging using Fluo-4-AM as an indicator. KEY RESULTS Neurons responded to KCl and were immunoreactive for PGP-9.5 whereas glial cells responded to lysophosphatidic acid and had the typical SOX-10-positive nuclear staining. Neurons were only responsive to CCK (31 ± 5%) whereas glial cells responded equally to the applied stimuli: ghrelin (27 ± 2%), leptin (21 ± 2%), and CCK (30 ± 2%). In contrast, neurons stained more intensively for the ghrelin receptor than glial cells. ATP induced [Ca(2+) ]i rises in 90% of the neurons whereas ACh and the NO donor, SIN-1, mainly induced [Ca(2+) ]i changes in glial cells (41 and 51%, respectively). The percentage of ghrelin-responsive glial cells was not affected by pretreatment with suramin, atropine, hexamethonium or 1400 W, but was reduced by l-NAME and by tetrodotoxin. Neurons were shown to be immunoreactive for neuronal NO-synthase (nNOS). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our data show that ghrelin induces Ca(2+) signaling in glial cells of the nodose ganglion via the release of NO originating from the neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Avau
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Kim KS, Shim WS, dela Peña IC, Seo EK, Kim WY, Jin HE, Kim DD, Chung SJ, Cheong JH, Shim CK. Smooth Muscle Relaxation Activity of an Aqueous Extract of Dried Immature Fruit of Poncirus Trifoliata (PF-W) on an Isolated Strip of Rat Ileum. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated that an aqueous extract of dried immature fruit of Poncirus trifoliate (PF-W) produces relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle using the ileac strips of a rat. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of its relaxant activity was investigated. PF-W was prepared using the standard extraction protocol. A 1.5 – 2 cm long rat ileac strip was placed in an organ bath with Tyrode's solution and smooth muscle contractility was recorded by connecting it to a force transducer. Various compounds were added to the organ baths, and changes in muscular contractility were measured. PF-W concentration-dependently induced relaxation of rat ileac strips that were contracted both spontaneously and via acetylcholine treatment. Various potassium channel blockers did not inhibit the relaxation by PF-W. No difference in the effect of PF-W was observed between ileac strips treated with low (20 mM) and high concentrations (60 mM) of KCl. PF-W inhibited the contraction of rat ileac strips induced by extracellular calcium. PF-W acts as a potent smooth muscle relaxant, implicating its possible action as a rapid acting reliever for abdominal pains and a cure for intestinal convulsion. Considering that PF-W also exhibits prokinetic activity, its use in various gastrointestinal disorders seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Sang Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406–799, South Korea
| | | | - Eun-Kyung Seo
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul 120–750, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Eon Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Cheong
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Koo Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151–742, Republic of Korea
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Jang Y, Kim SW, Oh J, Hong GS, Seo EK, Oh U, Shim WS. Ghrelin receptor is activated by naringin and naringenin, constituents of a prokinetic agent Poncirus fructus. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:459-465. [PMID: 23639361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poncirus fructus (PF), also known as a dried immature fruit of Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. (Rutaceae), has long been traditionally used for the various gastrointestinal disorders in Eastern Asia. AIM OF STUDY The aqueous extract of PF (PF-W) has the strong prokinetic effect, yet the underlying mechanism is still elusive. The present study investigated whether PF-W has any effect on motilin receptor or ghrelin receptor, since these receptors enhance intestinal motility when activated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of PF-W and its components on motilin or ghrelin receptor was determined by calcium imaging and whole-cell patch clamp methods. RESULTS PF-W activates the ghrelin receptor, but not the motilin receptor, resulting in a transient increase of intracellular calcium levels. Furthermore, among various constituents of PF, only naringin and naringenin evoked the intracellular calcium augmentation via the ghrelin receptor. Moreover, cortistatin-8 - a ghrelin receptor inhibitor - specifically blocked naringin- and naringenin-induced calcium increases. In addition, naringin and naringenin induced inward currents in ghrelin receptor-expressing cells under whole-cell patch clamp configuration. CONCLUSION PF-W activates the ghrelin receptor, and naringin and naringenin are key constituents responsible for the activation of ghrelin receptor. Therefore, the present study suggests that the ghrelin receptor is a molecular entity responsible for the strong prokinetic activity of PF-W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Depoortere I. Can small non-peptide motilin agonists force a breakthrough as gastroprokinetic drugs? Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:760-2. [PMID: 22616752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GSK962040 is a small selective motilin receptor agonist currently under investigation in clinical trials for the treatment of conditions associated with delayed gastric emptying. As reported in this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Broad et al., studied for the first time the region-dependent contractile effects of motilin and GSK962040 in human smooth muscle strips. Both compounds facilitated cholinergically mediated contractions of human gastric antral muscle strips at low concentrations and induced smooth muscle contractions at high concentrations. The effect was less pronounced in the fundus and almost absent in the colon. The long-lasting facilitation of cholinergic responses in the antrum by GSK962040 compared with the fading responses to motilin may be of importance from a clinical point of view. The approach used by Broad et al. with human tissue is a validated model to identify motilin receptor agonists with therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
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Jang Y, Kim TK, Shim WS. Naringin Exhibits in vivo Prokinetic Activity via Activation of Ghrelin Receptor in Gastrointestinal Motility Dysfunction Rats. Pharmacology 2013; 92:191-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000354579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Egerod KL, Engelstoft MS, Grunddal KV, Nøhr MK, Secher A, Sakata I, Pedersen J, Windeløv JA, Füchtbauer EM, Olsen J, Sundler F, Christensen JP, Wierup N, Olsen JV, Holst JJ, Zigman JM, Poulsen SS, Schwartz TW. A major lineage of enteroendocrine cells coexpress CCK, secretin, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and neurotensin but not somatostatin. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5782-95. [PMID: 23064014 PMCID: PMC7958714 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells such as duodenal cholecystokinin (CCK cells) are generally thought to be confined to certain segments of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and to store and release peptides derived from only a single peptide precursor. In the current study, however, transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under the control of the CCK promoter demonstrated a distribution pattern of CCK-eGFP positive cells that extended throughout the intestine. Quantitative PCR and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry proteomic analyses of isolated, FACS-purified CCK-eGFP-positive cells demonstrated expression of not only CCK but also glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), neurotensin, and secretin, but not somatostatin. Immunohistochemistry confirmed this expression pattern. The broad coexpression phenomenon was observed both in crypts and villi as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and FACS analysis of separated cell populations. Single-cell quantitative PCR indicated that approximately half of the duodenal CCK-eGFP cells express one peptide precursor in addition to CCK, whereas an additional smaller fraction expresses two peptide precursors in addition to CCK. The coexpression pattern was further confirmed through a cell ablation study based on expression of the human diphtheria toxin receptor under the control of the proglucagon promoter, in which activation of the receptor resulted in a marked reduction not only in GLP-1 cells, but also PYY, neurotensin, GIP, CCK, and secretin cells, whereas somatostatin cells were spared. Key elements of the coexpression pattern were confirmed by immunohistochemical double staining in human small intestine. It is concluded that a lineage of mature enteroendocrine cells have the ability to coexpress members of a group of functionally related peptides: CCK, secretin, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and neurotensin, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer L Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Denmark
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Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Tyler K, Mohammadi E, Pietra C. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. J Exp Pharmacol 2012; 4:149-55. [PMID: 27186127 PMCID: PMC4863553 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s35396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delayed gastric emptying is a common disorder with few effective therapeutic options. The goal of this study was to investigate whether ipamorelin, a synthetic peptidomimetic that acts on the ghrelin receptor, accelerates gastric emptying in a rodent model of gastroparesis induced by abdominal surgery and intestinal manipulation. Methods Fasted adult male rats were subjected to laparotomy and intestinal manipulation. Following the surgery rats received ipamorelin (0.014–0.14 µmol/kg) or vehicle control via intravenous administration. Gastric emptying was measured by the percent of total recovered radioactivity remaining in the stomach 15 minutes after intragastric gavage of 1.5 mL of 99mTc (technicium-99m) sulfur colloid in 0.5% methylcellulose. In a separate group of rats subjected to laparotomy and intestinal manipulation, the gastric fundus was isolated and tissue segments were suspended in an organ bath to assess the effect of ipamorelin (1 µM) on gastric smooth muscle contractility induced by acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation. Results Abdominal surgery caused a delay in gastric emptying with 78% ± 5% of the meal remaining in the stomach in vehicle controls. Ipamorelin (0.014 µmol/kg intravenous) resulted in a significant acceleration (P < 0.05 vs vehicle-treated rat) of gastric emptying with 52% ± 11% of the meal remaining in the stomach compared to nonsurgical control animals with 44% ± 6%. Following abdominal surgery and intestinal manipulation, isolated preparations of gastric smooth muscle exhibited a marked inhibition of acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation-induced contractile responses, which were reversed by ipamorelin and ghrelin. Conclusion These results suggest that ipamorelin accelerates gastric emptying in a rodent model of postoperative ileus through the stimulation of gastric contractility by activating a ghrelin receptor-mediated mechanism involving cholinergic excitatory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- VA Medical Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Karl Tyler
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ehsan Mohammadi
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of indolinone derivatives as novel ghrelin receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5623-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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GI functions of GPR39: novel biology. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:647-52. [PMID: 22884904 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
GPR39 is an orphan GPCR receptor belonging to the ghrelin/motilin receptor subfamily. The receptor is constitutively active and Zn(2+) is a physiological agonist of GPR39. The receptor is emerging as an important regulator of gastrointestinal motility and secretion. Although GPR39 does not seem to be involved in the regulation of food intake, contradictory results are available on the role of GPR39 in the regulation of body weight. A well-established stimulatory role for GPR39 has been defined in insulin secretion which makes the receptor an attractive target for the treatment of type 1 or 2 diabetes. GPR39 signaling also inhibits apoptosis and mediates neural synaptic signaling. Novel ligands of GPR39 are warranted to reveal the main physiological role of this receptor.
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Wang L, Murphy NP, Stengel A, Goebel-Stengel M, St Pierre D, Maidment NT, Taché Y. Ghrelin prevents levodopa-induced inhibition of gastric emptying and increases circulating levodopa in fasted rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 24:e235-45. [PMID: 22443313 PMCID: PMC3345891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levodopa (L-dopa) is the most commonly used treatment for alleviating symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, L-dopa delays gastric emptying, which dampens its absorption. We investigated whether ghrelin prevents L-dopa action on gastric emptying and enhances circulating L-dopa in rats. METHODS Gastric emptying of non-nutrient methylcellulose/phenol red viscous solution was determined in fasted rats treated with orogastric or intraperitoneal (i.p.) L-dopa, or intravenous (i.v.) ghrelin 10 min before orogastric L-dopa. Plasma L-dopa and dopamine levels were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma acyl ghrelin levels were assessed by radioimmunoassay. Fos expression in the brain was immunostained after i.v. ghrelin (30 μg kg(-1)) 10 min before i.p. L-dopa. KEY RESULTS Levodopa (5 and 15 mg kg(-1)) decreased significantly gastric emptying by 32% and 62%, respectively, when administered orally, and by 91% and 83% when injected i.p. Ghrelin (30 or 100 μg kg(-1), i.v.) completely prevented L-dopa's (15 mg kg(-1), orogastrically) inhibitory action on gastric emptying and enhanced plasma L-dopa and dopamine levels compared with vehicle 15 min after orogastric L-dopa. Levodopa (5 mg kg(-1)) did not modify plasma acyl ghrelin levels at 30 min, 1, and 2 h after i.v. injection. Levodopa (15 mg kg(-1), i.p.) induced Fos in brain autonomic centers, which was not modified by i.v. ghrelin. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Ghrelin counteracts L-dopa-induced delayed gastric emptying but not Fos induction in the brain and enhances circulating L-dopa levels. Potential therapeutic benefits of ghrelin agonists in Parkinson's disease patients treated with L-dopa remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Niall P. Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andreas Stengel
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Nigel T. Maidment
- Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Center and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division, University of California at Los Angeles and VAGLAHS, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
The migrating motor complex (MMC) is a cyclic, recurring motility pattern that occurs in the stomach and small bowel during fasting; it is interrupted by feeding. The MMC is present in the gastrointestinal tract of many species, including humans. The complex can be subdivided into four phases, of which phase III is the most active, with a burst of contractions originating from the antrum or duodenum and migrating distally. Control of the MMC is complex. Phase III of the MMC with an antral origin can be induced in humans through intravenous administration of motilin, erythromycin or ghrelin, whereas administration of serotonin or somatostatin induces phase III activity with duodenal origin. The role of the vagus nerve in control of the MMC seems to be restricted to the stomach, as vagotomy abolishes the motor activity in the stomach, but leaves the periodic activity in the small bowel intact. The physiological role of the MMC is incompletely understood, but its absence has been associated with gastroparesis, intestinal pseudo-obstruction and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Measuring the motility of the gastrointestinal tract can be important for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. In this Review we summarize current knowledge of the MMC, especially its role in health and disease.
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Katsila T, Siskos AP, Tamvakopoulos C. Peptide and protein drugs: the study of their metabolism and catabolism by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:110-133. [PMID: 21698655 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Peptide and protein drugs have evolved in recent years into mainstream therapeutics, representing a significant portion of the pharmaceutical market. Peptides and proteins exhibit highly diverse structures, broad biological activities as hormones, neurotransmitters, structural proteins, metabolic modulators and therefore have a significant role as both therapeutics and biomarkers. Understanding the metabolism of synthetic or biotechnologically derived peptide and protein drugs is critical for pharmaceutical development as metabolism has a significant impact on drug efficacy and safety. Although the same principles of pharmacokinetics and metabolism of small molecule drugs apply to peptide and protein drugs, there are few notable differences. Moreover, the study of peptide and protein drug metabolism is a rather complicated process which requires sophisticated analytical techniques, and mass spectrometry based approaches have provided the capabilities for efficient and reliable quantification, characterization, and metabolite identification. This review article will focus on the current use of mass spectrometry for the study of the metabolism of peptide and protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Katsila
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Soranou Efesiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
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Mondal A, Kawamoto Y, Yanaka T, Tsutsui C, Sakata I, Oda SI, Tanaka T, Sakai T. Myenteric neural network activated by motilin in the stomach of Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:1123-31. [PMID: 22029733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been shown in human and canine studies that motilin, a gastroprokinetic hormone, induces gastric phase III contractions via the enteric nervous; however, the center of motilin action in the stomach has not been clearly revealed. In the present study, we investigated the neural pathway of motilin-induced gastric contraction by using Suncus murinus, a new animal model for motilin study. METHODS An isolated suncus stomach was used in vitro to determine the mechanism of motilin action through the myenteric plexus. Synthetic suncus motilin (10(-11) -10(-7) molL(-1) ) was added to an organ bath, and the spontaneous contraction response was expressed as a percent of ACh (10(-5) molL(-1) ) responses. Motilin-induced contractions were also studied by a pharmacological method using several receptor antagonists and enzyme inhibitor. KEY RESULTS Suncus motilin induced a concentration-dependent gastric contraction at concentrations from 10(-9) to 10(-7) molL(-1) . The responses to suncus motilin in the stomach were completely abolished by atropine and tetrodotoxin treatment and significantly suppressed by administration of hexamethonium, verapamil, phentolamine, yohimbine, ondansetron, and naloxone, whereas ritanserin, prazosin, timolol, and FK888 did not affect the action of motilin. Additionally, N-nitro l-arginine methylester slightly potentiated the contractions induced by motilin. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The results indicate that motilin directly stimulates and modulates suncus gastric contraction through cholinergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, opioidergic, and NO neurons in the myenteric plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mondal
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
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Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Kriegsman M, Nelson R. Ghrelin as a target for gastrointestinal motility disorders. Peptides 2011; 32:2352-6. [PMID: 21453735 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of ghrelin and synthetic ghrelin receptor (GRLN-R) agonists for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders is based on their ability to stimulate coordinated patterns of propulsive GI motility. This review focuses on the latest findings that support the therapeutic potential of GRLN-R agonists for the treatment of GI motility disorders. The review highlights the preclinical and clinical prokinetic effects of ghrelin and a series of novel ghrelin mimetics to exert prokinetic effects on the GI tract. We build upon a series of excellent reviews to critically discuss the evidence that supports the potential of GRLN-R agonists to normalize GI motility in patients with GI hypomotility disorders such as gastroparesis, post-operative ileus (POI), idiopathic chronic constipation and functional bowel disorders.
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Ceddia R. Motilin beyond gut motility: a novel role in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E756-7. [PMID: 21828337 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00410.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Wellman PJ, Clifford PS, Rodriguez J, Hughes S, Eitan S, Brunel L, Fehrentz JA, Martinez J. Pharmacologic antagonism of ghrelin receptors attenuates development of nicotine induced locomotor sensitization in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 172:77-80. [PMID: 21903141 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Ghrelin (GHR) is an orexigenic gut peptide that interacts with ghrelin receptors (GHR-Rs) to modulate brain reinforcement circuits. Systemic GHR infusions augment cocaine stimulated locomotion and conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats, whereas genetic or pharmacological ablation of GHR-Rs has been shown to attenuate the acute locomotor-enhancing effects of nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine and alcohol and to blunt the CPP induced by food, alcohol, amphetamine and cocaine in mice. The stimulant nicotine can induce CPP and like amphetamine and cocaine, repeated administration of nicotine induces locomotor sensitization in rats. A key issue is whether pharmacological antagonism of GHR-Rs would similarly attenuate nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. METHOD To examine the role of GHR-Rs in the behavioral sensitizing effects of nicotine, adult male rats were injected with either 0, 3 or 6 mg/kg of the GHR-R receptor antagonist JMV 2959 (i.p.) and 20 min later with either vehicle or 0.4 mg/kg nicotine hydrogen tartrate (s.c.) on each of 7 consecutive days. RESULTS Rats treated with nicotine alone showed robust locomotor sensitization, whereas rats pretreated with JMV 2959 showed significantly attenuated nicotine-induced hyperlocomotion. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GHR-R activity is required for the induction of locomotor sensitization to nicotine and complement an emerging literature implicating central GHR systems in drug reward/reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Wellman
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA.
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Woitalla D, Goetze O. Treatment approaches of gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, therapeutical options and future perspectives. J Neurol Sci 2011; 310:152-8. [PMID: 21798561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is a common but underestimated feature in Parkinson's disease (PD). Out of the multimodal spectrum of treatment options, there currently are only a few pharmacological treatments available to improve gastrointestinal motility and symptoms. Because enteric nervous function is mainly regulated by transmitters different from those involved in the brain, dopamine replacement is not a treatment option in PD patients. This article focuses on the known regulative mechanism of GI function and presents known and upcoming treatment options for GI dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Woitalla
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University-Bochum, Germany.
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Gastrointestinal Hormone Concentrations Associated With Gastric Feeding in Critically Ill Patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 36:189-96. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607111413770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jeffery P, McDonald V, Tippett E, McGuckin M. Ghrelin in gastrointestinal disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:35-43. [PMID: 21458525 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells of the gastric fundus are the predominant source of ghrelin production, although ghrelin gene transcripts and ghrelin-producing cells have been identified throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Various infectious, inflammatory and malignant disorders of the gastrointestinal system have been shown to alter ghrelin production and secretion and consequently to affect endocrine ghrelin levels and activity. Animal studies have demonstrated that ghrelin and synthetic ghrelin mimetics can reduce the severity of gastric and colonic inflammation and human clinical trials are underway to determine the efficacy of ghrelin in improving motility disorders. This review summarises the impact of gastrointestinal disease on ghrelin synthesis and secretion and the potential use of ghrelin and its mimetics for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Jeffery
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
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