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Deng M, Li X, Shi D, Fan Q, Zhang H, Wang Z, Wang Y, Xiao Z. iTRAQ-Based Serum Proteomic Analysis Reveals Multifactorial Cellular Function Impairment and Aggravated Systematic Inflammation in Drug-free Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:3053-3063. [PMID: 39120470 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating mental disorder with obvious difficulties in treatment. Its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Further understanding of etiology and mechanism needs to be explored further. We employed the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis to compare serum proteome profile between OCD patients and healthy controls, in order to find out the possible mechanism of OCD in the downstream biological process. Eighty-one drug-free OCD patients and 78 healthy controls were enrolled. A total of 475 proteins were identified. Totally, 80 proteins with p < 0.05 were selected for gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and only those with a fold change ≥1.2 and q value <0.2 between groups were accepted as differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). We observed a significant enrichment of immuno-inflammation-related pathways, along with intriguing expression trends that immuno-inflammation-related proteins were upregulated in GSEA. After that, 2 up-regulated proteins and 13 down-regulated ones were accepted as DEP. According to the available literature, most of the DEPs have not been reported in OCD. These DEPs were enriched in 121 gene ontology (GO) terms, including hepatocyte growth factor receptor activity, angiogenin-PRI complex, and so on. DEPs were enriched in pathways including adherens junction in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Alterations in DEPs including STXBP5L, GRN, and ANG were validated in OCD animal models. Our study suggested that OCD patients manifested multifactorial impairment in neuronal or non-neuronal cellular function under the inflammatory background. Further research employing larger sample sizes, longitudinal design, stratified analysis, and multiomics methodology will be needed. Experiments in laboratories were essential in illuminating the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaohan Deng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xia Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dongdong Shi
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Haiyin Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zeping Xiao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
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Adachi E, Murakoshi M, Shibata T, Shimozawa K, Sakuma H, Kishida C, Gohda T, Suzuki Y. Progranulin deficiency attenuates tubulointerstitial injury in a mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction model. Exp Anim 2024; 73:293-301. [PMID: 38369347 PMCID: PMC11254487 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) may have two opposing effects-inflammation and anti-inflammation-in different diseases. Although previous studies have reported that PGRN is involved in liver fibrosis, its involvement in tubulointerstitial fibrosis remains to be fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated these issues using PGRN-knockout (KO) mice treated with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Eight-week-old male PGRN-KO and wild-type (WT) mice were euthanized 3 and 7 days following UUO, and their kidneys were harvested for histopathological analysis. The renal expression of PGRN was evaluated by immunohistochemical and/or western blot analyses. The renal mRNA levels of markers related to inflammation (Il1b, Tnf, Il6, Ccl2, and Adgre1) and fibrosis (Tgfb1, Acta2, Fn1, and Col1a2) were evaluated using quantitative PCR. Histological changes such as renal tubular atrophy, urinary casts, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis were significantly improved in UUO-KO mice compared with UUO-WT mice. Quantitative PCR revealed that the mRNA expression levels of all inflammation- and fibrosis-related markers were lower in UUO-KO mice than in UUO-WT mice at 3 and/or 7 days after UUO. Moreover, PGRN and GRN protein levels were higher in the kidneys of UUO-WT mice than in mice that did not undergo UUO. Elevated GRN levels associated with excess PGRN levels may be involved in the occurrence of renal inflammation and fibrosis in UUO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Adachi
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Maki Murakoshi
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Terumi Shibata
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenta Shimozawa
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sakuma
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kishida
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomohito Gohda
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Gansau J, Grossi E, Rodriguez L, Wang M, Laudier DM, Chaudhary S, Hecht AC, Fu W, Sebra R, Liu C, Iatridis JC. TNFR1-mediated senescence and lack of TNFR2-signaling limit human intervertebral disc cell repair in back pain conditions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.22.581620. [PMID: 38948728 PMCID: PMC11212922 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.22.581620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Poor intervertebral disc (IVD) healing causes IVD degeneration (IVDD) and progression to herniation and back pain. This study identified distinct roles of TNFα-receptors (TNFRs) in contributing to poor healing in painful IVDD. We first isolated IVDD tissue of back pain subjects and determined the complex pro-inflammatory mixture contained many chemokines for recruiting inflammatory cells. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of human IVDD tissues revealed these pro-inflammatory cytokines were dominantly expressed by a small macrophage-population. Human annulus fibrosus (hAF) cells treated with IVDD-conditioned media (CM) underwent senescence with greatly reduced metabolic rates and limited inflammatory responses. TNFR1 inhibition partially restored hAF cell metabolism sufficiently to enable a robust chemokine and cytokine response to CM. We showed that the pro-reparative TNFR2 was very limited on hIVD cell membranes so that TNFR2 inhibition with blocking antibodies or activation using Atsttrin had no effect on hAF cells with CM challenge. However, TNFR2 was expressed in high levels on macrophages identified in scRNA-seq analyses, suggesting their role in repair responses. Results therefore point to therapeutic strategies for painful IVDD involving immunomodulation of TNFR1 signaling in IVD cells to enhance metabolism and enable a more robust inflammatory response including recruitment or delivery of TNFR2 expressing immune cells to enhance IVD repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gansau
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena Grossi
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Levon Rodriguez
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Damien M. Laudier
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Saad Chaudhary
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew C. Hecht
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - James C. Iatridis
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY 10029, USA
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Liu W, Song A, Wu Y, Gong P, Zhao J, Zhang L, Liu X, Wang R, Guo H, Yang P. Enhanced immunomodulation and periodontal regeneration efficacy of subgingivally delivered progranulin-loaded hydrogel as an adjunct to non-surgical treatment for Class II furcation involvement in dogs. J Clin Periodontol 2024; 51:774-786. [PMID: 38462847 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of subgingival delivery of progranulin (PGRN)/gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) complex as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) on an experimental periodontitis dog model with Class II furcation involvement (FI). MATERIALS AND METHODS A Class II FI model was established, and the defects were divided into four treatment groups: (a) no treatment (control); (b) SRP; (c) SRP + GelMA; (d) SRP + PGRN/GelMA. Eight weeks after treatment, periodontal parameters were recorded, gingival crevicular fluid and gingival tissue were collected for ELISA and RT-qPCR, respectively, and mandibular tissue blocks were collected for micro computed tomography (micro-CT) scanning and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. RESULTS The SRP + PGRN/GelMA group showed significant improvement in all periodontal parameters compared with those in the other groups. The expression of markers related to M1 macrophage and Th17 cell significantly decreased, and the expression of markers related to M2 macrophage and Treg cell significantly increased in the SRP + PGRN/GelMA group compared with those in the other groups. The volume, quality and area of new bone and the length of new cementum in the root furcation defects of the PGRN/GelMA group were significantly increased compared to those in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Subgingival delivery of the PGRN/GelMA complex could be a promising non-surgical adjunctive therapy for anti-inflammation, immunomodulation and periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Liu
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Aimei Song
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Yixi Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Pizhang Gong
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ruwei Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Hongmei Guo
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Pishan Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
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Poniatowski ŁA, Joniec-Maciejak I, Wawer A, Sznejder-Pachołek A, Machaj E, Ziętal K, Mirowska-Guzel D. Dose-Ranging Effects of the Intracerebral Administration of Atsttrin in Experimental Model of Parkinson's Disease Induced by 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04161-0. [PMID: 38642286 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a multitude of motor and non-motor clinical symptoms resulting from the progressive and long-lasting abnormal loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Currently, the available treatments for patients with Parkinson's disease are limited and exert only symptomatic effects, without adequate signs of delaying or stopping the progression of the disease. Atsttrin constitutes the bioengineered protein which ultrastructure is based on the polypeptide chain frame of the progranulin (PGRN), which exerts anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of TNFα. The conducted preclinical studies suggest that the therapeutic implementation of Atsttrin may be potentially effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with the occurrence of neuroinflammatory processes. The aim of the proposed study was to investigate the effect of direct bilateral intracerebral administration of Atsttrin using stereotactic methods in the preclinical C57BL/6 mouse model of Parkinson's disease inducted by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication. The analysis of the dose dependency effects of the increasing doses of Atsttrin has covered a number of parameters and markers regarding neurodegenerative processes and inflammatory responses including IL-1α, TNFα, IL-6, TH, and TG2 mRNA expressions. Accordingly, the evaluation of the changes in the neurochemical profile included DA, DOPAC, 3-MT, HVA, NA, MHPG, 5-HT, and 5-HIAA concentration levels. The intracerebral administration of Atsttrin into the striatum effectively attenuated the neuroinflammatory reaction in evaluated neuroanatomical structures. Furthermore, the partial restoration of monoamine content and its metabolic turnover were observed. In this case, taking into account the previously described pharmacokinetic profile and extrapolated bioavailability as well as the stability characteristics of Atsttrin, an attempt was made to describe as precisely as possible the quantitative and qualitative effects of increasing doses of the compound within the brain tissue microenvironment in the presented preclinical model of the disease. Collectively, this findings demonstrated that the intracerebral administration of Atsttrin may represent a potential novel therapeutic method for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz A Poniatowski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Salvador-Allende-Straße 30, 17036, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Ilona Joniec-Maciejak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adriana Wawer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sznejder-Pachołek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Machaj
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ziętal
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Huang G, Jian J, Liu CJ. Progranulinopathy: A diverse realm of disorders linked to progranulin imbalances. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:142-159. [PMID: 37981505 PMCID: PMC10978308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the GRN gene in humans, was originally isolated as a secreted growth factor that implicates in a multitude of processes ranging from regulation of tumorigenesis, inflammation to neural proliferation. Compelling evidence indicating that GRN mutation can lead to various common neuronal degenerative diseases and rare lysosomal storage diseases. These findings have unveiled a critical role for PGRN as a lysosomal protein in maintaining lysosomal function. The phenotypic spectrum of PGRN imbalance has expanded to encompass a broad spectrum of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, metabolic, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases. These diseases collectively referred to as Progranulinopathy- a term encompasses the wide spectrum of disorders influenced by PGRN imbalance. Unlike its known extracellular function as a growth factor-like molecule associated with multiple membrane receptors, PGRN also serves as an intracellular co-chaperone engaged in the folding and traffic of its associated proteins, particularly the lysosomal hydrolases. This chaperone activity is required for PGRN to exert its diverse functions across a broad range of diseases, encompassing both the central nervous system and peripheral systems. In this comprehensive review, we present an update of the emerging role of PGRN in Progranulinopathy, with special focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between PGRN and a diverse array of proteins at various levels, ranging from extracellular fluids and intracellular components, as well as various pathophysiological processes involved. This review seeks to offer a comprehensive grasp of PGRN's diverse functions, aiming to unveil intricate mechanisms behind Progranulinopathy and open doors for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Kong X, Liu C. How do small quantities of cartilage sodium channels play a significant role in osteoarthritis? Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1634. [PMID: 38530147 PMCID: PMC10964914 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics and RehabilitationYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Chuan‐Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and RehabilitationYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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Kuczyńska M, Moskot M, Gabig-Cimińska M. Insights into Autophagic Machinery and Lysosomal Function in Cells Involved in the Psoriatic Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Cascade. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2024; 72:aite-2024-0005. [PMID: 38409665 DOI: 10.2478/aite-2024-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Impaired autophagy, due to the dysfunction of lysosomal organelles, contributes to maladaptive responses by pathways central to the immune system. Deciphering the immune-inflammatory ecosystem is essential, but remains a major challenge in terms of understanding the mechanisms responsible for autoimmune diseases. Accumulating evidence implicates a role that is played by a dysfunctional autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) and an immune niche in psoriasis (Ps), one of the most common chronic skin diseases, characterized by the co-existence of autoimmune and autoinflammatory responses. The dysregulated autophagy associated with the defective lysosomal system is only one aspect of Ps pathogenesis. It probably cannot fully explain the pathomechanism involved in Ps, but it is likely important and should be seriously considered in Ps research. This review provides a recent update on discoveries in the field. Also, it sheds light on how the dysregulation of intracellular pathways, coming from modulated autophagy and endolysosomal trafficking, characteristic of key players of the disease, i.e., skin-resident cells, as well as circulating immune cells, may be responsible for immune impairment and the development of Ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Kuczyńska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Moskot
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Liang L, Zhang F, Feng N, Kuang B, Fan M, Chen C, Pan Y, Zhou P, Geng N, Li X, Xian M, Deng L, Li X, Kuang L, Luo F, Tan Q, Xie Y, Guo F. IRE1α protects against osteoarthritis by regulating progranulin-dependent XBP1 splicing and collagen homeostasis. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2376-2389. [PMID: 37907740 PMCID: PMC10689778 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a full-joint, multifactorial, degenerative and inflammatory disease that seriously affects the quality of life of patients due to its disabling and pain-causing properties. ER stress has been reported to be closely related to the progression of OA. The inositol-requiring enzyme 1α/X-box-binding protein-1 spliced (IRE1α/XBP1s) pathway, which is highly expressed in the chondrocytes of OA patients, promotes the degradation and refolding of abnormal proteins during ER stress and maintains the stability of the ER environment of chondrocytes, but its function and the underlying mechanisms of how it contributes to the progression of OA remain unclear. This study investigates the role of IRE1α/ERN1 in OA. Specific deficiency of ERN1 in chondrocytes spontaneously resulted in OA-like cartilage destruction and accelerated OA progression in a surgically induced arthritis model. Local delivery of AdERN1 relieved degradation of the cartilage matrix and prevented OA development in an ACLT-mediated model. Mechanistically, progranulin (PGRN), an intracellular chaperone, binds to IRE1α, promoting its phosphorylation and splicing of XBP1u to generate XBP1s. XBP1s protects articular cartilage through TNF-α/ERK1/2 signaling and further maintains collagen homeostasis by regulating type II collagen expression. The chondroprotective effect of IRE1α/ERN1 is dependent on PGRN and XBP1s splicing. ERN1 deficiency accelerated cartilage degeneration in OA by reducing PGRN expression and XBP1s splicing, subsequently decreasing collagen II expression and triggering collagen structural abnormalities and an imbalance in collagen homeostasis. This study provides new insights into OA pathogenesis and the UPR and suggests that IRE1α/ERN1 may serve as a potential target for the treatment of joint degenerative diseases, including OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Naibo Feng
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Biao Kuang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400072, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengtian Fan
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiming Pan
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Nana Geng
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyue Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Menglin Xian
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Kuang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR), State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtao Luo
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR), State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoyan Tan
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR), State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair (CBMR), State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengjin Guo
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China.
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10
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Yi J, Zhou Q, Huang J, Niu S, Ji G, Zheng T. Lipid metabolism disorder promotes the development of intervertebral disc degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115401. [PMID: 37651799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is a complex process that maintains the normal physiological function of the human body. The disorder of lipid metabolism has been implicated in various human diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and bone diseases. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), an age-related degenerative disease in the musculoskeletal system, is characterized by high morbidity, high treatment cost, and chronic recurrence. Lipid metabolism disorder may promote the pathogenesis of IDD, and the potential mechanisms are complex. Leptin, resistin, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), fatty acids, and cholesterol may promote the pathogenesis of IDD, while lipocalin, adiponectin, and progranulin (PGRN) exhibit protective activity against IDD development. Lipid metabolism disorder contributes to extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, cell apoptosis, and cartilage calcification in the intervertebral discs (IVDs) by activating inflammatory responses, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative stress and inhibiting autophagy. Several lines of agents have been developed to target lipid metabolism disorder. Inhibition of lipid metabolism disorder may be an effective strategy for the therapeutic management of IDD. However, an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanism of lipid metabolism disorder in promoting IDD development is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qingluo Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jishang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Shuo Niu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Guanglin Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Tiansheng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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11
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Moradi L, Witek L, Vivekanand Nayak V, Cabrera Pereira A, Kim E, Good J, Liu CJ. Injectable hydrogel for sustained delivery of progranulin derivative Atsttrin in treating diabetic fracture healing. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122289. [PMID: 37639975 PMCID: PMC11232488 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with long-term storage stability, controllable sustained-release properties, and biocompatibility have been garnering attention as carriers for drug/growth factor delivery in tissue engineering applications. Chitosan (CS)/Graphene Oxide (GO)/Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)/β-glycerol phosphate (β-GP) hydrogel is capable of forming a 3D gel network at physiological temperature (37 °C), rendering it an excellent candidate for use as an injectable biomaterial. This work focused on an injectable thermo-responsive CS/GO/HEC/β-GP hydrogel, which was designed to deliver Atsttrin, an engineered derivative of a known chondrogenic and anti-inflammatory growth factor-like molecule progranulin. The combination of the CS/GO/HEC/β-GP hydrogel and Atsttrin provides a unique biochemical and biomechanical environment to enhance fracture healing. CS/GO/HEC/β-GP hydrogels with increased amounts of GO exhibited rapid sol-gel transition, higher viscosity, and sustained release of Atsttrin. In addition, these hydrogels exhibited a porous interconnected structure. The combination of Atsttrin and hydrogel successfully promoted chondrogenesis and osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs) in vitro. Furthermore, the work also presented in vivo evidence that injection of Atsttrin-loaded CS/GO/HEC/β-GP hydrogel stimulated diabetic fracture healing by simultaneously inhibiting inflammatory and stimulating cartilage regeneration and endochondral bone formation signaling pathways. Collectively, the developed injectable thermo-responsive CS/GO/HEC/βG-P hydrogel yielded to be minimally invasive, as well as capable of prolonged and sustained delivery of Atsttrin, for therapeutic application in impaired fracture healing, particularly diabetic fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Moradi
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Biomaterials Division - Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak
- Biomaterials Division - Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Angel Cabrera Pereira
- Biomaterials Division - Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Ellen Kim
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Julia Good
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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12
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Purrahman D, Shojaeian A, Poniatowski ŁA, Piechowski-Jóźwiak B, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. The Role of Progranulin (PGRN) in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3435-3447. [PMID: 37561339 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening medical condition and is a leading cause of disability. Cerebral ischemia is characterized by a distinct inflammatory response starting with the production of various cytokines and other inflammation-related agents. Progranulin (PGRN), a multifunctional protein, is critical in diverse physiological reactions, such as cell proliferation, inflammation, wound healing, and nervous system development. A mature PGRN is anti-inflammatory, while granulin, its derivative, conversely induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. PGRN is significantly involved in the brain tissue and its damage, for example, improving mood and cognitive disorders caused by cerebral ischemia. It may also have protective effects against nerve and spinal cord injuries by inhibiting neuroinflammatory response and apoptosis or it may be related to the proliferation, accumulation, differentiation, and activation of microglia. PGRN is a neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. It may increase post-stroke neurogenesis of the subventricular zone (SVZ), which is particularly important in improving long-term brain function following cerebral ischemia. The neurogenesis enhanced via PGRN in the ischemic brain SVZ may be attributed to the induction of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling routes. PGRN can also promote the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PGRN increases hippocampal neurogenesis, reducing anxiety and impaired spatial learning post-cerebral ischemia. PGRN alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. PGRN can be introduced as a potent neuroprotective agent capable of improving post-ischemia neuronal actions, mainly by reducing and elevating the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Expression, storage, cleavage, and function of progranulin (PGRN) in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryush Purrahman
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Łukasz A Poniatowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Salvador-Allende-Straße 30, 17036, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Bartłomiej Piechowski-Jóźwiak
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, 59 Hamouda Bin Ali Al Dhaheri Street, Jazeerat Al Maryah, PO Box 112412, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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13
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Chen Y, Jiang M, Chen X. Therapeutic potential of TNFR2 agonists: a mechanistic perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1209188. [PMID: 37662935 PMCID: PMC10469862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TNFR2 agonists have been investigated as potential therapies for inflammatory diseases due to their ability to activate and expand immunosuppressive CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Despite TNFR2 being predominantly expressed in Treg cells at high levels, activated effector T cells also exhibit a certain degree of TNFR2 expression. Consequently, the role of TNFR2 signaling in coordinating immune or inflammatory responses under different pathological conditions is complex. In this review article, we analyze possible factors that may determine the therapeutic outcomes of TNFR2 agonism, including the levels of TNFR2 expression on different cell types, the biological properties of TNFR2 agonists, and disease status. Based on recent progress in the understanding of TNFR2 biology and the study of TNFR2 agonistic agents, we discuss the future direction of developing TNFR2 agonists as a therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Ministry of Education (MoE) Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Macau, Macau SAR, China
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14
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Wang L, Chen Y, Wang M, Zhao C, Qiao D. Relationship between gene-environment interaction and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 164:281-290. [PMID: 37390623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene-environment interaction (G × E) refers to the change of genetic effects under the participation of environmental factors resulting in differences in genetic expression. G × E has been studied in the occurrence and development of many neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). AIM A systematic review was conducted to investigate the role of G × E plays in OCD. This review explored the relationship between G × E and the susceptibility to OCD occurrence, disease progression, and treatment response. METHODS This systematic literature search was performed using Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and CNKI. Seven studies were selected, which included seven genes (BDNF, COMT, MAO, 5-HTT, SMAD4, PGRN, and SLC1A1) polymorphisms, polygenic risk score (PRS), and two environmental factors (childhood trauma and stressful life events). RESULTS Information from this systematic review indicated that G × E increased the susceptibility to OCD, played a crucial role in the clinical characteristics, and had an inconsistent impact on treatment response of OCD. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The multi-omics studies and the inclusion of G × E in future GWAS studies of OCD should be drawn more attention, which may contribute to a deeper understanding of the etiology of OCD as well as guide therapeutic interventions for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China; Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, China
| | - Chaoben Zhao
- Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, China
| | - Dongdong Qiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
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15
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Xu H, Gan C, Xiang Z, Xiang T, Li J, Huang X, Qin X, Liu T, Sheng J, Wang X. Targeting the TNF-α-TNFR interaction with EGCG to block NF-κB signaling in human synovial fibroblasts. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114575. [PMID: 36963358 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-TNF-α receptor (TNFR) interaction plays a central role in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, and is therefore considered a key target for drug discovery. However, natural compounds that can specifically block the TNF-α-TNFR interaction are rarely reported. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most active, abundant, and thoroughly investigated polyphenolic compound in green tea. However, the molecular mechanism by which EGCG ameliorates autoimmune arthritis remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that EGCG can directly bind to TNF-α, TNFR1, and TNFR2 with similar μM affinity and disrupt the interactions between TNF-α and TNFR1 and TNFR2, which inhibits TNF-α-induced L929 cell death, blocks TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in 293-TNF-α response cell line, and eventually leads to inhibition of TNF-α-induced NF-κB signaling pathway in HFLS and MH7A cells. Thus, regular consumption of EGCG in green tea may represent a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of TNF-α-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chunxia Gan
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zemin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ting Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xueqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiangdong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Titi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Jun Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pu-er Tea Science, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Kunming 650201, China.
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16
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Sun Y, Zhang L, Liu P, Peng G. Autoimmunity and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: From Laboratory Study to Clinical Practice. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:495-503. [PMID: 37008802 PMCID: PMC10065017 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s394286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a group of neurodegenerative diseases with heterogenous clinical, genetic, and pathological characteristics that show similar impairment of areas in the frontal and/or temporal lobes. Prime doctors' lack of awareness of this complex disease makes early identification and accurate intervention difficult. Autoimmune diseases and autoantibodies are manifestations of different levels of autoimmune reactions. This review presents research findings examining the relationship between autoimmunity and FTLD in terms of autoimmune diseases and autoantibodies with a focus on identifying potential diagnosis and treatment approaches. The findings indicate that the same or similar pathophysiological mechanisms may exist from clinical, genetic, and pathological perspectives. However, the existing evidence is not sufficient to extract substantial conclusions. On the basis of the current situation, we propose future research patterns using prospective studies on large populations and combined clinical and experimental research. Autoimmune reactions or, more generally, inflammatory reactions should receive increased attention from doctors and scientists of all disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lumi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoping Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Guoping Peng, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, #79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13588150613, Email
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Liu P, Li Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Song Y, Ji T, Li Y, Ma L. Serum progranulin as a potential biomarker for frailty in Chinese older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:399-406. [PMID: 36562981 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty can increase adverse health outcomes in older adults. Progranulin is a secreted glycoprotein involved in regulating various biological processes. Different perspectives exist on the relationship between progranulin and frailty. AIMS We aimed to evaluate the association of progranulin with frailty in older Chinese adults. METHODS We included 265 older in-patients who were divided into the robust (n = 31), pre-frail (n = 116) and frail (n = 118) groups according to the FRAIL scale. Serum IL-6, CXCL-10, progranulin, and CRP levels were assayed. Spearman's correlation and logistic regression models were used to analyze the association of serum biomarkers with frailty, and ROC was used to evaluate the diagnostic progranulin value for frailty. RESULTS The frail group was older and had lower BMI, higher prevalence of coronary heart disease, worse grip strength and walking speed, and higher IL-6, CXCL-10, progranulin, and CRP serum levels than the robust and pre-frail groups. Progranulin levels were negatively correlated with grip strength (r = - 0.152, p = 0.016) and positively correlated with IL-6 (r = 0.207, p = 0.001) and CXCL-10 (r = 0.160, p = 0.009) after adjusting for age and sex. Furthermore, progranulin remained associated with frailty after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, chronic diseases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (OR = 1.003, 95% CI 1.001-1.006, p = 0.022). The AUC of serum progranulin levels for diagnostic frailty was 0.927 (95% CI 0.896-0.958, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION High serum progranulin levels were observed in frail older adults and were associated with worse physical function and increased chronic inflammation. Progranulin may be a potential biomarker for frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, #45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, #45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Shijie Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, #45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, #45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, #45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Tong Ji
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, #45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, #45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, #45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, 100053, China.
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18
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Progranulin in Musculoskeletal Inflammatory and Degenerative Disorders, Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus and Intervertebral Disc Disease: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121544. [PMID: 36558994 PMCID: PMC9782117 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a glycoprotein formed by 593 amino acids encoded by the GRN gene. It has an important role in immunity and inflammatory response, as well as in tissue recovery. Its role in musculoskeletal inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and intervertebral disc degeneration disease (IVDD), is, nowadays, an important target to investigate. The objective of this review is to systematically sum up all the recent findings concerning PGRN as a target in the development and resolution of the inflammatory diseases. PubMed was examined with the terms combinations (Progranulin) AND (Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic), (Progranulin) AND (Arthritis, Rheumatoid), and (Progranulin) AND (Intervertebral Disc Degeneration). PubMed was examined with the terms combinations (Atsttrin) AND (Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic), (Atsttrin) AND (Arthritis, Rheumatoid), and (Atsttrin) AND (Intervertebral Disc Degeneration). Moreover, research through Web of Science was performed searching the same items. The inclusion criteria were: studies whose main topic were progranulin, or atsttrin, with emphasis on the three selected diseases. On the other hand, the exclusion criteria were studies that only focused on diseases not related to RA, lupus or IVDD, in addition to the previous published literature reviews. Since few results were obtained, we did not filter by year. The records assessed for eligibility were 23, including all the studies with the information in state of art of progranulin and its capability to be a potential target or treatment for each one of the selected diseases. As these results are descriptive and not clinical trials, we did not perform risk of bias methods. Within these results, many studies have shown an anti-inflammatory activity of PGRN in RA. PGRN levels in serum and synovial fluids in RA patients were reported higher than controls. On the other hand, serum levels were directly correlated with SLE disease activity index, suggesting an important role of PGRN as a player in the progression of inflammatory diseases and a therapeutical approach for the recovery. This review has some limitations due to the small number of studies in this regard; therefore, we highlight the importance and the necessity of further investigation. No external funding was implicated in this systematical review.
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Chen Q, Wu Z, Xie L. Progranulin is essential for bone homeostasis and immunology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1518:58-68. [PMID: 36177883 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication or crosstalk between immune and skeletal cells is considered a crucial element in bone homeostasis modulation. Progranulin (PGRN) is an autocrine growth factor that is structured as beads-on-a-string and participates in multiple pathophysiological processes, including atherosclerosis, arthritis, neurodegenerative pathologies, cancer, and wound repair. PGRN functions as a competitor that binds to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), thereby blocking the TNF-α pathway. PGRN is regarded as an agonist of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, delaying the progression of inflammation through the TNFR2 pathway. The exploitation of PGRN may bring benefits for inflammatory bone diseases and the stabilization of bone homeostasis. The PGRN-modified analog Atsttrin possesses three TNFR-binding fragments and thereby exerts superior therapeutic effects on multiple preclinical animal models compared to PGRN. In this review, we highlight the emerging roles of PGRN in bone formation, as well as in physiological and TNF-α-mediated inflammatory conditions revealed in recent discoveries. We address potential therapies for the treatment of inflammatory bone conditions, such as periodontitis, by the use of PGRN and its derivative Atsttrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - ZuPing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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20
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Motofei IG. Biology of cancer; from cellular and molecular mechanisms to developmental processes and adaptation. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:600-615. [PMID: 34695580 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer research has been largely focused on the cellular and molecular levels of investigation. Recent data show that not only the cell but also the extracellular matrix plays a major role in the progression of malignancy. In this way, the cells and the extracellular matrix create a specific local microenvironment that supports malignant development. At the same time, cancer implies a systemic evolution which is closely related to developmental processes and adaptation. Consequently, there is currently a real gap between the local investigation of cancer at the microenvironmental level, and the pathophysiological approach to cancer as a systemic disease. In fact, the cells and the matrix are not only complementary structures but also interdependent components that act synergistically. Such relationships lead to cell-matrix integration, a supracellular form of biological organization that supports tissue development. The emergence of this supracellular level of organization, as a structure, leads to the emergence of the supracellular control of proliferation, as a supracellular function. In humans, proliferation is generally involved in developmental processes and adaptation. These processes suppose a specific configuration at the systemic level, which generates high-order guidance for local supracellular control of proliferation. In conclusion, the supracellular control of proliferation act as an interface between the downstream level of cell division and differentiation, and upstream level of developmental processes and adaptation. Understanding these processes and their disorders is useful not only to complete the big picture of malignancy as a systemic disease, but also to open new treatment perspectives in the form of etiopathogenic (supracellular or informational) therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion G Motofei
- Department of Oncology/ Surgery, Carol Davila University, St. Pantelimon Hospital, Dionisie Lupu Street, No. 37, Bucharest, 020021, Romania.
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21
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Gohda T, Murakoshi M, Suzuki Y, Hiki M, Naito T, Takahashi K, Tabe Y. Circulating tumor necrosis factor receptors are associated with mortality and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275745. [PMID: 36219652 PMCID: PMC9553057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although hyperinflammatory response influences the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), little has been reported about the utility of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related biomarkers in reflecting the prognosis. We examined whether TNF receptors (TNFRs: TNFR1, TNFR2) and progranulin (PGRN) levels, in addition to interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), are associated with mortality or disease severity in COVID-19 patients. METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at Juntendo University Hospital. Eighty hospitalized patients with various severities of COVID-19 were enrolled. Furthermore, serum levels of TNF-related biomarkers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Twenty-five patients died during hospitalization, and 55 were discharged. The median (25th and 75th percentiles) age of the study patients was 70 (61-76) years, 44 (55.0%) patients were males, and 26 (32.5%) patients had chronic kidney disease (CKD). When comparing with patients who received and did not receive treatment at the intensive care unit (ICU), the former had a higher tendency of being male and have diabetes, hypertension, and CKD; had higher levels of white blood cells, D-dimer, and lactate dehydrogenase; and had lower body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and lymphocyte counts. Significant differences were observed in TNFR, PGRN, IL-6, and CRP levels between each severity (mild-severe) group. Furthermore, the serum levels of TNFR, IL-6, and CRP, but not PGRN, in ICU patients were significantly higher than in the patients who were not admitted to the ICU. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that high levels of TNFR2 were only associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 even after adjustment for relevant clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS High TNFR2 level might be helpful for predicting mortality or disease severity in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Gohda
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Maki Murakoshi
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hiki
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Naito
- Department of Research Support Utilizing Bioresource Bank, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Research Support Utilizing Bioresource Bank, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Research Support Utilizing Bioresource Bank, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Decoding lymphomyeloid divergence and immune hyporesponsiveness in G-CSF-primed human bone marrow by single-cell RNA-seq. Cell Discov 2022; 8:59. [PMID: 35732626 PMCID: PMC9217915 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been widely used to mobilize bone marrow hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells for transplantation in the treatment of hematological malignancies for decades. Additionally, G-CSF is also accepted as an essential mediator in immune regulation, leading to reduced graft-versus-host disease following transplantation. Despite the important clinical roles of G-CSF, a comprehensive, unbiased, and high-resolution survey into the cellular and molecular ecosystem of the human G-CSF-primed bone marrow (G-BM) is lacking so far. Here, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing to profile hematopoietic cells in human bone marrow from two healthy donors before and after 5-day G-CSF administration. Through unbiased bioinformatics analysis, our data systematically showed the alterations in the transcriptional landscape of hematopoietic cells in G-BM, and revealed that G-CSF-induced myeloid-biased differentiation initiated from the stage of lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors. We also illustrated the cellular and molecular basis of hyporesponsiveness of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells caused by G-CSF stimulation, including the potential direct mechanisms and indirect regulations mediated by ligand–receptor interactions. Taken together, our data extend the understanding of lymphomyeloid divergence and potential mechanisms involved in hyporesponsiveness of T and NK cells in human G-BM, which might provide basis for optimization of stem cell transplantation in hematological malignancy treatment.
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23
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Nasser AH, Gendy AM, El-Yamany MF, El-Tanbouly DM. Upregulation of neuronal progranulin mediates the antinociceptive effect of trimetazidine in paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy: Role of ERK1/2 signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 448:116096. [PMID: 35662665 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal progranulin (PGRN) overexpression is an endogenous adaptive pain defense following nerve injury. It allows the survival of injured neurons to block enhanced nociceptive responses. Trimetazidine (TMZ) is widely used by cardiac patients as an anti-anginal drug, reflecting its anti-ischemic property. TMZ promotes axonal regeneration of sciatic nerves after crush injury. This study explored the interplay between PGRN and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) to address mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain alleviation following paclitaxel (PTX) administration. Rats were given four injections of PTX (2 mg/kg, i.p.) every other day. Two days after the last dose, rats received TMZ (25 mg/kg) with or without the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, daily for 21 days. TMZ preserved the integrity of myelinated nerve fibers, as evidenced by an obvious reduction in axonal damage biomarkers. Accordingly, it alleviated PTX-evoked thermal, cold, and mechanical hyperalgesia/allodynia. TMZ also promoted ERK1/2 phosphorylation with a profound upsurge in PGRN content. These effects were associated with a substantial increase in Notch1 receptor gene expression and a prominent anti-inflammatory effect with a marked increase in mRNA expression of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. Further, TMZ decreased oxidative stress and caspase-3 activity in the sciatic nerve. Conversely, co-administration of PD98059 completely abolished these beneficial effects. Thus, the robust antinociceptive effect of TMZ is largely attributed to upregulating PGRN and Notch1 receptors via ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa H Nasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdallah M Gendy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F El-Yamany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia M El-Tanbouly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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24
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Liu L, Shi Z, Ji X, Zhang W, Luan J, Zahr T, Qiang L. Adipokines, adiposity, and atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:272. [PMID: 35503385 PMCID: PMC11073100 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Characterized by a surplus of whole-body adiposity, obesity is strongly associated with the prognosis of atherosclerosis, a hallmark of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the major contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Adipose tissue serves a primary role as a lipid-storage organ, secreting cytokines known as adipokines that affect whole-body metabolism, inflammation, and endocrine functions. Emerging evidence suggests that adipokines can play important roles in atherosclerosis development, progression, as well as regression. Here, we review the versatile functions of various adipokines in atherosclerosis and divide these respective functions into three major groups: protective, deteriorative, and undefined. The protective adipokines represented here are adiponectin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (CTRP9), and progranulin, while the deteriorative adipokines listed include leptin, chemerin, resistin, Interleukin- 6 (IL-6), and more, with additional adipokines that have unclear roles denoted as undefined adipokines. Comprehensively categorizing adipokines in the context of atherosclerosis can help elucidate the various pathways involved and potentially pave novel therapeutic approaches to treat CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhua Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zunhan Shi
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwen Luan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tarik Zahr
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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25
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Alyahya AM. The role of progranulin in ischemic heart disease and its related risk factors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 175:106215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Katyal P, Hettinghouse A, Meleties M, Hasan S, Chen C, Cui M, Sun G, Menon R, Lin B, Regatte R, Montclare JK, Liu CJ. Injectable recombinant block polymer gel for sustained delivery of therapeutic protein in post traumatic osteoarthritis. Biomaterials 2022; 281:121370. [PMID: 35032910 PMCID: PMC9055922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based biomaterials offer several advantages over synthetic materials, owing to their unique stimuli-responsive properties, biocompatibility and modular nature. Here, we demonstrate that E5C, a recombinant protein block polymer, consisting of five repeats of elastin like polypeptide (E) and a coiled-coil domain of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (C), is capable of forming a porous networked gel at physiological temperature, making it an excellent candidate for injectable biomaterials. Combination of E5C with Atsttrin, a chondroprotective engineered derivative of anti-inflammatory growth factor progranulin, provides a unique biochemical and biomechanical environment to protect against post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) onset and progression. E5C gel was demonstrated to provide prolonged release of Atsttrin and inhibit chondrocyte catabolism while facilitating anabolic signaling in vitro. We also provide in vivo evidence that prophylactic and therapeutic application of Atsttrin-loaded E5C gels protected against PTOA onset and progression in a rabbit anterior cruciate ligament transection model. Collectively, we have developed a unique protein-based gel capable of minimally invasive, sustained delivery of prospective therapeutics, particularly the progranulin-derivative Atsttrin, for therapeutic application in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Katyal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Michael Meleties
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Sadaf Hasan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Changhong Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Guodong Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Rajiv Menon
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Bonnie Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Ravinder Regatte
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jin Kim Montclare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States; Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York 10003, United States; Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York 10016, United States; Department of Biomaterials, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, United States.
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, United States.
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27
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A new immunometabolic perspective of intervertebral disc degeneration. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:47-60. [PMID: 34845360 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a common finding on spine imaging that increases in prevalence with age. IVD degeneration is a frequent cause of low back pain, which is a leading cause of disability. The process of IVD degeneration consists of gradual structural change accompanied by severe alterations in metabolic homeostasis. IVD degeneration, like osteoarthritis, is a common comorbidity in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, two metabolic syndrome pathological conditions in which adipokines are important promoters of low-grade inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation and fibrosis. Impairment in white adipose tissue function, due to the abnormal fat accumulation in obesity, is characterized by increased production of specific pro-inflammatory proteins such as adipokines by white adipose tissue and of cytokines such as TNF by immune cells of the stromal compartment. Investigations into the immunometabolic alterations in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and their interconnections with IVD degeneration provide insights into how adipokines might affect the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration and impair IVD function and repair. Toll-like receptor-mediated signalling has also been implicated as a promoter of the inflammatory response in the metabolic alterations associated with IVD and is thus thought to have a role in IVD degeneration. Pathological starvation, obesity and adipokine dysregulation can result in immunometabolic alterations, which could be targeted for the development of new therapeutics.
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Distinctive roles of tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 and type 2 in a mouse disc degeneration model. J Orthop Translat 2021; 31:62-72. [PMID: 34934623 PMCID: PMC8648970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression is correlated with the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Progranulin binding to tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) and its derivative Atsttrin are effective for treating inflammatory arthritis. We hypothesize that Atsttrin has a protective effect in IVDD through different roles of TNFR receptor type 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR receptor type 2 (TNFR2) in degenerated discs. Methods IVDD models were established in TNFR1−/−, TNFR2−/− mice and their control littermates. Nucleus Pulpous (NP) samples from human patients and IVDD murine models were evaluated by X-ray, micro-MRI, μCT, histological staining and immunofluorescence staining. NP cells isolated from wild-type (WT), TNFR1−/− and TNFR2−/− mice were treated with TNF-α or Atsttrin and then assayed by Western blotting, qRT–PCR, and ELISA. Results TNFR1 and TNFR2 expression was significantly elevated in the disc tissues of both human patients and IVDD murine models. TNFR1 knockout contributed to reduced disc degeneration. In contrast, TNFR2 knockout was associated with enhanced IVDD severity, including degraded cellular composition, increased cell apoptosis and elevated vertebral destruction. Atsttrin protected against IVDD in WT and TNFR1−/− mouse models but had no effect in TNFR2−/− IVDD models. Additionally, in vitro NP cell-based assays demonstrated that TNF-α-stimulated catabolism and Atsttrin-activated anabolism depended on TNFR1 and TNFR2, respectively. Conclusion TNFR1 is associated with the degenerative progression of IVDD, while TNFR2 contributes to the protective effect on the discs. Atsttrin protects against IVDD at least partially by inhibiting the TNFα/TNFR1 inflammatory/catabolic pathway and activating the TNFR2 protective/anabolic pathway. The translational potential of this article This study demonstrates that TNFR1 and TNFR2 have disparate roles in disc degeneration and hlights the potential use of Atsttrin as a therapeutic agent against IVDD in mice.
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Schumann L, Wilken-Schmitz A, Trautmann S, Vogel A, Schreiber Y, Hahnefeld L, Gurke R, Geisslinger G, Tegeder I. Increased Fat Taste Preference in Progranulin-Deficient Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:4125. [PMID: 34836380 PMCID: PMC8623710 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin deficiency in mice is associated with deregulations of the scavenger receptor signaling of CD36/SCARB3 in immune disease models, and CD36 is a dominant receptor in taste bud cells in the tongue and contributes to the sensation of dietary fats. Progranulin-deficient mice (Grn-/-) are moderately overweight during middle age. We therefore asked if there was a connection between progranulin/CD36 in the tongue and fat taste preferences. By using unbiased behavioral analyses in IntelliCages and Phenomaster cages we showed that progranulin-deficient mice (Grn-/-) developed a strong preference of fat taste in the form of 2% milk over 0.3% milk, and for diluted MCTs versus tap water. The fat preference in the 7d-IntelliCage observation period caused an increase of 10% in the body weight of Grn-/- mice, which did not occur in the wildtype controls. CD36 expression in taste buds was reduced in Grn-/- mice at RNA and histology levels. There were no differences in the plasma or tongue lipids of various classes including sphingolipids, ceramides and endocannabinoids. The data suggest that progranulin deficiency leads to a lower expression of CD36 in the tongue resulting in a stronger urge for fatty taste and fatty nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Schumann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Annett Wilken-Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Alexandra Vogel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Hahnefeld
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
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Zhao X, Liu R, Chen Y, Hettinghouse A, Liu C. Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Is Required for Fexofenadine's Therapeutic Effects against Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11155. [PMID: 34681815 PMCID: PMC8539349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is an autoimmune condition with complicated pathology and diverse clinical signs. TNFα is believed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IBD. We recently identified fexofenadine, a well-known antagonist of histamine H1 receptor, as a novel inhibitor of TNFα signaling. Additionally, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) was isolated as a binding target of fexofenadine, and fexofenadine-mediated anti-TNF activity relied on cPLA2 in vitro. The objective of this study is to determine whether fexofenadine is therapeutic against chemically-induced murine IBD model and whether cPLA2 and/or histamine H1 receptor is important for fexofenadine's anti-inflammatory activity in vivo by leveraging various genetically modified mice and chemically induced murine IBD models. Both dextran sulfate sodium- and 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced murine IBD models revealed that orally delivered fexofenadine was therapeutic against IBD, evidenced by mitigated clinical symptoms, decreased secretions of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and IL-1β, lowered intestinal inflammation, and reduced p-p65 and p-IĸBα. Intriguingly, Fexofenadine-mediated protective effects against IBD were lost in cPLA2 deficient mice but not in histamine H1 receptor-deficient mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the therapeutic effects of over-the-counter drug Fexofenadine in treating DSS-induced IBD murine and provide first in vivo evidence showing that cPLA2 is required for fexofenadine's therapeutic effects in murine IBD model and probably other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Ronghan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Yuehong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (A.H.)
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (R.L.); (Y.C.); (A.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Yang X, Lu D, Wang R, Lian Z, Lin Z, Zhuo J, Chen H, Yang M, Tan W, Yang M, Wei X, Wei Q, Zheng S, Xu X. Single-cell profiling reveals distinct immune phenotypes that contribute to ischaemia-reperfusion injury after steatotic liver transplantation. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13116. [PMID: 34469018 PMCID: PMC8488562 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The discrepancy between supply and demand of organ has led to an increased utilization of steatotic liver for liver transplantation (LT). Hepatic steatosis, however, is a major risk factor for graft failure due to increased susceptibility to ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury during transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess the plasticity and phenotype of immune cells within the microenvironment of steatotic liver graft at single-cell level, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) was carried out on 23 675 cells from transplanted rat livers. Bioinformatic analyses and multiplex immunohistochemistry were performed to assess the functional properties, transcriptional regulation, phenotypic switching and cell-cell interactions of different cell subtypes. RESULTS We have identified 11 different cell types in transplanted livers and found that the highly complex ecosystem was shaped by myeloid-derived cell subsets that transit between different states and interact mutually. Notably, a pro-inflammatory phenotype of Kupffer cells (KCs) with high expression of colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF3) that was enriched in transplanted steatotic livers was potentially participated in fatty graft injury. We have also detected a subset of dendritic cells (DCs) with highly expressing XCR1 that was correlated with CD8+ T cells, mediating the severer steatotic liver damage by I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study provide new insight into the mechanisms by which steatosis exacerbates liver damage from I/R injury. Interventions based on these observations create opportunities in attenuating fatty liver graft injury and expanding the donor pool.
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Liu K, Wei J, Li G, Liu R, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Shi J, Xie Q, Cheng L. Fexofenadine Protects Against Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Through TNF Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:687024. [PMID: 34504840 PMCID: PMC8421647 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.687024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Fexofenadine (FFD) is an antihistamine drug with an anti-inflammatory effect. The intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration process is involved in inflammation in which tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plays an important role. This study aims to investigate the role of FFD in the pathological process of IVD degeneration. Methods: Safranin O staining was used for the measurement of cartilageous tissue in the disc. Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining was used to determine the disc construction. A rat needle puncture model was taken advantage of to examine the role of FFD in disc degeneration in vivo. Western Blotting assay, immunochemistry, and immunoflurence staining were used for the determination of inflammatory molecules. ELISA assay was performed to detect the release of inflammatory cytokines. A real-time PCR assay was analyzed to determine the transcriptional expressions of molecules. Results: Elevated TNF-α resulted in inflammatory disc degeneration, while FFD protected against TNF-α-induced IVD degeneration. Mechanism study found FFD exhibited a disc protective effect through at least two pathways. (a) FFD inhibited TNF-α-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and (b) FFD rescued TNF-α induced inflammation in disc degeneration. Furthermore, the present study found that FFD suppressed TNF-α mediated disc degeneration via the cPLA2/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions: FFD provided another alternative for treating disc degeneration through a novel mechanism. Additionally, FFD may also be a potential target for the treatment of other inflammatory-related diseases, including IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianlu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Guohua Li
- Shanxian Central Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Ronghan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dawang Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Fu W, Hu W, Yi YS, Hettinghouse A, Sun G, Bi Y, He W, Zhang L, Gao G, Liu J, Toyo-Oka K, Xiao G, Solit DB, Loke P, Liu CJ. TNFR2/14-3-3ε signaling complex instructs macrophage plasticity in inflammation and autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e144016. [PMID: 34185706 DOI: 10.1172/jci144016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFR1 and TNFR2 have received prominent attention because of their dominance in the pathogenesis of inflammation and autoimmunity. TNFR1 has been extensively studied and primarily mediates inflammation. TNFR2 remains far less studied, although emerging evidence demonstrates that TNFR2 plays an antiinflammatory and immunoregulatory role in various conditions and diseases. Herein, we report that TNFR2 regulates macrophage polarization, a highly dynamic process controlled by largely unidentified intracellular regulators. Using biochemical copurification and mass spectrometry approaches, we isolated the signaling molecule 14-3-3ε as a component of TNFR2 complexes in response to progranulin stimulation in macrophages. In addition, 14-3-3ε was essential for TNFR2 signaling-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization and switch. Both global and myeloid-specific deletion of 14-3-3ε resulted in exacerbated inflammatory arthritis and counteracted the protective effects of progranulin-mediated TNFR2 activation against inflammation and autoimmunity. TNFR2/14-3-3ε signaled through PI3K/Akt/mTOR to restrict NF-κB activation while simultaneously stimulating C/EBPβ activation, thereby instructing macrophage plasticity. Collectively, this study identifies 14-3-3ε as a previously unrecognized vital component of the TNFR2 receptor complex and provides new insights into the TNFR2 signaling, particularly its role in macrophage polarization with therapeutic implications for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases with activation of the TNFR2/14-3-3ε antiinflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guodong Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yufei Bi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenjun He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guanmin Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jody Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-Oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - David B Solit
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Png Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Combination of GP88 Expression in Tumor Cells and Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Bladder Cancer Patients. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071796. [PMID: 34359965 PMCID: PMC8306318 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial bladder cancer (BCa) is the ninth most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and accounts for approximately 3% of global cancer diagnoses. We are interested in prognostic markers that may characterize tumor cells (TCs) and immune cells (ICs) and their relationship in BCa. A potential candidate marker that meets these criteria is progranulin (GP88), which is expressed separately in TCs and ICs. We analyzed GP88 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 196 muscle-invasive BCa samples using a tissue microarray. The immunoreactive score for GP88 staining in TCs and the percentage of GP88-positive ICs was determined. An easy cutoff for the staining status of TCs (positive vs. negative) and ICs (0% vs. >0%) and, more generally, negative vs. positive GP88 staining could be applied. We detected 93 patients (47.4%) and 92 patients (46.9%) with GP88-positive TCs or ICs, respectively. The IHC results were correlated with clinicopathological and survival data. Positive GP88 staining in TCs appeared to be an independent poor prognostic factor for disease-specific survival (DSS) (RR (relative risk) = 1.74; p = 0.009) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (RR = 1.92; p = 0.002). In contrast, negative GP88 staining in ICs was an independent negative predictor for overall survival (OS) (RR = 2.18; p < 0.001), DSS (RR = 2.84; p < 0.001) and RFS (RR = 2.91; p < 0.001) in multivariate Cox’s regression analysis. When combining GP88 staining in TCs and ICs, a specific combination of GP88-positive TCs and GP88-negative ICs was associated with a 2.54-fold increased risk of death, a 4.21-fold increased risk of disease-specific death and a 4.81-fold increased risk of recurrence compared to GP88-negative TCs and GP88-positive ICs. In summary, GP88 positivity in TCs is a negative prognostic factor for DSS and RFS. In addition, GP88 positivity can mark ICs that are associated with a good prognosis (OS, DSS and RFS). The combination of GP88 staining in TCs and ICs appears to be a significant independent prognostic biomarker in muscle-invasive BCa.
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Rodrigues PS, Kale PP. Mini review - The role of Glucocerebrosidase and Progranulin as possible targets in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2021; 177:1082-1089. [PMID: 34175090 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As per recent reports, there is an association between glucocerebrosidase (Gcase) enzyme and Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, certain mutations in the Gcase gene (GBA) and the progranulin (PGRN) gene are found to be linked with the imbalance in the levels of Gcase enzyme. This imbalance or decrease or impairment in Gcase activity can lead to Gaucher disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), dementia, etc. Recent evidences suggest that the drugs used to treat these diseases can be used for PD. The present review has focused on the therapeutic approaches used for diseases linked with Gcase enzyme, which can be used for PD. The review also considered possible target specific novel strategies, which may help to meet the unmet needs in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle west, 400056 Mumbai, India
| | - P P Kale
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle west, 400056 Mumbai, India.
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Granulin: An Invasive and Survival-Determining Marker in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126436. [PMID: 34208547 PMCID: PMC8235441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Granulin is a secreted, glycosylated peptide—originated by cleavage from a precursor protein—which is involved in cell growth, tumor invasion and angiogenesis. However, the specific prognostic impact of granulin in human colorectal cancer has only been studied to a limited extent. Thus, we wanted to assess the expression of granulin in colorectal cancer patients to evaluate its potential as a prognostic biomarker. Methods: Expressional differences of granulin in colorectal carcinoma tissue (n = 94) and corresponding healthy colon mucosa were assessed using qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed in colorectal cancer specimens (n = 97), corresponding healthy mucosa (n = 47) and colorectal adenomas (n = 19). Subsequently, the results were correlated with histopathological and clinical patients’ data. HCT-116 cells were transfected with siRNA for invasion and migration assays. Results: Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR revealed tumoral over expression of granulin in colorectal cancer specimens compared to corresponding healthy colon mucosa and adenomas. Tumoral overexpression of granulin was associated with a significantly impaired overall survival. Moreover, downregulation of granulin by siRNA significantly diminished the invasive capacities of HCT-116 cells in vitro. Conclusion: Expression of granulin differs in colorectal cancer tissue, adenomas and healthy colon mucosa. Furthermore, granulin features invasive and migrative capabilities and overexpression of granulin correlates with a dismal prognosis. This reveals its potential as a prognostic biomarker and granulin could be a worthwhile molecular target for individualized anticancer therapy.
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Fu W, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. In Vitro Physical and Functional Interaction Assays to Examine the Binding of Progranulin Derivative Atsttrin to TNFR2 and Its Anti-TNFα Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2248:109-119. [PMID: 33185871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
TNFα/TNFR signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and anti-TNFα therapies have been accepted as the effective approaches for treating several autoimmune diseases. Progranulin (PGRN), a multi-faced growth factor-like molecule, directly binds to TNFR1 and TNFR2, particularly to the latter with higher affinity than TNFα. PGRN derivative Atsttrin is composed of three TNFR-binding domain of PGRN and exhibits even better therapeutic effects than PGRN in several inflammatory disease models, including collagen-induced arthritis. Herein we describe the detailed methodology of using (1) ELISA-based solid phase protein-protein interaction assay to demonstrate the direct binding of Atsttrin to TNFR2 and its inhibition of TNFα/TNFR2 interaction; and (2) tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining of in vitro osteoclastogenesis to reveal the cell-based anti-TNFα activity of Atsttrin. Using the protocol described here, the investigators should be able to reproducibly detect the physical inhibition of TNFα binding to TNFR and the functional inhibition of TNFα activity by Atsttrin and various kinds of TNF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Monitoring Atsttrin-Mediated Inhibition of TNFα/NF-κβ Activation Through In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33185877 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κβ transcription factor is a molecular mediator crucial to many biological functions and a central regulator of inflammatory and immune responses. NF-κβ is activated by multiple immunologically relevant stimuli, including members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, and targeting TNF/NFκβ activity is a therapeutic objective in many inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Here, we describe the generation of a transgenic reporter mouse model, expressing the human tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) transgene (TNF-tg) and carrying the luciferase gene under control of the NFκB-responsive element (NF-κB-Luc). Bioluminescence imaging shows that overexpression of TNF-α effectively activates NF-κB luciferase in vivo. To evaluate this system as a screen for potential therapeutics targeting the TNF/NFκβ signaling pathway, we treated double mutant mice with PGRN-derived Atsttrin, an engineered molecule comprising the minimal progranulin (PGRN):TNFR binding fragments previously demonstrated as therapeutic in multiple models of TNF/NFκβ-driven disease. Administration of Atsttrin could effectively inhibit luciferase activity in TNF-tg:NF-κB-Luc double mutant mice and demonstrates that this transgenic model can be used to non-invasively monitor the in vivo efficacy of modulators of TNF-activated NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Ding Y, Wei J, Hettinghouse A, Li G, Li X, Einhorn TA, Liu CJ. Progranulin promotes bone fracture healing via TNFR pathways in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1490:77-89. [PMID: 33543485 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly increases bone fragility and fracture risk. Progranulin (PGRN) promotes bone fracture healing in both physiological and type 1 diabetic conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the role of PGRN in T2DM bone fracture healing. MKR mice (with an FVB/N genetic background) were used as the T2DM model. Drill-hole and Bonnarens and Einhorn models were used to investigate the role of PGRN in T2DM fracture healing in vivo. Primary bone marrow cells were isolated for molecular and signaling studies, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting were performed to assess PGRN effects in vitro. PGRN mRNA and protein expression were upregulated in the T2DM model. Local administration of recombinant PGRN effectively promoted T2DM bone fracture healing in vivo. Additionally, PGRN could induce anabolic metabolism during endochondral ossification through the TNFR2-Akt and Erk1/2 pathways. Furthermore, PGRN showed anti-inflammatory activity in the T2DM bone regeneration process. These findings suggest that local administration of exogenous PGRN may be an alternative strategy to support bone regeneration in patients with T2DM. Additionally, PGRN might hold therapeutic potential for other TNFR-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjing Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianlu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Guangfei Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Xin Li
- College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Thomas A Einhorn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Liu C, Li J, Shi W, Zhang L, Liu S, Lian Y, Liang S, Wang H. Progranulin Regulates Inflammation and Tumor. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2021; 19:88-102. [PMID: 31339079 PMCID: PMC7475802 DOI: 10.2174/1871523018666190724124214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) mediates cell cycle progression and cell motility as a pleiotropic growth factor and acts as a universal regulator of cell growth, migration and transformation, cell cycle, wound healing, tumorigenesis, and cytotoxic drug resistance as a secreted glycoprotein. PGRN overexpression can induce the secretion of many inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8, -6,-10, TNF-α. At the same time, this protein can promote tumor proliferation and the occurrence and development of many related diseases such as gastric cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, renal injury, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammatory, human atherosclerotic plaque, hepatocarcinoma, acute kidney injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In short, PGRN plays a very critical role in injury repair and tumorigenesis, it provides a new direction for succeeding research and serves as a target for clinical diagnosis and treatment, thus warranting further investigation. Here, we discuss the potential therapeutic utility and the effect of PGRN on the relationship between inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Liu
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Weifang Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Liujia Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Yingcong Lian
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Shujuan Liang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
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Differential organ-specific inflammatory response to progranulin in high-fat diet-fed mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1194. [PMID: 33441916 PMCID: PMC7806827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) has been reported to bind tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor and to inhibit TNFα signaling. We evaluated the effect of augmentation of TNFα signaling by PGRN deficiency on the progression of kidney injury. Eight-week-old PGRN knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed a standard diet or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Albuminuria, markers of tubular damage, and renal mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines were higher in HFD-fed KO (KO-HFD) mice than in HFD-fed WT (WT-HFD) mice. Body weight, vacuolization in proximal tubules, and systemic and adipose tissue inflammatory markers were lower in the KO-HFD mice than in the WT-HFD mice. The renal megalin expression was lower in the KO mice than in the WT mice regardless of the diet type. The megalin expression was also reduced in mouse proximal tubule epithelial cells stimulated with TNFα and in those with PGRN knockdown by small interfering RNA in vitro. PGRN deficiency was associated with both exacerbated renal inflammation and decreased systemic inflammation, including that in the adipose tissue of mice with HFD-induced obesity. Improved tubular vacuolization in the KO-HFD mice might partially be explained by the decreased expression of megalin in proximal tubules.
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Fang W, Zhou T, Shi H, Yao M, Zhang D, Qian H, Zeng Q, Wang Y, Jin F, Chai C, Chen T. Progranulin induces immune escape in breast cancer via up-regulating PD-L1 expression on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and promoting CD8 + T cell exclusion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:4. [PMID: 33390170 PMCID: PMC7780622 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Progranulin (PGRN), as a multifunctional growth factor, is overexpressed in multiple tumors, but the role of PGRN on tumor immunity is still unclear. Here, we studied the effect of PGRN on breast cancer tumor immunity and its possible molecular mechanism. Methods The changes of macrophage phenotypes after PGRN treatment were detected by western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry. Western blot was used to study the signal molecular mechanism of PGRN regulating this process. The number and localization of immune cells in Wild-type (WT) and PGRN−/− breast cancer tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence techniques. The activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells were measured by flow cytometry. Results After being treated with PGRN, the expressions of M2 markers and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on macrophages increased significantly. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway inhibitor Stattic significantly inhibited the expression of PD-L1 and M2 related markers induced by PGRN. In WT group, CD8 were co-localized with macrophages and PD-L1, but not tumor cells. The number of immune cells in PGRN−/− breast cancer tissue increased, and their infiltration into tumor parenchyma was also enhanced. Moreover, in the co-culture system, WT peritoneal macrophages not only reduced the ratio of activated CD8+ T cells but also reduced the proportion of proliferating CD8+ T cells. The addition of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and PD-L1 neutralizing antibodies effectively reversed this effect and restored the immune function of CD8+ T cells. Conclusion These results demonstrate that PGRN promotes M2 polarization and PD-L1 expression by activating the STAT3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, through PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, PGRN can promote the breast tumor immune escape. Our research may provide new ideas and targets for clinical breast cancer immunotherapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-020-01786-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Fang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - He Shi
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengli Yao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Husun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yange Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengsen Chai
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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Interaction between PGRN gene and the early trauma on clinical characteristics in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 263:134-140. [PMID: 31818769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. In this regard, abnormity of progranulin (PGRN, a key regulator of brain inflammation) and a history of childhood trauma have both been linked to an increased risk of developing OCD. This study is aimed to investigate the association between PGRN and childhood trauma in the development of OCD. METHODS We genotyped four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering PGRN in 484 OCD patients and 368 healthy controls. Among the OCD patients, 335 of them accepted clinical assessments in details. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GDMR) analysis and a general linear model were used to identify gene-environment interactions. The Braineac expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) dataset was used to analyze the differences in PGRN expression in various brain regions among different genotypes. RESULTS Our linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed that rs3859268-rs2879096-rs3785817 combined OCD and control groups constructed one haplotype block. The haplotype analysis suggested that TCA haplotype frequency was associated with the risk of developing OCD (Padj=0.03). The Braineac eQTL database revealed that rs2879096 and rs3785817 might be associated with PGRN expression in the hippocampus (Padj=0.00085, Padj=0.007). Emotional abuse was positively correlated with the obsession subscale and Y-BOCS total scores. Except for common trauma, physical abuse, emotional abuse and sexual trauma were all positively correlated with the BAI and BDI-II scores of OCD patients (all P<0.05). The interaction between emotional abuse and PGRN haplotype was associated with the development of depression symptoms in OCD patients corrected by age (Padj=0.043). CONCLUSIONS The PGRN gene and childhood trauma may be closely related to the incidence of OCD, and OCD patients who have experienced more childhood trauma may exhibit a more severe clinical symptom. The interaction between PGRN and the early trauma may play a critical role in the development of depression symptom in OCD patients.
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Tian G, Jin X, Wang Q, Ye T, Li G, Liu J. Recent advances in the study of progranulin and its role in sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 79:106090. [PMID: 31869774 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. The mortality rate of in-hospital patients whose conditions are complicated by sepsis remains high in spite of intensive-care treatment, therefore placing a significant financial burden on the health care system. In recent years, progranulin (PGRN), a cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP), has been found to play a crucial role in sepsis. PGRN participates in the pathogenesis of sepsis via diverse pathways, including bacterial clearance, cell growth and survival, tissue repair, and the regulation of inflammation. PGRN knockout mice suffer from serious infectious processes, whereas therapeutic administration of recombinant PGRN to such mice enhances bacterial clearance and reduces organ injury and mortality rate. Even though PGRN plays an important role in regulating sepsis, its potential mechanisms have not been completely clarified. In this review, we summarize the most recent research advances in the study of PGRN and its role in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xinrui Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases (Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University), Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Guangrong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Wang C, Zhang L, Ndong JDLC, Hettinghouse A, Sun G, Chen C, Zhang C, Liu R, Liu CJ. Progranulin deficiency exacerbates spinal cord injury by promoting neuroinflammation and cell apoptosis in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:238. [PMID: 31775776 PMCID: PMC6882111 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in significant and catastrophic dysfunction and disability and imposes a huge economic burden on society. This study aimed to determine whether progranulin (PGRN) plays a role in the progressive damage following SCI and evaluate the potential for development of a PGRN derivative as a new therapeutic target in SCI. METHODS PGRN-deficient (Gr-/-) and wild-type (WT) littermate mice were subjected to SCI using a weight-drop technique. Local PGRN expression following injury was evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), inclined grid walking test, and inclined plane test were conducted at indicated time points to assess neurological recovery. Inflammation and apoptosis were examined by histology (Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and Nissl staining, TUNEL assays, and immunofluorescence), Western blotting (from whole tissue protein for iNOS/p-p65/Bax/Bcl-2), and ex vivo ELISA (for TNFα/IL-1β/IL-6/IL-10). To identify the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of targeting PGRN, a PGRN derived small protein, Atsttrin, was conjugated to PLGA-PEG-PLGA thermosensitive hydrogel and injected into intrathecal space prior to SCI. BMS was recorded for neurological recovery and Western blotting was applied to detect the inflammatory and apoptotic proteins. RESULTS After SCI, PGRN was highly expressed in activated macrophage/microglia and peaked at day 7 post-injury. Grn-/- mice showed a delayed neurological recovery after SCI at day 21, 28, 35, and 42 post-injury relative to WT controls. Histology, TUNEL assay, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and ELISA all indicated that Grn-/- mice manifested uncontrolled and expanded inflammation and apoptosis. Administration of control-released Atsttrin could improve the neurological recovery and the pro-inflammatory/pro-apoptotic effect of PGRN deficiency. CONCLUSION PGRN deficiency exacerbates SCI by promoting neuroinflammation and cellular apoptosis, which can be alleviated by Atsttrin. Collectively, our data provide novel evidence of using PGRN derivatives as a promising therapeutic approach to improve the functional recovery for patients with spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Jean De La Croix Ndong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Guodong Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Changhong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Ronghan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Ersoy E, Yilmaz N, Tokmak A. Are early follicular phase serum progranulin levels predictive of the response to ovarian stimulation in IVF cycles? HUM FERTIL 2019; 25:80-85. [DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2019.1685687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Ersoy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Research and Education Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nafiye Yilmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Research and Education Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aytekin Tokmak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Research and Education Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Wei J, Zhang L, Ding Y, Liu R, Guo Y, Hettinghouse A, Buza J, De La Croix J, Li X, Einhorn TA, Liu CJ. Progranulin promotes diabetic fracture healing in mice with type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1460:43-56. [PMID: 31423598 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency, and patients with diabetes have an increased risk of bone fracture and significantly impaired fracture healing. Proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha is significantly upregulated in diabetic fractures and is believed to underlie delayed fracture healing commonly observed in diabetes. Our previous genetic screen for the binding partners of progranulin (PGRN), a growth factor-like molecule that induces chondrogenesis, led to the identification of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) as the PGRN-binding receptors. In this study, we employed several in vivo models to ascertain whether PGRN has therapeutic effects in diabetic fracture healing. Here, we report that deletion of PGRN significantly delayed bone fracture healing and aggravated inflammation in the fracture models of mice with T1DM. In contrast, recombinant PGRN effectively promoted diabetic fracture healing by inhibiting inflammation and enhancing chondrogenesis. In addition, both TNFR1 proinflammatory and TNFR2 anti-inflammatory signaling pathways are involved in PGRN-stimulated diabetic fracture healing. Collectively, these findings illuminate a novel understanding concerning the role of PGRN in diabetic fracture healing and may have an application in the development of novel therapeutic intervention strategies for diabetic and other types of impaired fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanjing Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ronghan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuqi Guo
- College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - John Buza
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jean De La Croix
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Xin Li
- College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Thomas A Einhorn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Zhao Y, Li Y, Qu R, Chen X, Wang W, Qiu C, Liu B, Pan X, Liu L, Vasilev K, Hayball J, Dong S, Li W. Cortistatin binds to TNF-α receptors and protects against osteoarthritis. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:556-570. [PMID: 30826358 PMCID: PMC6443028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) is known to play a critical role in OA. Cortistatin (CST) is a neuropeptide discovered over 20 years ago, which plays a vital role in inflammatory reactions. However, it is unknown whether CST is involved in cartilage degeneration and OA development. Methods The interaction between CST and TNF-α receptors was investigated through Coimmunoprecipitation and Biotin-based solid-phase binding assay. Western blot, Real-time PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence staining, nitrite production assay and DMMB assay of GAG were performed for the primary chondrocyte experiments. Surgically induced and spontaneous OA models were established and western blot, flow cytometry, Real-time PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in vivo imaging were performed for in vivo experiments. Findings CST competitively bound to TNFR1 as well as TNFR2. CST suppressed proinflammatory function of TNF-α. Both spontaneous and surgically induced OA models indicated that deficiency of CST led to an accelerated OA-like phenotype, while exogenous CST attenuated OA development in vivo. Additionally, TNFR1- and TNFR2-knockout mice were used for analysis and indicated that TNFRs might be involved in the protective role of CST in OA. CST inhibited activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in OA. Interpretation This study provides new insight into the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategy of cartilage degenerative diseases, including OA. Fund The National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, Key Research and Development Projects of Shandong Province and the Cross-disciplinary Fund of Shandong University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Ruize Qu
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012. PR China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012. PR China
| | - Wenhan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012. PR China
| | - Cheng Qiu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012. PR China
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xin Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - John Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Shuli Dong
- College of Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250101, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
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Cui Y, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. Progranulin: A conductor of receptors orchestra, a chaperone of lysosomal enzymes and a therapeutic target for multiple diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 45:53-64. [PMID: 30733059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a widely expressed glycoprotein with pleiotropic function, has been linked to a host of physiological processes and diverse pathological states. A series of contemporary preclinical disease models and clinical trials have evaluated various therapeutic strategies targeting PGRN, highlighting PGRN as a promising therapeutic target. Herein we summarize available knowledge of PGRN targeting in various kinds of diseases, including common neurological diseases, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, cancer, tissue repair, and rare lysosomal storage diseases, with a focus on the functional domain-oriented drug development strategies. In particular, we emphasize the role of extracellular PGRN as a non-conventional, extracellular matrix bound, growth factor-like conductor orchestrating multiple membrane receptors and intracellular PGRN as a chaperone/co-chaperone that mediates the folding and traffic of its various binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Wang Z, He Q, Zhang X, Ma Y, Fan F, Dong Y, Xu W, Yin Y, He Y. Innate Anti-microbial and Anti-chemotaxis Properties of Progranulin in an Acute Otitis Media Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2952. [PMID: 30619312 PMCID: PMC6302024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common infectious diseases primarily caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (S.pn) among children. Progranulin (PGRN) is a multifunctional growth factor widely expressed in various tissues and cells. Studies have confirmed that PGRN is involved in the development of a variety of inflammatory diseases. We found that the expression of PGRN increased significantly in the middle ear of wild mice with AOM. However, its physiological functions in AOM still remain unknown. To examine the role of PGRN during AOM, we established an acute otitis media model in both C57BL/6 wild mice and PGRN-deficient (PGRN−/−) mice via transbullar injection with S.pn clinical strain serotype 19F. Interestingly, we observed dual results: on one hand, macrophage recruitment notably increased in PGRN−/− mice compared with WT mice; on the other hand, the overall bacterial clearance was surprisingly dampened in PGRN−/− mice. The enhanced recruitment of macrophages was associated with increased production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), while the decreased bacterial clearance was associated with impaired endocytosis capacity of macrophages. The scavenging ability of bacteria in PGRN−/− mice was recovered with administration of recombinant PGRN. These results suggested a novel dual role of PGRN in affecting the activities of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yurong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangmei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yilin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujuan He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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