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Visagie JL, Aruwajoye GS, van der Sluis R. Pharmacokinetics of aspirin: evaluating shortcomings in the literature. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024:1-14. [PMID: 39092921 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2386368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aspirin is known for its therapeutic benefits in preventing strokes and relieving pain. However, it is toxic to some individuals, and the biological mechanisms causing toxicity are unknown. Limited literature is available on the role of glycine conjugation as the principal pathway in aspirin detoxification. Previous studies have quantified this two-step enzyme reaction as a singular enzymatic process. Consequently, the individual contributions of these enzymes to the kinetics remain unclear. AREAS COVERED This review summarized the available information on the pharmacokinetics and detoxification of aspirin by the glycine conjugation pathway. Literature searches were conducted using Google Scholar and the academic journal databases accessible through the North-West University Library. Furthermore, the factors affecting interindividual variation in aspirin metabolism and what is known regarding aspirin toxicity were discussed. EXPERT OPINION The greatest drawback in understanding the pharmacokinetics of aspirin is the limited information available on the substrate preference of the xenobiotic ligase (ACSM) responsible for activating salicylate to salicyl-CoA. Furthermore, previous pharmacokinetic studies did not consider the contribution of other substrates from the diet or genetic variants, to the detoxification rate of glycine conjugation. Impaired glycine conjugation might contribute to adverse health effects seen in Reye's syndrome and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus Lukas Visagie
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Rencia van der Sluis
- Focus Area for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Tan HC, Hsu JW, Tai ES, Chacko S, Kovalik JP, Jahoor F. The impact of obesity-associated glycine deficiency on the elimination of endogenous and exogenous metabolites via the glycine conjugation pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1343738. [PMID: 38633754 PMCID: PMC11023637 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1343738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Glycine is an integral component of the human detoxification system as it reacts with potentially toxic exogenous and endogenously produced compounds and metabolites via the glycine conjugation pathway for urinary excretion. Because individuals with obesity have reduced glycine availability, this detoxification pathway may be compromised. However, it should be restored after bariatric surgery because of increased glycine production. Objective To examine the impact of obesity-associated glycine deficiency on the glycine conjugation pathway. We hypothesize that the synthesis rates of acylglycines from endogenous and exogenous sources are significantly reduced in individuals with obesity but increase after bariatric surgery. Methods We recruited 21 participants with class III obesity and 21 with healthy weight as controls. At baseline, [1,2-13C2] glycine was infused to study the glycine conjugation pathway by quantifying the synthesis rates of several acylglycines. The same measurements were repeated in participants with obesity six months after bariatric surgery. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, and p-value< 0.05 is considered statistically significant. Results Baseline data of 20 participants with obesity were first compared to controls. Participants with obesity were significantly heavier than controls (mean BMI 40.5 ± 7.1 vs. 20.8 ± 2.1 kg/m2). They had significantly lower plasma glycine concentration (168 ± 30 vs. 209 ± 50 μmol/L) and slower absolute synthesis rates of acetylglycine, isobutyrylglycine, tigylglycine, isovalerylglycine, and hexanoylglycine. Pre- and post-surgery data were available for 16 participants with obesity. Post-surgery BMI decreased from 40.9 ± 7.3 to 31.6 ± 6.0 kg/m2. Plasma glycine concentration increased from 164 ± 26 to 212 ± 38 μmol/L) and was associated with significantly higher rates of excretion of acetylglycine, isobutyrylglycine, tigylglycine, isovalerylglycine, and hexanoylglycine. Benzoic acid (a xenobiotic dicarboxylic acid) is excreted as benzoylglycine; its synthesis rate was significantly slower in participants with obesity but increased after bariatric surgery. Conclusion Obesity-associated glycine deficiency impairs the human body's ability to eliminate endogenous and exogenous metabolites/compounds via the glycine conjugation pathway. This impairment is ameliorated when glycine supply is restored after bariatric surgery. These findings imply that dietary glycine supplementation could treat obesity-associated metabolic complications due to the accumulation of intramitochondrial toxic metabolites. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04660513, identifier NCT04660513.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chang Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean W. Hsu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaji Chacko
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jean-Paul Kovalik
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Farook Jahoor
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Ifosfamide - History, efficacy, toxicity and encephalopathy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108366. [PMID: 36842616 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
In this review we trace the passage of fundamental ideas through 20th century cancer research that began with observations on mustard gas toxicity in World War I. The transmutation of these ideas across scientific and national boundaries, was channeled from chemical carcinogenesis labs in London via Yale and Chicago, then ultimately to the pharmaceutical industry in Bielefeld, Germany. These first efforts to checkmate cancer with chemicals led eventually to the creation of one of the most successful groups of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs, the oxazaphosphorines, first cyclophosphamide (CP) in 1958 and soon thereafter its isomer ifosfamide (IFO). The giant contributions of Professor Sir Alexander Haddow, Dr. Alfred Z. Gilman & Dr. Louis S. Goodman, Dr. George Gomori and Dr. Norbert Brock step by step led to this breakthrough in cancer chemotherapy. A developing understanding of the metabolic disposition of ifosfamide directed efforts to ameliorate its side-effects, in particular, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy (IIE). This has resulted in several candidates for the encephalopathic metabolite, including 2-chloroacetaldehyde, 2-chloroacetic acid, acrolein, 3-hydroxypropionic acid and S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine. The pros and cons for each of these, together with other IFO metabolites, are discussed in detail. It is concluded that IFO produces encephalopathy in susceptible patients, but CP does not, by a "perfect storm," involving all of these five metabolites. Methylene blue (MB) administration appears to be generally effective in the prevention and treatment of IIE, in all probability by the inhibition of monoamine oxidase in brain potentiating serotonin levels that modulate the effects of IFO on GABAergic and glutamatergic systems. This review represents the authors' analysis of a large body of published research.
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Choi H, Chen Y, Longo F, Kim SW. Comparative effects of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in diets for nursery pigs on growth performance and acidification of digesta and urine. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad116. [PMID: 37115097 PMCID: PMC10184693 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparative effects of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in feeds on digesta pH, urinary pH, and growth performance for nursery pigs. A total of 432 pigs (6.9 ± 0.9 kg BW) were assigned to eight treatments (6 pigs per pen, replication = 9) in a randomized complete block design with initial body weight (BW) as a block and fed for 41 d in three phases (7/17/17 d, respectively). Treatments were 1) a basal diet (NC), 2) NC + 0.25% bacitracin methylene disalicylate (antibiotic; bacitracin: 250 g/t feed; PC), 3) NC + 0.25% benzoic acid, 4) NC + 0.35% benzoic acid, 5) NC + 0.50% benzoic acid, 6) NC + 0.30% sodium benzoate, 7) NC + 0.40% sodium benzoate, and 8) NC + 0.60% sodium benzoate. Growth performance and fecal scores were measured for each phase. One gilt representing the median BW of each pen was euthanized to collect digesta from the stomach, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum, and cecum, and urine. The PC tended to improve average daily gain (ADG) in phase 1 (P = 0.052) and phase 2 (P = 0.093) as well as average daily feed intake (ADFI) in phase 2 (P = 0.052). Overall, increasing supplemental benzoic acid tended to have a quadratic effect on ADG (P = 0.094), but no difference in ADFI was observed. Increasing supplemental sodium benzoate showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on ADG and linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADFI. Urinary pH linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing supplemental benzoic acid, but was not affected by supplemental sodium benzoate. Increasing supplemental benzoic acid or sodium benzoate linearly increased (P < 0.05) benzoic acid content in digesta of the stomach. Increasing supplemental benzoic acid or sodium benzoate also linearly increased (P < 0.05) urinary hippuric acid. However, the PC did not decrease urinary pH or increase urinary benzoic acid and hippuric acid. With slope-ratio assay using ADG and urinary hippuric acid as dependent variables and benzoic acid intake as an independent variable, the relative bioavailability of benzoic acid compared to sodium benzoate was not different. In conclusion, supplementation of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate could improve the growth performance of nursery pigs. The relative bioavailability of sodium benzoate to benzoic acid of nursery pigs did not differ based on BW gain and urinary hippuric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Choi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Animal Nutrition, EASTMAN Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN 37660, USA
| | - Flavio Longo
- Animal Nutrition, EASTMAN Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN 37660, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Microbiome and Metabolomics in Liver Cancer: Scientific Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010537. [PMID: 36613980 PMCID: PMC9820585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Liver cancer metabolism includes both the reprogramming of intracellular metabolism to enable cancer cells to proliferate inappropriately and adapt to the tumor microenvironment and fluctuations in regular tissue metabolism. Currently, metabolomics and metabolite profiling in liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been in the spotlight in terms of cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy. Metabolomics is the global analysis of small molecules, chemicals, and metabolites. Metabolomics technologies can provide critical information about the liver cancer state. Here, we review how liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and HCC therapies interact with metabolism at the cellular and systemic levels. An overview of liver metabolomics is provided, with a focus on currently available technologies and how they have been used in clinical and translational research. We also list scalable methods, including chemometrics, followed by pathway processing in liver cancer. We conclude that important drivers of metabolomics science and scientific technologies are novel therapeutic tools and liver cancer biomarker analysis.
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Etemad L, Roohbakhsh A, Abbaspour A, Alizadeh Ghamsari A, Amin F, Moshiri M. The effect of sodium benzoate, L-carnitine, and phenylacetate on valproate-induced hyperammonemia in Male Wistar rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 14:324-331. [PMID: 36741198 PMCID: PMC9890203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION L-carnitine (LC) is commonly used in the treatment of valproate-induced hyperammonemia (VIHA). LC prevents the production of ammonia with no significant effect on renal ammonia excretion. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sodium benzoate (SB) and phenyl acetate (PA) on reducing VIHA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight groups treated with Sodium Valproate (SV) at 300 mg/kg and 15 minutes later with normal saline, SB (144 mg/kg), PA (0.3 g/kg), LC (2.5 g/kg), SB (144 mg/kg) plus PA (0.3 g/kg), or SB (144 mg/kg) plus PA (0.3 g/kg) plus LC (2.5 g/kg), intraperitoneally. Other groups were exposed to normal saline, SB, LC or PA alone. Animal's motor function and serum ammonia, lactate, and sodium levels were assessed at 0.5, 1, and 1.5 hours after the SV injection. RESULTS The results showed that LC reduced SV-induced hyperammonemia just at one and half-hour after treatment (P<0.001). PA, alone or in combination with other antidotes, reduced serum ammonia at all evaluated times (P<0.001). LC improved the impaired motor function of animals only at 1.5 hours, while PA, alone or in combination decreased the motor function scores at different times. However, SB administration alone did not change SV-induced hyperammonemia or motor function impairment. There was no significant difference in the level of serum aminotransferases, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine between groups. CONCLUSION These findings define that PA had a better therapeutic effect on valproate-induced hyperammonemia in comparison with SB. Co-administration of LC with PA ameliorated the elevated levels of ammonia and may relieve potential therapeutic application against acute SV intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhad, Iran,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Abbaspour
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhad, Iran
| | - Anahita Alizadeh Ghamsari
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhad, Iran,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhad, Iran
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Liu T, Zhou N, Liu Z, Shan Z, Wang Y, Zheng X, Feng W. Integrated Metabonomic Study on the Relationship between Medicinal Properties and Efficacy of Rehmanniae Radix. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 51:169-187. [PMID: 36503428 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x23500106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Each Chinese medicine has its own properties and effects. However, the close connection between the medicinal properties and the effects of the medicine remains unclear. To export the scientific connection between the medicinal properties and efficacy of Rehmanniae Radix (RR), this study established a model and evaluated the therapeutic effects of RR on cold-heat syndrome to access the properties of RR, and then established a blood-heat syndrome model through the injection of rats with dry yeast combined with anhydrous ethanol. Related biochemical indicators (coagulation factors and central pyrogenic factor) were measured to assess the efficacy of RR. Finally, metabonomic technology was used to study the blood-cooling mechanism of RR from two aspects: medicinal properties and efficacy. The comprehensive results suggest that RR can significantly reduce the rectal temperature of blood-heat syndrome model rats and increase both the expression levels of coagulation factors (TNF-[Formula: see text], IL-1[Formula: see text], and IL-6) and the central pyrogenic factors (c-AMP, PGE-2). RR also cools the blood through regulating arginine, proline, phenylalanine, taurine, hypotaurine, sulfur, glycerophospholipid, primary bile acid metabolic pathways, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Therefore, RR plays the role of cooling blood by virtue of its cold property. The medicinal property of RR has a guiding effect on the clinical application. Moreover, the integrated metabolomic approach is a powerful tool for studying the properties and efficacy of Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Zengfu Shan
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine, Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China.,Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P. R. China Henan, P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China.,The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine, Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China.,Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases by Henan & Education Ministry of P. R. China Henan, P. R. China
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Shelkowitz E, Saneto RP, Al-Hertani W, Lubout CMA, Stence NV, Brown MS, Long P, Walleigh D, Nelson JA, Perez FE, Shaw DWW, Michl EJ, Van Hove JLK. Ketogenic diet as a glycine lowering therapy in nonketotic hyperglycinemia and impact on brain glycine levels. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:423. [PMID: 36471344 PMCID: PMC9720968 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is a severe neurometabolic disorder characterized by increased glycine levels. Current glycine reduction therapy uses high doses of sodium benzoate. The ketogenic diet (KD) may represent an alternative method of glycine reduction. AIM We aimed to assess clinical and biochemical effects of two glycine reduction strategies: high dose benzoate versus KD with low dose benzoate. METHODS Six infants with NKH were first treated with high dose benzoate therapy to achieve target plasma glycine levels, and then switched to KD with low dose benzoate. They were evaluated as clinically indicated by physical examination, electroencephalogram, plasma and cerebral spinal fluid amino acid levels. Brain glycine levels were monitored by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). RESULTS Average plasma glycine levels were significantly lower with KD compared to benzoate monotherapy by on average 28%. Two infants underwent comparative assessments of brain glycine levels via serial MRS. A 30% reduction of brain glycine levels was observed in the basal ganglia and a 50% reduction in the white matter, which remained elevated above normal, and was equivalent between the KD and high dose benzoate therapies. CSF analysis obtained while participants remained on the KD showed a decrease in glycine, serine and threonine levels, reflecting their gluconeogenetic usage. Clinically, half the patients had seizure reduction on KD, otherwise the clinical impact was variable. CONCLUSION KD is an effective glycine reduction method in NKH, and may provide a more consistent reduction in plasma glycine levels than high-dose benzoate therapy. Both high-dose benzoate therapy and KD equally reduced but did not normalize brain glycine levels even in the setting of low-normal plasma glycine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Shelkowitz
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Education 2 South, L28-4114, East 17Th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Russell P Saneto
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Walla Al-Hertani
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte M A Lubout
- Section of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mark S Brown
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Patrick Long
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Education 2 South, L28-4114, East 17Th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Diana Walleigh
- Section of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Julie A Nelson
- Section of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Francisco E Perez
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dennis W W Shaw
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emma J Michl
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johan L K Van Hove
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Education 2 South, L28-4114, East 17Th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Suljević D, Mitrašinović-Brulić M, Dervišević A, Fočak M. Protective role of the dandelion extract against the blood-liver axis, cell membranes, and anemia disorder in sodium benzoate-exposed rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:946-958. [PMID: 36210509 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sodium benzoate (SB) as an additive in various food products prevents the growth of microbes. Although SB is considered safe, many studies have reported adverse effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dandelion extract on cell damage and hematological and biochemical disorders induced by SB in male albino rats. Different doses of SB (200 and 600 mg/kg) and ethanolic dandelion root extract (D) (40 mg/kg) were used in a 2-week treatment of rats. Rat mortality and a higher frequency of behavioral alterations such as apathy, anxiety, and aggression have been reported at a higher dose of SB. Changes in urine pH, proteinuria, nitrituria, and bilirubinemia caused by SB were regulated by adding dandelion extract. Analysis of specific serum and urine parameters, as well as microscopic analysis of hepatocytes, showed liver and kidney failure. Anemia associated with hemolytic disorder due to erythrocyte impaired the presence of acanthocytes, and decreased values of erythrocyte blood count, hemoglobin concentration, average red blood cell size, hemoglobin amount per red blood cell, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were caused by SB treatment. As a dietary supplement, dandelion extract can be useful in the prevention of SB-induced liver and kidney injury, and also a remedy against induced anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hyperproteinemia, hyperglycemia, and reduction of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Suljević
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maja Mitrašinović-Brulić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amela Dervišević
- Department of Human Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Muhamed Fočak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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10
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Beyoğlu D, Idle JR. The gut microbiota - a vehicle for the prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115225. [PMID: 35998677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises principally against a background of cirrhosis and these two diseases are responsible globally for over 2 million deaths a year. There are few treatment options for liver cirrhosis and HCC, so it is vital to arrest these pathologies early in their development. To do so, we propose dietary and therapeutic solutions that involve the gut microbiota and its consequences. Integrated dietary, environmental and intrinsic signals result in a bidirectional connection between the liver and the gut with its microbiota, known as the gut-liver axis. Numerous lifestyle factors can result in dysbiosis with a change in the functional composition and metabolic activity of the microbiota. A panoply of metabolites can be produced by the microbiota, including ethanol, secondary bile acids, trimethylamine, indole, quinolone, phenazine and their derivatives and the quorum sensor acyl homoserine lactones that may contribute to HCC but have yet to be fully investigated. Gram-negative bacteria can activate the pattern recognition receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the liver leading to nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling, which can contribute to HCC initiation and progression. The goal in preventing HCC should be to ensure a healthy gut microbiota using probiotic supplements containing beneficial bacteria and prebiotic plant fibers such as oligosaccharides that stimulate their growth. The clinical development of TLR4 antagonists is urgently needed to counteract the pathological effects of dysbiosis on the liver and other organs. Further nutrigenomic studies are required to understand better how the diet influences the gut microbiota and its adverse effects on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diren Beyoğlu
- Arthur G. Zupko Institute for Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Idle
- Arthur G. Zupko Institute for Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA.
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Vong CI, Rathinasabapathy T, Moncada M, Komarnytsky S. All Polyphenols Are Not Created Equal: Exploring the Diversity of Phenolic Metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2077-2091. [PMID: 35147422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dietary intake of plant polyphenols is significant, and many of them enter a human body as a highly diverse pool of ring-fission phenolic metabolites arising from digestion and microbial catabolism of the parental structures. Difficulty in designing the uniform intervention studies and limited tools calibrated to detect and quantify the inherent complexity of phenolic metabolites hindered efforts to establish and validate protective health effects of these molecules. Here, we highlight the recent findings that describe novel complex downstream metabolite profiles with a particular focus on dihydrophenolic (phenylpropanoic) acids of microbial origin, ingested and phase II-transformed methylated phenolic metabolites (methylated sinks), and small phenolic metabolites derived from the breakdown of different classes of flavonoids, stilbenoids, and tannins. There is a critical need for precise identification of the individual phenolic metabolite signatures originating from different polyphenol groups to enable future translation of these findings into break-through nutritional interventions and dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi In Vong
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Thirumurugan Rathinasabapathy
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Marvin Moncada
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Slavko Komarnytsky
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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12
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Shimizu-Okabe C, Kobayashi S, Kim J, Kosaka Y, Sunagawa M, Okabe A, Takayama C. Developmental Formation of the GABAergic and Glycinergic Networks in the Mouse Spinal Cord. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020834. [PMID: 35055019 PMCID: PMC8776010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine act as inhibitory neurotransmitters. Three types of inhibitory neurons and terminals, GABAergic, GABA/glycine coreleasing, and glycinergic, are orchestrated in the spinal cord neural circuits and play critical roles in regulating pain, locomotive movement, and respiratory rhythms. In this study, we first describe GABAergic and glycinergic transmission and inhibitory networks, consisting of three types of terminals in the mature mouse spinal cord. Second, we describe the developmental formation of GABAergic and glycinergic networks, with a specific focus on the differentiation of neurons, formation of synapses, maturation of removal systems, and changes in their action. GABAergic and glycinergic neurons are derived from the same domains of the ventricular zone. Initially, GABAergic neurons are differentiated, and their axons form synapses. Some of these neurons remain GABAergic in lamina I and II. Many GABAergic neurons convert to a coreleasing state. The coreleasing neurons and terminals remain in the dorsal horn, whereas many ultimately become glycinergic in the ventral horn. During the development of terminals and the transformation from radial glia to astrocytes, GABA and glycine receptor subunit compositions markedly change, removal systems mature, and GABAergic and glycinergic action shifts from excitatory to inhibitory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigusa Shimizu-Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan; (C.S.-O.); (S.K.); (Y.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Shiori Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan; (C.S.-O.); (S.K.); (Y.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea;
| | - Yoshinori Kosaka
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan; (C.S.-O.); (S.K.); (Y.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Masanobu Sunagawa
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan; (C.S.-O.); (S.K.); (Y.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Akihito Okabe
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Seinan Jo Gakuin University, Fukuoka 803-0835, Japan;
| | - Chitoshi Takayama
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan; (C.S.-O.); (S.K.); (Y.K.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-98-895-1103 or +81-895-1405
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13
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De Simone G, Balducci C, Forloni G, Pastorelli R, Brunelli L. Hippuric acid: Could became a barometer for frailty and geriatric syndromes? Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101466. [PMID: 34560280 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural biological event that has some downsides such as increased frailty, decline in cognitive and physical functions leading to chronical diseases, and lower quality of life. There is therefore a pressing need of reliable biomarkers to identify populations at risk of developing age-associated syndromes in order to improve their quality of life, promote healthy ageing and a more appropriate clinical management, when needed. Here we discuss the importance of hippuric acid, an endogenous co-metabolite, as a possible hallmark of human aging and age-related diseases, summarizing the scientific literature over the last years. Hippuric acid, the glycine conjugate of benzoic acid, derives from the catabolism by means of intestinal microflora of dietary polyphenols found in plant-based foods (e.g. fruits, vegetables, tea and coffee). In healthy conditions hippuric acid levels in blood and/or urine rise significantly during aging while its excretion drops in conditions related with aging, including cognitive impairments, rheumatic diseases, sarcopenia and hypomobility. This literature highlights the utility of hippuric acid in urine and plasma as a plausible hallmark of frailty, related to low fruit and vegetable intake and changes in gut microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Simone
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Brunelli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Méndez-Salazar EO, Martínez-Nava GA. Uric acid extrarenal excretion: the gut microbiome as an evident yet understated factor in gout development. Rheumatol Int 2021; 42:403-412. [PMID: 34586473 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-05007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans do not produce uricase, an enzyme responsible for degrading uric acid. However, some bacteria residing in the gut can degrade one-third of the dietary and endogenous uric acid generated daily. New insights based on metagenomic and metabolomic approaches provide a new interest in exploring the involvement of gut microbiota in gout. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms underlying this association are complex and have not been widely discussed. In this study, we aimed to review the evidence that suggests uric acid extrarenal excretion and gut microbiome are potential risk factors for developing gout. A literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using several keywords, including "gut microbiome AND gout". A remarkable intestinal dysbiosis and shifts in abundance of certain bacterial taxa in gout patients have been consistently reported among different studies. Under this condition, bacteria might have developed adaptive mechanisms for de novo biosynthesis and salvage of purines, and thus, a concomitant alteration in uric acid metabolism. Moreover, gut microbiota can produce substrates that might cross the portal vein so the liver can generate de novo purinogenic amino acids, as well as uric acid. Therefore, the extrarenal excretion of uric acid needs to be considered as a factor in gout development. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to fully understand the role of gut microbiome in uric acid production and its extrarenal excretion, and to point out possible bacteria or bacterial enzymes that could be used as probiotic coadjutant treatment in gout patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Angélica Martínez-Nava
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, 14389, Mexico City, Mexico.
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15
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Bhushan B, Upadhyay D, Sharma U, Jagannathan N, Singh SB, Ganju L. Urine metabolite profiling of Indian Antarctic Expedition members: NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomic investigation. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07114. [PMID: 34113732 PMCID: PMC8170161 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The southernmost region of earth, Antarctica, has world's most challenging environments. Those who live for long time and work in Antarctic stations are subjected to environmental stresses such as cold weather, photoperiod variations leading to disrupted sleep cycles, constrained living spaces, dry air, non-availability of fresh food items, and high electromagnetic radiations, psychological factors, such as geographical and social isolation, etc. All these factors have a significant impact on the human body. The present study investigated the impact of Antarctica harsh environment on human physiology and its metabolic processes by evaluating urine metabolome, using 1H NMR spectroscopy and analyzing certain physiological and clinical parameters for correlation with physiological expression data and metabolite results. Two study groups - before Antarctic exposure (B) and after Antarctic exposure (E), consisting of 11 subjects, exposed to one-month summer expedition, were compared. 35 metabolites in urine samples were identified from the 700 MHz 1H NMR spectra from where integral intensity of 22 important metabolites was determined. Univariate analysis indicated significant decrease in the levels of citrate and creatinine in samples collected post-expedition. Multivariate analysis was also performed using 1H NMR spectroscopy, because independent metabolite abundances may complement each other in predicting the dependent variables. 10 metabolites were identified among the groups; the OPLS-DA and VIP score indicated variation in appearance of metabolites over different time periods with insignificant change in the intensities. Metabolite results illustrate the impact of environmental stress or altered life style including the diet with absence of fresh fruits and vegetables, on the pathophysiology of the human health. Metabolic adaptation to Antarctic environmental stressors may help to highlight the effect of short-term physiological status and provide important information during Antarctic expeditions to formulate management programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brij Bhushan
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Deepti Upadhyay
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Uma Sharma
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Shashi Bala Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), NH 9, Kukatpally Industrial Estate, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Lilly Ganju
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), DRDO, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, New Delhi 110054, India
- Corresponding author.
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16
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Functional Characterisation of Three Glycine N-Acyltransferase Variants and the Effect on Glycine Conjugation to Benzoyl-CoA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063129. [PMID: 33803916 PMCID: PMC8003330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycine conjugation pathway in humans is involved in the metabolism of natural substrates and the detoxification of xenobiotics. The interactions between the various substrates in this pathway and their competition for the pathway enzymes are currently unknown. The pathway consists of a mitochondrial xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid: coenzyme A (CoA) ligase (ACSM2B) and glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT). The catalytic mechanism and substrate specificity of both of these enzymes have not been thoroughly characterised. In this study, the level of evolutionary conservation of GLYAT missense variants and haplotypes were analysed. From these data, haplotype variants were selected (156Asn > Ser, [17Ser > Thr,156Asn > Ser] and [156Asn > Ser,199Arg > Cys]) in order to characterise the kinetic mechanism of the enzyme over a wide range of substrate concentrations. The 156Asn > Ser haplotype has the highest frequency and the highest relative enzyme activity in all populations studied, and hence was used as the reference in this study. Cooperative substrate binding was observed, and the kinetic data were fitted to a two-substrate Hill equation. The coding region of the GLYAT gene was found to be highly conserved and the rare 156Asn > Ser,199Arg > Cys variant negatively affected the relative enzyme activity. Even though the 156Asn > Ser,199Arg > Cys variant had a higher affinity for benzoyl-CoA (s0.5,benz = 61.2 µM), kcat was reduced to 9.8% of the most abundant haplotype 156Asn > Ser (s0.5,benz = 96.6 µM), while the activity of 17Ser > Thr,156Asn > Ser (s0.5,benz = 118 µM) was 73% of 156Asn > Ser. The in vitro kinetic analyses of the effect of the 156Asn > Ser,199Arg > Cys variant on human GLYAT enzyme activity indicated that individuals with this haplotype might have a decreased ability to metabolise benzoate when compared to individuals with the 156Asn > Ser variant. Furthermore, the accumulation of acyl-CoA intermediates can inhibit ACSM2B leading to a reduction in mitochondrial energy production.
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17
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Zhang H, Li Y, Nie J, Ren J, Zeng AP. Structure-based dynamic analysis of the glycine cleavage system suggests key residues for control of a key reaction step. Commun Biol 2020; 3:756. [PMID: 33311647 PMCID: PMC7733448 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular shuttles play decisive roles in many multi-enzyme systems such as the glycine cleavage system (GCS) for one-carbon (C1) metabolism. In GCS, a lipoate swinging arm containing an aminomethyl moiety is attached to protein H and serves as a molecular shuttle among different proteins. Protection of the aminomethyl moiety in a cavity of protein H and its release induced by protein T are key processes but barely understood. Here, we present a detailed structure-based dynamic analysis of the induced release of the lipoate arm of protein H. Based on molecular dynamics simulations of interactions between proteins H and T, four major steps of the release process showing significantly different energy barriers and time scales can be distinguished. Mutations of a key residue, Ser-67 in protein H, led to a bidirectional tuning of the release process. This work opens ways to target C1 metabolism in biomedicine and the utilization of formate and CO2 for biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglei Nie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081, Beijing, China.
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, 100029, Beijing, China. .,Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Denickestrasse 15, D-21073, Hamburg, Germany.
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18
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Leung K, De Castro SCP, Santos C, Savery D, Prunty H, Gold‐Diaz D, Bennett S, Heales S, Copp AJ, Greene NDE. Regulation of glycine metabolism by the glycine cleavage system and conjugation pathway in mouse models of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:1186-1198. [PMID: 32743799 PMCID: PMC8436753 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glycine abundance is modulated in a tissue-specific manner by use in biosynthetic reactions, catabolism by the glycine cleavage system (GCS), and excretion via glycine conjugation. Dysregulation of glycine metabolism is associated with multiple disorders including epilepsy, developmental delay, and birth defects. Mutation of the GCS component glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) in non-ketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) causes accumulation of glycine in body fluids, but there is a gap in our knowledge regarding the effects on glycine metabolism in tissues. Here, we analysed mice carrying mutations in Gldc that result in severe or mild elevations of plasma glycine and model NKH. Liver of Gldc-deficient mice accumulated glycine and numerous glycine derivatives, including multiple acylglycines, indicating increased flux through reactions mediated by enzymes including glycine-N-acyltransferase and arginine: glycine amidinotransferase. Levels of dysregulated metabolites increased with age and were normalised by liver-specific rescue of Gldc expression. Brain tissue exhibited increased abundance of glycine, as well as derivatives including guanidinoacetate, which may itself be epileptogenic. Elevation of brain tissue glycine occurred even in the presence of only mildly elevated plasma glycine in mice carrying a missense allele of Gldc. Treatment with benzoate enhanced hepatic glycine conjugation thereby lowering plasma and tissue glycine. Moreover, administration of a glycine conjugation pathway intermediate, cinnamate, similarly achieved normalisation of liver glycine derivatives and circulating glycine. Although exogenous benzoate and cinnamate impact glycine levels via activity of glycine-N-acyltransferase, that is not expressed in brain, they are sufficient to lower levels of glycine and derivatives in brain tissue of treated Gldc-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit‐Yi Leung
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Chloe Santos
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dawn Savery
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Helen Prunty
- Department of Chemical PathologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Diana Gold‐Diaz
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Stuart Bennett
- Department of Chemical PathologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Simon Heales
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Chemical PathologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Andrew J. Copp
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUK
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19
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Duan LM, Liu JY, Yu CW, Fan JX, Li T, Yang JX, Zheng YB, Liu FC, He ZT, Yuan HL, Wu XH, Luo CL. PLCε knockdown prevents serine/glycine metabolism and proliferation of prostate cancer by suppressing YAP. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:196-210. [PMID: 32064161 PMCID: PMC7017741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic reprogramming is an important basis for the development of many tumors, including prostate cancer (PCa). Metabolic changes in many amino acids consist of serine and glycine affect the biological behavior of them. Phospholipase C epsilon (PLCε) plays an important role as an oncogene. However, its role in regulating amino acid metabolism remains unclear. In this study, results found significantly positive correlation between PLCε and Yes-associated protein (YAP) in PCa tissues. LC-MS/MS and GC-MS results further displayed abnormally elevated levels of serine, glycine and its some downstream metabolites in the blood of PCa patients. Secondly, PLCε knockdown can inhibit serine/glycine producing and proliferation of PCa both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, PLCε may affect the serine/glycine metabolism by regulating dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of YAP. More interestingly, verteporfin (VP, a specific inhibitor of YAP) could effectively enhance the PLCε-depletion induced inhibition of serine/glycine secretion and growth. Overall, this research revealed the possibility of anomalous serine/glycine levels in the blood for the diagnosis of PCa, identified the important role of the PLCε/YAP axis in regulating serine/glycine metabolism, cell proliferation and tumor growth, and suggested the combination of VP with PLCε-depletion may provide a new idea for the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Chao-Wen Yu
- Center for Clinical Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400014, China
| | - Jia-Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Jin-Xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Yong-Bo Zheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Feng-Chun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhen-Ting He
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong-Ling Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiao-Hou Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Chun-Li Luo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
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Contreras-Roura J, Camayd-Viera I, Padrón-Díaz A, Martínez-Rey L. Biochemical diagnosis of nonketotic hyperglycinemia in Cuba. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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21
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Contreras-Roura J, Camayd-Viera I, Padrón-Díaz A, Martínez-Rey L. Diagnóstico bioquímico de la hiperglicinemia no cetósica en Cuba. Neurologia 2018; 33:549-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Analyses of the genetic diversity and protein expression variation of the acyl: CoA medium-chain ligases, ACSM2A and ACSM2B. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1279-1292. [PMID: 29948332 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Benzoate (found in milk and widely used as preservative), salicylate (present in fruits and the active component of aspirin), dietary polyphenols produced by gut microbiota, metabolites from organic acidemias, and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are all metabolised/detoxified by the glycine conjugation pathway. Xenobiotics are first activated to an acyl-CoA by the mitochondrial xenobiotic/medium-chain fatty acid: CoA ligases (ACSMs) and subsequently conjugated to glycine by glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT). The MCFAs are activated to acyl-CoA by the ACSMs before entering mitochondrial β-oxidation. This two-step enzymatic pathway has, however, not been thoroughly investigated and the biggest gap in the literature remains the fact that studies continuously characterise the pathway as a one-step reaction. There are no studies available on the interaction/competition of the various substrates involved in the pathway, whilst very little research has been done on the ACSM ligases. To identify variants/haplotypes that should be characterised in future detoxification association studies, this study assessed the naturally observed sequence diversity and protein expression variation of ACSM2A and ACSM2B. The allelic variation, haplotype diversity, Tajima's D values, and phylogenetic analyses indicated that ACSM2A and ACSM2B are highly conserved. This confirmed an earlier hypothesis that the glycine conjugation pathway is highly conserved and essential for life as it maintains the CoA and glycine homeostasis in the liver mitochondria. The protein expression analyses showed that ACSM2A is the predominant transcript in liver. Future studies should investigate the effect of the variants identified in this study on the substrate specificity of these proteins.
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Bialasiewicz P, Prymont-Przyminska A, Zwolinska A, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Krol M, Markowski J, Rutkowski KP, Nowak D. Sour Cherries but Not Apples Added to the Regular Diet Decrease Resting and fMLP-Stimulated Chemiluminescence of Fasting Whole Blood in Healthy Subjects. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 37:24-33. [PMID: 28985142 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1354739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Berry fruits rich in anthocyanins have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Blood phagocytes are an important source of oxidants that contribute to inflammatory response and oxidative stress. We examined the effect of sour cherry consumption on luminol-enhanced whole blood chemiluminescence (LBCL) reflecting oxidants generation by circulating phagocytes in healthy subjects. METHODS Thirty-four and 29 healthy subjects (on a regular diet) consumed 500 g of sour cherries containing 346.5 mg of total anthocyanins or 500 g of anthocyanin-free apples everyday (between 1100 and 1400 hours) for 30 days. Twenty-four volunteers without any dietary intervention served as the control with respect to LBCL changes over the study period. Fasting blood and spot morning urine samples were collected before and after the fruit courses and after the 10-day wash-out period to measure resting and agonist (fMLP)-induced LBCL, blood cell count, concentration of various phenolics, and plasma antioxidant activity. RESULTS Sour cherries inhibited (p < 0.05) median resting LBCL (by 29.5% and 33.7%) and fMLP-LBCL (by 24.7% and 32.3%) after 30-day consumption and after 10-day wash-out, respectively. No changes in LBCL were noted in the apple consumers and controls. Increased urinary levels of chlorogenic, 4-hydroxyhippuric, and 3-hydroxyhippuric acids occasionally correlated negatively with resting and fMLP-LBCL in sour cherry consumers. Other measured variables did not change in all groups over the study period. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of resting and agonist-induced LBCL suggests that regular sour cherry consumption may suppress the formation of reactive oxygen species by circulating phagocytes and decrease the risk of systemic imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. This may be attributed to the anthocyanins in sour cherry and be one of mechanisms of the health-promoting effects of consumption of anthocyanin-rich fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bialasiewicz
- a Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | | | - Anna Zwolinska
- c Cell-to-Cell Communication Department , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Agata Sarniak
- b Department of General Physiology , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Anna Wlodarczyk
- a Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Maciej Krol
- a Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Markowski
- d Fruit Storage and Processing Department, Division of Pomology , Research Institute of Horticulture , Skierniewice , Poland
| | - Krzysztof P Rutkowski
- d Fruit Storage and Processing Department, Division of Pomology , Research Institute of Horticulture , Skierniewice , Poland
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- e Department of Clinical Physiology , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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van der Sluis R, Ungerer V, Nortje C, A van Dijk A, Erasmus E. New insights into the catalytic mechanism of human glycine N-acyltransferase. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [PMID: 28759163 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Even though the glycine conjugation pathway was one of the first metabolic pathways to be discovered, this pathway remains very poorly characterized. The bi-substrate kinetic parameters of a recombinant human glycine N-acyltransferase (GLYAT, E.C. 2.3.1.13) were determined using the traditional colorimetric method and a newly developed HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. Previous studies analyzing the kinetic parameters of GLYAT, indicated a random Bi-Bi and/or ping-pong mechanism. In this study, the hippuric acid concentrations produced by the GLYAT enzyme reaction were analyzed using the allosteric sigmoidal enzyme kinetic module. Analyses of the initial rate (v) against substrate concentration plots, produced a sigmoidal curve (substrate activation) when the benzoyl-CoA concentrations was kept constant, whereas the plot with glycine concentrations kept constant, passed through a maximum (substrate inhibition). Thus, human GLYAT exhibits mechanistic kinetic cooperativity as described by the Ferdinand enzyme mechanism rather than the previously assumed Michaelis-Menten reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rencia van der Sluis
- Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Vida Ungerer
- Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Carla Nortje
- Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Alberdina A van Dijk
- Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Elardus Erasmus
- Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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26
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Piper JD, Piper PW. Benzoate and Sorbate Salts: A Systematic Review of the Potential Hazards of These Invaluable Preservatives and the Expanding Spectrum of Clinical Uses for Sodium Benzoate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:868-880. [PMID: 33371618 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate are extremely useful agents for food and beverage preservation, yet concerns remain over their complete safety. Benzoate can react with the ascorbic acid in drinks to produce the carcinogen benzene. A few children develop allergy to this additive while, as a competitive inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase, benzoate can also influence neurotransmission and cognitive functioning. Model organism and cell culture studies have raised some issues. Benzoate has been found to exert teratogenic and neurotoxic effects on zebrafish embryos. In addition, benzoate and sorbate are reported to cause chromosome aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes; also to be potently mutagenic toward the mitochondrial DNA in aerobic yeast cells. Whether the substantial human consumption of these compounds could significantly increase levels of such damages in man is still unclear. There is no firm evidence that it is a risk factor in type 2 diabetes. The clinical administration of sodium benzoate is of proven benefit for many patients with urea cycle disorders, while recent studies indicate it may also be advantageous in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, early-stage Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, exposure to high amounts of this agent should be approached with caution, especially since it has the potential to generate a shortage of glycine which, in turn, can negatively influence brain neurochemistry. We discuss here how a small fraction of the population might be rendered-either through their genes or a chronic medical condition-particularly susceptible to any adverse effects of sodium benzoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Piper
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Inst., Queen Mary Univ. of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Piper
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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27
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A Novel Anti-Hepatitis C Virus and Antiproliferative Agent Alters Metabolic Networks in HepG2 and Hep3B Cells. Metabolites 2017; 7:metabo7020023. [PMID: 28574427 PMCID: PMC5487994 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel diflunisal hydrazide-hydrazones has been reported together with their anti-hepatitis C virus and antiproliferative activities in a number of human hepatoma cell lines. However, the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of these agents remain unclear. It was chosen to investigate the lead diflunisal hydrazide-hydrazone, 2',4'-difluoro-4-hydroxy-N'- [(pyridin-2-yl)methylidene]biphenyl-3-carbohydrazide (compound 3b), in two cultured human hepatoma cell lines-HepG2 and Hep3B-using a metabolomic protocol aimed at uncovering any effects of this agent on cellular metabolism. One sub-therapeutic concentration (2.5 μM) and one close to the IC50 for antimitotic effect (10 μM), after 72 h in cell culture, were chosen for both compound 3b and its inactive parent compound diflusinal as a control. A GCMS-based metabolomic investigation was performed on cell lysates after culture for 24 h. The intracellular levels of a total of 42 metabolites were found to be statistically significantly altered in either HepG2 or Hep3B cells, only eight of which were affected in both cell lines. It was concluded that compound 3b affected the following pathways-purine and pyrimidine catabolism, the glutathione cycle, and energy metabolism through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Although the metabolomic findings occurred after 24 h in culture, significant cytotoxicity of compound 3b to both HepG2 and Hep3B cells at 10 μM were reported not to occur until 72 h in culture. These observations show that metabolomics can provide mechanistic insights into the efficacy of novel drug candidates prior to the appearance of their pharmacological effect.
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28
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Irwin C, van Reenen M, Mason S, Mienie LJ, Westerhuis JA, Reinecke CJ. Contribution towards a Metabolite Profile of the Detoxification of Benzoic Acid through Glycine Conjugation: An Intervention Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167309. [PMID: 27907139 PMCID: PMC5132330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzoic acid is widely used as a preservative in food products and is detoxified in humans through glycine conjugation. Different viewpoints prevail on the physiological significance of the glycine conjugation reaction and concerns have been raised on potential public health consequences following uncontrolled benzoic acid ingestion. We performed a metabolomics study which used commercial benzoic acid containing flavored water as vehicle for designed interventions, and report here on the controlled consumption of the benzoic acid by 21 cases across 6 time points for a total of 126 time points. Metabolomics data from urinary samples analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were generated in a time-dependent cross-over study. We used ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA), repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) and unfolded principal component analysis (unfolded PCA) to supplement conventional statistical methods to uncover fully the metabolic perturbations due to the xenobiotic intervention, encapsulated in the metabolomics tensor (three-dimensional matrices having cases, spectral areas and time as axes). Identification of the biologically important metabolites by the novel combination of statistical methods proved the power of this approach for metabolomics studies having complex data structures in general. The study disclosed a high degree of inter-individual variation in detoxification of the xenobiotic and revealed metabolic information, indicating that detoxification of benzoic acid through glycine conjugation to hippuric acid does not indicate glycine depletion, but is supplemented by ample glycine regeneration. The observations lend support to the view of maintenance of glycine homeostasis during detoxification. The study indicates also that time-dependent metabolomics investigations, using designed interventions, provide a way of interpreting the variation induced by the different factors of a designed experiment-an approach with potential to advance significantly our understanding of normal and pathophysiological perturbations of endogenous or exogenous origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Irwin
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Mari van Reenen
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Shayne Mason
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lodewyk J. Mienie
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Johan A. Westerhuis
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolus J. Reinecke
- Centre for Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
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29
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Serrano-Contreras JI, García-Pérez I, Meléndez-Camargo ME, Zepeda LG. NMR-Based Metabonomic Analysis of Physiological Responses to Starvation and Refeeding in the Rat. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3241-54. [PMID: 27518853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starvation is a postabsorptive condition derived from a limitation on food resources by external factors. Energy homeostasis is maintained under this condition by using sources other than glucose via adaptive mechanisms. After refeeding, when food is available, other adaptive processes are linked to energy balance. However, less has been reported about the physiological mechanisms present as a result of these conditions, considering the rat as a supraorganism. Metabolic profiling using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to characterize the physiological metabolic differences in urine specimens collected under starved, refed, and recovered conditions. In addition, because starvation induced lack of faecal production and not all animals produced faeces during refeeding, 24 h pooled faecal water samples were also analyzed. Urinary metabolites upregulated by starvation included 2-butanamidoacetate, 3-hydroxyisovalerate, ketoleucine, methylmalonate, p-cresyl glucuronide, p-cresyl sulfate, phenylacetylglycine, pseudouridine, creatinine, taurine, and N-acetyl glycoprotein, which were related to renal and skeletal muscle function, β-oxidation, turnover of proteins and RNA, and host-microbial interactions. Food-derived metabolites, including gut microbial cometabolites, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were upregulated under refed and recovered conditions, which characterized anabolic urinary metabotypes. The upregulation of creatine and pantothenate indicated an absorptive state after refeeding. Fecal short chain fatty acids, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, lactate, and acetoin provided additional information about the combinatorial metabolism between the host and gut microbiota. This investigation contributes to allow a deeper understanding of physiological responses associated with starvation and refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I Serrano-Contreras
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340 Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México.,Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, C.P. 07738 Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Isabel García-Pérez
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - María E Meléndez-Camargo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, C.P. 07738 Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - L Gerardo Zepeda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, C.P. 11340 Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
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30
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Prymont-Przyminska A, Bialasiewicz P, Zwolinska A, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Markowski J, Rutkowski KP, Nowak D. Addition of strawberries to the usual diet increases postprandial but not fasting non-urate plasma antioxidant activity in healthy subjects. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 59:191-198. [PMID: 27895386 PMCID: PMC5110932 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Strawberries can augment plasma antioxidant activity, but this may be confounded by selection of methods, time of blood sampling and concomitant dietary restrictions. We examined the effect of strawberry consumption on ferric reducing ability (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (DPPH-test) of native and non-urate plasma in healthy subjects on their usual diet. Eleven subjects consumed strawberries (500 g daily) for 9 days. Fasting and 3-h postprandial plasma and 24-h urine collection were obtained before, during and after strawberry course for FRAP, DPPH-test and polyphenols determination. Fifteen subjects served as a control in respect to plasma antioxidant activity changes and effect of 300 mg of oral ascorbate. First, 5th and 9th strawberry dose increased 3-h postprandial DPPH-test by 17.4, 17.6 and 12.6%, and FRAP by 15.5, 25.6 and 21.4% in comparison to fasting values in non-urate plasma (p<0.05). In native plasma only a trend was observed to higher postprandial values for both tests. Strawberries increased urinary urolithin A and 4-hydroxyhippuric acid whereas plasma polyphenols were stable. No changes of FRAP and DPPH-test were noted in controls and after ascorbate intake. Strawberries transiently increased non-urate plasma antioxidant activity but this cannot be attributed to direct antioxidant effect of polyphenols and ascorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Bialasiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Zwolinska
- Cell-to-Cell Communication Department, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Sarniak
- Department of General Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Wlodarczyk
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Markowski
- Fruit Storage and Processing Department, Division of Pomology, Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof P Rutkowski
- Fruit Storage and Processing Department, Division of Pomology, Research Institute of Horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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31
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van der Sluis R, Erasmus E. Xenobiotic/medium chain fatty acid: CoA ligase - a critical review on its role in fatty acid metabolism and the detoxification of benzoic acid and aspirin. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1169-79. [PMID: 27351777 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1206888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of fatty acids by the acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs) is the vital first step in fatty acid metabolism. The enzymatic and physiological characterization of the human xenobiotic/medium chain fatty acid: CoA ligases (ACSMs) has been severely neglected even though xenobiotics, such as benzoate and salicylate, are detoxified through this pathway. AREAS COVERED This review will focus on the nomenclature and substrate specificity of the human ACSM ligases; the biochemical and enzymatic characterization of ACSM1 and ACSM2B; the high sequence homology of the ACSM2 genes (ACSM2A and ACSM2B) as well as what is currently known regarding disease association studies. EXPERT OPINION Several discrepancies exist in the current literature that should be taken note of. For example, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reported to be associated with aspirin metabolism and multiple risk factors of metabolic syndrome are incorrect. Kinetic data on the substrate specificity of the human ACSM ligases are non-existent and currently no data exist on the influence of SNPs on the enzyme activity of these ligases. One of the biggest obstacles currently in the field is that glycine conjugation is continuously studied as a one-step process, which means that key regulatory factors of the two individual steps remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rencia van der Sluis
- a Centre for Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Elardus Erasmus
- a Centre for Human Metabolomics, Biochemistry Division , North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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32
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Chauke CG, Magwebu ZE, Sharma JR, Arieff Z, Seier JV. Mutation analysis of GLDC
, AMT
and GCSH
in cataract captive-bred vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops
). J Med Primatol 2016; 45:189-94. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chesa G. Chauke
- Primate Unit and Delft Animal Centre; South African Medical Research Council; Tygerberg Cape Town South Africa
| | - Zandisiwe E. Magwebu
- Primate Unit and Delft Animal Centre; South African Medical Research Council; Tygerberg Cape Town South Africa
- Medical Bioscience Department; University of the Western Cape; Bellville South Africa
| | - Jyoti R. Sharma
- Biotechnology Department; University of the Western Cape; Bellville South Africa
| | - Zainunisha Arieff
- Biotechnology Department; University of the Western Cape; Bellville South Africa
| | - Jürgen V. Seier
- Primate Unit and Delft Animal Centre; South African Medical Research Council; Tygerberg Cape Town South Africa
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33
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Shahmohammadi M, Javadi M, Nassiri-Asl M. An Overview on the Effects of Sodium Benzoate as a Preservative in Food Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/bhs-35084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Differential absorption and metabolism of hydroxytyrosol and its precursors oleuropein and secoiridoids. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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Nortje C, van der Sluis R, van Dijk AA, Erasmus E. The Use ofp-Aminobenzoic Acid as a Probe Substance for the Targeted Profiling of Glycine Conjugation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 30:136-47. [PMID: 26484797 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Nortje
- Focus Area: Human Metabolomics; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2531 North-West South Africa
| | - Rencia van der Sluis
- Focus Area: Human Metabolomics; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2531 North-West South Africa
| | - Alberdina Aike van Dijk
- Focus Area: Human Metabolomics; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2531 North-West South Africa
| | - Elardus Erasmus
- Focus Area: Human Metabolomics; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2531 North-West South Africa
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36
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van der Sluis R, Badenhorst CPS, Erasmus E, van Dyk E, van der Westhuizen FH, van Dijk AA. Conservation of the coding regions of the glycine N-acyltransferase gene further suggests that glycine conjugation is an essential detoxification pathway. Gene 2015; 571:126-34. [PMID: 26149650 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thorough investigation of the glycine conjugation pathway has been neglected. No defect of the glycine conjugation pathway has been reported and this could reflect the essential role of glycine conjugation in hepatic metabolism. Therefore, we hypothesised that genetic variation in the open reading frame (ORF) of the GLYAT gene should be low and that deleterious alleles would be found at low frequencies. This hypothesis was investigated by analysing the genetic variation of the human GLYAT ORF using data available in public databases. We also sequenced the GLYAT ORF of a small cohort of South African Afrikaner Caucasian individuals. In total, data from 1537 individuals was analysed. The two most prominent GLYAT haplotypes in all populations analysed, were S156 (70%) and T17S156 (20%). The S156C199 and S156H131 haplotypes, which have a negative effect on the enzyme activity of a recombinant human GLYAT, were detected at very low frequencies. In the Afrikaner Caucasian cohort a novel Q61L SNP occurring at a high frequency (12%) was detected. The results of this study indicated that the GLYAT ORF is highly conserved and supported the hypothesis that the glycine conjugation pathway is an essential detoxification pathway. These findings emphasise the importance of future investigations to determine the in vivo capacity of the glycine conjugation pathway for the detoxification of benzoate and other xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rencia van der Sluis
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Christoffel P S Badenhorst
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Elardus Erasmus
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Etresia van Dyk
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | | | - Alberdina A van Dijk
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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37
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The simultaneous detection and quantification of p-aminobenzoic acid and its phase 2 biotransformation metabolites in human urine using LC–MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:1211-24. [PMID: 26045002 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) can be used as a probe substance to investigate glycine conjugation, a reaction of phase 2 biotransformation. Methodology/Results: An LC–MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of PABA and its metabolites from human urine was developed and validated. The metabolites can be quantified with acceptable precision and accuracy directly from human urine samples after ingestion of 550 mg PABA. Conclusion: The developed LC–MS/MS assay is to our knowledge the first method available for the simultaneous quantification of PABA and its glycine conjugation metabolites in human urine and provides important quantitative data for studies of this phase 2 biotransformation pathway.
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38
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Heinzmann SS, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Deep Metabotyping of the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract for the Visualization of Digestion and Microbial Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2267-77. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke S. Heinzmann
- Research
Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research
Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair
of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
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39
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Bicakci Z. Growth retardation, general hypotonia, and loss of acquired neuromotor skills in the infants of mothers with cobalamin deficiency and the possible role of succinyl-CoA and glycine in the pathogenesis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e584. [PMID: 25738478 PMCID: PMC4553967 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin, Cbl) deficiency can cause metabolic, hematological, and neurological abnormalities. Adequate levels of succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA) cannot be synthesized from methylmalonyl-CoA because of the decreased activity of the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase enzyme that uses Cbl as the cofactor. Succinyl-CoA synthesis deficiency leads to decreased heme synthesis and gluconeogenesis. The reason of growth retardation can be gluconeogenesis deficiency together with heme synthesis deficiency whereas the reason of the neurological abnormalities can be glycine increase in the tissue due to decreased heme synthesis. We present 7 infants diagnosed with severe nutritional Cbl deficiency and discuss the role of succinyl-CoA and glycine in the possible pathogenesis in this article. Patients brought to our clinic with a complaint of growth retardation and diagnosed with nutritional Cbl deficiency were included in the study. There were 5 females and 2 males. The mean age was 11 ± 2.30 (range 6-13) months. All patients had general muscular hypotonia and 4 had growth retardation. Neuromotor growth retardation was found in 4 of the children who had previously shown normal neuromotor development for age. The mean Cbl level was 83.8 ± 27.6 (45.6-114) pg/mL. The mean Cbl level of the mothers was 155 ± 56.6 (88-258) pg/mL. Six of the patients had anemia and 1 had thrombocytopenia. Mean corpuscular volume value was 91.5 ± 12.2 fL. Following treatment, the muscle tonus of the patients improved, the anemia and growth retardation decreased, and the lost neuromotor abilities were recovered. Severe nutritional Cbl deficiency is an important nutritional disease where complications can be prevented with early treatment. When evaluating the pathogenesis, it should be noted that nutritional Cbl deficiency is a succinyl-CoA synthesis deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Bicakci
- From the Department of Pediatric Hematology, Kafkas University Faculty of Medicine, Paşa Çayırı, Kars, Turkey
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40
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Genetic ablation of VIAAT in glycinergic neurons causes a severe respiratory phenotype and perinatal death. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:2835-49. [PMID: 25027639 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both glycinergic and GABAergic neurons require the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (VIAAT) for synaptic vesicle filling. Presynaptic GABA concentrations are determined by the GABA-synthesizing enzymes glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)65 and GAD67, whereas the presynaptic glycine content depends on the plasma membrane glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2). Although severely impaired, glycinergic transmission is not completely absent in GlyT2-knockout mice, suggesting that other routes of glycine uptake or de novo synthesis of glycine exist in presynaptic terminals. To investigate the consequences of a complete loss of glycinergic transmission, we generated a mouse line with a conditional ablation of VIAAT in glycinergic neurons by crossing mice with loxP-flanked VIAAT alleles with a GlyT2-Cre transgenic mouse line. Interestingly, conditional VIAAT knockout (VIAAT cKO) mice were not viable at birth. In addition to the dominant respiratory failure, VIAAT cKO showed an umbilical hernia and a cleft palate. Immunohistochemistry revealed an almost complete depletion of VIAAT in the brainstem. Electrophysiology revealed the absence of both spontaneous glycinergic and GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents from hypoglossal motoneurons. Our results demonstrate that the deletion of VIAAT in GlyT2-Cre expressing neurons also strongly affects GABAergic transmission and suggest a large overlap of the glycinergic and the GABAergic neuron population during early development in the caudal parts of the brain.
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Rosini E, Piubelli L, Molla G, Frattini L, Valentino M, Varriale A, D'Auria S, Pollegioni L. Novel biosensors based on optimized glycine oxidase. FEBS J 2014; 281:3460-72. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche; Politecnico di Milano; ICRM CNR Milano; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Milano Italy
| | - Luciano Piubelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche; Politecnico di Milano; ICRM CNR Milano; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Milano Italy
| | - Gianluca Molla
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche; Politecnico di Milano; ICRM CNR Milano; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Milano Italy
| | - Luca Frattini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
| | - Mattia Valentino
- The Protein Factory; Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche; Politecnico di Milano; ICRM CNR Milano; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Milano Italy
- CNR - Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare; Sezione Adolfo Quilico; Milano Italy
| | | | - Sabato D'Auria
- CNR - Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine; Napoli Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Varese Italy
- The Protein Factory; Centro Interuniversitario di Biotecnologie Proteiche; Politecnico di Milano; ICRM CNR Milano; Università degli studi dell'Insubria; Milano Italy
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Bialasiewicz P, Prymont-Przyminska A, Zwolinska A, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Krol M, Glusac J, Nowak P, Markowski J, Rutkowski KP, Nowak D. Addition of strawberries to the usual diet decreases resting chemiluminescence of fasting blood in healthy subjects-possible health-promoting effect of these fruits consumption. J Am Coll Nutr 2014; 33:274-87. [PMID: 24912053 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2013.870502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regular strawberry consumption augmented plasma antioxidant activity and decreased lipid peroxidation suggests preventive potential of these fruits against oxidative stress-dependent disorders. Blood phagocytes are important source of oxidants that may contribute to systemic oxidative stress. We examined the effect of strawberry consumption on the luminol enhanced whole blood chemiluminescence (LBCL) reflecting oxidants generation by circulating phagocytes in healthy subjects. METHODS Thirty-one healthy subjects (being on their usual diet) consumed 500 g of strawberry pulp daily (between 11.00-14.00) for 30 days (1st strawberry course) and after 10 day wash-out the cycle was repeated (2nd strawberry course). Fasting blood and spot morning urine samples were collected before and after each strawberry course for measuring resting and agonist (fMLP)-induced LBCL, various phenolics and plasma antioxidant activity. Twenty subjects served as a control in respect to LBCL changes over the study period. RESULTS Strawberry consumption decreased median resting LBCL and this effect was more evident after the 1st course (by 38.2%, p < 0.05) than after the the 2nd one (18.7%), while fMLP-induced LBCL was constant. No changes in LBCL were noted in controls. Strawberries increased fasting plasma levels of caffeic acid and homovanillic acid as well as urolithin A and 4-hydroxyhippuric acid in spot urine. Plasma antioxidant activity and the number of circulating phagocytes did not change over the study period. Resting LBCL correlated positively with the number of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes at all occasions and negative correlation with plasma 4-hydroxyhippuric acid was noted especially after the first strawberry course (r = -0.46, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The decrease in resting LBCL suggests that regular strawberry consumption may suppress baseline formation of oxidants by circulating phagocytes. This may decrease the risk of systemic imbalance between oxidants and anti-oxidants and be one of mechanisms of health-promoting effect of these fruits consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bialasiewicz
- a Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , POLAND
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Prymont-Przyminska A, Zwolinska A, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Krol M, Nowak M, de Graft-Johnson J, Padula G, Bialasiewicz P, Markowski J, Rutkowski KP, Nowak D. Consumption of strawberries on a daily basis increases the non-urate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of fasting plasma in healthy subjects. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 55:48-55. [PMID: 25120279 PMCID: PMC4078066 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.13-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Strawberries contain anthocyanins and ellagitanins which have antioxidant properties. We determined whether the consumption of strawberries increase the plasma antioxidant activity measured as the ability to decompose 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) in healthy subjects. The study involved 10 volunteers (age 41 ± 6 years, body weight 74.4 ± 12.7 kg) that consumed 500 g of strawberries daily for 9 days and 7 matched controls. Fasting plasma and spot morning urine samples were collected at baseline, during fruit consumption and after a 6 day wash-out period. DPPH decomposition was measured in both deproteinized native plasma specimens and pretreated with uricase (non-urate plasma). Twelve phenolics were determined with HPLC. Strawberries had no effect on the antioxidant activity of native plasma and circulating phenolics. Non-urate plasma DPPH decomposition increased from 5.7 ± 0.6% to 6.6 ± 0.6%, 6.5 ± 1.0% and 6.3 ± 1.4% after 3, 6 and 9 days of supplementation, respectively. The wash-out period reversed this activity back to 5.7 ± 0.8% (p<0.01). Control subjects did not reveal any changes of plasma antioxidant activity. Significant increase in urinary urolithin A and 4-hydroxyhippuric (by 8.7- and 5.9-times after 6 days of supplementation with fruits) was noted. Strawberry consumption can increase the non-urate plasma antioxidant activity which, in turn, may decrease the risk of systemic oxidants overactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Prymont-Przyminska
- Department of General Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Zwolinska
- Cell-to-cell Communication Department, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Sarniak
- Department of General Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Wlodarczyk
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Krol
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Nowak
- Medical Physics Faculty, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Gianluca Padula
- Academic Laboratory of Movement and Human Physical Performance, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Bialasiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Markowski
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Division of Pomology, Fruit Storage and Processing Department, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof P Rutkowski
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Division of Pomology, Fruit Storage and Processing Department, Skierniewice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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Badenhorst CPS, Erasmus E, van der Sluis R, Nortje C, van Dijk AA. A new perspective on the importance of glycine conjugation in the metabolism of aromatic acids. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:343-61. [PMID: 24754494 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.908903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A number of endogenous and xenobiotic organic acids are conjugated to glycine, in animals ranging from mosquitoes to humans. Glycine conjugation has generally been assumed to be a detoxification mechanism, increasing the water solubility of organic acids in order to facilitate urinary excretion. However, the recently proposed glycine deportation hypothesis states that the role of the amino acid conjugations, including glycine conjugation, is to regulate systemic levels of amino acids that are also utilized as neurotransmitters in the central nervous systems of animals. This hypothesis is based on the observation that, compared to glucuronidation, glycine conjugation does not significantly increase the water solubility of aromatic acids. In this review it will be argued that the major role of glycine conjugation is to dispose of the end products of phenylpropionate metabolism. Furthermore, glucuronidation, which occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, would not be ideal for the detoxification of free benzoate, which has been shown to accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix. Glycine conjugation, however, prevents accumulation of benzoic acid in the mitochondrial matrix by forming hippurate, a less lipophilic conjugate that can be more readily transported out of the mitochondria. Finally, it will be explained that the glycine conjugation of benzoate, a commonly used preservative, exacerbates the dietary deficiency of glycine in humans. Because the resulting shortage of glycine can negatively influence brain neurochemistry and the synthesis of collagen, nucleic acids, porphyrins, and other important metabolites, the risks of using benzoate as a preservative should not be underestimated.
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Han L, Campanucci VA, Cooke J, Salter MW. Identification of a single amino acid in GluN1 that is critical for glycine-primed internalization of NMDA receptors. Mol Brain 2013; 6:36. [PMID: 23941530 PMCID: PMC3846451 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-6-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NMDA receptors are ligand-gated ion channels with essential roles in glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity in the CNS. As co-receptors for glutamate and glycine, gating of the NMDA receptor/channel pore requires agonist binding to the glycine sites, as well as to the glutamate sites, on the ligand-binding domains of the receptor. In addition to channel gating, glycine has been found to prime NMDA receptors for internalization upon subsequent stimulation of glutamate and glycine sites. RESULTS Here we address the key issue of identifying molecular determinants in the glycine-binding subunit, GluN1, that are essential for priming of NMDA receptors. We found that glycine treatment of wild-type NMDA receptors led to recruitment of the adaptor protein 2 (AP-2), and subsequent internalization after activating the receptors by NMDA plus glycine. However, with a glycine-binding mutant of GluN1 - N710R/Y711R/E712A/A714L - we found that treating with glycine did not promote recruitment of AP-2 nor were glycine-treated receptors internalized when subsequently activated with NMDA plus glycine. Likewise, GluN1 carrying a single point mutation - A714L - did not prime upon glycine treatment. Importantly, both of the mutant receptors were functional, as stimulating with NMDA plus glycine evoked inward currents. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we have identified a single amino acid in GluN1 that is critical for priming of NMDA receptors by glycine. Moreover, we have demonstrated the principle that while NMDA receptor gating and priming share a common requirement for glycine binding, the molecular constraints in GluN1 for gating are distinct from those for priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Huang Y, Tian Y, Li G, Li Y, Yin X, Peng C, Xu F, Zhang Z. Discovery of safety biomarkers for realgar in rat urine using UFLC-IT-TOF/MS and 1H NMR based metabolomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4811-22. [PMID: 23479124 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As an arsenical, realgar (As4S4) is known as a poison and paradoxically as a therapeutic agent. However, a complete understanding of the precise biochemical alterations accompanying the toxicity and therapy effects of realgar is lacking. Using a combined ultrafast liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled with ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IT-TOF/MS) and (1)H NMR spectroscopy based metabolomics approach, we were able to delineate significantly altered metabolites in the urine samples of realgar-treated rats. The platform stability of the liquid chromatography LC/MS and NMR techniques was systematically investigated, and the data processing method was carefully optimized. Our results indicate significant perturbations in amino acid metabolism, citric acid cycle, choline metabolism, and porphyrin metabolism. Thirty-six metabolites were proposed as potential safety biomarkers related to disturbances caused by realgar, and glycine and serine are expected to serve as the central contacts in the metabolic pathways related to realgar-induced disturbance. The LC/MS and NMR based metabolomics approach established provided a systematic and holistic view of the biochemical effects of realgar on rats, and might be employed to investigate other drugs or xenobiotics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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