1
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Zaid A, Ariel A. Harnessing anti-inflammatory pathways and macrophage nano delivery to treat inflammatory and fibrotic disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115204. [PMID: 38342241 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Targeting specific organs and cell types using nanotechnology and sophisticated delivery methods has been at the forefront of applicative biomedical sciences lately. Macrophages are an appealing target for immunomodulation by nanodelivery as they are heavily involved in various aspects of many diseases and are highly plastic in their nature. Their continuum of functional "polarization" states has been a research focus for many years yielding a profound understanding of various aspects of these cells. The ability of monocyte-derived macrophages to metamorphose from pro-inflammatory to reparative and consequently to pro-resolving effectors has raised significant interest in its therapeutic potential. Here, we briefly survey macrophages' ontogeny and various polarization phenotypes, highlighting their function in the inflammation-resolution shift. We review their inducing mediators, signaling pathways, and biological programs with emphasis on the nucleic acid sensing-IFN-I axis. We also portray the polarization spectrum of macrophages and the characteristics of their transition between different subtypes. Finally, we highlighted different current drug delivery methods for targeting macrophages with emphasis on nanotargeting that might lead to breakthroughs in the treatment of wound healing, bone regeneration, autoimmune, and fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Zaid
- Department of Biology and Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838 Israel
| | - Amiram Ariel
- Department of Biology and Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, 3498838 Israel.
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2
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Zhang MX, Hong H, Shi Y, Huang WY, Xia YM, Tan LL, Zhao WJ, Qiao CM, Wu J, Zhao LP, Huang SB, Jia XB, Shen YQ, Cui C. A Pilot Study on a Possible Mechanism behind Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: The Association of TAAR1 Downregulation with Neuronal Loss and Inflammation along Olfactory Pathway. Brain Sci 2024; 14:300. [PMID: 38671952 PMCID: PMC11048016 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized not only by motor symptoms but also by non-motor dysfunctions, such as olfactory impairment; the cause is not fully understood. Our study suggests that neuronal loss and inflammation in brain regions along the olfactory pathway, such as the olfactory bulb (OB) and the piriform cortex (PC), may contribute to olfactory dysfunction in PD mice, which might be related to the downregulation of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) in these areas. In the striatum, although only a decrease in mRNA level, but not in protein level, of TAAR1 was detected, bioinformatic analyses substantiated its correlation with PD. Moreover, we discovered that neuronal death and inflammation in the OB and the PC in PD mice might be regulated by TAAR through the Bcl-2/caspase3 pathway. This manifested as a decrease of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and an increase of the pro-apoptotic protein cleaved caspase3, or through regulating astrocytes activity, manifested as the increase of TAAR1 in astrocytes, which might lead to the decreased clearance of glutamate and consequent neurotoxicity. In summary, we have identified a possible mechanism to elucidate the olfactory dysfunction in PD, positing neuronal damage and inflammation due to apoptosis and astrocyte activity along the olfactory pathway in conjunction with the downregulation of TAAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chun Cui
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Injury, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Avenue, Binhu District, Wuxi 214122, China
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3
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Yi X, Tran E, Odiba JO, Qin CX, Ritchie RH, Baell JB. The formyl peptide receptors FPR1 and FPR2 as targets for inflammatory disorders: recent advances in the development of small-molecule agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:115989. [PMID: 38199163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) comprise a class of chemoattractant pattern recognition receptors, for which several physiological functions like host-defences, as well as the regulation of inflammatory responses, have been ascribed. With accumulating evidence that agonism of FPR1/FPR2 can confer pro-resolution of inflammation, increased attention from academia and industry has led to the discovery of new and interesting small-molecule FPR1/FPR2 agonists. Focused attention on the development of appropriate physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles is yielding synthesis of new compounds with promising in vivo readouts. This review presents an overview of small-molecule FPR1/FPR2 agonist medicinal chemistry developed over the past 20 years, with a particular emphasis on interrogation in the increasingly sophisticated bioassays which have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Yi
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Eric Tran
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Jephthah O Odiba
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Cheng Xue Qin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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4
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Pitchai A, Buhman K, Shannahan JH. Lipid mediators of inhalation exposure-induced pulmonary toxicity and inflammation. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:57-74. [PMID: 38422051 PMCID: PMC11022128 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2318389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Many inhalation exposures induce pulmonary inflammation contributing to disease progression. Inflammatory processes are actively regulated via mediators including bioactive lipids. Bioactive lipids are potent signaling molecules involved in both pro-inflammatory and resolution processes through receptor interactions. The formation and clearance of lipid signaling mediators are controlled by multiple metabolic enzymes. An imbalance of these lipids can result in exacerbated and sustained inflammatory processes which may result in pulmonary damage and disease. Dysregulation of pulmonary bioactive lipids contribute to inflammation and pulmonary toxicity following exposures. For example, inhalation of cigarette smoke induces activation of pro-inflammatory bioactive lipids such as sphingolipids, and ceramides contributing to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Additionally, exposure to silver nanoparticles causes dysregulation of inflammatory resolution lipids. As inflammation is a common consequence resulting from inhaled exposures and a component of numerous diseases it represents a broadly applicable target for therapeutic intervention. With new appreciation for bioactive lipids, technological advances to reliably identify and quantify lipids have occurred. In this review, we will summarize, integrate, and discuss findings from recent studies investigating the impact of inhaled exposures on pro-inflammatory and resolution lipids within the lung and their contribution to disease. Throughout the review current knowledge gaps in our understanding of bioactive lipids and their contribution to pulmonary effects of inhaled exposures will be presented. New methods being employed to detect and quantify disruption of pulmonary lipid levels following inhalation exposures will be highlighted. Lastly, we will describe how lipid dysregulation could potentially be addressed by therapeutic strategies to address inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Pitchai
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kimberly Buhman
- Department of Nutrition, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Shannahan
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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5
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Shen Y, Chen L, Chen J, Qin J, Wang T, Wen F. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Pathogenetic mechanism and therapeutic target. J Transl Int Med 2023; 11:330-340. [PMID: 38130648 PMCID: PMC10732348 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2022-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common inflammatory airway disease characterized by enhanced inflammation. Recent studies suggest that mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) may play an important role in the regulation of inflammation and are involved in a serial of inflammatory diseases, and they may also be involved in COPD. This review highlights the potential role of mitochondrial DAMPs during COPD pathogenesis and discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting mitochondrial DAMPs and their related signaling pathways and receptors for COPD. Research progress on mitochondrial DAMPs may enhance our understanding of COPD inflammation and provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jiangyue Qin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Cao Y, Chen J, Liu F, Qi G, Zhao Y, Xu S, Wang J, Zhu T, Zhang Y, Jia Y. Formyl peptide receptor 2 activation by mitochondrial formyl peptides stimulates the neutrophil proinflammatory response via the ERK pathway and exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:4. [PMID: 36658472 PMCID: PMC9854225 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an inevitable process in renal transplantation that significantly increases the risk of delayed graft function, acute rejection, and even graft loss. Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is an important receptor in multiple septic and aseptic injuries, but its functions in kidney IRI are still unclear. This study was designed to reveal the pathological role of FPR2 in kidney IRI and its functional mechanisms. METHODS To explore the mechanism of FPR2 in kidney IRI, the model rats were sacrificed after IRI surgery. Immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and western blotting were used to detect differences in the expression of FPR2 and its ligands between the IRI and control groups. WRW4 (WRWWWW-NH2), a specific antagonist of FPR2, was administered to kidney IRI rats. Kidney function and pathological damage were detected to assess kidney injury and recovery. Flow cytometry was used to quantitatively compare neutrophil infiltration among the experimental groups. Mitochondrial formyl peptides (mtFPs) were synthesized and administered to primary rat neutrophils together with the specific FPR family antagonist WRW4 to verify our hypothesis in vitro. Western blotting and cell function assays were used to examine the functions and signaling pathways that FPR2 mediates in neutrophils. RESULTS FPR2 was activated mainly by mtFPs during the acute phase of IRI, mediating neutrophil migration and reactive oxygen species production in the rat kidney through the ERK1/2 pathway. FPR2 blockade in the early phase protected rat kidneys from IRI. CONCLUSIONS mtFPs activated FPR2 during the acute phase of IRI and mediated rat kidney injury by activating the migration and reactive oxygen species generation of neutrophils through the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Cao
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Juntao Chen
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Liu
- grid.411405.50000 0004 1757 8861Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guisheng Qi
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Zhao
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Shihao Xu
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyan Wang
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongyu Zhu
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Jia
- grid.413087.90000 0004 1755 3939Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Abouelasrar Salama S, Gouwy M, Van Damme J, Struyf S. Acute-serum amyloid A and A-SAA-derived peptides as formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2 ligands. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1119227. [PMID: 36817589 PMCID: PMC9935590 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1119227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally, it was thought that a single serum amyloid A (SAA) protein was involved in amyloid A amyloidosis, but in fact, SAA represents a four-membered family wherein SAA1 and SAA2 are acute phase proteins (A-SAA). SAA is highly conserved throughout evolution within a wide range of animal species suggestive of an important biological function. In fact, A-SAA has been linked to a number of divergent biological activities wherein a number of these functions are mediated via the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2. For instance, through the activation of FPR2, A-SAA has been described to regulate leukocyte activation, atherosclerosis, pathogen recognition, bone formation and cell survival. Moreover, A-SAA is subject to post-translational modification, primarily through proteolytic processing, generating a range of A-SAA-derived peptides. Although very little is known regarding the biological effect of A-SAA-derived peptides, they have been shown to promote neutrophil and monocyte migration through FPR2 activation via synergy with other GPCR ligands namely, the chemokines CXCL8 and CCL3, respectively. Within this review, we provide a detailed analysis of the FPR2-mediated functions of A-SAA. Moreover, we discuss the potential role of A-SAA-derived peptides as allosteric modulators of FPR2.
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8
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Ni C, Gao S, Li X, Zheng Y, Jiang H, Liu P, Lv Q, Huang W, Li Q, Ren Y, Mi Z, Kong D, Jiang Y. Fpr2 exacerbates Streptococcus suis-induced streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome via attenuation of neutrophil recruitment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1094331. [PMID: 36776849 PMCID: PMC9911822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1094331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The life-threatening disease streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS), caused by the bacterial pathogen Streptococcus suis (S. suis). Proinflammatory markers, bacterial load, granulocyte recruitment, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) levels were monitored in wild-type (WT) and Fpr2-/- mice suffering from STSLS. LXA4 and AnxA1, anti-inflammatory mediators related to Fpr2, were used to identity a potential role of the Fpr2 in STSLS development. We also elucidated the function of Fpr2 at different infection sites by comparing the STSLS model with the S. suis-meningitis model. Compared with the WT mice, Fpr2-/- mice exhibited a reduced inflammatory response and bacterial load, and increased neutrophil recruitment. Pretreatment with AnxA1 or LXA4 impaired leukocyte recruitment and increased both bacterial load and inflammatory reactions in WT but not Fpr2-/- mice experiencing STSLS. These results indicated that Fpr2 impairs neutrophil recruitment during STSLS, and this impairment is enhanced by AnxA1 or LXA4. By comparing the functions of Fpr2 in different S. suis infection models, inflammation and NETs was found to hinder bacterial clearance in S. suis meningitis, and conversely accelerate bacterial clearance in STSLS. Therefore, interference with neutrophil recruitment could potentially be harnessed to develop new treatments for this infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengpei Ni
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China
| | - Song Gao
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China
| | - Xudong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Mi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Decong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Kim YE, Ahn SY, Sung DK, Chang YS, Park WS. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Activity in Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury in Newborn Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10604. [PMID: 36142517 PMCID: PMC9500980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2 is known to play a critical role in regulating inflammation, including either the pro-inflammatory or pro-resolving effects. However, its role in neonatal hyperoxia-induced lung injury has not been delineated. In this study, we investigate whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) attenuate hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung injury by regulating FPR2 activity. We observed a significant increase in FPR2 levels in alveolar macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) after H2O2-induced stress, which decreased after MSC treatment. In the H2O2-induction model, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α and TNF-α) were significantly reduced in RAW264.7 cells after treatment with WRW4, an inhibitor of FPR2, or MSCs. Viability of lung epithelial cells and endothelial cells was significantly improved when cultured in the conditioned media of RAW264.7 cells treated with WRW4 or MSCs, compared to when cultured in the conditioned media of control RAW265.7 cells exposed to H2O2. For the in vivo study, wild-type and FPR2 knockout (FPR2-/-) C57/BL6 mouse pups were randomly exposed to 80% oxygen or room air from postnatal day (P) 1 to P14. At P5, 2 × 105 MSCs were transplanted intratracheally. MSCs reduced the elevated FPR2 activity at P7 and improved the decreased FPR2 activity as well as the increased immuno-stained FPR2 activity in alveolar macrophages in hyperoxic lungs at P14. Both FPR2-/- and MSCs similarly attenuated impaired alveolarization and angiogenesis, and increased apoptosis and inflammation of hyperoxic lungs without synergistic effects. Our findings suggest that the protective effects of MSCs in hyperoxic lung injury might be related to indirect modulation of FPR2 activity, at least of alveolar macrophages in neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Kim
- Cell and Gene Therapy Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - So Yoon Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Dong Kyung Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Yun Sil Chang
- Cell and Gene Therapy Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Won Soon Park
- Cell and Gene Therapy Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
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10
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Yu C, Zhang L. Methylprednisolone up-regulates annexin A1 (ANXA1) to inhibit the inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress of cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced bronchial epithelial cells, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in vitro model, through the formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) receptors and the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:4028-4038. [PMID: 35129068 PMCID: PMC8973914 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2031769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive degenerative disease, of which smoking is the main causer. We carried out this study with the aim of exploring the underlying mechanism of methylprednisolone (MP) treating the COPD. To stimulate COPD in vitro, cigarette smoke extract (CSE)was employed to induce human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B. With the help of MTT and Tunel assays, the viability and apoptosis of BEAS-2B cells after indicated treatment were assessed. The levels of inflammatory response and oxidative stress were determined by the changes of markers basing on their commercial kits. Additionally, annexin A1 (ANXA1) expressions at both protein and mRNA levels were assessed with Western blot and Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Moreover, the expressions of apoptosis- and formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) receptors and the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway-related proteins were determined with Western blot., related proteins and proteins. As a result, MP up-regulated the ANXA1 expression in CSE-induced BEAS-2B cells. MP enhanced the viability but suppressed the apoptosis, inflammatory response and oxidative stress of CSE-induced BEAS-2B cells via regulating FPR2/AMPK pathway, while ANXA1 knockdown exhibited oppositive effects on them. In conclusion, MP up-regulated ANXA1 to inhibit the inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress of BEAS-2B cells induced by CSE, alleviating COPD through suppressing the FPR2/AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Yu
- The First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chengdu Eighth People’s Hospital (Geriatric Hospital of Chengdu Medical College), Chengdu City, China
| | - Linghui Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Shijiazhuang Medical College, Shijiazhuang City, China
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11
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Zhu J, Li L, Ding J, Huang J, Shao A, Tang B. The Role of Formyl Peptide Receptors in Neurological Diseases via Regulating Inflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:753832. [PMID: 34650406 PMCID: PMC8510628 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.753832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are a group of G protein-coupled cell surface receptors that play important roles in host defense and inflammation. Owing to the ubiquitous expression of FPRs throughout different cell types and since they interact with structurally diverse chemotactic agonists, they have a dual function in inflammatory processes, depending on binding with different ligands so that accelerate or inhibit key intracellular kinase-based regulatory pathways. Neuroinflammation is closely associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, neurogenic tumors and cerebrovascular diseases. From recent studies, it is clear that FPRs are important biomarkers for neurological diseases as they regulate inflammatory responses by monitoring glial activation, accelerating neural differentiation, regulating angiogenesis, and controlling blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, thereby affecting neurological disease progression. Given the complex mechanisms of neurological diseases and the difficulty of healing, we are eager to find new and effective therapeutic targets. Here, we review recent research about various mechanisms of the effects generated after FPR binding to different ligands, role of FPRs in neuroinflammation as well as the development and prognosis of neurological diseases. We summarize that the FPR family has dual inflammatory functional properties in central nervous system. Emphasizing that FPR2 acts as a key molecule that mediates the active resolution of inflammation, which binds with corresponding receptors to reduce the expression and activation of pro-inflammatory composition, govern the transport of immune cells to inflammatory tissues, and restore the integrity of the BBB. Concurrently, FPR1 is essentially related to angiogenesis, cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Thus, treatment with FPRs-modulation may be effective for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhu
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingfei Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Ding
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Vannitamby A, Saad MI, Aloe C, Wang H, Kumar B, Vlahos R, Selemidis S, Irving L, Steinfort D, Jenkins BJ, Bozinovski S. Aspirin-Triggered Resolvin D1 Reduces Proliferation and the Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in a Mutant KRAS-Driven Lung Adenocarcinoma Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133224. [PMID: 34203378 PMCID: PMC8268479 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) is biosynthesised by leukocytes as a mechanism to resolve inflammation during infection and/or injury. Emerging studies reveal that AT-RvD1 also has anti-cancer properties associated with stimulating macrophage-mediated clearance of tumour debris. No study to date has investigated how AT-RvD1 influences the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in lung cancer, an established marker of poor prognosis. The biosynthesis of AT-RvD1 is dependent on the ALOX5 gene, and we reveal that ALOX5 mRNA expression was markedly reduced in lung adenocarcinoma tumours. We next utilised an oncogenic KrasG12D lung adenocarcinoma mouse model to investigate the efficacy of AT-RvD1 in vivo. We show for the first time that AT-RvD1 reduces tumour growth in the lungs of KrasG12D mice and alters the immune landscape in tumours by reducing the NLR. Abstract Tumour-associated neutrophils (TANs) can support tumour growth by suppressing cytotoxic lymphocytes. AT-RvD1 is an eicosanoid that can antagonise neutrophil trafficking instigated by ALX/FPR2 ligands such as serum amyloid A (SAA). We aimed to establish whether SAA and ALOX5 expression associates with TANs and investigate the immunomodulatory actions of AT-RvD1 in vivo. MPO-positive neutrophils were quantified in tumour blocks from lung adenocarcinoma (n = 48) and control tissue (n = 20) by IHC. Tumour expression of SAA and ALOX5 were analysed by RTqPCR and an oncogenic KrasG12D lung adenocarcinoma mouse model was used to investigate the in vivo efficacy of AT-RvD1 treatment. ALOX5 expression was markedly reduced in lung adenocarcinoma tumours. The SAA/ALOX5 ratio strongly correlated with TANs and was significantly increased in tumours harbouring an oncogenic KRAS mutation. AT-RvD1 treatment reduced tumour growth in KrasG12D mice, which was accompanied by suppressed cellular proliferation within parenchymal lesions. In addition, AT-RvD1 significantly reduced the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an established prognostic marker of poor survival in adenocarcinoma. This study identifies a novel molecular signature whereby elevated levels of SAA relative to ALOX5 favour accumulation of TANs. Furthermore, the ALOX5/5-LO enzymatic product, AT-RvD1, markedly reduced the NLR and suppressed tumour growth in KrasG12D mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Vannitamby
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia; (A.V.); (C.A.); (H.W.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Mohamed I. Saad
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, Australia; (M.I.S.); (B.J.J.)
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Christian Aloe
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia; (A.V.); (C.A.); (H.W.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia; (A.V.); (C.A.); (H.W.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Beena Kumar
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Monash Health, Clayton 3168, Australia;
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia; (A.V.); (C.A.); (H.W.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia; (A.V.); (C.A.); (H.W.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Louis Irving
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3050, Australia; (L.I.); (D.S.)
| | - Daniel Steinfort
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3050, Australia; (L.I.); (D.S.)
| | - Brendan J. Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3168, Australia; (M.I.S.); (B.J.J.)
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia; (A.V.); (C.A.); (H.W.); (R.V.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Vergelli C, Khlebnikov AI, Crocetti L, Guerrini G, Cantini N, Kirpotina LN, Schepetkin IA, Cilibrizzi A, Quinn MT, Rossi P, Paoli P, Giovannoni MP. Synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular modeling, and structural analysis of new pyrazole and pyrazolone derivatives as N-formyl peptide receptors agonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:582-603. [PMID: 34148303 PMCID: PMC8446315 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
N‐formyl peptide receptors (FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3) play key roles in the regulation of inflammatory processes, and recently, it was demonstrated that FPR1 and FPR2 have a dual role in the progression/suppression of some cancers. Therefore, FPRs represent an important therapeutic target for the treatment of both cancer and inflammatory diseases. Previously, we identified selective or mixed FPR agonists with pyridazinone or pyridinone scaffolds showing a common 4‐(bromophenyl)acetamide fragment, which was essential for activity. We report here new pyrazole and pyrazolone derivatives as restricted analogues of the above 6‐membered compounds, all exhibiting the same 4‐bromophenylacetamide side chain. Most new products had low or absent FPR agonist activity, suggesting that the pyrazole nucleus was not appropriate for FPR agonists. This hypothesis was confirmed by molecular modeling studies, which highlighted that the five‐membered scaffold was responsible for a worse arrangement of the molecules in the receptor binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vergelli
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Letizia Crocetti
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guerrini
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Niccolò Cantini
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Liliya N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | | | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Patrizia Rossi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Paoli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Giovannoni
- Neurofarba, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Mastromarino M, Lacivita E, Colabufo NA, Leopoldo M. G-Protein Coupled Receptors Involved in the Resolution of Inflammation: Ligands and Therapeutic Perspectives. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 20:2090-2103. [PMID: 32682373 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200719014433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated inflammation is a central pathological process in diverse disease states, including neurodegenerative disorders. The recent concept of "resolution of inflammation" is offering a conceptual change for the diagnosis and the development of new therapeutic approaches for chronic inflammatory diseases. Resolution of inflammation terminates the inflammatory response promoting the return to tissue homeostasis through the action of several classes of mediators, termed specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), that include lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins. SPMs provide "stop signals" that reduce the number of immune cells at the site of insult and increase the clearance of apoptotic cells through phagocytosis. SPMs elicit their effects through the interaction with specific G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The elucidation of the pathways downstream of the GPCRs involved in the resolution of chronic inflammation is opening novel opportunities to generate novel anti-inflammatory agents. This review focuses on the SPMs and the receptors through which their effects are mediated. The medicinal chemistry of the modulators of the GPCRs involved in the resolution of inflammation will be illustrated, by highlighting the potential for developing new antiinflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Mastromarino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola A Colabufo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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15
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Gao L, Zeng N, Yuan Z, Wang T, Chen L, Yang D, Xu D, Wan C, Wen F, Shen Y. Knockout of Formyl Peptide Receptor-1 Attenuates Cigarette Smoke-Induced Airway Inflammation in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:632225. [PMID: 33981222 PMCID: PMC8110203 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.632225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The formyl peptide receptor-1 (FPR-1) has been reported to be implicated in the regulation of inflammatory disorders, while its role in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced airway inflammation has not been fully explained. In this study, we investigated the role of FPR-1 in CS-induced airway inflammation and the possible mechanism through gene knockout (KO) technology and transcriptional study. Methods: FPR-1 KO or wild-type C57BL/6 mice were exposed to mainstream CS to establish an airway inflammation model. Cell counts and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Lung tissues were collected for histological examination, polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, transcriptomic gene study, and related bioinformatics analysis. Results: CS exposure induced significant histological inflammatory changes, increased neutrophils, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the BALF of wild-type mice, which were all attenuated by KO of FPR-1. The transcriptomic gene study showed a total of 198 up-regulated genes and 282 down-regulated genes in mouse lungs. Bioinformatics analysis including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) suggested these differentiated expressed genes were significantly related to the immune, chemotaxis responses, and cross-talked with a complicated network of signaling pathways including NF-κB. Western blot validated that KO of FPR-1 inhibited CS-induced NF-κB activation. Conclusion: Knockout of FPR-1 significantly ameliorates CS-induced airway inflammation in mice, possibly via its related immune-chemotaxis responses and inhibition of NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ni Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhicheng Yuan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Deqing Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuqiang Wen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongchun Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, Chengdu, China
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16
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Sandhaus S, Swick AG. Specialized proresolving mediators in infection and lung injury. Biofactors 2021; 47:6-18. [PMID: 33249673 PMCID: PMC7744833 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) are endogenous lipid metabolites of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are involved in promoting the resolution of inflammation. Many disease conditions characterized by excessive inflammation have impaired or altered SPM biosynthesis, which may lead to chronic, unresolved inflammation. Exogenous administration of SPMs in infectious conditions has been shown to be effective at improving infection clearance and survival in preclinical models. SPMs have also shown tremendous promise in the context of inflammatory lung conditions, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mostly in preclinical settings. To date, SPMs have not been studied in the context of the novel Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), however their preclinical efficacy in combatting infections and improving acute respiratory distress suggest they may be a valuable resource in the fight against Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Overall, while the research on SPMs is still evolving, they may offer a novel therapeutic option for inflammatory conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- COVID-19/metabolism
- COVID-19/pathology
- COVID-19/virology
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/therapeutic use
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/metabolism
- Herpes Simplex/pathology
- Humans
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/metabolism
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Lipoxins/therapeutic use
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung Injury/drug therapy
- Lung Injury/metabolism
- Lung Injury/pathology
- Lung Injury/virology
- Periodontitis/drug therapy
- Periodontitis/metabolism
- Periodontitis/pathology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/pathology
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/virology
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/drug therapy
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/metabolism
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/pathology
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/virology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- Sepsis/drug therapy
- Sepsis/metabolism
- Sepsis/pathology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
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Jeong YS, Bae YS. Formyl peptide receptors in the mucosal immune system. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1694-1704. [PMID: 33082511 PMCID: PMC7572937 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and are well known as chemotactic receptors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize bacterial and mitochondria-derived formylated peptides. FPRs are also known to detect a wide range of ligands, including host-derived peptides and lipids. FPRs are highly expressed not only in phagocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages but also in nonhematopoietic cells such as epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Mucosal surfaces, including the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, the oral cavity, the eye, and the reproductive tract, separate the external environment from the host system. In mucosal surfaces, the interaction between the microbiota and host cells needs to be strictly regulated to maintain homeostasis. By sharing the same FPRs, immune cells and epithelial cells may coordinate pathophysiological responses to various stimuli, including microbial molecules derived from the normal flora. Accumulating evidence shows that FPRs play important roles in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the roles of FPRs at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoe-Sik Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Zhang S, Gong H, Ge Y, Ye RD. Biased allosteric modulation of formyl peptide receptor 2 leads to distinct receptor conformational states for pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105117. [PMID: 32768626 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a Class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that interacts with multiple ligands and transduces both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals. These ligands include weak agonists and modulators that are produced during inflammation. The present study investigates how prolonged exposure to FPR2 modulators influence receptor signaling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Fluorescent biosensors of FPR2 were constructed based on single-molecule fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) and used for measurement of ligand-induced receptor conformational changes. These changes were combined with FPR2-mediated signaling events and used as parameters for the conformational states of FPR2. Ternary complex models were developed to interpret ligand concentration-dependent changes in FPR2 conformational states. KEY RESULTS Incubation with Ac2-26, an anti-inflammatory ligand of FPR2, decreased FRET intensity at picomolar concentrations. In comparison, WKYMVm (W-pep) and Aβ42, both proinflammatory agonists of FPR2, increased FRET intensity. Preincubation with Ac2-26 at 10 pM diminished W-pep-induced Ca2+ flux but potentiated W-pep-stimulated β-arrestin2 membrane translocation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. The opposite effects were observed with 10 pM of Aβ42. Neither Ac2-26 nor Aβ42 competed for W-pep binding at the picomolar concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results support the presence of two allosteric binding sites on FPR2, each for Ac2-26 and Aβ42, with high and low affinities. Sequential binding of the two allosteric ligands at increasing concentrations induce different conformational changes in FPR2, providing a novel mechanism by which biased allosteric modulators alter receptor conformations and generate pro- and anti-inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yunjun Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China; Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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Guo-Parke H, Linden D, Weldon S, Kidney JC, Taggart CC. Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Airway Immunity Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of COPD Disease, Progression, and Exacerbation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1205. [PMID: 32655557 PMCID: PMC7325903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the integrated form of chronic obstructive bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema, characterized by persistent small airway inflammation and progressive irreversible airflow limitation. COPD is characterized by acute pulmonary exacerbations and associated accelerated lung function decline, hospitalization, readmission and an increased risk of mortality, leading to huge social-economic burdens. Recent evidence suggests ~50% of COPD acute exacerbations are connected with a range of respiratory viral infections. Nevertheless, respiratory viral infections have been linked to the severity and frequency of exacerbations and virus-induced secondary bacterial infections often result in a synergistic decline of lung function and longer hospitalization. Here, we review current advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of COPD and the increased susceptibility to virus-induced exacerbations and associated immune dysfunction in patients with COPD. The multiple immune regulators and inflammatory signaling pathways known to be involved in host-virus responses are discussed. As respiratory viruses primarily target airway epithelial cells, virus-induced inflammatory responses in airway epithelium are of particular focus. Targeting virus-induced inflammatory pathways in airway epithelial cells such as Toll like receptors (TLRs), interferons, inflammasomes, or direct blockade of virus entry and replication may represent attractive future therapeutic targets with improved efficacy. Elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of virus infections in COPD pathogenesis will undoubtedly facilitate the development of these potential novel therapies that may attenuate the relentless progression of this heterogeneous and complex disease and reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Guo-Parke
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Dermot Linden
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph C Kidney
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Mater Hospital Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Clifford C Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Novel formyl peptide receptor (FPR) agonists with pyridinone and pyrimidindione scaffolds that are potentially useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103880. [PMID: 32388428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is an active response involving the interaction of pro-resolving mediators with specific receptors, such as N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2). FPRs represent potentially important therapeutic targets for the treatment of some pathologies, including asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. Previously, we identified selective or mixed FPR agonists with a pyridazin-3(2H)-one scaffold, all containing a 4-bromophenylacetamide fragment at N-2. The most effective compounds in this series were EC3, a potent mixed FPR1/FPR2/FPR3 agonist, and EC10, which had a preference for FPR1. We report here a new series of pyridinone and pyrimidindione derivatives containing the 4-(bromophenyl)acetamide substituent that was essential for activity in the pyridazinone series. All new compounds were evaluated for FPR agonist activity in HL60 cells transfected with FPR1 or FPR2 and in human neutrophils. While most of the pyridinone derivatives had reasonable FPR agonist activity in the submicromolar/micromolar range, the pyrimidindione derivatives were less active. Compound 2a (N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-[3-cyano-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl]acetamide) was the most active pyridinone derivative and had a 10-fold preference for FPR2 (EC50 = 120 nM) versus FPR1 (EC50 = 1.6 μM). To assess their therapeutic activity, compounds 2a, EC3, and EC10 were evaluated in vivo using a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. All three compounds increased the pain threshold and reduced pain hypersensitivity in the treated rats versus control rats, although 2a and EC10 were much more effective than EC3. Thus, these FPR agonists represent potential leads to develop for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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21
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Formyl peptide receptor 1 up-regulation and formyl peptide receptor 2/3 down-regulation of blood immune cells along with defective lipoxin A4/resolvin D1 production in obstructive sleep apnea patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216607. [PMID: 31116781 PMCID: PMC6530856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the role of FPR 1/2/3 expressions in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHOD We made cross-sectional comparisons of FPR1/2/3 expressions of blood neutrophil, M1/M2a monocyte, and natural killer (NK) cell between 16 healthy subjects (HS), 16 primary snoring (PS) subjects, 46 treatment-naive OSA patients, and 18 severe OSA patients under long-term continuous positive airway pressure treatment (severe OSA on CPAP). RESULTS FPR1 expressions on neutrophil were increased in treatment-naive OSA and severe OSA on CPAP groups versus either HS or PS. FPR2 expressions on neutrophil were decreased in treatment-naive OSA versus HS, and returned to normal in severe OSA on CPAP group. FPR1/FPR2 expression ratio on neutrophil was increased in treatment-naive OSA versus either HS or PS. Serum lipoxin A4, resolvin D1 levels, and FPR3 expressions of M1, M2a and NK cells were all decreased in treatment-naive OSA versus HS. OSA patients with hypertension had decreased FPR2 expressions on neutrophil and FPR3 expressions of NK cell. FPR1 expression, FPR1/FPR2 expression ratio on neutrophil, and FPR3 expression of M1 cell were all reversed after > 6-month CPAP treatment in 9 selected patients. In vitro intermittent hypoxia with re-oxygenation treatment in THP-1 cells resulted in increased FPR1/FPR2 expression ratio of M1 cells, and increased FPR1/FPR3 expression ratio of M2a cells. CONCLUSIONS FPR1 over-expression and insufficiency of FPR2 and FPR3 in association with defective lipoxin A4 and resolving D1 production were associated with disease severity of OSA and its adverse consequences.
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Matrine reduces cigarette smoke-induced airway neutrophilic inflammation by enhancing neutrophil apoptosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:551-564. [PMID: 30733313 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major incurable global health burden and will become the third largest cause of death in the world by 2030. It is well established that an exaggerated inflammatory and oxidative stress response to cigarette smoke (CS) leads to, emphysema, small airway fibrosis, mucus hypersecretion, and progressive airflow limitation. Current treatments have limited efficacy in inhibiting chronic inflammation and consequently do not reverse the pathology that initiates and drives the long-term progression of disease. In particular, there are no effective therapeutics that target neutrophilic inflammation in COPD, which is known to cause tissue damage by degranulation of a suite of proteolytic enzymes including neutrophil elastase (NE). Matrine, an alkaloid compound extracted from Sophora flavescens Ait, has well known anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether matrine could inhibit CS-induced lung inflammation in mice. Matrine significantly reduced CS-induced bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophilia and NE activity in mice. The reduction in BALF neutrophils in CS-exposed mice by matrine was not due to reductions in pro-neutrophil cytokines/chemokines, but rather matrine's ability to cause apoptosis of neutrophils, which we demonstrated ex vivo Thus, our data suggest that matrine has anti-inflammatory actions that could be of therapeutic potential in treating CS-induced lung inflammation observed in COPD.
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23
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Thatcher TH, Woeller CF, McCarthy CE, Sime PJ. Quenching the fires: Pro-resolving mediators, air pollution, and smoking. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 197:212-224. [PMID: 30759375 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution and other environmental inhalation hazards, such as occupational exposures to dusts and fumes, aeroallergens, and tobacco smoke, is a significant cause of chronic lung inflammation leading to respiratory disease. It is now recognized that resolution of inflammation is an active process controlled by a novel family of small lipid mediators termed "specialized pro-resolving mediators" or SPMs, derived mainly from dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Chronic inflammation results from an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution pathways. Research is ongoing to develop SPMs, and the pro-resolution pathway more generally, as a novel therapeutic approach to diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. Here, we will review evidence that the resolution pathway is dysregulated in chronic lung inflammatory diseases, and that SPMs and related molecules have exciting therapeutic potential to reverse or prevent chronic lung inflammation, with a focus on lung inflammation due to inhalation of environmental hazards including urban particulate matter, organic dusts and tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Thatcher
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Collynn F Woeller
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Claire E McCarthy
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Biology, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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24
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Ebrahimi F, Giaglis S, Hahn S, Blum CA, Baumgartner C, Kutz A, van Breda SV, Mueller B, Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Hasler P. Markers of neutrophil extracellular traps predict adverse outcome in community-acquired pneumonia: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J 2018. [PMID: 29519921 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01389-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a hallmark of the immune response in inflammatory diseases. However, the role of NETs in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is unknown. This study aims to characterise the impact of NETs on clinical outcomes in pneumonia.This is a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled, multicentre trial. Patients with CAP were randomly assigned to either 50 mg prednisone or placebo for 7 days. The primary end-point was time to clinical stability; main secondary end-points were length of hospital stay and mortality.In total, 310 patients were included in the analysis. Levels of cell-free nucleosomes as surrogate markers of NETosis were significantly increased at admission and declined over 7 days. NETs were significantly associated with reduced hazards of clinical stability and hospital discharge in multivariate adjusted analyses. Moreover, NETs were associated with a 3.8-fold increased adjusted odds ratio of 30-day mortality. Prednisone treatment modified circulatory NET levels and was associated with beneficial outcome.CAP is accompanied by pronounced NET formation. Patients with elevated serum NET markers were at higher risk for clinical instability, prolonged length of hospital stay and 30-day all-cause mortality. NETs represent a novel marker for outcome and a possible target for adjunct treatments of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Ebrahimi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Giaglis
- Division of Rheumatology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland.,Dept of Biomedicine/University Women's Hospital, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sinuhe Hahn
- Dept of Biomedicine/University Women's Hospital, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudine A Blum
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,University Dept of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Christine Baumgartner
- Dept of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kutz
- University Dept of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Shane Vontelin van Breda
- Division of Rheumatology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland.,Dept of Biomedicine/University Women's Hospital, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Mueller
- University Dept of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Schuetz
- University Dept of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Paul Hasler
- Division of Rheumatology, Dept of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland .,These authors contributed equally to this work
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25
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Chen YC, Lin MC, Lee CH, Liu SF, Wang CC, Fang WF, Chao TY, Wu CC, Wei YF, Chang HC, Tsen CC, Chen HC. Defective formyl peptide receptor 2/3 and annexin A1 expressions associated with M2a polarization of blood immune cells in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Transl Med 2018; 16:69. [PMID: 29544524 PMCID: PMC5856198 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Controversy exists in previous studies on macrophage M1/M2 polarization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We hypothesized that formyl peptide receptor (FPR), a marker of efferocytosis and mediator of M1/M2 polarization, may be involved in the development of COPD. Methods We examined FPR 1/2/3 expressions of blood M1/M2a monocyte, neutrophil, natural killer (NK) cell, NK T cell, T helper (Th) cell, and T cytotoxic (Tc) cell by flowcytometry method in 40 patients with cigarette smoking-related COPD and 16 healthy non-smokers. Serum levels of five FPR ligands were measured by ELISA method. Results The COPD patients had lower M2a percentage and higher percentages of NK, NK T, Th, and Tc cells than the healthy non-smokers. FPR2 expressions on Th/Tc cells, FPR3 expressions of M1, M2a, NK, NK T, Th, and Tc cells, and serum annexin A1 (an endogenous FPR2 ligand) levels were all decreased in the COPD patients as compared with that in the healthy non-smokers. FPR1 expression on neutrophil was increased in the COPD patient with a high MMRC dyspnea scale, while FPR2 expression on neutrophil and annexin A1 were both decreased in the COPD patients with a history of frequent moderate exacerbation (≥ 2 events in the past 1 year). In 10 COPD patients whose blood samples were collected again after 1-year treatment, M2a percentage, FPR3 expressions of M1/NK/Th cells, FPR2 expression on Th cell, and FPR1 expression on neutrophil were all reversed to normal, in parallel with partial improvement in small airway dysfunction. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence for defective FPR2/3 and annexin A1 expressions that, associated with decreased M2a polarization, might be involved in the development of cigarette smoking induced persistent airflow limitation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Medical Department, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chih Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Medical Department, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Ta-Pei Rd, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Medical Department, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-yi, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Feng Fang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-yi, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ying Chao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chien Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chih Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Tsen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chen Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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26
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Vergelli C, Schepetkin IA, Ciciani G, Cilibrizzi A, Crocetti L, Giovannoni MP, Guerrini G, Iacovone A, Kirpotina LN, Ye RD, Quinn MT. Synthesis of Five- and Six-Membered N-Phenylacetamido Substituted Heterocycles as Formyl Peptide Receptor Agonists. Drug Dev Res 2016; 78:49-62. [PMID: 27859446 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical Research Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory process and cellular dysfunction. In humans, three different isoforms are expressed (FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3). FPR2 appears to be directly involved in the resolution of inflammation, an active process carried out by specific pro-resolving mediators that modulate specific receptors. Previously, we identified 2-arylacetamido pyridazin-3(2H)-ones as FPR1- or FPR2-selective agonists, as well as a large number of mixed-agonists for the three isoforms. Here, we report a new series of 2-arylacetamido pyridazinones substituted at position 5 and their development as FPR agonists. We also synthesized a new series of 2-oxothiazolones bearing a 4-bromophenylacetamido fragment, which was fundamental for activity in the pyridazinone series. The compounds of most interest were 4a, a potent, mixed FPR agonist recognized by all three isotypes (FPR1 EC50 = 19 nM, FPR2 EC50 = 43 nM, FPR3 EC50 = 40 nM), and 4b, which had potent activity and a preference for FPR2 (EC50 = 13 nM). These novel compounds may represent valuable tools for studying FPR activation and signaling. Drug Dev Res 78 : 49-62, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vergelli
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto, Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Giovanna Ciciani
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto, Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Agostino Cilibrizzi
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Letizia Crocetti
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto, Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Giovannoni
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto, Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guerrini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto, Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Antonella Iacovone
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto, Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Liliya N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
| | - Richard D Ye
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717
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27
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Abstract
In recent years, thousands of publications on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its related biology have entered the world literature, reflecting the increasing scientific and medical interest in this devastating condition. This article is a selective review of several important emerging themes that offer the hope of creating new classes of COPD medicines. Whereas basic science is parsing molecular pathways in COPD, its comorbidities, and asthma COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) with unprecedented sophistication, clinical translation is disappointingly slow. The article therefore also considers solutions to current difficulties that are impeding progress in translating insights from basic science into clinically useful treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Anderson
- Lung Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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28
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Easley JT, Nelson JW, Mellas RE, Sommakia S, Wu C, Trump B, Baker OJ. Aspirin-Triggered Resolvin D1 Versus Dexamethasone in the Treatment of Sjögren's Syndrome-Like NOD/ShiLtJ Mice - A Pilot Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1. [PMID: 27110599 DOI: 10.23937/2469-5726/1510027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resolvin D1 (RvD1) and its aspirin-triggered epimeric form (AT-RvD1) are endogenous lipid mediators (derived from docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) that control the duration and magnitude of inflammation in models of complex diseases. Our previous studies demonstrated that RvD1-mediated signaling pathways are expressed and active in salivary glands from rodents and humans. Furthermore, treatment of salivary cells with RvD1 blocked TNF-α-mediated inflammatory signals and improved epithelial integrity. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of treatment with AT-RvD1 versus dexamethasone (DEX) on inflammation (i.e., lymphocytic infiltration, cytokine expression and apoptosis) observed in submandibular glands (SMG) from the NOD/ShiLtJ Sjögren's syndrome (SS) mouse model before experimenting with a larger population. NOD/ShiLtJ mice were treated intravenously with NaCl (0.9%, negative control), AT-RvD1 (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) or DEX (4.125-8.25 mg/kg) twice a week for 14 weeks beginning at 4 weeks of age. At 18 weeks of age, SMG were collected for pathological analysis and detection of SS-associated inflammatory genes. The AT-RvD1 treatment alone did not affect lymphocytic infiltration seen in NOD/ShiLtJ mice while DEX partially prevented lymphocytic infiltration. Interestingly, both AT-RvD1 and DEX caused downregulation of SS-associated inflammatory genes and reduction of apoptosis. Results from this pilot study suggest that a systemic treatment with AT-RvD1 and DEX alone attenuated inflammatory responses observed in the NOD/ShiLtJ mice; therefore, they may be considered as potential therapeutic tools in treating SS patients when used alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Easley
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Joel W Nelson
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Rachel E Mellas
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Salah Sommakia
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Bryan Trump
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
| | - Olga J Baker
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1201, USA
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29
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Vlahos R, Bozinovski S. Do anti-viral neutrophil responses exacerbate lung inflammation in asthma? Respirology 2015; 21:10-1. [PMID: 26587702 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Vlahos
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Hsiao HM, Thatcher TH, Colas RA, Serhan CN, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Resolvin D1 Reduces Emphysema and Chronic Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:3189-201. [PMID: 26468975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized, in part, by chronic inflammation that persists even after smoking cessation, suggesting that a failure to resolve inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. It is widely recognized that the resolution of inflammation is an active process, governed by specialized proresolving lipid mediators, including lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins. Here, we report that proresolving signaling and metabolic pathways are disrupted in lung tissue from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, suggesting that supplementation with proresolving lipid mediators might reduce the development of emphysema by controlling chronic inflammation. Groups of mice were exposed long-term to cigarette smoke and treated with the proresolving mediator resolvin D1. Resolvin D1 was associated with a reduced development of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and airspace enlargement, with concurrent reductions in inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death. Interestingly, resolvin D1 did not promote the differentiation of M2 macrophages and did not promote tissue fibrosis. Taken together, our results suggest that cigarette smoking disrupts endogenous proresolving pathways and that supplementation with specialized proresolving lipid mediators is an important therapeutic strategy in chronic lung disease, especially if endogenous specialized proresolving lipid mediator signaling is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Romain A Colas
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.
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31
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Dorward DA, Lucas CD, Chapman GB, Haslett C, Dhaliwal K, Rossi AG. The role of formylated peptides and formyl peptide receptor 1 in governing neutrophil function during acute inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1172-84. [PMID: 25791526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil migration to sites of inflammation and the subsequent execution of multiple functions are designed to contain and kill invading pathogens. These highly regulated and orchestrated processes are controlled by interactions between numerous receptors and their cognate ligands. Unraveling and identifying those that are central to inflammatory processes may represent novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of neutrophil-dominant inflammatory disorders in which dysregulated neutrophil recruitment, function, and elimination serve to potentiate rather than resolve an initial inflammatory insult. The first G protein-coupled receptor to be described on human neutrophils, formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1), is one such receptor that plays a significant role in the execution of these functions through multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Recent work has highlighted important observations with regard to both receptor function and the importance and functional relevance of FPR1 in the pathogenesis of a range of both sterile and infective inflammatory conditions. In this review, we explore the multiple components of neutrophil migration and function in both health and disease, with a focus on the role of FPR1 in these processes. The current understanding of FPR1 structure, function, and signaling is examined, alongside discussion of the potential importance of FPR1 in inflammatory diseases suggesting that FPR1 is a key regulator of the inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dorward
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher D Lucas
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin B Chapman
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Haslett
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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32
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Abstract
The resolution of inflammation (RoI), once believed to be a passive process, has lately been shown to be an active and delicately orchestrated process. During the resolution phase of acute inflammation, novel mediators, including lipoxins and resolvins, which are members of the specialized pro-resolving mediators of inflammation, are produced. FPR2/ALXR, a receptor modulated by some of these lipids as well as by peptides (e.g., annexin A1), has been shown to be one of the receptors involved in the RoI. The aim of this perspective is to present the concept of the RoI from a medicinal chemistry point of view and to highlight the effort of the research community to discover and develop anti-inflammatory/pro-resolution small molecules to orchestrate inflammation by activation of FPR2/ALXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Corminboeuf
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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33
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Hsiao HM, Thatcher TH, Levy EP, Fulton RA, Owens KM, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Resolvin D1 attenuates polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced inflammatory signaling in human airway epithelial cells via TAK1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4980-7. [PMID: 25320283 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium consists of lung sentinel cells, which are the first to contact inhaled inflammatory insults, including air pollutants, smoke, and microorganisms. To avoid damaging exuberant or chronic inflammation, the inflammatory process must be tightly controlled and terminated once the insult is mitigated. Inflammation resolution is now known to be an active process involving a new genus of lipid mediators, called "specialized proresolving lipid mediators," that includes resolvin D1 (RvD1). We and others have reported that RvD1 counteracts proinflammatory signaling and promotes resolution. A knowledge gap is that the specific cellular targets and mechanisms of action for RvD1 remain largely unknown. In this article, we identified the mechanism whereby RvD1 disrupts inflammatory mediator production induced by the viral mimic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] in primary human lung epithelial cells. RvD1 strongly suppressed the viral mimic poly(I:C)-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production and proinflammatory signaling involving MAPKs and NF-κB. Most importantly, we found that RvD1 inhibited the phosphorylation of TAK1 (TGF-β-activated kinase 1), a key upstream regulatory kinase common to both the MAPK and NF-κB pathways, by inhibiting the formation of a poly(I:C)-induced signaling complex composed of TAK1, TAB1 (TAK1 binding protein), and TRAF6 (TNF receptor-associated factor 6). We confirmed that ALX/FPR2 and GPR32, two RvD1 receptors, were expressed on human small airway epithelial cells. Furthermore, blocking these receptors abrogated the inhibitory action of RvD1. In this article, we present the idea that RvD1 has the potential to be used as an anti-inflammatory and proresolving agent, possibly in the context of exuberant host responses to damaging respirable agents such as viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; and
| | - Elizabeth P Levy
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; and
| | - Robert A Fulton
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; and
| | - Kristina M Owens
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; and
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; and Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
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Wood TT, Winden DR, Marlor DR, Wright AJ, Jones CM, Chavarria M, Rogers GD, Reynolds PR. Acute secondhand smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation is diminished in RAGE knockout mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L758-64. [PMID: 25260756 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00185.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) has increasingly been demonstrated to be an important modulator of inflammation in cases of pulmonary disease. Published reports involving tobacco smoke exposure have demonstrated increased expression of RAGE, its participation in proinflammatory signaling, and its role in irreversible pulmonary remodeling. The current research evaluated the in vivo effects of short-term secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in RAGE knockout and control mice compared with identical animals exposed to room air only. Quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry revealed elevated RAGE expression in controls after 4 wk of SHS exposure and an anticipated absence of RAGE expression in RAGE knockout mice regardless of smoke exposure. Ras activation, NF-κB activity, and cytokine elaboration were assessed to characterize the molecular basis of SHS-induced inflammation in the mouse lung. Furthermore, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was procured from RAGE knockout and control animals for the assessment of inflammatory cells and molecules. As a general theme, inflammation coincident with leukocyte recruitment was induced by SHS exposure and significantly influenced by the availability of RAGE. These data reveal captivating information suggesting a role for RAGE signaling in lungs exposed to SHS. However, ongoing research is still warranted to fully explain roles for RAGE and other receptors in cells coping with involuntary smoke exposure for prolonged periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler T Wood
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Duane R Winden
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Derek R Marlor
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Alex J Wright
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Cameron M Jones
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Michael Chavarria
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Geraldine D Rogers
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Paul R Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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Vlahos R, Bozinovski S. Role of alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:435. [PMID: 25309536 PMCID: PMC4160089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) represent a unique leukocyte population that responds to airborne irritants and microbes. This distinct microenvironment coordinates the maturation of long-lived AMs, which originate from fetal blood monocytes and self-renew through mechanisms dependent on GM-CSF and CSF-1 signaling. Peripheral blood monocytes can also replenish lung macrophages; however, this appears to occur in a stimuli specific manner. In addition to mounting an appropriate immune response during infection and injury, AMs actively coordinate the resolution of inflammation through efferocytosis of apoptotic cells. Any perturbation of this process can lead to deleterious responses. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), there is an accumulation of airway macrophages that do not conform to the classic M1/M2 dichotomy. There is also a skewed transcriptome profile that favors expression of wound-healing M2 markers, which is reflective of a deficiency to resolve inflammation. Endogenous mediators that can promote an imbalance in inhibitory M1 vs. healing M2 macrophages are discussed, as they are the plausible mechanisms underlying why AMs fail to effectively resolve inflammation and restore normal lung homeostasis in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Vlahos
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia
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36
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ATF3 and extracellular matrix-related genes associated with the process of chronic obstructive pulmonary. Lung 2014; 192:881-8. [PMID: 25119290 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-014-9631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem worldwide and is proved to be the number three cause of death in globally. The objective of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of the progression of COPD. METHODS Using the GSE1650 affymetrix microarray data accessible from Gene Expression Omnibus database, we first identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 18 COPD samples and 12 normal samples, followed by the GO / KEGG pathway analysis and gene interaction networks analysis of the DEGs. Our study identified 134 DEGs which involved in regulation of immune response, vesicle transport system, growth regulator and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related pathways. RESULTS Gene interaction networks analysis showed that the sub-network involved by activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) was the most significant sub-network in gene interaction networks. Furthermore, the investigation of extracellular matrix-related genes showed that genes like collagen and insulin-like growth factor binding protein could clearly distinguish the COPD and normal control. CONCLUSIONS The genes regulated by ATF3 transcriptional activator as well as ECM-related genes may play an important role in the process of COPD. Our study provides a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of genes and pathways which may be involved in the progression of COPD.
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Anthony D, McQualter JL, Bishara M, Lim EX, Yatmaz S, Seow HJ, Hansen M, Thompson M, Hamilton JA, Irving LB, Levy BD, Vlahos R, Anderson GP, Bozinovski S. SAA drives proinflammatory heterotypic macrophage differentiation in the lung via CSF-1R-dependent signaling. FASEB J 2014; 28:3867-77. [PMID: 24846388 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-250332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is expressed locally in chronic inflammatory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), where macrophages that do not accord with the classic M1/M2 paradigm also accumulate. In this study, the role of SAA in regulating macrophage differentiation was investigated in vitro using human blood monocytes from healthy subjects and patients with COPD and in vivo using an airway SAA challenge model in BALB/c mice. Differentiation of human monocytes with SAA stimulated the proinflammatory monokines IL-6 and IL-1β concurrently with the M2 markers CD163 and IL-10. Furthermore, SAA-differentiated macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) expressed markedly higher levels of IL-6 and IL-1β. The ALX/FPR2 antagonist WRW4 reduced IL-6 and IL-1β expression but did not significantly inhibit phagocytic and efferocytic activity. In vivo, SAA administration induced the development of a CD11c(high)CD11b(high) macrophage population that generated higher levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and G-CSF following ex vivo LPS challenge. Blocking CSF-1R signaling effectively reduced the number of CD11c(high)CD11b(high) macrophages by 71% and also markedly inhibited neutrophilic inflammation by 80%. In conclusion, our findings suggest that SAA can promote a distinct CD11c(high)CD11b(high) macrophage phenotype, and targeting this population may provide a novel approach to treating chronic inflammatory conditions associated with persistent SAA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ee X Lim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
| | | | | | | | - Michelle Thompson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louis B Irving
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and
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