Targeting interleukin-6 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases and cancers

Unveiling causal pathways in autoimmune diseases: a multi-omics approach

Autoimmune diseases (ADs), such as Graves' disease (GD), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and type 1 diabetes (T1D), involve complex immune and inflammatory responses. This study employed Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using genome-wide association study (GWAS) data to examine the causal relationships among 91 circulating inflammatory proteins, 41 cytokines, 211 gut microbiota, and 731 immune cell traits in relation to ADs. Additionally, we integrated mediation and bioinformatics analyses, including protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Subnetwork discovery and key protein identification were performed using the Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) plugin, alongside colocalization analysis and drug target exploration to identify potential mechanisms. MR analysis identified significant causal relationships between various circulating inflammatory proteins, cytokines, gut microbiota species, immune cells, and ADs, with certain relationships retaining significance after false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Mediation analysis demonstrated that inflammatory proteins mediate pathogenic pathways linking immune cells to psoriasis and gut microbiota to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. PPI and bioinformatics analyses highlighted 22 key proteins involved in ADs, while subnetwork analysis identified 15 central proteins. Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3LG) exhibited strong colocalization evidence. Molecular docking confirmed several proteins as viable drug targets. This comprehensive multi-omics study advances our understanding of ADs, identifies novel therapeutic targets, and offers valuable insights for developing new treatment strategies.

Tigecycline modulates LPS-induced inflammatory response in sepsis via NF-κB signalling pathways: Experimental insights into immune regulation

BACKGROUND

Sepsis is associated with high morbidity and high mortality and has strongly motivated intense studies into its mechanisms. Antibiotics, aimed to eradicate bacteria, have some impact on the immune system due to anti-inflammatory properties. Tigecycline, an antibiotic of the glycylcycline class, is commonly used for severe infections.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate tigecycline's mechanism on the inflammatory response of sepsis to find new targets for sepsis treatment. The objective included (i) to observe the changes in inflammatory factors in LPS (lipopolysaccharide) induced septic mice after tigecycline administration, (ii) to detect the effect of tigecycline on macrophages NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) signalling.

METHODS

For LPS-induced sepsis in mice and intervention with tigecycline, mice were first injected with tigecycline (6.5 mg/kg) via tail vein followed by LPS (15 mg/kg). Luminex analysis was performed on 16 mediators. NF-κB signalling pathway antibody chip detected the expression of target sites in macrophages of the LPS group and tigecycline + LPS group.

RESULTS

Tigecycline has inhibitory effects on LPS-induced inflammatory response in septic mice, decreasing the concentrations of IL (interleukin)-6, IL-27, TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α), TNF RII, IFN-γ (interferon-gamma), CCL5/RANTES (CC Motif Chemokine Ligand) while increasing IL-6Rα, IL-10, and TWEAK (TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis). Tigecycline downregulated phosphorylation levels of key sites JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase)1/2/3, p-p65 (s468) and p-p105/p50 (s907) in NF-κB signalling.

CONCLUSIONS

Tigecycline may inhibit the excessive immune response induced by LPS in sepsis, which may cause a potential protective effect on the host through immune regulation.

Interleukin-6 in neuroimmunological disorders: Pathophysiology and therapeutic advances with satralizumab

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine produced by various cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. It acts as a regulatory factor in immunity, inflammation, metabolism, and cellular function in multiple organs and systems. The functionality of IL-6 is achieved through multiple signal transduction pathways, such as the JAK/STAT and the NF-κB signaling pathways. In this review, we highlighted the inflammatory and non-inflammatory functions of IL-6, as well as the associated signaling pathways. The involvement of IL-6 in neuroimmunological disorders suggests that the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) monoclonal antibody, satralizumab, is a potential therapeutic strategy. Phase III clinical trials have already validated the safety and efficiency of satralizumab in treating neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and acetylcholine receptor (AChR) seropositive generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG). This review aims to elucidate the pathophysiological role of IL-6, and explore the clinical implications of satralizumab in neuroimmunological diseases, providing insights into its potential therapeutic applications.

Estrogen receptor β activation alleviates inflammatory bowel disease by suppressing NLRP3-dependent IL-1β production in macrophages via downregulation of intracellular calcium level

INTRODUCTION

Although several estrogen receptor β (ERβ) agonists have been reported to alleviate IBD, the pivotal mechanism remains obscure.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the effects and mechanisms of ERβ activation on cytokine/chemokine networks in colitis mice.

METHODS

Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) and trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS) were used to induce mouse colitis model. Multiple molecular biological methods were employed to evaluate the severity of mouse colitis and the level of cytokine and/or chemokine.

RESULTS

Bioinformatics analysis, ELISA and immunofluorescence results showed that the targeted cytokines and/or chemokines associated with ERβ expression and activation is IL-1β, and the anti-colitis effect of ERβ activation was significantly attenuated by the overexpression of AAV9-IL-1β. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that ERβ activation led to most evident downregulation of IL-1β expression in colonic macrophages as compared to monocytes and neutrophils. Given the pivotal roles of NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasome activation in the production of IL-1β, we examined the influence of ERβ activation on inflammasome activity. ELISA and WB results showed that ERβ activation selectively blocked the NLRP3 inflammasome assembly-mediated IL-1β secretion. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and calcium signaling play crucial roles in the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome. WB and immunofluorescence results showed that ERβ activation reduced intracellular CaSR expression and calcium signaling in colonic macrophages. Combination with CaSR overexpression plasmid reversed the suppressive effect of ERβ activation on NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, and counteracting the downregulation of IL-1β secretion.

CONCLUSION

Our research uncovers that the anti-colitis effect of ERβ activation is accomplished through the reduction of IL-1β levels in colonic tissue, achieved by specifically decreasing CaSR expression in macrophages to lower intracellular calcium levels and inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome assembly-mediated IL-1β production.

MiR-224-3p regulates ferroptosis and inflammation in lens epithelial cells by targeting ACSL4

In this study, we investigated the expression levels of miR-224-3p and inflammatory factors in the lens epithelium of patients with high myopia cataract (HMC) to determine how miR-224-3p/ACSL4 affects ferroptosis and inflammation in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). The capsule tissues (including lens epithelial cells) of 36 patients with HMC and 36 patients with age-related cataract (ARC) were taken respectively. 18HMC and 18ARC capsule tissues were selected for RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and the rest were used for qPCR assays. The expression of miR-224-3p and ACSL4 in the capsules of patients was detected by qPCR, and RNA was extracted from each of the six capsules. To evaluate ferroptosis and inflammation, the levels of expression of ACSL4, GPX4, TFR1 and IL-6 was determined by immunohistochemistry, Transmission electron microscopy image showed the structure of mitochondria. The differential expression of mir-224-3p was identified through RNA sequencing, with its expression significantly increased in HMC. As a result, mir-224-3p was chosen for further experimentation. The expression levels of ACSL4, TFR1 and GPX4 varied between HMC and ARC. Target Scan predicted a direct binding site between mir-224-3p and ACSL4. The results showed that the expression levels of miR-224-3p, TFR1 and IL-6 in the HMC patients were significantly greater than those in ARC. ACSL4 and GPX4 in HMC were considerably lower than those in ARC. Electron microscopy images revealed that the mitochondria of HMC were significantly shrunken compared to those of ARC. So it was thought that ferroptosis and inflammation occured in HMC patients. A dual-luciferase report found miR-224-3p regulated ACSL4. PCR and WB assays revealed that ACSL4 was the downstream target gene of miR-224-3p. We also found that miR-224-3p promoted the proliferation and migration of HLECs. TNF-α (20 ng/mL) induced an inflammatory response in HLECs. Also, miR-224-3p effectively inhibited ferroptosis in HLECs induced by erastin, meanwhile the expression levels of Fe2+, MDA, ROS, and TFR1 were reduced, while GPX4 and GSH expression levels were elevated. The level of expression of IL-6 was decreased. Additionally, miR-224-3p increased the viability of HLECs by regulating ferroptosis and inflammation via ACSL4 targeting.

The role of cytokines in shaping the future of Cancer immunotherapy

As essential immune system regulators, cytokines are essential for modulating both innate and adaptive immunological responses. They have become important tools in cancer immunotherapy, improving the immune system's capacity to identify and destroy tumor cells. This article examines the background, workings, and therapeutic uses of cytokines, such as interleukins, interferons, and granulocyte-macropHage colony-stimulating factors, in the management of cancer. It examines the many ways that cytokines affect immune cell activation, signaling pathways, tumor development, metastasis, and prognosis by modifying the tumor microenvironment. Despite the limited effectiveness of cytokine-based monotherapy, recent developments have concentrated on new fusion molecules such as immunocytokines, cytokine delivery improvements, and combination techniques to maximize treatment efficacy while reducing adverse effects. Current FDA-approved cytokine therapeutics and clinical trial results are also included in this study, which offers insights into how cytokines might be used with other therapies including checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy to address cancer treatment obstacles. This study addresses the intricacies of cytokine interactions in the tumor microenvironment, highlighting the possibility for innovative treatment methods and suggesting fresh techniques for enhancing cytokine-based immunotherapies. PEGylation, viral vector-mediated cytokine gene transfer, antibody-cytokine fusion proteins (immunocytokines), and other innovative cytokine delivery techniques are among the novelties of this work, which focuses on the most recent developments in cytokine-based immunotherapy. Additionally, the study offers a thorough examination of the little-reviewed topic of cytokine usage in conjunction with other treatment techniques. It also discusses the most recent clinical studies and FDA-approved therapies, providing a modern perspective on the developing field of cancer immunotherapy and suggesting creative ways to improve treatment effectiveness while lowering toxicity. BACKGROUND: Cytokines are crucial in cancer immunotherapy for regulating immune responses and modifying the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, challenges with efficacy and safety have driven research into advanced delivery methods and combination therapies to enhance their therapeutic potential.

The role and intrinsic connection of cellular senescence and cell death in inflammatory bowel disease

Cellular senescence in the intestine can induce cell death, which extends beyond the mere clearance of senescent cells. This phenomenon is prevalent in inflammatory and immune-related diseases, particularly in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is characterized by recurrent and chronic intestinal inflammation, with the occurrence and development of the disease being influenced by multiple factors, including genetics, environment, lifestyle, intestinal immunity, and gut microbiota. Chronic intestinal inflammation drives aging of the IBD immune system, reducing its efficiency and impairing the clearance of senescent cells. The disruption of cell death regulation and the interplay between cell death and cellular senescence contribute to disease progression in IBD, with inflammaging and immunosenescence playing the key role in this process. However, the mechanisms underlying the interplay between cell death and cellular senescence in the context of IBD remain unclear. Therefore, this paper comprehensively reviews the impact of cellular death and cellular senescence on intestinal aging in IBD, emphasizing the exploration of their potential interrelationships.

Establishment and validation of an immune-related nomogram for the prognosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive neoplasm characterized by limited therapeutic options, particularly in the realm of immunotherapy. This study aims to improve prognosis prediction to guide therapeutic decision-making, and to identify novel targets for immunotherapy of PDAC. We conducted Cox and LASSO regression analyses to develop immune-related gene signature and corresponding nomogram, and the robustness of these signatures was demonstrated using multiple approaches. Additionally, CIBERSORT, ESTIMATE, and xCell algorithms were utilized to assess immune cell infiltration, with experimental validation performed though qPCR. An immune-related gene signature consisting of 18 genes, and the prognostic nomogram was established with superior performance compared to the conventional staging system. Key parameters incorporated into the nomogram included the gene signature, tumor stage, and postoperative treatment. Patients identified as high-risk exhibited an anti-inflammatory tumor microenvironment, characterized by an increase in M2-like tumor-associated macrophages and heightened tumor purity. Notably, the expression of interleukin 6 receptor (IL6R) in PDAC was predominantly derived from macrophages and was significantly associated with patient survival outcomes. Furthermore, attenuated IL-6/IL-6R signaling was found to promote M2-like macrophage differentiation. This study successfully established an immune-related gene signature and a robust nomogram for predicting clinical outcomes in patients with PDAC. Furthermore, we identified IL6R as a promising target for future immunotherapeutic strategies.

Uncovering the anti-cancer mechanism of cucurbitacin D against colorectal cancer through network pharmacology and molecular docking

Colorectal cancer is a significant global health challenge due to chemoresistance, necessitating new treatments. Cucurbitacin D, with its anti-cancer properties, shows promise, but its effects on colorectal cancer are not well understood. We investigated the impact of cucurbitacin D on colorectal cancer cell lines using MTT assays and Annexin V/7-AAD staining followed by flow cytometry for apoptosis analysis. Public databases helped identify cucurbitacin D and colorectal cancer-related gene targets for network pharmacology analysis. Protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using STRING and analyzed in Cytoscape. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed using ClueGo. Molecular docking studies were conducted via Autodock Vina and visualized in Discovery Studio. Western blot assessed protein expression changes in key targets under cucurbitacin D. Cucurbitacin D dose-dependently reduced colorectal cancer cell viability and induced apoptosis. Network pharmacology pinpointed crucial targets like STAT3, AKT1, CCND1, and CASP3. Molecular docking confirmed strong interactions with these targets. Enrichment analysis highlighted involvement in the 'PI3K-AKT,' 'JAK-STAT,' and 'ErbB' signaling pathways. These findings suggest cucurbitacin D as a potential anti-colorectal cancer agent, demonstrating significant effects on cell viability and apoptosis, and engaging critical cancer-related pathways, making it a promising candidate for further colorectal cancer therapeutic research.

The role and clinical significance of tumor-associated macrophages in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung cancer

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are key drivers of lung cancer metastasis and drug resistance. M2-polarized TAMs dominate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and promote EMT through cytokines such as TGF-β, IL-6, and CCL2. Conversely, EMT-transformed tumor cells reinforce TAM recruitment and M2 polarization through immunomodulatory factors such as CCL2 and ZEB1, thereby establishing a bidirectional interplay that fuels tumor progression. Current evidence on this interaction remains fragmented, and a comprehensive review of the TAM-EMT regulatory network and its therapeutic implications is lacking. This review systematically integrates the bidirectional regulatory mechanisms between TAMs and EMT, highlighting their roles in lung cancer progression. It also summarizes emerging therapeutic strategies targeting TAM polarization and the EMT process, emphasizing their potential for clinical translation. This study fills the gap in systematic reviews on the interaction between TAMs and EMT, providing a comprehensive theoretical foundation for future research and the development of novel lung cancer therapies.

Effects of CB2 Receptor Modulation on Macrophage Polarization in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Macrophages play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and can exhibit either pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) is involved in immune regulation and may represent a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our study investigates the phenotype of circulating macrophages and CB2 expression in children with IBD, assessing the role of CB2 stimulation in macrophage polarization, iron metabolism, and intestinal barrier function. Macrophages were isolated from 17 children with ulcerative colitis (UC), 21 with Crohn's disease (CD), and 12 healthy controls (CTR). Cells were treated with a CB2 agonist (JWH-133) and an inverse agonist (AM630). CB2 expression and macrophage polarization were assessed by Western blot. Iron metabolism was evaluated through IL-6, hepcidin levels, FPN-1 expression, and iron concentration. Inflammation was assessed by cytokine release. An in vitro "immunocompetent gut" model was used to study the effects of CB2 stimulation on macrophage polarization and intestinal barrier function. CB2 expression was reduced in IBD macrophages. Compared to controls, IBD patients showed increased M1 markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines, with a reduction in M2 markers and IL-13. Altered iron metabolism was observed, with increased [Fe3+], hepcidin release, and DMT1 expression, and reduced FPN-1. CB2 stimulation restored iron metabolism, induced M2 polarization, and improved intestinal barrier function. CB2 could represent a novel therapeutic target for IBD by modulating macrophage function, iron metabolism, and mucosal barrier restoration.

Tocilizumab improves the efficacy of anti-PD-1 in a patient with advanced gastroesophageal junction cancer: a case report

Background

Cancer-related inflammation contributes to the progression of malignancies and considerably affects therapeutic outcomes. IL-6 acts as a main mediator of both local and systemic inflammatory responses. Although IL-6 therapies have been successful in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, there has been little experience in patients with cancer.

Case presentation

A 66-year-old man was diagnosed with gastroesophageal junction squamous cell carcinoma (stage IV) with liver metastasis. The patient presented with notable cancer-associated systemic inflammatory symptoms, and experienced disease progression after initial two cycles of anti-PD-1 combined with chemotherapy. After tocilizumab treatment, the symptoms improved rapidly. The patient showed favorable response to subsequent anti-PD-1 plus second-line chemotherapy, and survived without disease progression.

Conclusion

Targeting IL-6 holds promise for the management of cancer-associated inflammation and improvement of therapeutic outcomes.

Investigating mechanisms underlying the development of paralysis symptom in a model of MS

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder with approximately 80 % of patients suffering from pain and 50 % from paralysis. Using a rodent model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), researchers have predominately investigated paralysis/motor disease as the clinical symptom of EAE with fewer studying MS/EAE pain. However, in EAE, all mice exhibit a pain like phenotype and only a subset progresses to paralysis. Despite extensive research characterizing the disease pathology, the etiology that contributes to the range of pain and motor symptom occurrence in MS remains understudied. This is the first study to dissect MS symptom pathophysiology, using the non-PTX EAE model, in mice that experience mechanical hypersensitivity (pain-like phenotype) with and without paralysis. We found that mechanical hypersensitivity experienced by mice with or without paralysis is comparable between the two groups, irrespective of sex. In addition, there is a significant increase in the activation and infiltration of immune cells, demyelination, and heightened protein expression of B cell chemoattractant CXCL13 within the spinal cord of mice exhibiting mechanical hypersensitivity and paralysis, compared to mice only experiencing mechanical hypersensitivity.

Proteasome Inhibitors: Potential in Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of peripheral joint cartilage and bone tissue. Despite the advent of biological therapies in the past decades, the complete remission of RA patients is still out of reach. Therefore, the search for novel therapeutic approaches is still open in the field of RA. Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) were originally designed to be used in hematological malignancies like multiple myeloma. However, evidence has shown that they are potent inhibitors of the NF-κB pathway, which plays a pivotal role in inflammatory processes and RA. Furthermore, inhibition of cell activation and induction of apoptosis was also reported about PIs. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the potential effects of PIs in RA based on reports from animal and human studies. We believe that there is substantial potential in the use of PIs in RA therapy either alone or in combination with the medications already used.

The role and impact of the IL-6 mediated JAK2-STAT1/3 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of gout

Background

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine, with specific effects depending on the immune microenvironment. Extensive research has confirmed the pathological roles of the IL-6/JAK2/STAT1/3 signaling pathway in inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer, as well as its involvement in the pathogenesis of various rheumatic diseases. However, the role and impact of IL-6 as an upstream regulator of the JAK2-STAT1/3 pathway in gout have seldom been reported. This study explores the influence and role of upstream IL-6 in regulating the JAK2-STAT1/3 signaling pathway on gout inflammation, offering new insights for targeted therapeutic interventions and drug development in gout management.

Methods and Results

Clinical data and peripheral blood specimens were collected from gout patients and healthy individuals. In vitro and in vivo models of acute gout inflammation were established by stimulating PBMCs, THP-1 cells, and mice with MSU crystals. IL-6 expression was manipulated using IL-6 agonists and IL-6 knockout (KO) mouse technology to investigate the role and impact of the IL-6-mediated JAK2-STAT1/3 signaling pathway in gout models. RT-qPCR, WB, and ELISA were utilized to assess gene and protein expression levels. Paw swelling in mice was measured using a caliper gauge, while HE and IHC staining were conducted to evaluate the inflammatory status of mouse paw pad synovial tissues and detect the positive expression of relevant proteins. Serum IL-6 protein expression levels were significantly elevated in patients with gouty arthritis (GA) compared to healthy individuals, with multifactor logistic regression revealing an odds ratio (OR) of 2.175 for IL-6. In GA patients, mRNA expression of IL-6, JAK2, STAT1/3, and IL-1β was notably lower in the gout group compared to the healthy control (HC) group. Moreover, IL-6, JAK2, STAT1/3, p-JAK2, p-STAT1/3, and IL-1β proteins were markedly higher in the acute gout (AG) group compared to the intercritical gout (IG) and HC groups. Within the IG group, IL-6, JAK2, STAT3, and IL-1β proteins were significantly elevated compared to the HC group, whereas STAT1, p-JAK2, and p-STAT1/3 proteins were significantly lower. The expression of IL-6 protein and JAK2 mRNA showed positive correlations with certain inflammatory markers. In the 2h human blood in vitro gout inflammation model, expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, JAK2 mRNA, and IL-1β, IL-6, JAK2, STAT1/3, p-JAK2, p-STAT1/3 proteins were significantly higher compared to both the blank control and PBS-negative control groups. In the acute gout THP-1 cell model, The 6-hour model group showed significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, JAK2, STAT1/3 mRNA, and corresponding proteins, including their phosphorylated forms, compared to the blank control group. Additionally, treatment with an IL-6 agonist further increased these expression levels compared to the untreated model group. In the acute gout mouse model, IL-6 KO mice exhibited significantly reduced footpad swelling and swelling index compared to wild-type (WT) mice. HE staining revealed decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in IL-6 KO mice. Furthermore, Compared to 12-hour gout model WT mice, IL-1β, IL-6, JAK2, STAT1/3 mRNA, protein expression, and phosphorylated protein levels were notably decreased in IL-6 KO mice. IHC staining showed reduced positive expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT1/3 in IL-6 KO mice. At the 24-hour mark, IL-6 mRNA and protein expression levels did not differ significantly between IL-6 KO and WT mice; however, IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, as well as JAK2 and STAT3 mRNA expression, were reduced in IL-6 KO mice, while STAT1 mRNA expression remained similar.

Conclusion

IL-6 emerges as a potential risk factor for acute gout attacks, with its involvement in the JAK2-STAT1/3 signaling pathway contributing to the inflammation and pathogenesis process of acute gout through positive feedback mechanisms.

Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Blood Orange By-Products in Treated HT-29 and Caco-2 Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines

Blood orange peel flour (BO-pf)-a by-product of the citrus supply chain-still contains bioactive molecules with known health benefits, such as antiradical scavenging activity or an antiproliferative activity regarding tumors. In vitro studies have demonstrated that orange polyphenols showed potential involvement in necroptosis. In addition to previous research, we tested BO-pf on two colorectal cancer cell lines. Using HT29 and Caco2 cells, our experiments confirmed the regulation of inflammasome expression. They provided valuable insights into how BO-pf influences the cancer cell features (i.e., viability, proliferation, and pro- and anti-inflammatory activity). Notably, BO-pf extract is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. Western blot and real-time PCR analyses showed that treatment with BO-pf extract demonstrated beneficial effects by influencing the expression of both pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) through the modulation of the TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Moreover, the results of this study demonstrate that BO-pf extracts can enhance the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGFβ, suggesting that BO-pf extracts may represent a promising functional ingredient to counteract the intestinal inflammatory responses involved in IBD.

From death to birth: how osteocyte death promotes osteoclast formation

Bone remodeling is a dynamic and continuous process involving three components: bone formation mediated by osteoblasts, bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts, and bone formation-resorption balancing regulated by osteocytes. Excessive osteocyte death is found in various bone diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP), and osteoclasts are found increased and activated at osteocyte death sites. Currently, apart from apoptosis and necrosis as previously established, more forms of cell death are reported, including necroptosis, ferroptosis and pyroptosis. These forms of cell death play important role in the development of inflammatory diseases and bone diseases. Increasing studies have revealed that various forms of osteocyte death promote osteoclast formation via different mechanism, including actively secreting pro-inflammatory and pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), or passively releasing pro-inflammatory damage associated molecule patterns (DAMPs), such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). This review summarizes the established and potential mechanisms by which various forms of osteocyte death regulate osteoclast formation, aiming to provide better understanding of bone disease development and therapeutic target.

Joint association of dietary live microbe intake and depression with cancer survivor in US adults: evidence from NHANES

BACKGROUND

The mortality of cancer survivors is influenced by various factors. This study aims to investigate the relationship between dietary live microbe intake and depression with the mortality of cancer survivors among U.S. adults.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning from 2001 to 2018. Based on the classification by Sanders et al., foods were categorized by their levels of live microbes as follows: low (< 10^4 CFU/g), medium (10^4-10^7 CFU/g), and high (> 10^7 CFU/g). Using this classification and dietary questionnaire data, participants were divided into three groups: (1) low dietary live microbe intake (only low-level foods), (2) medium dietary live microbe intake (medium but not high-level foods), and (3) high dietary live microbe intake (any high-level foods). Additionally, foods classified as medium and high were combined into a "Medium-High" category. Cancer survivors were identified by their affirmative response to the question: "Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you had cancer or malignancy of any kind?" The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was administered to assess depressive symptoms, with a score of ≥ 10 indicating depression. The study examined the independent and joint associations of dietary live microbe intake and depression with mortality outcomes in cancer survivors, employing Cox regression analysis adjusted for weights to calculate relative risk. Mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of PHQ-9 on the relationship between dietary live microbe intake and all-cause mortality in cancer patients.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 6.2 years, we identified a total of 605 all-cause mortality among participants, including 204 from cancer and 401 from non-cancer-related causes. The analysis showed that medium-high dietary live microbe intake was consistently associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 0.741; 95% CI, 0.602-0.912; P = 0.005) and non-CVD mortality (HR, 0.687; 95% CI, 0.545-0.866; P = 0.001) when compared to low dietary live microbe intake in adjusted models. Conversely, depression was linked to a higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.789; 95% CI, 1.281-2.473; P < 0.001) and non-CVD mortality (HR, 1.901; 95% CI, 1.249-2.793; P = 0.001) compared to individuals without depression. Notably, joint analyses revealed that low dietary live microbe intake was associated with the highest risk of all-cause mortality among cancer survivors who also experienced depression (HR, 3.122; 95% CI, 1.734-5.619; P <  0.001). Additionally, mediation analysis indicated that the PHQ-9 score mediated 18.4% of the association between dietary live microbe intake and all-cause mortality in cancer survivors mediation proportion 18.4%; 95% CI, 7.5-29.2%.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicated that low dietary live microbe intake and depression are associated with an increased risk of non-CVD and all-cause mortality among cancer survivors. Additionally, the PHQ-9 score demonstrated a mediating effect on the relationship between dietary live microbe intake and all-cause mortality in this population.

Circulating IL6 is involved in the infiltration of M2 macrophages and CD8+ T cells

To elucidate the relationship between circulating cytokines and the prognosis of microsatellite-stable(MSS) colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, we examined the correlation between circulating cytokine levels and tumor immune infiltration microenvironment in this patient population. By conducting a preliminary analysis of the GEO database, we identified five core genes associated with colorectal cancer and further analyzed their impact on immune infiltration. We measured serum cytokine levels and validated the immune infiltration results through immunohistochemical staining of common inflammatory cell markers, including CD3, CD4, CD8, CD163, and FOXP3. Our findings indicate that serum cytokine levels significantly influence immune infiltration in colorectal cancer, particularly IL6 and IFNγ, which play crucial roles. Specifically, the infiltration of M2-type macrophages and CD8 + T cells is correlated with serum levels of IL6 and IFNγ. MSS CRC patients with elevated IL6 expression exhibit improved prognosis.

Combined skin injury model from airblast overpressure and seawater immersion in rats: establishment, characterization, and mechanistic insights

In maritime operations, individuals often face the threat of combined injury caused by airblast overpressure and seawater immersion. Airblast overpressure, induced by explosions, leads to significant internal damage despite the absence of visible open wounds. Seawater immersion exacerbates injuries due to its high osmolarity, microbial content, and thermal conductivity. Given the critical role of the skin as the body's largest organ, understanding its specific injuries in this scenario is imperative but currently underexplored. To bridge this gap, the study developed a novel rat skin combined injury model (RSCIM) in which rats were exposed to calibrated airblast overpressure followed by immediate seawater immersion. Physical simulations, histopathological examinations, and immunological assessments were used to confirm the model's accuracy. Specifically, finite element analysis reveals that the epidermal layer could effectively disperse and resist the immediate effects of overpressure. Histologically, the epidermal layer after combined injury maintained a continuous and complete structure. The collagen fibers of dermis were dispersed and broken. There were scattered capillaries, red blood cells and no skin appendages within the adipose layer. The muscle layer was manifested by deformation and breakage of muscle fibers. The fluorescence intensity of iNOS tended to decrease as the distance from the explosion source increased, which demonstrated significant inflammatory effects in the skin with combined injury. Furthermore, the transcriptome sequencing data revealed major physiological changes caused by combined injury, including inflammatory response, ion transport, biomechanical response, apoptosis, etc. Notably, S100A9 serves as a critical marker for combined injuries in RSCIM, but its expression characteristics and localization during tissue injury still need to be further explored. The model provides a robust foundation for exploring the combined injury mechanisms of airblast overpressure and seawater immersion and developing targeted therapeutic approaches.

The role of intestinal macrophage polarization in colitis-associated colon cancer

Chronic inflammation of the intestine is a significant risk factor in the development of colorectal cancer. The emergence of colitis and colorectal cancer is a complex, multifactorial process involving chronic inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor microenvironment remodeling. Macrophages represent one of the most prevalent cells in the colorectal cancer microenvironment and play a pivotal role in maintaining intestinal health and the development of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). Macrophages are activated mainly in two ways and resulted in three phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1), alternatively activated macrophages (M2). The most characteristic of these cells are the pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 types, which play different roles at different stages of the disease. During chronic inflammation progresses to cancer, the proportion of M2 macrophages gradually increases. The M2 macrophages secrete cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β, which promote angiogenesis and matrix remodeling, and create the favorable conditions for cancer cell proliferation, infiltration, and migration. Therefore, macrophage polarization has a dual effect on the progression of colitis to CAC. The combination of immunotherapy with reprogrammed macrophages and anti-tumor drugs may provide an effective means for enhancing the therapeutic effect. It may represent a promising avenue for developing novel treatments for CAC. In this review, we focus on the process of intestinal macrophage polarization in CAC and the role of intestinal macrophage polarization in the progression of colitis to colon cancer, and review the immunotherapy targets and relevant drugs targeting macrophages in CAC.

The clinical significance of T-cell regulation in hypertension treatment

Hypertension, a globally prevalent condition, is closely associated with T cell-mediated inflammatory responses. Studies have shown that T cells, by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), directly lead to vascular dysfunction and elevated blood pressure. The activation of Th1 and Th17 cell subsets, along with the dysfunction of regulatory T cells (Tregs), is a critical mechanism in the onset and progression of hypertension. This review explores the role of T cells in the pathophysiology of hypertension and discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting T cell regulation, such as immunotherapy and gene-editing technologies. These emerging treatments hold promise for providing personalized therapeutic options for hypertensive patients, reducing inflammatory complications, and improving treatment outcomes.

Association between preoperative inflammatory status via CALLY index and postoperative pneumonia occurrence in resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients: a retrospective cohort study

Background

Postoperative pneumonia significantly affects recovery and prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The CALLY index, derived from preoperative hematological parameters, may serve as a predictive marker for such complications.

Objectives

To assess the association between preoperative inflammatory status via the CALLY index and the occurrence of postoperative pneumonia in patients with resectable ESCC.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2022 at The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. A total of 215 patients who met inclusion criteria were analyzed. Clinical data, including CALLY indices calculated preoperatively, were collected. Propensity score matching was applied to minimize confounding biases. The predictive value of the CALLY index was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis, and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with postoperative pneumonia.

Results

ROC curve analysis demonstrated the CALLY index had an area under the curve of 0.764 for predicting postoperative pneumonia, with a cutoff value of 1.97 achieving 67.69% sensitivity and 84.67% specificity. In multivariate analysis, a lower CALLY index was significantly associated with increased pneumonia risk, independent of other factors (adjusted OR = 0.66, p < 0.001). High CALLY index scores correlated with a decreased likelihood of postoperative pneumonia, reinforcing its utility as a non-invasive prognostic marker.

Conclusions

The CALLY index is a robust, independent predictor of postoperative pneumonia in patients with resectable ESCC. Preoperative assessment of this index could enhance risk stratification and guide proactive management strategies to improve postoperative outcomes.

Increased Interleukin-6 Levels in Responders with Treatment-Resistant Depression After Bright Light Therapy

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains a challenge despite the growing number of interventions. Peripheral interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels have repeatedly been associated with both the presence and response to different treatments in TRD. There is currently no information available on the effects of bright light therapy (BLT) on serum IL-6 levels. This study assessed the effects of BLT on serum IL-6 levels in TRD patients. Serum IL-6 was determined at two points in TRD patients-at baseline and after 4 weeks of BLT-and at a single point in the healthy controls. Depression severity was measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD)-17 and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The study included 104 females, 54 diagnosed with TRD (median age 52.5) and 50 healthy controls (median age 44.5). At baseline, patients had higher IL-6 levels than the controls. BLT treatment reduced HAMD-17 and MADRS scores. Serum IL-6 levels were not significantly affected by the 4 weeks of BLT. However, when patients were divided according to treatment response, IL-6 levels were increased in responders to BLT. The neuroinflammatory mechanism may be involved in the etiopathogenesis and the treatment of TRD, while changes in serum IL-6 levels may be potential indicators of response to treatment.

COVID-19 Induces Greater NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Obese Patients than Other Chronic Illnesses: A Case-Control Study

Obesity has been identified as an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 unfavorable outcomes. Several factors, such as increased ACE2 receptor expression and chronic inflammation, can contribute to this relationship, yet the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway is also a key element. Our primary goal was to determine whether chronic NLRP3 inflammasome activation in people with obesity is different in critical COVID-19 and in critical chronic conditions. A retrospective analysis was conducted using clinical data and post-mortem lung tissue samples from 14 COVID-19 patients with obesity (group A) and 9 patients with obesity who died from non-COVID-19 causes (group B). Immunohistochemical analysis assessed twelve markers related to the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Group A showed a significantly higher expression of ASC (p = 0.0387) and CASP-1 (p = 0.0142). No significant differences were found for IL-8, TNF-α, NF-kB, NLRP3, IL-1β, and gasdermin-D. Group B had higher levels of IL-6 (p < 0.0001), IL-18 (p = 0.002), CASP-9 (p < 0.0001), and HIF (p = 0.0327). We concluded that COVID-19 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, possibly leading to pyroptotic cell death mediated by caspase-1. In contrast, people with obesity without COVID-19, despite exhibiting some markers of the NLRP3 inflammasome, are more likely to experience necroptosis mediated by caspase-9.

Mechanisms and strategies of immunosenescence effects on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment: A comprehensive analysis and future directions

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most prevalent form of lung cancer, remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, particularly among elderly individuals. The phenomenon of immunosenescence, characterized by the progressive decline in immune cell functionality with aging, plays a pivotal role in NSCLC progression and contributes to the diminished efficacy of therapeutic interventions in older patients. Immunosenescence manifests through impaired immune surveillance, reduced cytotoxic responses, and increased chronic inflammation, collectively fostering a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms of immunosenescence and its impact on immune surveillance and the tumor microenvironment (TME) in NSCLC. We explore how aging affects various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages, and how these changes compromise the immune system's ability to detect and eliminate tumor cells. Furthermore, we address the challenges posed by immunosenescence to current therapeutic strategies, particularly immunotherapy, which faces significant hurdles in elderly patients due to immune dysfunction. The review highlights emerging technologies, such as single-cell sequencing and CRISPR-Cas9, which offer new insights into immunosenescence and its potential as a therapeutic target. Finally, we outline future research directions, including strategies for rejuvenating the aging immune system and optimizing immunotherapy for older NSCLC patients, with the goal of improving treatment efficacy and survival outcomes. These efforts hold promise for the development of more effective, personalized therapies for elderly patients with NSCLC.

Autoimmune diseases and risk of gastrointestinal cancer: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies

BACKGROUND

Several autoimmune diseases (ADs) are considered risk factors for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. This study pooled and appraised the evidence associating ADs with GI cancer risks.

METHODS

Three databases were examined from initiation through 26 January 2024. Evidence was determined by the criteria including the P -value of random-effects, small-study effects, excess significance bias, heterogeneity, and 95% prediction interval.

RESULTS

Fourteen meta-analyses including 211 primary studies describing 31 associations were selected. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Crohn's disease (CD) are strong risk factors (with effect sizes of 10.33 and 12.12, respectively) for small bowel cancer (SBC), as indicated by highly suggestive evidence. Another highly suggestive evidence is that gastric cancer (GC) risk was elevated in individuals suffering from pernicious anemia (PA, effect size: 2.80). Suggestive evidence emerged that the risks of colorectal cancer (CRC) were decreased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA, effect size: 0.79) but increased in patients with IBD (effect size: 1.82).

CONCLUSIONS

This study finds three highly suggestive pieces of evidence of IBD and CD patients with higher SBC risk and PA patients with higher GC risk. Future studies should identify these associations to provide more personalized cancer screenings for patients with ADs.

Targeting secretory autophagy in solid cancers: mechanisms, immune regulation and clinical insights

Secretory autophagy is a classical form of unconventional secretion that integrates autophagy with the secretory process, relying on highly conserved autophagy-related molecules and playing a critical role in tumor progression and treatment resistance. Traditional autophagy is responsible for degrading intracellular substances by fusing autophagosomes with lysosomes. However, secretory autophagy uses autophagy signaling to mediate the secretion of specific substances and regulate the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cytoplasmic substances are preferentially secreted rather than directed toward lysosomal degradation, involving various selective mechanisms. Moreover, substances released by secretory autophagy convey biological signals to the TME, inducing immune dysregulation and contributing to drug resistance. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms underlying secretory autophagy is essential for improving clinical treatments. This review systematically summarizes current knowledge of secretory autophagy, from initiation to secretion, considering inter-tumor heterogeneity, explores its role across different tumor types. Furthermore, it proposes future research directions and highlights unresolved clinical challenges.

Novel inflammatory markers in intracerebral hemorrhage: Results from Olink proteomics analysis

Inflammation is a crucial factor in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) pathophysiology, but specific inflammatory biomarkers in ICH patients remain unclear. This study aimed to identify novel circulating inflammatory biomarkers for improved ICH prediction and diagnosis. We profiled expression levels of 92 cardiovascular disease related proteins in plasma from 26 matched ICH patients and controls using Olink technology. Differentially expressed proteins were validated using ELISA and RT-qPCR in a second matched cohort. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves evaluated how well the diagnostic tests performed. The study identified 18 inflammatory-related proteins with significantly different expression levels between ICH patients and controls. These proteins participate in critical biological processes and pathways, such as the regulation of inflammatory mediator secretion, cell death, immune cell proliferation and differentiation, pathogen response, and PI3K-Akt and JAK-STAT pathways. Notably, we discovered for the first time that Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM1) is significantly upregulated in the plasma of ICH patients, suggesting its potential as a predictive and diagnostic biomarker for ICH. Validation results from ELISA and RT-qPCR showed that Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), KIM1, and Galectin-9 (Gal-9) concentrations were markedly increased in the blood plasma and white matter of individuals with ICH. ROC analysis showed that the combined marker of IL-6, PTX3, KIM1 and Gal-9 had a high diagnostic efficacy (AUC = 0.941). This study identified a novel biomarker panel (IL-6, PTX3, KIM1, Gal-9) for ICH diagnosis. KIM1 upregulation in ICH patients is a novel finding, further investigation is needed into its expression and function in ICH.

Genetic and peripheral biomarkers of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury: a systematic review

Background

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly cooccurs with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in military populations and is a significant predictor of poor long-term outcomes; however, it is unclear to what extent specific biological variables are associated with comorbidity. This PROSPERO-registered systematic review evaluates the current body of literature on genetic and peripheral biomarkers associated with comorbid TBI and PTSD.

Methods

Searches were conducted in four databases (PubMed, PsycInfo, PTSDPubs, Scopus). We included published studies examining differences in peripheral biomarkers among civilian, military, and veteran participants with both TBI and PTSD compared to those with TBI alone as well as, in some cases, PTSD alone and healthy controls. Data were extracted from included studies and evidence quality was assessed.

Results

Our final analysis included 16 studies, the majority of which were based on data from active duty military and veteran participants. The results suggest that multiple gene variants are likely to contribute to the cumulative risk of PTSD comorbid with TBI. An elevated circulating level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was the most consistently replicated blood-based indicator of comorbid illness, compared to mTBI alone.

Conclusion

Several genetic and protein markers of cellular injury and inflammation appear to be promising indicators of chronic pathology in comorbid TBI and PTSD. Additional research is needed to determine how such factors indicate, predict, and contribute to comorbidity and to what extent they represent viable targets for the development of novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions.

High serum CA19-9 predicts severe cholecystitis in calculous cholecystitis patients

BACKGROUND

CA19-9 is a classical tumor marker and plays an important role in the diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic cancer. However, a few cases reported that the tumor maker CA19-9 is abnormally elevated in patients with calculous cholecystitis, but the relation between severity of calculous cholecystitis and serum CA19-9 level are still unknown.

METHODS

Total 105 calculous cholecystitis patients from first hospital were collected and divided into high serum CA19-9 group(high group, n = 35) and normal serum CA19-9 group(normal group, n = 70). Perioperative data including blood cell count, inflammatory markers, liver function, imaging and operation-related parameters from these patients were collected for analysis and verified with second group of 105 calculous cholecystitis patients from second hospital. Besides, the gallbladder specimens were collected for immunohistochemical staining and mRNA sequencing.

RESULTS

Abdominal pain occur in more than 90% patients in high group, which is similar with that of normal group. But WBC, neutrophils count, NLR, CRP level and IL-6 level is higher in high group than that of normal group. In addition, the gallbladder wall thickness, the operation duration and the operation conversion rate is also higher in high group, which is verified from second hospital. Higher expression of CA19-9 was found by immunohistochemical staining in gallbladder specimen and more autophagy pathway related genes enriched in high group.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that higher level of serum CA19-9 correlates with more severe cholecystitis in calculous cholecystitis patients for the first time, which will provide helpful information for clinical practice and basic research in related field.

Use of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and risk of multiple myeloma in US Veterans with rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

Biologic (b) and targeted synthetic (ts) disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) target inflammatory pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). It is unknown whether use of b/tsDMARDs affects the incidence of MM.

METHODS

In this cohort study using Veterans Health Administration (VHA) data, we identified Veterans newly diagnosed with RA from 1/1/2002 to 12/31/2018 using diagnostic codes and medication fills. DMARD exposure was categorized as follows: conventional synthetic (cs)DMARDs; bDMARDs, which included tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), non-TNFi; and a tsDMARD, tofacitinib. A Cox proportional hazards model with time-varying exposure was used to estimate the hazard ratio for developing MM among those who received b/tsDMARD medications relative to b/tsDMARD-naïve persons.

RESULTS

27,540 veterans with RA met eligibility criteria of whom 8322 (30%) took a b/tsDMARD during follow-up. There were 77 incident cases of MM over 192,000 person-years of follow-up. The age-adjusted incidence rate (IR) of MM among b/tsDMARD-naïve patients was 0.37 (95% CI 0.28-0.49) per 1000 person-years and 0.42 among current or former b/tsDMARD users (95% CI 0.25-0.65). Adjusting for age and other demographic characteristics, the hazard ratio for MM associated with use of b/tsDMARDs was 1.32 (95% CI 0.78, 2.26).

CONCLUSION

In this study of Veterans with RA, the rate of MM did not differ between b/tsDMARD and csDMARD users. The relatively short duration of follow-up and few events limited our power to detect treatment-related differences in MM risk.

Interleukin-6 as a Pan-Cancer Prognostic Inflammatory Biomarker: A Population-Based Study and Comprehensive Bioinformatics Analysis

Purpose

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a central factor linking inflammation to cancer. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the prognostic value of IL-6 and its immunotherapeutic features using a population-based pan-cancer analysis and comprehensive bioinformatic analysis.

Patients and Methods

In the cohort study, 540 patients were included to explore the prognostic value of serum IL-6 levels in cancer. The differential expression of IL-6 and its association with survival and immune cell infiltration were investigated using the TCGA database. The SangerBox database was used to analyze the correlation between IL-6 expression and immune checkpoint (ICP), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI) in cancer. Genomic changes in the IL-6 levels were studied using the c-BioPortal database. The IL-6 co-expression network was analyzed using the LinkedOmics database.

Results

Serum IL-6 is an independent prognostic factor for cancer, especially gastrointestinal cancers. Compared to other serum inflammatory markers, serum IL-6 is an optimal biomarker for cancer prognosis. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis showed higher IL-6 expression in human cancers than in the paired normal tissues. The IL-6 expression is closely associated with prognosis, ICP, TMB, and MSI. In addition, it is also strongly correlated with tumor-infiltrating cells. IL-6 levels are significantly associated with the prognosis of stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). The IL-6 co-expression network in STAD is mainly involved in regulating inflammatory pathways and cell communication.

Conclusion

IL-6 is a potential prognostic and immune biomarker of cancer. Compared to other clinical inflammatory biomarkers, IL-6 demonstrates superior prognostic efficacy.

How the Versatile Self-Assembly in Drug Delivery System to Afford Multimodal Cancer Therapy?

The rapid development of self-assembly technology during the past few decades has effectively addressed plenty of the issues associated with carrier-based drug delivery systems, such as low loading efficiency, complex fabrication processes, and inherent toxicity of carriers. The integration of nanoscale delivery systems with self-assembly techniques has enabled efficient and targeted self-administration of drugs, enhanced bioavailability, prolonged circulation time, and controllable drug release. Concurrently, the limitations of single-mode cancer treatment, including low bioavailability, poor therapeutic outcomes, and significant side effects, have highlighted the urgent need for multimodal combined antitumor therapies. Set against the backdrop of multimodal cancer therapy, this review summarizes the research progress and applications of a large number of self-assembled drug delivery platforms, including natural small molecule self-assembled, carrier-free self-assembled, amphiphilic polymer-based self-assembled, peptide-based self-assembled, and metal-based self-assembled nano drug delivery systems. This review particularly analyzes the latest advances in the application of self-assembled nano drug delivery platforms in combined antitumor therapies mediated by chemotherapy, phototherapy, radiotherapy, sonodynamic therapy, and immunotherapy, providing innovative research insights for further optimization and expansion of self-assembled nano drug delivery systems in the clinical translation and development of antitumor combined therapy.

The therapeutic potential of RNA m(6)A in lung cancer

Lung cancer (LC) is a highly malignant and metastatic form of cancer. The global incidence of and mortality from LC is steadily increasing; the mean 5-year overall survival (OS) rate for LC is less than 20%. This frustrating situation may be attributed to the fact that the pathogenesis of LC remains poorly understood and there is still no cure for mid to advanced LC. Methylation at the N6-position of adenosine (N6mA) of RNA (m(6)A) is widely present in human tissues and organs, and has been found to be necessary for cell development and maintenance of homeostasis. However, numerous basic and clinical studies have demonstrated that RNA m(6)A is deregulated in many human malignancies including LC. This can drive LC malignant characteristics such as proliferation, stemness, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Intriguingly, an increasing number of studies have also shown that eliminating RNA m(6)A dysfunction can exert significant anti-cancer effects on LC such as suppression of cell proliferation and viability, induction of cell death, and reversal of treatment insensitivity. The current review comprehensively discusses the therapeutic potential of RNA m(6)A and its underlying molecular mechanisms in LC, providing useful information for the development of novel LC treatment strategies.

Platelet stimulation-regulated expression of ILK and ITGB3 contributes to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression through FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway activation

OBJECTIVE

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a highly lethal hepatobiliary malignancy with an increasing incidence annually. Extensive research has elucidated the existence of a reciprocal interaction between platelets and cancer cells, which promotes tumor proliferation and metastasis. This study aims to investigate the function and mechanism underlying iCCA progression driven by the interplay between platelets and tumor cells, aiming to provide novel therapeutic strategies for iCCA.

METHODS

The associations between platelets and cancer development were investigated by analyzing the peripheral blood platelet count, degree of platelet activation and infiltration in the microenvironment of patients with iCCA. By co-culturing tumor cells with platelets, the influence of platelet stimulation on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), proliferation, and metastasis of iCCA cells was assessed through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Quantitative proteomic profiling was conducted to identify key downstream targets that were altered in tumor cells following platelet stimulation. The RNA interference technique was utilized to investigate the impacts of gene silencing on the malignant biological behaviors of tumor cells.

RESULTS

Compared with healthy adults, patients with iCCA presented significantly higher levels of peripheral blood platelet counts, platelet activation and infiltration degrees, which were also found to be correlated with patient prognosis. Platelet stimulation greatly facilitated the EMT of iCCA cells, leading to enhanced proliferative and metastatic capabilities. Mechanistically, proteomic profiling identified a total of 67 up-regulated and 40 down-regulated proteins in iCCA cells co-cultured with platelets. Among these proteins, two elevated targets ILK and ITGB3, were further demonstrated to be partially responsible for platelet-induced iCCA progression, which might depend on their regulatory effects on FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling transduction.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data revealed that platelet-related indices were abnormally ascendant in iCCA patients compared to healthy adults. Co-culturing with platelets enhanced the progression of EMT, and the motility and viability of iCCA cells in vitro and in vivo. Proteomic profiling discovered that platelets promoted the development of iCCA through FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway by means of elevating the expression of ILK and ITGB3, indicating that both proteins are promising therapeutic targets for iCCA with the guidance of platelet-related indices.

Key Interleukins in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-A Review of Recent Studies

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immune disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with a complex aetiopathogenesis, whose development is influenced by many factors. The prevalence of IBD is increasing worldwide, in both industrialized and developing countries, making IBD a global health problem that seriously affects quality of life. In 2019, there were approximately 4.9 million cases of IBD worldwide. Such a large number of patients entails significant healthcare costs. In the treatment of patients with IBD, the current therapeutic target is mucosal healing, as intestinal inflammation often persists despite resolution of abdominal symptoms. Treatment strategies include amino salicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and biologic therapies that focus on reducing intestinal mucosal inflammation, inducing and prolonging disease remission, and treating complications. The American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) guidelines also indicate that nutritional therapies may be considered in addition to other therapies. However, current therapeutic approaches are not fully effective and are associated with various limitations, such as drug resistance, variable efficacy, and side effects. As the chronic inflammation that accompanies IBD is characterized by infiltration of a variety of immune cells and increased expression of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-23 and IFN-γ, new therapeutic approaches are mainly targeting immune pathways. Interleukins are one of the molecular targets in IBD therapy. Interleukins and related cytokines serve as a means of communication for innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as nonimmune cells and tissues. These cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis and course of IBD, making them promising targets for current and future therapies. In our work, we review scientific studies published between January 2022 and November 2024 describing the most important interleukins involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. Some of the papers present new data on the precise role that individual interleukins play in IBD. New clinical data have also been provided, particularly on blocking interleukin 23 and interleukin 1beta. In addition, several new approaches to the use of different interleukins in the treatment of IBD have been described in recent years.

Tumor-derived IL-6 promotes chordoma invasion by stimulating tumor-associated macrophages M2 polarization and TNFα secretion

AIMS

Chordoma is a rare and aggressive bone tumor with high-recurrence and lack of effective treatment methods. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant in tumor microenvironment (TME) and polarize toward M2 in chordoma. It has been observed that the high proportion of M2 cells is associated with chordoma rapid progression. However, the mechanism of TAMs polarization and promotion to tumor progression in chordoma is still unclear. The is an urgent need for further research.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Flow cytometry and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the degree of macrophages infiltration in chordoma. A co-culture model of chordoma cells and macrophages was established in vitro to investigate the effects of their interaction on cell function, cytokine secretion, and RNA transcriptome expression.

KEY FINDINGS

In this study, we found M2 macrophage was predominantly abundant immune cell population in chordoma, and its proportion was associated with the degree of bone destruction. We demonstrated that interleukin 6 (IL-6) derived from chordoma cells could induce TAMs polarization by activating STAT3 phosphorylation, and TAMs could enhance chordoma cells migration and invasion through TNFα/NF-κB pathway. The interaction of chordoma cells and TAMs could promote the bone destruction-related factor Cathepsin B (CTSB) and inhibitory immune checkpoints expression. We also confirmed blocking IL-6/STAT3 pathway could significantly attenuate the M2 polarization of TAMs and decrease the secretion of TNFα.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study illustrates the dynamics between chordoma cells and TAMs in promoting chordoma invasion and suggests that IL-6/STAT3 pathway is a potential therapeutic target to reduce TAM-induced chordoma invasion.

HFD aggravated the arthritis and atherosclerosis by altering the intestinal status and gut microbiota

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are both the chronic inflammatory disease. To investigate the influence of secondary atherosclerosis on arthritis mice, we treated the ApoE-/- mice with K/BxN serum and high fat diet (HFD), and subsequently assessed the phenotypes as well as immune profiles of K/BxN serum and HFD induced ApoE-/- mice. We found that HFD treatment aggravated the hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic lesions, ankle swelling and arthropathy of mice. We further demonstrated that HFD altered the gut microbiota and metabolism, intestinal homeostasis and Th17/Treg cell balance in lamina propria lymphocytes. Moreover, HFD decreased the number of Peyer' s patches and altered the expression profiling of gut immune cells. In addition, HFD increased the number of aortic leukocytes and macrophages, then aggravated the atherosclerosis in aorta, which led to greater inflammation in mice aorta and aortic root. Collectively, our study indicated that HFD aggravated the arthritis and atherosclerosis, which may be contributed by microbiota dysbiosis, the intestinal permeability and disrupted immunological homeostasis.

IL-6R Inhibitors and Gastrointestinal Perforations: A Pharmacovigilance Study and a Predicting Nomogram

Objective IL-6R inhibitors are widely used in many inflammation-related diseases, especially so during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, their relationship with gastrointestinal perforations (GIPs) has been reported more and more. We comprehensively analyzed IL-6R inhibitors in association with GIPs from the United States FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Methods: A disproportionate analysis was used to quantify the signals of GIPs caused by IL-6R inhibitors using two algorithms, and we assessed the risk using logistic regression analysis. We also established a risk prediction model of GIPs. Results: We identified 994 cases with GIPs of IL-6R inhibitors (tocilizumab and sarilumab) from the FAERS database. The GIPs signals of IL-6R inhibitors were significant, including tocilizumab (reporting odds ratio [ROR] 6.86, 95%CI 6.43-7.31) and sarilumab (ROR 4.03, 95%CI 2.83-5.73). Duodenal perforation had the strongest signals of tocilizumab (n = 312; ROR 19.45, 95%CI 17.33-21.83; IC025 3.72) and sarilumab (n = 14; ROR 9.57, 95%CI 5.66-16.17; IC025 1.92). The median time to GIPs was near 60 days. In total, 71% of the cases occurred within the first six months after tocilizumab treatment. After excluding missing data, we found that independent risk factors included female (OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.16-1.98), ≥40 years (OR 5.63, 95%CI 1.78-17.78), glucocorticoids (OR 1.37, 95%CI 1.10-1.72), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, OR 3.46, 95%CI 2.77-4.32). The risk prediction model showed good discrimination and clinical applicability in both the training (AUC, 0.73) and validation (AUC, 0.75) sets. Conclusions: IL-6R inhibitors may increase the risk of GIPs, especially female, middle-aged patients, IL-6R inhibitors, NSAIDs, and glucocorticoids. Therefore, we suggest that these factors associated with gastrointestinal reactions should be considered during treatment.

Combined Bulk and Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis to Reveal the Potential Influences of Intestinal Inflammatory Disease on Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are both autoimmune disorders caused by dysregulated immune responses. Still, there is a growing awareness of the comorbidity between MS and IBD. However, the shared pathophysiological mechanisms between these two diseases are still lacking. RNA sequencing datasets (GSE126124, GSE9686, GSE36807, GSE21942) were analyzed to identify the shared differential expressed genes (DEGs) for IBD and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Other datasets (GSE17048, GSE75214, and GSE16879) were downloaded for further verification and analysis. Shared pathways and regulatory networks were explored based on these DEGs. The single-cell transcriptome of central nervous system (CNS) immune cells sequenced from EAE brains and the public datasets of IBD (PRJCA003980) were analyzed for the immune characteristics of the shared DEGs. Mass cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was performed for the systematic immune response in the EAE model. Machine learning algorithms were also used to identify the diagnostic biomarkers of MS. We identified 74 common DEGs from the selected RNA sequencing datasets, and single-cell RNA data of the intestinal tissues of IBD patients showed that 56 of 74 DEGs were highly enriched in IL1B+ macrophages. These 56 DEGs, defined as inflammation-related DEGs (IRGs), were also highly expressed in pro-inflammatory macrophages of EAE mice and MS patients. The abundance of systematic CD14+ monocytes was validated by CyTOF data. These IRGs were highly enriched in immune response, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, IL-18 signaling pathway, and other related pathways. In addition, 'AddModuleScore_UCell' analysis further validated that these IRGs (such as IL1B, S100A8, and other inflammatory factors) are highly expressed mainly in pro-inflammatory macrophages, which play an essential role in pro-inflammatory activation in IBD and multiple sclerosis, such as IL-17 signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway. Finally, suppressors of cytokine signaling 3(SOCS3) and formyl peptide receptor 2(FPR2) were identified as potential biomarkers by machine learning. Two genes were highly expressed in pro-inflammatory macrophages of IBD and MS disease compared to control, and other datasets and experiments further revealed that SOCS3 and FPR2 were highly expressed in IBD and EAE samples. These shared IRGs, which encode inflammatory cytokines, exhibit high expression levels in inflammatory macrophages in IBD and may play a significant role in the inflammatory cytokine storm in MS patients. Two potential biomarkers, SOCS3 and FPR2, were screened out with great diagnostic value for MS and IBD.

Identification of novel indolinone derivatives as CTSC inhibitors to treat inflammatory bowel disease by modulating inflammatory factors

Novel inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapeutic drugs, mainly biologics that neutralize pro-inflammatory factors and janus kinase inhibitors that inhibit cytokine-mediated signal transduction, face problems including low efficacy rates, limited therapeutic benefits, and infection risks. It is an important task to find proteins that broadly regulate a variety of cytokines and to develop corresponding drugs. Cathepsin C (CTSC) mediates neutrophil-related inflammatory, participates in the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells, and regulates cytokines levels, and is considered an ideal target for IBD treatment. In this study, starting from the in-house molecule, through medicinal chemistry and target-based design, a novel CTSC inhibitor B22 with IBD therapeutic efficacy was discovered. In vitro target verification and mechanism study indicated that B22 inhibit CTSC activity by binding to S2 pocket and S1 site, further inhibiting downstream serine protease activity. In addition, B22 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity and regulated various cytokines levels. In vivo studies highlighted B22 bears acceptable toxicity and suitable pharmacokinetic properties, and displays anti-inflammatory activity in IBD model. In conclusion, B22 is a potential anti-inflammatory molecule for IBD by targeting CTSC and deserves further research.

Mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment and prevention of gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) ranks as the fifth most prevalent malignancy worldwide. Conventional treatments, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, often induce severe side effects and significant adverse reactions, and they may also result in drug resistance. Consequently, there is a critical need for the development of new therapeutic agents. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and natural products are being extensively researched due to their low toxicity, multi-targeted approaches, and diverse pathways. Scholars are increasingly focusing on identifying active anticancer components within TCM.

PURPOSE

This review aims to summarise research conducted over the past 14 years on the treatment of GC using TCM. The focus is on therapeutic targets, mechanisms, and efficacy of Chinese medicine and natural products, including monomer compounds, extracts or analogues, and active ingredients.

METHODS

Relevant articles on TCM and GC were retrieved from PubMed using appropriate keywords. The collected articles were screened and classified according to the types of TCM, with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms underlying the treatment of GC.

RESULTS

The research on TCM indicates that TCM and natural products can effectively inhibit the metastasis, proliferation, and invasion of tumour cells. They can also induce apoptosis, autophagy and improve the chemosensitivity of drug-resistant cells. Additionally, injections derived from Chinese herbal medicine, when used as an adjunct to conventional chemotherapy, can significantly improve the prognosis of GC patients by reducing chemotherapy toxicity.

CONCLUSION

This review summarises the progress of TCM treatment of GC over the past 14 years, and discusses its therapeutic application of GC, which proves that TCM is a promising treatment strategy for GC in the future.

Impact of chronic stress on intestinal mucosal immunity in colorectal cancer progression

Chronic stress is a significant risk factor that contributes to the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and has garnered considerable attention in recent research. It influences the distribution and function of immune cells within the intestinal mucosa through the "brain-gut" axis, altering cytokine and chemokine secretion and creating an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The intestine, often called the "second brain," is particularly susceptible to the effects of chronic stress. Cytokines and chemokines in intestinal mucosal immunity（IMI） are closely linked to CRC cells' proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance under chronic stress. Recently, antidepressants have emerged as potential therapeutic agents for CRC, possibly by modulating IMI to restore homeostasis and exert anti-tumor effects. This article reviews the role of chronic stress in promoting CRC progression via its impact on intestinal mucosal immunity, explores potential targets within the intestinal mucosa under chronic stress, and proposes new approaches for CRC treatment.

Protective effect of a newly probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri LY2-2 on DSS-induced colitis

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the role of a newly isolated strain L.reuteri LY2-2 in colitis in mice and explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS L.

REUTERI

LY2-2 was orally administered to mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) treatment was used as the drug control.

RESULTS

The results showed that the disease severity of colitis mice was significantly alleviated. The intestinal inflammation was restricted by synergistically reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting TLR4-NF-κB signaling, restoring the abnormal immune response, and enhancing intestinal barrier function. Of note, L.reuteri LY2-2 showed great potential in modulating macrophages polarization in colonic tissues. Moreover, the gut dysbiosis was improved. The potentially pro-inflammatory pathogenic bacteria such as Helicobacter and Romboutsia decreased and the probiotics including L.rhamnosus and L.plantarum increased. Interestingly, the above pathological indexes in the L.reuteri LY2-2 group were better than those in the 5-ASA group.

CONCLUSION

L.reuteri LY2-2 had a better protective effect on DSS-induced colitis via its anti-inflammatory and microbiota-balancing properties, which supports the potential value of this probiotic against colitis. These results contribute to product development of functional probiotics for colitis and provide valuable insights for their mechanisms of biological function to affect human health status.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: current treatment advances, emerging targeted therapy and underlying mechanisms

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rapidly progressing, life-threatening syndrome characterized by excessive immune activation, often presenting as a complex cytokine storm. This hyperactive immune response can lead to multi-organ failure and systemic damage, resulting in an extremely short survival period if left untreated. Over the past decades, although HLH has garnered increasing attention from researchers, there have been few advancements in its treatment. The cytokine storm plays a crucial role in the treatment of HLH. Investigating the detailed mechanisms behind cytokine storms offers insights into targeted therapeutic approaches, potentially aiding in early intervention and improving the clinical outcome of HLH patients. To date, there is only one targeted therapy, emapalumab targeting interferon-γ, that has gained approval for primary HLH. This review aims to summarize the current treatment advances, emerging targeted therapeutics and underlying mechanisms of HLH, highlighting its newly discovered targets potentially involved in cytokine storms, which are expected to drive the development of novel treatments and offer fresh perspectives for future studies. Besides, multi-targeted combination therapy may be essential for disease control, but further trials are required to determine the optimal treatment mode for HLH.

Safety outcomes of tocilizumab and tofacitinib treatment for rheumatoid arthritis: Target trial emulation

OBJECTIVES

Biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have been the primary treatment option for moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Taiwan since 2010. Tocilizumab is an interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor, whereas tofacitinib is a Janus kinase inhibitor. The two medications were indicated to treat RA by direct and indirect inhibition of interleukin-6 cytokine. We compared the safety outcomes of tocilizumab and tofacitinib in patients with RA in real-world clinical settings, following the 7 key components of target trial emulation (TTE).

METHODS

The data source was the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients with RA between 2010 and 2018 were eligible and assigned to either tocilizumab or tofacitinib based on their first prescription of these two medications. The index date was set as the first prescription date of either study medication. Propensity score stabilized weighting (PSSW) was used to balance the characteristics between the two medication groups. The incidences of safety outcomes were all-cause mortality, cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, venous thrombosis events, tuberculosis, joint replacement events, and herpes zoster infection. The intention-to-treat (ITT) effect was commenced from the index date until the study outcomes, independently, 3 years, withdrawal, or December 31, 2021, whichever occurred first. For the per-protocol (PP) effect, patients were required to maintain the same medical group during the entire follow-up period.

RESULTS

A total of 2125 patients with RA who were prescribed tocilizumab (n = 844) or tofacitinib (n = 1281) were included in this study. The mean follow-up duration was 2.78 years in the tocilizumab group and 2.83 years in the tofacitinib group. For ITT, the sample sizes were 721 and 1196 for the tocilizumab and tofacitinib, respectively, after PSSW. A substantially lower incidence rate of herpes zoster infection (per 100 patient-years) was observed in the tocilizumab group (3.67) than in the tofacitinib group (7.61), with a hazard ratio of 0.48 (95%CI =0.37-0.63; p < .0001). All-cause mortality, cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke, total hip replacement, and tuberculosis were similar between the two medication groups. For PP, the sample sizes were 619 and 1085 for the tocilizumab and tofacitinib, respectively, after PSSW. The results of the PP analysis were similar to those of the ITT analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Tocilizumab and tofacitinib act along the same inflammatory pathway. A lower herpes zoster incident rate was observed in the tocilizumab group than in the tofacitinib group. The incidence rates of other safety concerns and mortality rates were comparable in both groups of patients with RA treated in real-world settings.

Selected Interleukins Relevant to Multiple Sclerosis: New Directions, Potential Targets and Therapeutic Perspectives

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that progresses with demyelination and neurodegeneration. To date, many studies have revealed the key role of interleukins in the pathogenesis of MS, but their impact has not been fully explained. The aim of the present study was to collect and review the results obtained so far regarding the influence of interleukins on the development and course of MS and to assess the potential for their further use. Through the platform "PubMed", terms related to interleukins and MS were searched. The following interval was set as the time criterion: 2014-2024. A total of 12,731 articles were found, and 100 papers were subsequently used. Cells that produce IL-10 have a neuroprotective effect, whereas those that synthesize IL-6 most likely exacerbate neuroinflammation. IL-12, IL-23 and IL-18 represent pro-inflammatory cytokines. It was found that treatment with an anti-IL-12p40 monoclonal antibody in a study group of MS patients showed a beneficial effect. IL-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a significant role in type 2 immune responses and inhibits MS progression. IL-13 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine through which the processes of oligodendrogenesis and remyelination occur more efficiently. The group of interleukins discussed in our paper may represent a promising starting point for further research aimed at finding new therapies and prognostic markers for MS.

From Hit to Lead: Discovery of First-In-Class Furanone Glycoside D228 Derived from Chimonanthus salicifolius for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

TNFα and related inflammatory factor antibody drugs have been orchestrated for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, antibody drugs elicited inevitable disadvantages and small molecule drugs are in an urgent need. Herein, we described the discovery, design, synthesis, and SAR studies from furanone glycoside compound Phoenicein (hit) isolated from Chimonanthus salicifolius to D228 (lead). Remarkably, D228 exhibited good inhibitory activity on B and T lymphocyte and excellent anti-IBD efficacy in vivo. Mechanistically, D228 alleviated the inflammation response by downregulating the MyD88/TRAF6/p38 signaling. Importantly, the relationship of D228, Phoenicein, and their aglycone 7a was deduced: D228 could be considered as a prodrug and metabolized to intermediate Phoenicein. In turn, Phoenicein released their shared active aglycone 7a. Additionally, D228 demonstrated good and balanced profiles of safety and efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggested that D228 could be used as an ideal lead and potentially utilized for IBD chemotherapy.

Targeting Molecular Signaling Pathways and Cytokine Responses to Modulate c-MYC in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Overexpression of the MYC oncogene, encoding c-MYC protein, contributes to the pathogenesis and drug resistance of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and many other hematopoietic malignancies. Although standard chemotherapy has predominated in AML therapy over the past five decades, the clinical outcomes and patient response to treatment remain suboptimal. Deeper insight into the molecular basis of this disease should facilitate the development of novel therapeutics targeting specific molecules and pathways that are dysregulated in AML, including fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene mutation and cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33) protein expression. Elevated expression of c-MYC is one of the molecular features of AML that determines the clinical prognosis in patients. Increased expression of c-MYC is also one of the cytogenetic characteristics of drug resistance in AML. However, direct targeting of c-MYC has been challenging due to its lack of binding sites for small molecules. In this review, we focused on the mechanisms involving the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) and cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) proteins, phosphoinositide-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) and Janus kinase-signal transduction and activation of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways, as well as various inflammatory cytokines, as an indirect means of regulating MYC overexpression in AML. Furthermore, we highlight Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for AML, and the results of preclinical and clinical studies on novel agents that have been or are currently being tested for efficacy and tolerability in AML therapy. Overall, this review summarizes our current knowledge of the molecular processes that promote leukemogenesis, as well as the various agents that intervene in specific pathways and directly or indirectly modulate c-MYC to disrupt AML pathogenesis and drug resistance.