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Pahović PŠ, Iulini M, Maddalon A, Galbiati V, Buoso E, Dolenc MS, Corsini E. In Vitro Effects of Bisphenol Analogs on Immune Cells Activation and Th Differentiation. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:EMIDDT-EPUB-129555. [PMID: 36797609 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230216150614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Investigate the immunomodulatory effects of bisphenols in the THP-1 cell line and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation or to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated the usefulness of the evaluation of RACK1 expression as a link between endocrine disrupting activity and the immunotoxic effect of xenobiotics. We demonstrated that while BPA and BPAF reduced RACK1 expression, BPS was able to increase it. OBJECTIVE Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most commonly used chemicals in the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastics and plastic consumer products. Its endocrine disrupting (ED) potential and changes in European regulations have led to replacing BPA in many uses with structurally similar chemicals, like bisphenol AF (BPAF) and bisphenol S (BPS). However, emerging data indicated that bisphenol analogues may not be safer than BPA both in toxic effects and ED potential. METHODS THP-1 cell line and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. RESULTS BPA and BPAF decreased LPS-induced expression of surface markers and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while BPS increased LPS-induced expression of CD86 and cytokines. BPA, BPAF, and BPS affected PMA/ionomycin-induced T helper differentiation and cytokine release with gender-related alterations in some parameters investigated. CONCLUSION Data confirm that bisphenols can modulate immune cell differentiation and activation, further supporting their immunotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Štrukelj Pahović
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Iulini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ambra Maddalon
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Erica Buoso
- Department of Drugs Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Maddalon A, Masi M, Iulini M, Linciano P, Galbiati V, Marinovich M, Racchi M, Buoso E, Corsini E. Effects of endocrine active contaminating pesticides on RACK1 expression and immunological consequences in THP-1 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103971. [PMID: 36084878 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that RACK1, which expression is under steroid hormone control, plays an important role in the activation of immune cells and its expression can be useful to evaluate the immunotoxic profile of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Hence, we investigated the effects of three contaminating and persistent pesticides: the fungicide vinclozolin (VIN), the herbicide atrazine (ATR) and the insecticide cypermethrin (CYP) on RACK1 expression and on innate immune response. VIN resulted in modest alteration of RACK1 while ATR and CYP reduced in a dose dependent manner RACK1 expression, ultimately leading to the decrease in lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-8 and TNF-α release and CD86 and CD54 surface marker expression. Moreover, our data indicate that, after exposure to EDCs, alterations of RACK1 expression can also occur with mechanisms not directly mediated by an interaction with a nuclear or membrane steroid receptors. Therefore, RACK1 could represent a useful EDCs screening tool to evaluate their immunotoxic potential and to dissect their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Maddalon
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mirco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina Iulini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Linciano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Buoso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Masi M, Maddalon A, Iulini M, Linciano P, Galbiati V, Marinovich M, Racchi M, Corsini E, Buoso E. Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on the expression of RACK1 and LPS-induced THP-1 cell activation. Toxicology 2022; 480:153321. [PMID: 36113621 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a complex hormonal balance among glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens involved in the regulation of Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) expression and its related immune cells activation, highlights the possibility to employ this protein as screening tool for the evaluation of the immunotoxic profile of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), hormone-active substances capable of interfering with the physiologic hormonal signaling. Hence, the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the exposure of EDCS 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) on RACK1 expression and on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of the human monocytic cell line THP-1, a validated model for this investigation. In line with our previous results with estrogen-active compounds, EE treatment significantly induced RACK1 promoter transcriptional activity, mRNA expression, and protein levels, which paralleled an increase in LPS-induced IL-8, TNF-α production and CD86 expression, previously demonstrated to be dependent on RACK1/PKCβ activation. EE mediates its effect on RACK1 expression through G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and androgen receptor (AR) ligand-independent cascade, as also suggested by in silico molecular docking simulation. Conversely, DEP and PFOS induced a dose-dependent downregulation of RACK1 promoter transcriptional activity, mRNA expression, and protein levels, which was mirrored by a reduction of IL-8, TNF-α production and CD86 expression. Mifepristone pre-treatments abolish DEP and PFOS effects, confirming their GR agonist profile, also corroborated by molecular docking. Altogether, our data confirm that RACK1 represents an interesting target of steroid active compounds, which expression offers the opportunity to screen the immunotoxic potential of different hormone-active substances of concerns due to their human exposure and environmental persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ambra Maddalon
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Martina Iulini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Linciano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Erica Buoso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Yu Y, Wu Y, Yan HZ, Xia ZR, Wen W, Liu DY, Wan LH. Rosmarinic acid ameliorates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice via RACK1/TNF-α mediated antioxidant effect. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:1286-1293. [PMID: 34517734 PMCID: PMC8451635 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1974059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rosmarinic acid (RA) dose-dependently ameliorates acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. However, whether RA hepatoprotective effect is by regulating RACK1 and its downstream signals is still unclear. OBJECTIVE This study explores the RA protective effect on APAP-induced ALI and its mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty Kunming mice 6-8 weeks old were randomly separated into six groups (n = 10) and pre-treated with normal saline, ammonium glycyrrhetate (AG) or RA (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg i.p./day) for two consecutive weeks. Then, APAP (300 mg/kg, i.g.) was administrated to induce ALI, except for the control. Serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and histopathology were used to authenticate RA effect. The liver RACK1 and TNF-α were measured by western blot. RESULTS Compared with the APAP group, different dosages RA significantly decreased ALT (52.09 ± 7.98, 55.13 ± 10.19, 65.08 ± 27.61 U/L, p < 0.05), AST (114.78 ± 19.87, 115.29 ± 31.91, 101.78 ± 21.85 U/L, p < 0.05), MDA (2.37 ± 0.87, 2.13 ± 0.87, 1.86 ± 0.39 nmol/mg, p < 0.01) and increased SOD (306.178 ± 90.80, 459.21 ± 58.54, 444.01 ± 78.09 U/mg, p < 0.05). With increasing doses of RA, RACK1 and TNF-α expression decreased. Moreover, the RACK1 and TNF-α levels were positively correlated with MDA (r = 0.8453 and r = 0.9391, p < 0.01). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our findings support RA as a hepatoprotective agent to improve APAP-induced ALI and the antioxidant effect mediated through RACK1/TNF-α pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hao-zheng Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zi-ru Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Dan-yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Li-hong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Buoso E, Kenda M, Masi M, Linciano P, Galbiati V, Racchi M, Dolenc MS, Corsini E. Effects of Bisphenols on RACK1 Expression and Their Immunological Implications in THP-1 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:743991. [PMID: 34621174 PMCID: PMC8490885 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.743991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) has an important role in immune activation, and is regulated through a balance between glucocorticoid and androgen levels. We have previously demonstrated that RACK1 expression can serve as a marker for evaluation of immunotoxic profiles of hormone-active substances, such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In this study, we investigated the effects of three bisphenols (BPA, BPAF, BPS) on RACK1 expression and on the innate immune responses in the THP-1 human promyelocytic cell line, a validated model for this investigation. BPA and BPAF reduced RACK1 promoter transcriptional activity, mRNA expression, and protein levels. However, BPS had the opposite effect. As expected, these results on RACK1 were paralleled by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) production. Since BPA and BPAF induced RACK1 expression in the presence of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist mifepristone, a role of G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) has been considered due to their known estrogenic profile. Therefore, additional molecular effects of BPA and BPAF were unmasked after treatment with different inhibitors of well-known pivotal players of GPER-mediated signaling. BPA exerted its effects on RACK1 via NF-κB, as shown using the NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7085 and NF-κB-specific luciferase reporter assay. Conversely, BPAF induced RACK1 up-regulation via androgen receptor (AR) activation, as confirmed by treatment with AR antagonist flutamide. Indeed, a biased agonism profile for BPA and BPAF for GPER was suggested based on their different binding modes revealed by our molecular docking. Altogether, our data suggest that RACK1 could represent an important target of EDCs and serves as a screening tool for their immunotoxic potential. Furthermore, RACK1 can be exploited to unmask multiple molecular interactions of hormone-active substances to better dissect out their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Buoso
- Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maša Kenda
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirco Masi
- Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Pavia, Italy.,Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Linciano
- Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Università Degli Studi di Milano, Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche ed Ambientali, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Corsini
- Università Degli Studi di Milano, Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche ed Ambientali, Milan, Italy
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Filho EGF, da Silva EZM, Ong HL, Swaim WD, Ambudkar IS, Oliver C, Jamur MC. RACK1 plays a critical role in mast cell secretion and Ca2+ mobilization by modulating F-actin dynamics. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:263932. [PMID: 34550354 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although RACK1 is known to act as a signaling hub in immune cells, its presence and role in mast cells (MCs) is undetermined. MC activation via antigen stimulation results in mediator release and is preceded by cytoskeleton reorganization and Ca2+ mobilization. In this study, we found that RACK1 was distributed throughout the MC cytoplasm both in vivo and in vitro. After RACK1 knockdown (KD), MCs were rounded, and the cortical F-actin was fragmented. Following antigen stimulation, in RACK1 KD MCs, there was a reduction in cortical F-actin, an increase in monomeric G-actin and a failure to organize F-actin. RACK1 KD also increased and accelerated degranulation. CD63+ secretory granules were localized in F-actin-free cortical regions in non-stimulated RACK1 KD MCs. Additionally, RACK1 KD increased antigen-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization, but attenuated antigen-stimulated depletion of ER Ca2+ stores and thapsigargin-induced Ca2+ entry. Following MC activation there was also an increase in interaction of RACK1 with Orai1 Ca2+-channels, β-actin and the actin-binding proteins vinculin and MyoVa. These results show that RACK1 is a critical regulator of actin dynamics, affecting mediator secretion and Ca2+ signaling in MCs. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edismauro G Freitas Filho
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Elaine Z M da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Hwei Ling Ong
- Secretory Physiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William D Swaim
- Secretory Physiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Indu S Ambudkar
- Secretory Physiology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Constance Oliver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Célia Jamur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
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Role of Protein Kinase C in Immune Cell Activation and Its Implication Chemical-Induced Immunotoxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:151-163. [PMID: 33539015 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKCs) isoforms play a key regulatory role in a variety of cellular functions, including cell growth and differentiation, gene expression, hormone secretion, etc. Patterns of expression for each PKC isoform differ among tissues, and it is also clear that different PKCs are often not functionally redundant, for example specific PKCs mediate specific cellular signals required for activation, proliferation, differentiation and survival of immune cells. In the last 20 years, we have been studying the role of PKCs, mainly PKCβ and its anchoring protein RACK1 (Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1), in immune cell activation, and their implication in immunosenescence and immunotoxicity. We could demonstrate that PKCβ and RACK1 are central in dendritic cell maturation and activation by chemical allergens, and their expressions can be targeted by EDCs and anti-inflammatory drugs. In this chapter, current knowledge on the role of PKC in immune cell activation and possible implication in immunotoxicity will be described.
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Buoso E, Masi M, Racchi M, Corsini E. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals' (EDCs) Effects on Tumour Microenvironment and Cancer Progression: Emerging Contribution of RACK1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239229. [PMID: 33287384 PMCID: PMC7729595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) can display estrogenic and androgenic effects, and their exposure has been linked to increased cancer risk. EDCs have been shown to directly affect cancer cell regulation and progression, but their influence on tumour microenvironment is still not completely elucidated. In this context, the signalling hub protein RACK1 (Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1) could represent a nexus between cancer and the immune system due to its roles in cancer progression and innate immune activation. Since RACK1 is a relevant EDCs target that responds to steroid-active compounds, it could be considered a molecular bridge between the endocrine-regulated tumour microenvironment and the innate immune system. We provide an analysis of immunomodulatory and cancer-promoting effects of different EDCs in shaping tumour microenvironment, with a final focus on the scaffold protein RACK1 as a pivotal molecular player due to its dual role in immune and cancer contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Buoso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.M.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mirco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.M.); (M.R.)
- Classe di Scienze Umane e della Vita (SUV), Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche ed Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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Buoso E, Masi M, Galbiati V, Maddalon A, Iulini M, Kenda M, Sollner Dolenc M, Marinovich M, Racchi M, Corsini E. Effect of estrogen-active compounds on the expression of RACK1 and immunological implications. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2081-2095. [PMID: 32328699 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the existence of a balance among steroid hormones, i.e. glucocorticoids and androgens, in RACK1 (receptor for activated C kinase 1) expression and innate immunity activation, which may offer the opportunity to use RACK1 expression as marker to evaluate immunotoxicity of hormone-active substances. Because of the existence of close interconnections between the different steroid hormone receptors with overlapping ligand specificities and signaling pathways, in this study, we wanted to investigate a possible effect of estrogenic active compounds, namely 17β-estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and zearalenone, on RACK-1 expression and innate immune responses using THP-1 cells as experimental model. All compounds increased RACK1 transcriptional activity as evaluated by reporter luciferase activity, mRNA expression as assessed by real time-PCR and protein expression by western blot analysis, which paralleled an increase in LPS-induced IL-8, TNF-α production, and CD86 expression, which we previously demonstrated to be dependent on RACK1/PKCβ activation. As the induction of RACK1 expression can be blocked by the antagonist G15, induced by the agonist G1 and by the non-cell permeable 17β-estradiol conjugated with BSA, a role of GPER (previously named GPR30) activation in estrogen-induced RACK1 expression could be demonstrated. In addition, a role of androgen receptor (AR) in RACK1 transcription was also demonstrated by the ability of flutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, to completely prevent diethylstilbestrol-induced RACK1 transcriptional activity and protein expression. Altogether, our data suggest that RACK1 may represent an interesting target of steroid-active compounds, and its evaluation may offer the opportunity to screen the immunotoxic potential of hormone-active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Buoso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mirco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche ed Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Ambra Maddalon
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Martina Iulini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche ed Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Maša Kenda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Sollner Dolenc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Marinovich
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche ed Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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Galbiati V, Marinovich M, Corsini E. Mechanistic understanding of dendritic cell activation in skin sensitization: additional evidences to support potency classification. Toxicol Lett 2020; 322:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Cortisol-induced SRSF3 expression promotes GR splicing, RACK1 expression and breast cancer cells migration. Pharmacol Res 2019; 143:17-26. [PMID: 30862604 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent data have demonstrated that triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) with high glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression are associated to therapy resistance and increased mortality. Given that GR alternative splicing generates mainly GRα, responsible of glucocorticoids action, we investigated its role in the regulation of RACK1 (Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1), a scaffolding protein with a GRE (Glucocorticoid Response Element) site on its promoter and involved in breast cancer cells migration and invasion. We provide the first evidence that GRα transcriptionally regulates RACK1 by a mechanism connected to SRSF3 splicing factor, which promotes GRα, essential for RACK1 transcriptional regulation and consequently for cells migration. We also establish that this mechanism can be positively regulated by cortisol. Hence, our data elucidate RACK1 transcriptional regulation and demonstrate that SRSF3 involvement in cells migration implies its role in controlling different pathways thus highlighting that new players have to be considered in GR-positive TNBC.
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Zhang X, Guo J, Wang H, Zhang C, Shi N, Cai W, Jin T, Lin Z, Ma Y, Yang X, Xia Q, Xue P. Underexpression of Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) in Leukocytes from Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2018; 245:205-215. [PMID: 30047498 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.245.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Chenlong Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Na Shi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Wenhao Cai
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Ziqi Lin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Yun Ma
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
| | - Ping Xue
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University
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Wang C, Xu Y, Huang Y, Huang Y. Effects of erythropoietin and methylprednisolone on AQP4 expression in astrocytes. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5924-5930. [PMID: 28849166 PMCID: PMC5865770 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) has been suggested as a treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI), but its use has been limited due to its adverse effects. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been suggested as a promising candidate for limiting SCI in mammals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of EPO in combination with MPSS on astrocytes following ischemic injury in vitro. Astrocytes were isolated from the cerebral cortex of postnatal day 3 Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured in vitro. Astrocyte ischemic injury was induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation for 4 h, and reperfusion was simulated by subsequent culture under normoxic conditions. The effects of EPO and MPSS on the expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) were investigated. Ischemic astrocytes were treated with EPO (10 U/ml), MPSS (10 µg/ml), or EPO (10 U/ml) in combination with MPSS (10 µg/ml) during reperfusion. The cell viability of astrocytes was assessed using an MTT assay. The mRNA and protein expression levels of AQP4 were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The role of the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway in the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of EPO and MPSS was also investigated. The present results demonstrated that following treatment with EPO and MPSS, the mRNA expression levels of AQP4 were upregulated and cell viability was enhanced. EPO and MPSS effectively inhibited the oxygen and glucose deprivation-mediated downregulation of AQP4 following reperfusion. In addition, the combined treatment with EPO and MPSS exhibited higher AQP4 expression levels and cell viability compared with each treatment alone. Finally, the effects of EPO and MPSS on AQP4 expression were partially reversed by pretreatment with the PKC inhibitor Ro 31–8220. The present study indicated that EPO and MPSS had a synergistic effect on AQP4 expression following reperfusion, and suggest that they may be combined in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Youjia Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223003, P.R. China
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Racchi M, Buoso E, Ronfani M, Serafini MM, Galasso M, Lanni C, Corsini E. Role of Hormones in the Regulation of RACK1 Expression as a Signaling Checkpoint in Immunosenescence. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071453. [PMID: 28684670 PMCID: PMC5535944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence defines the decline in immune function that occurs with aging. This has been associated, at least in part, with defective cellular signaling via protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction pathways. Our data suggest reduced PKC activation and consequently reduced response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and cytokine release. The lack of PKC activation seems to be dependent on the reduced expression of the receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), a scaffolding protein involved in multiple signal transduction cascades. The defective expression of RACK1 may be dependent on age-related alteration of the balance between the adrenal hormones cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). DHEA levels reduce with aging, while cortisol levels remain substantially unchanged, resulting in an overall increase in the cortisol:DHEA ratio. These hormonal changes are significant in the context of RACK1 expression and signaling function because DHEA administration in vivo and in vitro can restore the levels of RACK1 and the function of the PKC signaling cascade in aged animals and in human cells. In contrast, there is evidence that cortisol can act as a negative transcriptional regulator of RACK1 expression. The rack1 gene promoter contains a glucocorticoid responsive element that is also involved in androgen signaling. Furthermore DHEA may have an indirect influence on the post-transcriptional regulation of the functions of the glucocorticoid receptor. In this review, we will examine the role of the hormonal regulation of rack1 gene transcriptional regulation and the consequences on signaling and function in immune cells and immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Erica Buoso
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Melania Ronfani
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Melania M Serafini
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marilisa Galasso
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Transcriptional regulation of RACK1 and modulation of its expression: Role of steroid hormones and significance in health and aging. Cell Signal 2017; 35:264-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Buoso E, Galasso M, Ronfani M, Papale A, Galbiati V, Eberini I, Marinovich M, Racchi M, Corsini E. The scaffold protein RACK1 is a target of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with important implication in immunity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 325:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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17
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Buoso E, Galasso M, Ronfani M, Serafini MM, Lanni C, Corsini E, Racchi M. Role of spliceosome proteins in the regulation of glucocorticoid receptor isoforms by cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:180-187. [PMID: 28373129 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can counteract the activity of cortisol by modulating the glucocorticoid receptor β (GRβ) expression and antagonizing the binding of GRα to the glucocorticoid responsive element (GRE) in RACK1 (Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1) promoter. These observations are important in the context of immunosenescence and can be extended to recognize a complex hormonal balance in the control of GR isoform expression and consequently in the expression of GR responsive genes. To elucidate the mechanism of DHEA on GR alternative splicing, we investigated its possible involvement in the expression of proteins such as the Serine/arginine (SR)-Rich Splicing Factors (SRSF) regulating GR splicing, specifically SRSF9 and SRSF3 also known as SRp30c and SRp20 respectively. We demonstrated that DHEA can induce the up-regulation of GR mRNA which is preferentially directed toward the β isoform. The effect is due to an increase in expression of the splicing factor SRSF9. On the other hand cortisol up-regulated SRSF3, the splicing factor promoting GRα isoform. We demonstrated that DHEA and cortisol modulate SRSF9 and SRSF3 in a different way and our data suggest that the anti-glucocorticoid effect of DHEA, among other mechanisms, is also exerted by modulating the expression of proteins involved in the splicing of the GR pre-mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Buoso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco - Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marilisa Galasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco - Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Melania Ronfani
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco - Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Melania Maria Serafini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco - Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia, Piazza della Vittoria n.15, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco - Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari - Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco - Università degli Studi di Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Bellini G, Torella M, Manzo I, Tortora C, Luongo L, Punzo F, Colacurci N, Nobili B, Maione S, Rossi F. PKCβII-mediated cross-talk of TRPV1/CB2 modulates the glucocorticoid-induced osteoclast overactivity. Pharmacol Res 2016; 115:267-274. [PMID: 27919827 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of the endovanilloid/endocannabinoid system in the glucocorticoid-induced osteoclast overactivity. Receptorial and enzymatic component of the endovanilloid/endocannabinoid system are expressed in bone cells, and dysregulated when bone mass is reduced. Moreover, blockade or desensitization of vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) and/or stimulation of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) are beneficial for reducing number and activity of the bone cells modulating resorption, the osteoclasts. We have treated in vitro healthy woman derived osteoclasts with methylprednisolone in presence or not of CB2 or TRPV1 agonists/antagonists, analysing the effect on osteoclast function and morphology through a multidisciplinary approach. Moreover, a treatment with a protein kinase C inhibitor to evaluate osteoclast activity and endovanilloid/endocannabinoid component expression levels was performed in osteoclasts derived from healthy subjects in presence of not of methylprednisolone. Our results show, for the first time, that the endovanilloid/endocannabinoid system is dysregulated by the treatment with methylprednisolone, that the osteoclast activity is increased and that pharmacological compounds stimulating CB2 or inhibiting TRPV1 might reduce, possible inhibiting protein kinase C beta II, the methylprednisolone-induced osteoclast over-activation, suggesting their therapeutic use for protecting from the glucocorticoid-induced bone mass loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bellini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Torella
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Iolanda Manzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Tortora
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Punzo
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Colacurci
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Nobili
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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Wolkow A, Aisbett B, Reynolds J, Ferguson SA, Main LC. Relationships between inflammatory cytokine and cortisol responses in firefighters exposed to simulated wildfire suppression work and sleep restriction. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12604. [PMID: 26603450 PMCID: PMC4673634 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between inflammatory and cortisol responses modulates an appropriate response to a stressor. Exposure to severe stressors, however, may alter the actions and relationships of these responses and contribute to negative health outcomes. Physical work and sleep restriction are two stressors faced by wildland firefighters, yet their influence on the relationship between inflammatory and cortisol responses is unknown. The aim of the present study was to quantify the relationship between the cytokine and cortisol responses to sleep restriction while performing simulated physical wildfire suppression work. Firefighters completed 3 days of simulated physical firefighting work separated by either an 8-h (Control condition; n = 18) or 4-h sleep (Sleep restriction condition; n = 17) opportunity on each of the two nights. Salivary cortisol and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10) were measured throughout each day. An increase in morning IL-6 was related to a rise (6.2%, P = 0.043) in evening cortisol among firefighters in the sleep restriction condition. Higher morning IL-6 levels were related to increased (5.3%, P = 0.048) daily cortisol levels, but this relationship was not different between conditions. Less pronounced relationships were demonstrated between TNF-α, IL-10, IL-4, and cortisol independent of the sleep opportunity, but relationships did not persist after adjusting for demographic factors and other cytokines. These findings quantify the relationship between cytokine and cortisol responses among wildland firefighters exposed to simulated occupational stressors. Potential disturbances to the IL-6 and cortisol relationship among sleep-restricted firefighters’ supports further investigations into the negative health effects related to possible imbalances between these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wolkow
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia Bushfire Co-Operative Research Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia Bushfire Co-Operative Research Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Reynolds
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- Bushfire Co-Operative Research Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Wayville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luana C Main
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Wolkow A, Ferguson SA, Vincent GE, Larsen B, Aisbett B, Main LC. The Impact of Sleep Restriction and Simulated Physical Firefighting Work on Acute Inflammatory Stress Responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138128. [PMID: 26378783 PMCID: PMC4574982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the effect restricted sleep has on wildland firefighters' acute cytokine levels during 3 days and 2 nights of simulated physical wildfire suppression work. METHODS Firefighters completed multiple days of physical firefighting work separated by either an 8-h (Control condition; n = 18) or 4-h (Sleep restriction condition; n = 17) sleep opportunity each night. Blood samples were collected 4 times a day (i.e., 06:15, 11:30, 18:15, 21:30) from which plasma cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10) were measured. RESULTS The primary findings for cytokine levels revealed a fixed effect for condition that showed higher IL-8 levels among firefighters who received an 8-h sleep each night. An interaction effect demonstrated differing increases in IL-6 over successive days of work for the SR and CON conditions. Fixed effects for time indicated that IL-6 and IL-4 levels increased, while IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 levels decreased. There were no significant effects for IL-10 observed. CONCLUSION Findings demonstrate increased IL-8 levels among firefighters who received an 8-h sleep when compared to those who had a restricted 4-h sleep. Firefighters' IL-6 levels increased in both conditions which may indicate that a 4-h sleep restriction duration and/or period (i.e., 2 nights) was not a significant enough stressor to affect this cytokine. Considering the immunomodulatory properties of IL-6 and IL-4 that inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines, the rise in IL-6 and IL-4, independent of increases in IL-1β and TNF-α, could indicate a non-damaging response to the stress of simulated physical firefighting work. However, given the link between chronically elevated cytokine levels and several diseases, further research is needed to determine if firefighters' IL-8 and IL-6 levels are elevated following repeated firefighting deployments across a fire season and over multiple fire seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wolkow
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Bushfire Co-Operative Research Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Sally A. Ferguson
- Bushfire Co-Operative Research Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute, Wayville 5034, Australia
| | - Grace E. Vincent
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Bushfire Co-Operative Research Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Brianna Larsen
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Bushfire Co-Operative Research Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- Bushfire Co-Operative Research Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Luana C. Main
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
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Pinto A, Malacrida B, Oieni J, Serafini MM, Davin A, Galbiati V, Corsini E, Racchi M. DHEA modulates the effect of cortisol on RACK1 expression via interference with the splicing of the glucocorticoid receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2918-27. [PMID: 25626076 PMCID: PMC4439885 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is thought to be an anti-glucocorticoid hormone known to be fully functional in young people but deficient in aged humans. Our previous data suggest that DHEA not only counteracts the effect of cortisol on RACK1 expression, a protein required both for the correct functioning of immune cells and for PKC-dependent pathway activation, but also modulates the inhibitory effect of cortisol on LPS-induced cytokine production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of DHEA on the splicing mechanism of the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The THP1 monocytic cell line was used as a cellular model. Cytokine production was measured by specific elisa. Western blot and real-time RT-PCR were used, where appropriate, to determine the effect of DHEA on GRs, serine/arginine-rich proteins (SRp), and RACK1 protein and mRNA. Small-interfering RNA was used to down-regulate GRβ. KEY RESULTS DHEA induced a dose-related up-regulation of GRβ and GRβ knockdown completely prevented DHEA-induced RACK1 expression and modulation of cytokine release. Moreover, we showed that DHEA influenced the expression of some components of the SRps found within the spliceosome, the main regulators of the alternative splicing of the GR gene. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data contribute to our understanding of the mechanism of action of DHEA and its effect on the immune system and as an anti-glucocorticoid agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Pinto
- Department of Drug Sciences – Pharmacology, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Malacrida
- Department of Drug Sciences – Pharmacology, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Jacopo Oieni
- Department of Drug Sciences – Pharmacology, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences – Pharmacology, University of PaviaPavia, Italy
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