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Sabayan B, Akhavan Sigari A, Modir R, Meyer BC, Hemmen T, Meyer D, Bavarsad Shahripour R. Statin treatment intensity and cerebral vasomotor reactivity response in patients with ischemic stroke. J Neuroimaging 2024; 34:445-450. [PMID: 38590021 DOI: 10.1111/jon.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR) is vital for regulating brain blood flow and maintaining neurological function. Impaired cerebral VMR is linked to a higher risk of stroke and poor post-stroke outcomes. This study explores the relationship between statin treatment intensity and VMR in patients with ischemic stroke. METHODS Seventy-four consecutive patients (mean age 69.3 years, 59.4% male) with recent ischemic stroke were included. VMR levels were assessed 4 weeks after the index stroke using transcranial Doppler, measuring the breath-holding index (BHI) as an indicator of the percentage increase in middle cerebral artery blood flow (higher BHI signifies higher VMR). Multistep multivariable regression models, adjusted for demographic and cerebrovascular risk factors, were employed to examine the association between statin intensity treatment and BHI levels. RESULTS Forty-one patients (55%) received high-intensity statins. Patients receiving high-intensity statins exhibited a mean BHI of 0.85, whereas those on low-intensity statins had a mean BHI of 0.67 (mean difference 0.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.13-0.22, p-value<.001). This significant difference persisted in the fully adjusted model (adjusted mean values: 0.84 vs. 0.68, p-value: .008). No significant differences were observed in BHI values within patient groups on high-intensity or low-intensity statin therapy (all p-values>.05). Furthermore, no significant association was found between baseline low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and BHI. CONCLUSIONS High-intensity statin treatment post-ischemic stroke is linked to elevated VMR independent of demographic and clinical characteristics, including baseline LDL level. Further research is needed to explore statin therapy's impact on preserving brain vascular function beyond lipid-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Sabayan
- Department of Neurology, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Royya Modir
- UCSD Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Brett C Meyer
- UCSD Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Thomas Hemmen
- UCSD Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Dawn Meyer
- UCSD Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Reza Bavarsad Shahripour
- UCSD Comprehensive Stroke Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Martagon AJ, Zubirán R, González-Arellanes R, Praget-Bracamontes S, Rivera-Alcántara JA, Aguilar-Salinas CA. HDL abnormalities in type 2 diabetes: Clinical implications. Atherosclerosis 2024; 394:117213. [PMID: 37580206 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) represents the primary cause of mortality among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). In this population, High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) particles exhibit abnormalities in number, composition, and function, culminating in diminished anti-atherosclerotic capabilities despite normal HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations. Hyperglycemic conditions contribute to these alterations in HDL kinetics, composition, and function, causing T2DM patients' HDL particles to exhibit decreased concentrations of diverse lipid species and proteins. Treatment of hyperglycemia has the potential to correct abnormal HDL particle attributes in T2DM; however, pharmacological interventions, including metformin and thiazolidinediones, yield inconsistent outcomes with respect to HDL-C concentrations and functionality. Despite numerous attempts with diverse drugs, pharmacologically augmenting HDL-C levels has not resulted in clinical benefits in mitigating ASCVD risk. In contrast, reducing Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) via statins and ezetimibe has demonstrated significant efficacy in curtailing CVD risk among T2DM individuals. Promising results have been observed in animal models and early-phase trials utilizing recombinant HDL and Lecitin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT) -enhancing agents, but the evaluation of their efficacy and safety in large-scale clinical trials is ongoing. While aberrant HDL metabolism constitutes a prevalent aspect of dyslipidemia in T2DM, HDL cholesterol concentrations and composition no longer offer valuable insights for informing therapeutic decisions. Nevertheless, HDL metabolism remains a critical research area in T2DM, necessitating further investigation to elucidate the role of HDL particles in the development of diabetes-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro J Martagon
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico; Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnologico de Monterrey, México City, Mexico; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, México City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Zubirán
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | | | - Samantha Praget-Bracamontes
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico; Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, México City, Mexico; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Yazdanpanah M, Yazdanpanah N, Chardoli M, Dehghan A. Role of interleukin 6 signaling pathway in the anti-inflammatory effects of statins on coronary artery disease: Evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis. Int J Cardiol 2024; 406:131964. [PMID: 38513732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.131964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are currently widely used in the prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) primarily for lipid-lowering with a potential anti-inflammatory effect. However, it is not clear if their potential anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through the interleukin 6 (IL-6) signaling pathway. METHODS Using the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach followed by multivariable MR analyses, we examined the extent to which the effects of statins on CAD might be mediated through the IL-6 signaling pathway. RESULTS Our observations showed that HMG-CoA reductase, using LDL levels as a proxy, had a significant effect on upstream IL-6 (βMR = 0.47, P-IVW = 0.01) and nominally significant effects on IL-6RA (βMR = 0.22, P-IVW = 0.047) and APOB (βMR = 0.82, P-IVW = 1.8 × 10-33). While the IL-6 signaling cascade (IL-6RA βMR = -0.06, P-IVW = 3.45 × 10-20 and IL-6 βMR = -0.03, P-IVW = 0.09) and the anti-inflammatory effect of HMG-CoA reductase (βMR = -0.31, P-IVW = 0.01) was found to influence the risk of CAD, the multivariable MR (MVMR) model indicated that the anti-inflammatory effect of HMG-CoA reductase is not likely to be mediated through the IL-6 signaling cascade, including APOB and IL-6RA (MVMRβ = 0.23, P = 0.688). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that statins may use inflammatory mechanisms independent of the IL-6 signaling pathway to prevent CAD. This result could potentially affect the definition of the target population for statin use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Yazdanpanah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Yazdanpanah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Chardoli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Amano H, Kojima Y, Hirano S, Oka Y, Aikawa H, Noike R, Yabe T, Okubo R, Ikeda T. The impact of statins treatments for plaque characteristics in stable angina pectoris patients with very low and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: an intracoronary optical coherence tomography study. Heart Vessels 2024; 39:475-485. [PMID: 38381169 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-024-02359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are recommended according to the patient's risk factors based on guidelines. In patients achieving low LDL-C levels, the need for statins is uncertain, and the plaque characteristics of patients not treated with statins are unclear. In addition, the difference in plaque characteristics with and without statins is unclear in similarly high LDL levels. We evaluate the impact of statins on plaque characteristics on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with very low LDL-C levels and high LDL-C levels. A total of 173 stable angina pectoris patients with 173 lesions undergoing OCT before percutaneous coronary intervention were evaluated. We divided the LDL-C levels into three groups: < 70 mg/dL (n = 48), 70 mg/dL ≤ LDL-C < 100 mg/dL (n = 71), and ≥ 100 mg/dL (n = 54). Among patients with LDL-C < 70 mg/dL, patients not treated with statins showed a significantly higher C-reactive protein level (0.27 ± 0.22 mg/dL vs. 0.15 ± 0.19 mg/dL, p = 0.049), and higher incidence of thin-cap fibroatheromas (TCFAs; 44% [7/16] vs. 13% [4/32], p = 0.021) than those treated with statins. Among patients with LDL-C level ≥ 100 mg/dL, patients treated with statins showed a significantly higher prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) (38% [6/16] vs. 5% [2/38], p = 0.004), lower incidence of TCFAs (6% [1/16] vs. 39% [15/38], p = 0.013), healed plaques (13% [2/16] vs. 47% [18/38], p = 0.015), and higher incidence of fibrous plaques (75% [12/16] vs. 42% [16/38], p = 0.027) than patients not treated with statins. While patients achieved a low LDL-C, patients not treated with statins had high plaque vulnerability and high systemic inflammation. While patients had a high LDL-C level with a high prevalence of FH, patients treated with statins had stable plaque characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Amano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan.
| | - Yoshimasa Kojima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Shojiro Hirano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Yosuke Oka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Hiroto Aikawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Ryota Noike
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Ryo Okubo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Takanori Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
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Chang HH, Liu WC, Tsai TC. Association of statin use after renal replacement therapy with mortality in patients with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury. Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:667-674. [PMID: 37458929 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statin use before hospitalization or after discharge increased the survival rates of patients with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury. This study aimed to investigate whether statin use during hospitalization period after renal replacement therapy is associated with reduced mortality in patients with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV database between 2008 and 2019. We compared 1-year mortality in patients with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury with and without exposure to statin during hospitalization period after renal replacement therapy. The secondary outcome was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Among 1035 patients with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury, only 24.9% of the participants received statin therapy during hospitalization after renal replacement therapy. During the 1-year follow-up, 127 of 258 statin users (49.2%) and 541 of 777 statin nonusers (69.6%) died. The risk of 1-year mortality and in-hospital mortality of statin users was 54% lower [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37 to 0.56, P < 0.001] and 59% lower HR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.32 to 0.53, P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION For patients with dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury, statin therapy during hospitalization period after renal replacement therapy was associated with decreased 1-year mortality and in-hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsiung Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Antai Medical Care Corporation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chih Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Antai Medical Care Corporation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chang Tsai
- Department of Nephrology, Antai Medical Care Corporation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Mei-Ho University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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Puertas-Umbert L, Almendra-Pegueros R, Jiménez-Altayó F, Sirvent M, Galán M, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. Novel pharmacological approaches in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1167-1194. [PMID: 37559446 PMCID: PMC10415166 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a severe vascular disease and a major public health issue with an unmet medical need for therapy. This disease is featured by a progressive dilation of the abdominal aorta, boosted by atherosclerosis, ageing, and smoking as major risk factors. Aneurysm growth increases the risk of aortic rupture, a life-threatening emergency with high mortality rates. Despite the increasing progress in our knowledge about the etiopathology of AAA, an effective pharmacological treatment against this disorder remains elusive and surgical repair is still the unique available therapeutic approach for high-risk patients. Meanwhile, there is no medical alternative for patients with small aneurysms but close surveillance. Clinical trials assessing the efficacy of antihypertensive agents, statins, doxycycline, or anti-platelet drugs, among others, failed to demonstrate a clear benefit limiting AAA growth, while data from ongoing clinical trials addressing the benefit of metformin on aneurysm progression are eagerly awaited. Recent preclinical studies have postulated new therapeutic targets and pharmacological strategies paving the way for the implementation of future clinical studies exploring these novel therapeutic strategies. This review summarises some of the most relevant clinical and preclinical studies in search of new therapeutic approaches for AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Puertas-Umbert
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Sirvent
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular del Hospital Universitari General de Granollers, Granollers, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Galán
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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HDL-Based Therapy: Vascular Protection at All Stages. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030711. [PMID: 36979690 PMCID: PMC10045384 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that lipid metabolism disorders are involved in a wide range of pathologies. These pathologies include cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative diseases, and even cancer. All these diseases lead to serious health consequences, which makes it impossible to ignore them. Unfortunately, these diseases most often have a complex pathogenesis, which makes it difficult to study them and, in particular, diagnose and treat them. HDL is an important part of lipid metabolism, performing many functions under normal conditions. One of such functions is the maintaining of the reverse cholesterol transport. These functions are also implicated in pathology development. Thus, HDL contributes to vascular protection, which has been demonstrated in various conditions: Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, etc. Many studies have shown that serum levels of HDL cholesterol correlate negatively with CV risk. With these data, HDL-C is a promising therapeutic target. In this manuscript, we reviewed HDL-based therapeutic strategies that are currently being used or may be developed soon.
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Zhang C, Wu X, Shi P, Ma H, Fang F, Feng Q, Zhao S, Zhang R, Huang J, Xu X, Xiao W, Cao G, Ji X. Diterpenoids inhibit ox-LDL-induced foam cell formation in RAW264.7 cells by promoting ABCA1 mediated cholesterol efflux. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1066758. [PMID: 36713845 PMCID: PMC9877220 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1066758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Atherosclerosis is the main cause of many cardiovascular diseases and contributes to morbidity and mortality worldwide. The formation of macrophage-derived foam cells plays a critical role in the early stage of atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Diterpenoids found in the flowers of Callicarpa rubella Lindl., a traditional Chinese medicine, have been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. However, little is known about the effects of these diterpenoids on macrophage foam cell formation. Methods: A macrophage-derived foam cell formation model was established by treating RAW264.7 cells with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) for 24 h. Oil red O staining were used to detect the intracellular lipids. The cholesterol efflux capacity was assayed by labeling cells with 22-NBD-cholesterol. Western blots and real-time PCRs were performed to quantify protein and mRNA expressions. Results: Two diterpenoid molecules, 14α-hydroxyisopimaric acid (C069002) and isopimaric acid (C069004), extracted from the flowers of Callicarpa rubella Lindl., significantly attenuated ox-LDL-induced foam cell formation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Further investigation showed that these two diterpenoids could promote cholesterol efflux from RAW264.7 macrophages to apolipoprotein A-I or high-density lipoproteins, which was associated with upregulated expression of ATP-binding cassette A1/G1 (ABCA1/G1), liver X receptor-α (LXRα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). Unexpectedly, the diterpenoids C069002 and C069004 failed to enhance the mRNA transcription of the ABCG1 gene in macrophage-derived foam cells induced by ox-LDL. To evaluate the effects of diterpenoids on macrophage foam cell formation and determine the underlying mechanism, two drugs (lovastatin and rosiglitazone) were used as positive controls. Although both drugs could reduce macrophage foam cell formation and promote cholesterol efflux, they each had distinctive abilities to modulate the expression of cholesterol efflux-related genes. In contrast to lovastatin, rosiglitazone showed a similar influence on the expression of cholesterol efflux-related genes (including ABCA1, LXRα, and PPARγ) as the diterpenoids regardless of the presence or absence of ox-LDL, implying a similar mechanism by which they may exert atheroprotective effects. Conclusion: Our research indicates that diterpenoids effectively inhibit ox-LDL-induced macrophage foam cell formation by promoting cholesterol efflux from macrophages via the PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 pathway. Further investigation of diterpenoids as potential drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuewen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Pengmin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qianlang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ruipu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinting Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Xinting Xu, ; Weilie Xiao, ; Guang Cao, ; Xu Ji,
| | - Weilie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Xinting Xu, ; Weilie Xiao, ; Guang Cao, ; Xu Ji,
| | - Guang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Xinting Xu, ; Weilie Xiao, ; Guang Cao, ; Xu Ji,
| | - Xu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research and Development of Natural Products, Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Xinting Xu, ; Weilie Xiao, ; Guang Cao, ; Xu Ji,
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Waldeck-Weiermair M, Yadav S, Kaynert J, Thulabandu VR, Pandey AK, Spyropoulos F, Covington T, Das AA, Krüger C, Michel T. Differential endothelial hydrogen peroxide signaling via Nox isoforms: Critical roles for Rac1 and modulation by statins. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102539. [PMID: 36401888 PMCID: PMC9673117 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins have manifold protective effects on the cardiovascular system. In addition to lowering LDL cholesterol levels, statins also have antioxidant effects on cardiovascular tissues involving intracellular redox pathways that are incompletely understood. Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by statins not only modulates cholesterol synthesis, but also blocks the synthesis of lipids necessary for the post-translational modification of signaling proteins, including the GTPase Rac1. Here we studied the mechanisms whereby Rac1 and statins modulate the intracellular oxidant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via NADPH oxidase (Nox) isoforms. In live-cell imaging experiments using the H2O2 biosensor HyPer7, we observed robust H2O2 generation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) following activation of cell surface receptors for histamine or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Both VEGF- and histamine-stimulated H2O2 responses were abrogated by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Rac1. VEGF responses required the Nox isoforms Nox2 and Nox4, while histamine-stimulated H2O2 signals are independent of Nox4 but still required Nox2. Endothelial H2O2 responses to both histamine and VEGF were completely inhibited by simvastatin. In resting endothelial cells, Rac1 is targeted to the cell membrane and cytoplasm, but simvastatin treatment promotes translocation of Rac1 to the cell nucleus. The effects of simvastatin both on receptor-dependent H2O2 production and Rac1 translocation are rescued by treatment of cells with mevalonic acid, which is the enzymatic product of the HMG-CoA reductase that is inhibited by statins. Taken together, these studies establish that receptor-modulated H2O2 responses to histamine and VEGF involve distinct Nox isoforms, both of which are completely dependent on Rac1 prenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Waldeck-Weiermair
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Shambhu Yadav
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Kaynert
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Arvind K Pandey
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fotios Spyropoulos
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taylor Covington
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Apabrita Ayan Das
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Krüger
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Michel
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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10
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Suvorava T, Metry S, Pick S, Kojda G. Alterations in endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and their relevance to blood pressure. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Simvastatin Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Ameliorates Lung Injury in Hyperoxia-Induced Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia via the KLF2-Mediated Mechanism. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8336070. [PMID: 35509841 PMCID: PMC9060986 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8336070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease commonly found in premature infants. Excessive inflammation and oxidative stress contribute to BPD occurrence and development. Simvastatin, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, has been reported to have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its effect and possible mechanisms in hyperoxia-induced lung injury are rarely reported. In this study, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to investigate whether simvastatin could ameliorate hyperoxia-induced lung injury and explore its potential mechanism. For the in vivo study, simvastatin could improve alveolar development after hyperoxic lung injury and reduce hyperoxic stress and inflammation. The in vitro study revealed that simvastatin can reduce inflammation in A549 cells after high-oxygen exposure. Simvastatin suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and played anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles by increasing KLF2 (Krüppel-like factor 2) expression. In vitro experiments also revealed that these effects of simvastatin were partially reversed by KLF2 shRNA, indicating that KLF2 was involved in simvastatin effects. In summary, our findings indicate that simvastatin could downregulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation and attenuate lung injury in hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia via KLF2-mediated mechanism.
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12
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Effect of Statins on Serum level of hs-CRP and CRP in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:8732360. [PMID: 35125965 PMCID: PMC8816584 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8732360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Several studies have reported that statins have anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, results of clinical trials concerning the effect of statins on the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) have been inconsistent. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of statins on CRP and hs-CRP levels in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Methods. Literature search of the major databases was performed to find eligible RCTs assessing the effect of statins on serum levels of CRP and hs-CRP from the inception until the last week of April 2021. The effect sizes were determined for weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results. 26 studies were identified (3010 patients and 2968 controls) for hs-CRP and 20 studies (3026 patients and 2968 controls) for CRP. Statins reduced the serum levels of hs-CRP (
; 95% CI: -1.26 to -0.68 mg/L;
) and CRP (
; 95% CI: -4.86 to -1.25 mg/L;
) in patients with CVDs. Statins decreased the serum levels of hs-CRP in patients receiving both high-intensity and moderate/low-intensity treatments with these drugs. In addition, the duration of treatment longer than 10 weeks decreased hs-CRP levels. Only high-intensity statin treatment could marginally decrease serum levels of CRP in CVDs patients. Conclusions. This meta-analysis showed the efficacy of statins to reduce the concentrations of CRP and hs-CRP in patients with different types of CVDs.
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13
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Ling X, Peng S, Xu Y, Chu F. Beneficial effect of simvastatin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells gap junctions induced by TNF-α. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 26:10-18. [PMID: 35308127 PMCID: PMC8928848 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.2023037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although simvastatin has been shown to inhibit vascular permeability, which might be amplified via gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC), the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of simvastatin on endothelial cells GJIC. Specifically, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) alone or in combination with simvastatin (5 µM), and their effects on vascular endothelial cell GJIC tested via the scrape loading/dye transfer (SL/DT) assay. Next, we performed immunofluorescence, real-time PCR and western blot assays to analyze expression of Cx37, Cx40 and Cx43 in HUVECs. Results showed that GJIC activity in HUVECs was markedly elevated in HUVECs treated with TNF-α in combination with simvastatin. In addition, simvastatin treatment significantly upregulated expression of Cx37 and Cx40 but downregulated Cx43 mRNAs and proteins. Taken together, these marked changes indicated that simvastatin exerts its regulatory effects on gap junction function by upregulating Cx37 and Cx40 and downregulating Cx43 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Ling
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Peng
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Xu
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fujiang Chu
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Muhammad K, Ayoub MA, Iratni R. Vascular Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease: Is Immune System Protective or Bystander? Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:2141-2150. [PMID: 33461451 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210118121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Chronic atherosclerosis induced vascular inflammation and perturbation of lipid metabolism is believed to be a major cause of CVD. Interplay of innate and adaptive Immune system has been interwined with various risk factors associated with the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in CVD. A large body of evidence indicates a correlation between immunity and atherosclerosis. Retention of plasma lipoproteins in arterial subendothelial wall triggers the T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and monocyte-derived macrophages to form atherosclerotic plaques. In the present review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of CVD in relation to atherosclerosis with a particular focus on pro-atherogenic role of immune cells. Recent findings have also suggested anti-atherogenic roles of different B cell subsets. Therapeutic approaches to target atherosclerosis risk factors have reduced the mortality, but a need exists for the novel therapies to treat arterial vascular inflammation. These insights into the immune pathogenesis of atherosclerosis can lead to new targeted therapeutics to abate cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed A Ayoub
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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15
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Padilla López A. Statin adherence and health outcomes after st-elevation myocardial infarction: 1-year follow-up study. Rev Clin Esp 2021; 221:331-340. [PMID: 32571522 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is deficient control of dyslipidaemia after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) despite high rates of statin prescription. The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of statin treatment adherence after a first type 1 STEMI episode, the factors that determine the adherence and its impact on cardiovascular outcomes during the first year of progression. DESIGN We conducted an observational retrospective study with a cohort of patients hospitalised between 2008 and 2013, with an active statin prescription during the first year of follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS We determined the adherence using the proportion of days covered. The relationship between compliance and the rest of the variables was determined with a binary logistic regression analysis. Competing risk analysis assessed the relationship between cardiovascular mortality or new vascular event with adherence. RESULTS The study included 552 patients (64.7 ± 13.7; 73.9% men) of the 613 analysed. There was less adherence among foreign nationals, smokers and individuals with hepatic impairment. Compliance was greater starting at 50 years of age, among pensioners and those with dyslipidaemia, obesity and kidney failure and in cases of compliance with the rest of the groups indicated in secondary prevention. Compliance reduced cardiovascular mortality (1.9% vs. 9.1%; HR 0.201; 95% CI 0.075-0.539; p = .001) but not the onset of a new cardiovascular event (5.5% vs. 6.5%; p = .834). CONCLUSIONS Statin adherence during the first year after a STEMI is a key factor in mortality, a period in which its assessment is needed beyond the prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Padilla López
- Servicio de Farmacia de Área, Departamento de Salud de Valencia Clínico-Malvarrosa, Valencia, España.
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16
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Padilla López A. Statin adherence and health outcomes after st-elevation myocardial infarction: 1-year follow-up study. Rev Clin Esp 2021; 221:331-340. [PMID: 34059230 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is deficient control of dyslipidaemia after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) despite high rates of statin prescription. The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of statin treatment adherence after a first type 1 STEMI episode, the factors that determine the adherence and its impact on cardiovascular outcomes during the first year of progression. DESIGN We conducted an observational retrospective study with a cohort of patients hospitalised between 2008 and 2013, with an active statin prescription during the first year of follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS We determined the adherence using the proportion of days covered. The relationship between compliance and the rest of the variables was determined with a binary logistic regression analysis. Competing risk analysis assessed the relationship between cardiovascular mortality or new vascular event with adherence. RESULTS The study included 552 patients (64.7 ± 13.7; 73.9% men) of the 613 analysed. There was less adherence among foreign nationals, smokers and individuals with hepatic impairment. Compliance was greater starting at 50 years of age, among pensioners and those with dyslipidaemia, obesity and kidney failure and in cases of compliance with the rest of the groups indicated in secondary prevention. Compliance reduced cardiovascular mortality (1.9% vs. 9.1%; HR 0.201; 95% CI 0.075-0.539; p = .001) but not the onset of a new cardiovascular event (5.5% vs. 6.5%; p = .834). CONCLUSIONS Statin adherence during the first year after a STEMI is a key factor in mortality, a period in which its assessment is needed beyond the prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Padilla López
- Servicio de Farmacia de Área, Departamento de Salud de Valencia Clínico-Malvarrosa, Valencia, Spain.
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17
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Pellegrini C, Martelli A, Antonioli L, Fornai M, Blandizzi C, Calderone V. NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiovascular diseases: Pathophysiological and pharmacological implications. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1890-1926. [PMID: 33460162 DOI: 10.1002/med.21781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence points out the importance of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including hypertension, myocardial infarct (MI), ischemia, cardiomyopathies (CMs), heart failure (HF), and atherosclerosis. In this regard, intensive research efforts both in humans and in animal models of CVDs are being focused on the characterization of the pathophysiological role of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in CVDs. In addition, clinical and preclinical evidence is coming to light that the pharmacological blockade of NLRP3 pathways with drugs, including novel chemical entities as well as drugs currently employed in the clinical practice, biologics and phytochemicals, could represent a suitable therapeutic approach for prevention and management of CVDs. On these bases, the present review article provides a comprehensive overview of clinical and preclinical studies about the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathophysiology of CVDs, including hypertension, MI, ischemic injury, CMs, HF and atherosclerosis. In addition, particular attention has been focused on current evidence on the effects of drugs, biologics, and phytochemicals, targeting different steps of inflammasome signaling, in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Marková I, Malínská H, Hüttl M, Miklánková D, Oliyarnyk O, Poruba M, Rácová Z, Kazdová L, Večeřa R. The combination of atorvastatin with silymarin enhances hypolipidemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Physiol Res 2021; 70:33-43. [PMID: 33453720 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypolipidemic and cardioprotective effects of statins can be associated with the development of myopathies and new-onset type 2 diabetes. These adverse effects may be related to increased oxidative stress. The plant extract silymarin (SM) is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. We tested the hypothesis that the combination of atorvastatin (ATV) with SM could improve therapy efficacy and eliminate some negative effects of statin on hypertriglyceridemia-induced metabolic disorders. Hereditary hypertriglyceridemic rats were fed a standard diet for four weeks without supplementation; supplemented with ATV (5 mg/kg b. wt./day) or a combination of ATV with 1 % micronized SM (ATV+SM). ATV treatment elevated plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol (p<0.01), glucose and insulin and decreased triglycerides (p<0.001). The combination of ATV+SM led to a significant reduction in insulin, an improvement of glucose tolerance, and the hypolipidemic effect was enhanced compared to ATV alone. Furthermore, ATV supplementation increased skeletal muscle triglycerides but its combination with SM decreased triglycerides accumulation in the muscle (p<0.05) and the liver (p<0.01). In the liver, ATV+SM treatment increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione and reduced lipid peroxidation (p<0.001). The combined administration of ATV with SM potentiated the hypolipidemic effect, reduced ectopic lipid accumulation, improved glucose metabolism, and increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Our results show that SM increased the effectiveness of statin therapy in a hypertriglyceridemic rat model of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Marková
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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19
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Liu F, Wang B, Wang C, Zhang B, Guo S. Lipid profiles and their potential inflammatory effects in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:2881-2890. [PMID: 33219425 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests an association between dyslipidemia and autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to perform a preliminary analysis to investigate the role of lipid profiles in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis and to preliminarily explore the potential inflammatory effects of lipids on this disease by analyzing the association of lipid profiles with different inflammatory markers. METHODS This retrospective study consisted of 40 anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients and 74 healthy controls. Serum lipid profiles and different inflammatory markers were analyzed upon admission and at each follow-up. Lipid profiles were compared among subgroups of patients, which were divided according to clinical characteristics. Correlations between lipid profiles and different inflammatory markers were assessed. RESULTS The results showed that lipid profiles were abnormal and were correlated with both disease severity and prognosis in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Correlations between lipid profiles and different inflammatory markers were observed. After 12 months of treatment, inflammatory markers changed with lipid profiles, and these changes were significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Lipid profiles are associated with pathogenesis and progression of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, and they are significantly correlated with different inflammatory markers, suggesting that the association of lipids with the disease might be influenced by the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Baojie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Chunjuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Department of Resident Trainint, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shougang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China. .,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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20
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Anwar M, Mehta D. Post-translational modifications of S1PR1 and endothelial barrier regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158760. [PMID: 32585303 PMCID: PMC7409382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1), a G-protein coupled receptor that is expressed in endothelium and activated upon ligation by the bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), is an important vascular-barrier protective mechanism at the level of adherens junctions (AJ). Loss of endothelial barrier function is a central factor in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory conditions characterized by protein-rich lung edema formation, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). While several S1PR1 agonists are available, the challenge of arresting the progression of protein-rich edema formation remains to be met. In this review, we discuss the role of S1PRs, especially S1PR1, in regulating endothelial barrier function. We review recent findings showing that replenishment of the pool of cell-surface S1PR1 may be crucial to the effectiveness of S1P in repairing the endothelial barrier. In this context, we discuss the S1P generating machinery and mechanisms that regulate S1PR1 at the cell surface and their impact on endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America.
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21
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Di Minno A, Gentile M, Iannuzzo G, Calcaterra I, Tripaldella M, Porro B, Cavalca V, Di Taranto MD, Tremoli E, Fortunato G, Rubba POF, Di Minno MND. Endothelial function improvement in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia receiving PCSK-9 inhibitors on top of maximally tolerated lipid lowering therapy. Thromb Res 2020; 194:229-236. [PMID: 33213848 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with protein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK-9i) reduced cholesterol levels and cardiovascular events in patients with hypercholesterolemia. We assessed changes in lipid profile, oxidation markers and endothelial function in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) after a 12-week treatment with a PCSK-9i. METHODS Patients with FH starting a treatment with PCSK-9i were included. Total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), small dense LDL (assessed by LDL score), 11-dehydro-thromboxane (11-TXB2), 8-isoprostaglandin-2alpha (8-iso-PGF2α), flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and reactive hyperaemia index (RHI) were evaluated before starting PCSK-9i treatment and after a 12-week treatment. RESULTS Twenty-five subjects were enrolled (52% males, mean age 51.5 years). At the 12-week assessment, we observed a 38% median reduction in TC, 52% in LDL-C, 7% in Lp(a) and 46% in LDL score. In parallel, 11-TXB2 and 8-iso-PGF2α showed a reduction of 18% and 17%, respectively. FMD changed from 4.78% ± 2.27 at baseline to 10.6% ± 5.89 at 12 weeks (p < 0.001), with RHI changing from 2.37 ± 1.23 to 3.76 ± 1.36 (p < 0.001). A multivariate analysis showed that, after adjusting for potential confounders, change in LDL score was an independent predictor of changes in FMD (β = -0.846, p = 0.015) and in 8-iso-PGF2α (β = 0.778, p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Small dense LDL reduction (assessed by LDL score) is related to changes in oxidation markers and endothelial function in patients with FH treated with PCSK-9i.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Gentile
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Iannuzzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilenia Calcaterra
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Tripaldella
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Benedetta Porro
- Unit of Metabolomics and Cellular Biochemistry of Atherothrombosis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Cavalca
- Unit of Metabolomics and Cellular Biochemistry of Atherothrombosis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Donata Di Taranto
- Department of Molecular Medicine e Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Unit of Metabolomics and Cellular Biochemistry of Atherothrombosis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliana Fortunato
- Department of Molecular Medicine e Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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22
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Ehinger E, Ghosheh Y, Pramod AB, Lin J, Hanna DB, Mueller K, Durant CP, Baas L, Qi Q, Wang T, Buscher K, Anastos K, Lazar JM, Mack WJ, Tien PC, Cohen MH, Ofotokun I, Gange S, Heath SL, Hodis HN, Tracy RP, Landay AL, Kaplan RC, Ley K. Classical monocyte transcriptomes reveal significant anti-inflammatory statin effect in women with chronic HIV. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:1166-1177. [PMID: 32658258 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS During virally suppressed chronic HIV infection, persistent inflammation contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), a major comorbidity in people living with HIV (LWH). Classical blood monocytes (CMs) remain activated during antiretroviral therapy and are a major source of pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic factors that contribute to atherosclerotic plaque development and instability. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we identify transcriptomic changes in circulating CMs in peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from participants of the Women's Interagency HIV Study, selected by HIV and subclinical CVD (sCVD) status. We flow-sorted CM from participants of the Women's Interagency HIV Study and deep-sequenced their mRNA (n = 92). CMs of HIV+ participants showed elevated interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-12β, overlapping with many transcripts identified in sCVD+ participants. In sCVD+ participants LWH, those reporting statin use showed reduced pro-inflammatory gene expression to a level comparable with healthy (HIV-sCVD-) participants. Statin non-users maintained an elevated inflammatory profile and increased cytokine production. CONCLUSION Statin therapy has been associated with a lower risk of cardiac events, such as myocardial infarction in the general population, but not in those LWH. Our data suggest that women LWH may benefit from statin therapy even in the absence of overt CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ehinger
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yanal Ghosheh
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Akula Bala Pramod
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Juan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David B Hanna
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Karin Mueller
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher P Durant
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Livia Baas
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Konrad Buscher
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn Anastos
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jason M Lazar
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Wendy J Mack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- Department of Medicine and Medical Service, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mardge H Cohen
- Department of Medicine, John Stroger Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Igho Ofotokun
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division and Grady Health Care System, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen Gange
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sonya L Heath
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Howard N Hodis
- Departments of Medicine and Preventative Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Colchester, VT, USA
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Statin Treatment-Induced Development of Type 2 Diabetes: From Clinical Evidence to Mechanistic Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134725. [PMID: 32630698 PMCID: PMC7369709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are the gold-standard treatment for the prevention of primary and secondary cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the safety and relative tolerability of statins, observational studies, clinical trials and meta-analyses indicate an increased risk of developing new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after long-term statin treatment. It has been shown that statins can impair insulin sensitivity and secretion by pancreatic β-cells and increase insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. The mechanisms involved in these processes include, among others, impaired Ca2+ signaling in pancreatic β-cells, down-regulation of GLUT-4 in adipocytes and compromised insulin signaling. In addition, it has also been described that statins’ impact on epigenetics may also contribute to statin-induced T2DM via differential expression of microRNAs. This review focuses on the evidence and mechanisms by which statin therapy is associated with the development of T2DM. This review describes the multifactorial combination of effects that most likely contributes to the diabetogenic effects of statins. Clinically, these findings should encourage clinicians to consider diabetes monitoring in patients receiving statin therapy in order to ensure early diagnosis and appropriate management.
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Dehnavi S, Sohrabi N, Sadeghi M, Lansberg P, Banach M, Al-Rasadi K, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Statins and autoimmunity: State-of-the-art. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 214:107614. [PMID: 32592715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, are potent plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) lowering agents. Since the introduction of the first statin, lovastatin, in 1987, accumulating evidence showed that non-cholesterol lowering effects play an important role in their efficacy to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Thus, these non-LDL-c lowering properties could benefit patients with immune-mediated diseases. Statins and their associated immune-modulating roles have recently received much attention. Different statins have been administered in various experimental and clinical studies focused on autoimmunity. The results indicate that statins can modulate immune responses through mevalonate pathway-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects include cell adhesion, migration of antigen presenting cells, and differentiation, as well as activation, of T-cells. In various autoimmune diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis), promising results have been obtained to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Dehnavi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nasrollah Sohrabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peter Lansberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Building 3226, Room 04.14, Internal Zip Code EA12, Antonius Deusinglaan 19713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Khalid Al-Rasadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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25
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Talepoor AG, Fouladseresht H, Khosropanah S, Doroudchi M. Immune-Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: A New Twist in an Old Tale. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:525-545. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191016095725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective:Atherosclerosis, a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease, is triggered by the activation of endothelial cells followed by infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells including monocytes and T cells in arterial walls. Major populations of T cells found in human atherosclerotic lesions are antigen-specific activated CD4+ effectors and/or memory T cells from Th1, Th17, Th2 and Treg subsets. In this review, we will discuss the significance of T cell orchestrated immune inflammation in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.Discussion:Pathogen/oxidative stress/lipid induced primary endothelial wound cannot develop to a full-blown atherosclerotic lesion in the absence of chronically induced inflammation. While the primary inflammatory response might be viewed as a lone innate response, the persistence of such a profound response over time must be (and is) associated with diverse local and systemic T cell responses. The interplay between T cells and innate cells contributes to a phenomenon called immuneinflammation and has an impact on the progression and outcome of the lesion. In recent years immuneinflammation, an old term, has had a comeback in connecting the puzzle pieces of chronic inflammatory diseases.Conclusion:Taking one-step back and looking from afar at the players of immune-inflammation may help us provide a broader perspective of these complicated interactions. This may lead to the identification of new drug targets and the development of new therapies as well as preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefe Ghamar Talepoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Fouladseresht
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahdad Khosropanah
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Statin Pretreatment Might Be Associated with Decreased Myocardial Injury After Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:104697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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27
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De La Cruz JA, Mihos CG, Horvath SA, Santana O. The Pleiotropic Effects of Statins in Endocrine Disorders. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:787-793. [PMID: 30924424 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190329115003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 3-Hydroxy-3-MethylGlutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, better known as statins, are used extensively in the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk reduction. They have also demonstrated a variety of non-lipid lowering, or pleiotropic effects. Pertaining to the endocrine system the benefits of statins can extend to patients with the polycystic ovarian syndrome and thyroid disease. However, there is also increasing evidence that statin use can lead to deleterious effects in different organs, including worsening glycemia and the development of diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to describe the most relevant and updated evidence regarding the pleiotropic effects of statins in endocrine disorders. METHODS We did a systematic review of scientific articles published in PubMed regarding the effects of statins on the different aspects of the endocrine system up until June 5th of 2018. RESULTS We identified preliminarily 61 publications, of which 4 were excluded due to having abstract format only, and 5 were excluded for not containing pertinent information to the study. CONCLUSION Several aspects of the endocrine system have been shown to be influenced by the pleiotropic effects that statins exert, however, the benefits of statins on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality largely outweigh this deleterious effect, and statin therapy should continue to be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A De La Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, United States
| | - Christos G Mihos
- Columbia University Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, Florida, FL, United States
| | - Sofia A Horvath
- Columbia University Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, Florida, FL, United States
| | - Orlando Santana
- Columbia University Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, Florida, FL, United States
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The Effect of Exosomes Derived from Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Combination with Rosuvastatin on Functional Recovery and Neuroprotection in Rats After Ischemic Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:724-737. [PMID: 31974756 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rosuvastatin, known as a cholesterol-lowering agent, has been used as an alternative therapy after the onset of stroke. In this study, neuroprotection and functional recovery of exosomes in combination with rosuvastatin have been investigated. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Exosome at the dose of 100 μg and/or rosuvastatin at the dose of 20 mg/kg/day for 7 days were administered to rats as a therapeutic strategy. The elevated body swing test (EBST) and Garcia score were conducted as behavioral tests for the measurement of functional recovery. The histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were also performed for the assessment of infarcted volume and neuroprotection in the brain of rats. The real-time PCR method was carried out to determine the relative expressions of the NLRP-3 and NLRP1 genes. After 7 days of treatment with exosome and rosuvastatin in rats which underwent MCAO, the decrease in infarct volume of the animals treated with exosome was more pronounced compared with those treated only with exosome. The combination therapy remarkably lowered the size of infarct volume. Our observation was confirmed by the downregulation of the NLRP1 and NLRP3 genes in response to combinatory treatment of rats induced by MCOA, denoting a lower rate of cell death. The number of GFAP-positive cells were reduced in the exosome-treated group compared with the MCAO group. The rate of lipid peroxidation was measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels which demonstrated a significant reduction of MDA in the exosome- and rotuvastatin-treated groups when compared with the MCAO group. However, the levels of the SOD enzyme did not significantly alter when the treatment groups were compared with the MCAO group. According to our findings, it seems that the use of exosomes and rosuvastatin, as a novel treatment regimen, might promote neurological recovery after the onset of stroke.
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29
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Paneni F, Costantino S, Cosentino F. Obesity-induced impairment of pluripotent stem cells: novel insights into vascular repair strategies. Eur Heart J 2019; 40:e11-e13. [PMID: 25411191 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paneni
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Costantino
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Cosentino
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Hollan I, Ronda N, Dessein P, Agewall S, Karpouzas G, Tamargo J, Niessner A, Savarese G, Rosano G, Kaski JC, Wassmann S, Meroni PL. Lipid management in rheumatoid arthritis: a position paper of the Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy of the European Society of Cardiology. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2019; 6:104-114. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity, partly due to alterations in lipoprotein quantity, quality and cell cholesterol trafficking. Although cardiovascular disease significantly contributes to mortality excess in RA, cardiovascular prevention has been largely insufficient. Because of limited evidence, optimal strategies for lipid management (LM) in RA have not been determined yet, and recommendations are largely based on expert opinions. In this position paper, we describe abnormalities in lipid metabolism and introduce a new algorithm for estimation of cardiovascular risk (CVR) and LM in RA. The algorithm stratifies patients according to RA-related factors impacting CVR (such as RA activity and severity and medication). We propose strategies for monitoring of lipid parameters and treatment of dyslipidaemia in RA (including lifestyle, statins and other lipid-modifying therapies, and disease modifying antirheumatic drugs). These opinion-based recommendations are meant to facilitate LM in RA until more evidence is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Hollan
- Lillehammer Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, M. Grundtvigs veg 6, 2609 Lillehammer, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Patrick Dessein
- Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Department of Rheumatology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Jubilee Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa
- Rheumatology Unit, Free University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Free University, Laarbeeklaan 103, Jette, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Stefan Agewall
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - George Karpouzas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W Carson Street, Building E4-R17A,Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Juan Tamargo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, CIBERCV, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Niessner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gianluigi Savarese
- Norrbacka, S1:02, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via della Pisana 249, 00163 Roma, Italy
| | - Juan Carlos Kaski
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK
| | - Sven Wassmann
- Cardiology Pasing, Institutstr. 14, 81241 Munich, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University of the Saarland, Kirrbergerstr. 100, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Pier Luigi Meroni
- Immunorheumatology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Ariosto, 14, 20145 Milan, Italy
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Simvastatin improves olanzapine-induced dyslipidemia in rats through inhibiting hepatic mTOR signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:1049-1057. [PMID: 30728467 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Second-generation antipsychotic drug (SGA)-induced metabolic abnormalities, such as dyslipidemia, are a major clinical problem for antipsychotic therapy. Accumulated evidences have shown the efficacy of statins in reducing SGA-induced dyslipidemia, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we explored whether mTOR signaling was involved in olanzapine (OLZ)-induced dyslipidemia as well as the lipid-lowering effects of cotreatment of simvastatin (Sim) in rats. Model rats received OLZ (1.0 mg/kg, t.i.d.) for 7 weeks; from the third week a group of model rats were cotreatment of Sim (3.0 mg/kg, t.i.d.) for 5 weeks. We found that OLZ treatment significantly increased the plasma triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels, and promoted lipid accumulation in the liver, whereas cotreatment of Sim reversed OLZ-induced dyslipidemia. Hepatic mTORC1 and p-mTORC1 expression was accelerated in the OLZ treatment group, with upregulation of mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and its target genes, whereas these alterations were ameliorated by Sim cotreatment. In HepG2 cells, rapamycin (a mTOR inhibitor) significantly reduced the OLZ-stimulated hepatocellular lipid contents and weakened the ability of Sim to lower lipids via a mechanism associated with the upregulation of SREBP1c-mediated de novo lipogenesis. Our data suggest that OLZ induces lipid accumulation in both plasma and liver, and Sim ameliorates OLZ-induced lipid metabolic dysfunction through its effects on mTOR signaling via reducing SREBP1c activation and the downregulation of gene expression involved in lipogenesis. These data provide a new insight into the prevention of metabolic side effects induced by antipsychotic drugs.
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Jiang C, Qi Z, Tang Y, Jia H, Li Z, Zhang W, Liu J. Rational Design of Lovastatin-Loaded Spherical Reconstituted High Density Lipoprotein for Efficient and Safe Anti-Atherosclerotic Therapy. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3284-3291. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zitong Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yuqi Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hengbo Jia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zhuoting Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Kaleli-Durman D, Alp-Yıldırım Fİ, Özdemir O, Uydeş-Doğan BS. Relaxant effect of atorvastatin on isolated rat gastric fundus strips: implications for Ca 2+-signalling mechanisms. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:413-421. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Statins are determined to have various pleiotropic effects apart from their lipid-lowering properties. Herein, we investigated the direct effects of atorvastatin on gastric smooth muscle tone. Atorvastatin effectively relaxed isolated rat gastric fundus strips precontracted with acetylcholine, potassium chloride, and serotonin. Incubation of the strips with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, l-NOARG (10−4 M, 20 min), l-type voltage-operated Ca2+ channel (VOCC) blocker, nifedipine (10−6 M, 30 min), KATP channel blocker, glibenclamide (10−5 M, 30 min), or precursor of cholesterol, mevalonate (10−2 M, 45 min) did not change the relaxations to atorvastatin. However, pretreatment of fundus strips with atorvastatin (3×10−5–3×10−4 M, 30 min) inhibited the contractions to calcium chloride (10−4–10−1 M), acetylcholine (10–4 M), and caffeine (20 mM) in the calcium-free medium. Moreover, atorvastatin reduced the contractions induced by sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor, cyclopiazonic acid (10−7–3×10−5 M). The current study demonstrated that atorvastatin produces an acute relaxant effect on gastric fundus strips, which appears to be mediated by several Ca2+-signalling mechanisms such as the blockade of l-type VOCC-independent Ca2+ entry, decrease in smooth muscle Ca2+ sensitivity, inhibition of IP3- and ryanodine-sensitive intracellular stores to mediate Ca2+ release, as well as the activation of SERCA. This acute relaxing effect seems unlikely to be related with nitric oxide, KATP channels, and the mevalonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Kaleli-Durman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F. İlkay Alp-Yıldırım
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Özdemir
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cyprus International University, Lefkoşa, North Cyprus, Cyprus
| | - B. Sönmez Uydeş-Doğan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116, Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
With the increasing age of the general population, medical conditions necessitating a surgical intervention will increase. Concomitant with advanced age, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus will also increase. These patients have a two- to three-fold higher risk of occurrence of cardiovascular events and are at higher risk of perioperative myocardial ischemia. This review will discuss recent advances in the field of perioperative cardioprotection and focus specifically on strategies that have aimed to protect the diabetic and the aged myocardium. This review will not deal with potential putative cardioprotective effects of opioids and anesthetic agents, as this is a very broad area that would necessitate a dedicated overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Momeni
- Department of Anesthesiology & Acute Medicine, Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Stefan De Hert
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Biocatalyzed Synthesis of Statins: A Sustainable Strategy for the Preparation of Valuable Drugs. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, are the largest selling class of drugs prescribed for the pharmacological treatment of hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidaemia. Statins also possess other therapeutic effects, called pleiotropic, because the blockade of the conversion of HMG-CoA to (R)-mevalonate produces a concomitant inhibition of the biosynthesis of numerous isoprenoid metabolites (e.g., geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) or farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP)). Thus, the prenylation of several cell signalling proteins (small GTPase family members: Ras, Rac, and Rho) is hampered, so that these molecular switches, controlling multiple pathways and cell functions (maintenance of cell shape, motility, factor secretion, differentiation, and proliferation) are regulated, leading to beneficial effects in cardiovascular health, regulation of the immune system, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, prevention and treatment of sepsis, treatment of autoimmune diseases, osteoporosis, kidney and neurological disorders, or even in cancer therapy. Thus, there is a growing interest in developing more sustainable protocols for preparation of statins, and the introduction of biocatalyzed steps into the synthetic pathways is highly advantageous—synthetic routes are conducted under mild reaction conditions, at ambient temperature, and can use water as a reaction medium in many cases. Furthermore, their high selectivity avoids the need for functional group activation and protection/deprotection steps usually required in traditional organic synthesis. Therefore, biocatalysis provides shorter processes, produces less waste, and reduces manufacturing costs and environmental impact. In this review, we will comment on the pleiotropic effects of statins and will illustrate some biotransformations nowadays implemented for statin synthesis.
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Kowara M, Kasarełło K, Czarzasta K, Opolski G, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. Early-life inflammation pathways trigger a cascade leading to development of atherosclerotic plaque through the “butterfly effect” – An hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2019; 122:106-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Chung CM, Lin MS, Liu CH, Lee TH, Chang ST, Yang TY, Pan KL, Lin YS. Discontinuing or continuing statin following intracerebral hemorrhage from the view of a national cohort study. Atherosclerosis 2018; 278:15-22. [PMID: 30236866 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Statins improve clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke but there is no evidence of the effect of continuing long-term statin therapy in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of continuing statin after ICH. METHODS Data on patients with ICH was retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. The final population was separated into two groups according to those who continued and those who discontinued statin treatment. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes were analyzed after a 3 year follow-up after propensity score matching (PSM). RESULTS Of the 114,101 patients with ICH, who were initially enrolled, 2468 patients with dyslipidemia and ICH were included. After PSM, the benefit of statin therapy on mortality appeared from 1 year to the end of the 3-year follow-up period after discharge (statin group versus non-statin group: 4.9% vs.12.3% at 1 year (hazard ratio [HR], 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26-0.57) and 12.9% vs. 25.3% at the end of the 3 year follow-up period (HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.35-0.58). Compared with the patients using lipophilic statins, those using hydrophilic statins had a significantly lower incidence of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.43-0.99). There were no differences between those prescribed moderate-intensity statins and those prescribed high-intensity statins in terms of stroke and all-cause mortality (HR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.40-1.46). CONCLUSIONS There was a lower risk of all-cause mortality following ICH in patients who continued statin treatment compared with those without statin treatment, especially in those treated with hydrophilic statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Min Chung
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Liu
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Hai Lee
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tai Chang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Yao Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Li Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
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Jin X, Wang Q, Yang X, Guo M, Li W, Shi J, Adu-Frimpong M, Xu X, Deng W, Yu J. Chemical characterisation and hypolipidaemic effects of two purified Pleurotus eryngii
polysaccharides. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Jixiang Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Michael Adu-Frimpong
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics; School of Pharmacy; Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang 212013 China
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Kostis JB, Dobrzynski JM. Statins and Erectile Function. Can J Cardiol 2018; 34:813.e5. [PMID: 29729881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Segers VFM, Brutsaert DL, De Keulenaer GW. Cardiac Remodeling: Endothelial Cells Have More to Say Than Just NO. Front Physiol 2018; 9:382. [PMID: 29695980 PMCID: PMC5904256 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a highly structured organ consisting of different cell types, including myocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, and inflammatory cells. This pluricellularity provides the opportunity of intercellular communication within the organ, with subsequent optimization of its function. Intercellular cross-talk is indispensable during cardiac development, but also plays a substantial modulatory role in the normal and failing heart of adults. More specifically, factors secreted by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells modulate cardiac performance and either positively or negatively affect cardiac remodeling. The role of endothelium-derived small molecules and peptides—for instance NO or endothelin-1—has been extensively studied and is relatively well defined. However, endothelial cells also secrete numerous larger proteins. Information on the role of these proteins in the heart is scattered throughout the literature. In this review, we will link specific proteins that modulate cardiac contractility or cardiac remodeling to their expression by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. The following proteins will be discussed: IL-6, periostin, tenascin-C, thrombospondin, follistatin-like 1, frizzled-related protein 3, IGF-1, CTGF, dickkopf-3, BMP-2 and−4, apelin, IL-1β, placental growth factor, LIF, WISP-1, midkine, and adrenomedullin. In the future, it is likely that some of these proteins can serve as markers of cardiac remodeling and that the concept of endothelial function and dysfunction might have to be redefined as we learn more about other factors secreted by ECs besides NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F M Segers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Dirk L Brutsaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Gilles W De Keulenaer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Middelheim Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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Li B, Li W, Li X, Zhou H. Inflammation: A Novel Therapeutic Target/Direction in Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 23:1216-1227. [PMID: 28034355 PMCID: PMC6302344 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161230142931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the viewpoint of atherosclerosis has been replaced gradually by a lipid-driven, chronic, low-grade inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Current treatment of atherosclerosis is focused on limiting its risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia or hypertension. However, treatment targeting the inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis is still very limited and deserves further attention to fight atherosclerosis successfully. Here, we review the current development of inflammation and atherosclerosis to discuss novel insights and potential targets in atherosclerosis, and to address drug discovery based on anti-inflammatory strategy in atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038. China
| | - Weihong Li
- Assisted Reproductive Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016. China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharamacy, The Third Military Medical University, P.O. Box: 400038, Chongqing. China
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Maulucci G, Cipriani F, Russo D, Casavecchia G, Di Staso C, Di Martino L, Ruggiero A, Di Biase M, Brunetti ND. Improved endothelial function after short-term therapy with evolocumab. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:669-673. [PMID: 29544724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reduction of cholesterol levels with cholesterol-lowering therapy may improve endothelial function. Lipid-lowering therapy has been greatly enhanced by the introduction of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) antibodies. Less is known of the effect of PCSK9 inhibitors on endothelial function of subjects with hypercholesterolemia. OBJECTIVE To assess whether treatment with PCSK9 inhibitors may improve endothelial function evaluated by brachial artery vasoreactivity test. METHODS Brachial artery vasoreactivity test was performed in 14 consecutive patients with previous myocardial infarction before and after 2 months of therapy with evolocumab 140 mg twice in a month. Mean brachial artery diameter, velocity time integral, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were also evaluated. RESULTS After 2 months of treatment with evolocumab, mean total cholesterol levels decreased from 245 ± 41 to 128 ± 30 mg/dL (P < .001, -48%), and LDL levels from 176 ± 43 to 71 ± 26 mg/dL (P = .001, -59%); FMD conversely increased from 6.3 ± 4.1% to 8.8 ± 6.3% (P = .004, +40%). Improvement in FMD was proportional to reduction of LDL levels (r = 0.69, P = .006). Therapy with evolocumab increased brachial artery diameter during vasoreactivity test (peak values 0.39 ± 0.09 vs 0.36 ± 0.11 cm, P = .010; final values 0.36 ± 0.10 vs 0.34 ± 0.10 cm, P = .001), and velocity time integral (peak levels 96 ± 1 vs 85 ± 9 cm, P = .045). CONCLUSIONS Two months of treatment with evolocumab 140 mg may improve endothelial function in subjects with increased cardiovascular risk. The improvement in endothelial function is proportional to LDL reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Cipriani
- Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Dolores Russo
- Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | | | - Luigi Di Martino
- Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Di Biase
- Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Poret A, Guziolowski C. Therapeutic target discovery using Boolean network attractors: improvements of kali. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171852. [PMID: 29515890 PMCID: PMC5830779 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In a previous article, an algorithm for identifying therapeutic targets in Boolean networks modelling pathological mechanisms was introduced. In the present article, the improvements made on this algorithm, named kali, are described. These improvements are (i) the possibility to work on asynchronous Boolean networks, (ii) a finer assessment of therapeutic targets and (iii) the possibility to use multivalued logic. kali assumes that the attractors of a dynamical system, such as a Boolean network, are associated with the phenotypes of the modelled biological system. Given a logic-based model of pathological mechanisms, kali searches for therapeutic targets able to reduce the reachability of the attractors associated with pathological phenotypes, thus reducing their likeliness. kali is illustrated on an example network and used on a biological case study. The case study is a published logic-based model of bladder tumorigenesis from which kali returns consistent results. However, like any computational tool, kali can predict but cannot replace human expertise: it is a supporting tool for coping with the complexity of biological systems in the field of drug discovery.
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Jiang C, Zhao Y, Yang Y, He J, Zhang W, Liu J. Evaluation of the Combined Effect of Recombinant High-Density Lipoprotein Carrier and the Encapsulated Lovastatin in RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells Based on the Median-Effect Principle. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1017-1027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Jianhua He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210008, PR China
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Renman D, Lundberg E, Gunnarsson U, Strigård K. Statin consumption as a risk factor for developing colorectal cancer: a retrospective case study. World J Surg Oncol 2017; 15:222. [PMID: 29246227 PMCID: PMC5732439 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-017-1287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are the backbone of lipid-lowering therapy and are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the elderly population in Sweden today. Colorectal cancer is the second most common cancer in men and women, after prostate and breast cancer, respectively, with a median age of 72 years at diagnosis. Statins induce mitochondrial damage leading to accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the cell. Reactive oxygen species can cause mutations in mitochondrial as well as nuclear DNA leading to the development of cancer. Our hypothesis was that statins increase the risk for colorectal cancer. METHODS A case study was performed on consecutive cases of colorectal cancer diagnosed at Norrlands University Hospital (NUS) in Umeå between 2012 and 2015 (n = 325). Patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type II (DM II n = 65) were excluded in the primary endpoint analysis (occurrence of colorectal cancer). As control, three databases were used to create an age-matched population in order to calculate the proportion of inhabitants using statins in the county of Västerbotten, Sweden. A secondary endpoint was cancer-specific survival among our study group of colorectal cancer patients, including those with DM II, investigating whether there was a difference if the patient was a 'recent' statin user or not at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS Statin use at the time of colorectal cancer diagnosis in the study group was 23.8%. The corresponding figure in an age-matched population in Västerbotten was 24.6%. Using a one-proportional one-sided z test, there was no significant difference between these (23.8%, 95% CI 18.6-29.0%, p = 0.601). When comparing groups 20-64 years of age, the difference was greater with recent statin use in 17.8% in the study population and 11.9% in Västerbotten (17.8%, 95% CI 9.0-26.6%, p = 0.059). When considering cancer-specific survival, no significant difference in survival was seen when comparing 'former/never' statin users as reference category with 'recent' users diagnosed with colorectal cancer (HR 1.39, 95% CI 0.89-2.16). CONCLUSIONS No significant increase in risk for developing colorectal cancer among patients (type II diabetics excluded) medicated with statins was found. We found no correlation between 'recent' statin use at the time of diagnosis and cancer-specific survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Renman
- Institution of Surgery and Perioperative Science, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Lundberg
- Institution of Surgery and Perioperative Science, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulf Gunnarsson
- Institution of Surgery and Perioperative Science, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Strigård
- Institution of Surgery and Perioperative Science, Umeå University, 90185 Umeå, Sweden
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Eshraghian A. Current and emerging pharmacological therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7495-7504. [PMID: 29204050 PMCID: PMC5698243 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i42.7495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is life style modification including weight reduction and dietary regimen. Majority of patients are safely treated with this management and pharmacologic interventions are not recommended. However, a subgroup of NAFLD patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) who cannot achieve goals of life style modification may need pharmacological therapy. One major obstacle is measurement of histological outcome by liver biopsy which is an invasive method and is not recommended routinely in these patients. Several medications, mainly targeting baseline mechanism of NAFLD, have been investigated in clinical trials for treatment of NASH with promising results. At present, only pioglitazone acting as insulin sensitizing agent and vitamin E as an anti-oxidant have been recommended for treatment of NASH by international guidelines. Lipid lowering agents including statins and fibrates, pentoxifylline, angiotensin receptor blockers, ursodeoxycholic acid, probiotics and synbiotics are current agents with beneficial effects for treatment of NASH but have not been approved yet. Several emerging medications are in development for treatment of NASH. Obeticholic acid, liraglutide, elafibranor, cenicriviroc and aramchol have been tested in clinical trials or are completing trials. Here in, current and upcoming medications with promising results in clinical trial for treatment of NAFLD were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Eshraghian
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71937-11351, Iran
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Akram Z, Vohra F, Javed F. Efficacy of statin delivery as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9:e12304. [PMID: 29119729 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The action of statins in stimulating bone formation and having other pleiotropic effects, such as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, has justified their use as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis (CP). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of statin delivery as an adjunct to SRP in the treatment of CP. Electronic searches were conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, up until July 2017. The primary outcome was probing depth (PD), while the secondary outcomes were changes in clinical attachment level (CAL) and bone defect (BD) fill. Eleven studies were included, and all showed significant PD reduction, CAL gain, and BD fill with adjunctive statin delivery compared to SRP alone. The meta-analysis showed significant improvement in periodontal parameters for atorvastatin (PD: weighted mean difference [WMD] = -1.84, -2.56 to -1.12, P < .001; CAL: WMD = -2.31, -3.58 to -1.03, P < .001; BD fill: WMD = 2.66, -3.92 to -1.39, P < .001), simvastatin (PD: WMD = -1.91, -2.27 to -1.55, P < .001; CAL: WMD = -1.91, -2.27 to -1.55, P = .001; BD: WMD = -1.52, -2.20 to -0.85, P < .001), and rosuvastatin (PD: WMD = -0.94, -1.32 to -0.55, P < .001; CAL: WMD = -1.00, -1.41 to -0.60, P < .001; BD fill: WMD = -1.30, -1.80 to -0.79, P < .001). Adjunctive statin delivery appears to be effective in reducing PD, CAL gain, and BD fill in CP, and therefore, these drugs could be a promising therapeutic option for periodontal regeneration in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Akram
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawad Javed
- Department of General Dentistry, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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Catapano AL, Pirillo A, Norata GD. Vascular inflammation and low-density lipoproteins: is cholesterol the link? A lesson from the clinical trials. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3973-3985. [PMID: 28369752 PMCID: PMC5659993 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For long time, the role of LDL and inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis have been studied independently from each other and only more recently a common platform has been suggested. Accumulation of excess cholesterol due to the presence of increased circulating LDL promotes endothelium dysfunction and activation, which is associated with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, overexpression of adhesion molecules, chemokines and C-reactive protein (CRP), increased generation of reactive oxygen species and reduction of nitric oxide levels and bioavailability. All these processes favour the progressive infiltration of inflammatory cells within the arterial wall where cholesterol accumulates, both extracellularly and intracellularly, and promotes vascular inflammation. According to this, lipid-lowering therapies should improve inflammation and, indeed, statins decrease circulating inflammatory markers such as CRP and improve endothelial function and plaque burden. Pleiotropic activities have been proposed to explain this effect. However, mendelian randomization studies ruled out a direct role for CRP on coronary artery disease and studies with other lipid lowering drugs, such as ezetimibe showed that the beneficial effect of LDL-cholesterol-lowering therapies on systemic inflammatory status, as monitored by changes in CRP plasma levels, could be achieved, independently of the mechanism of action, only in patients presenting with baseline inflamed conditions. These observations strengthen the direct link between cholesterol and inflammation and indicate that decreasing LDL levels is one of the key goals for improving cardiovascular outcome. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberico Luigi Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
- IRCCS Multimedica HospitalSesto San GiovanniMilanItaly
| | - Angela Pirillo
- SISA Center for the Study of AtherosclerosisBassini HospitalCinisello BalsamoItaly
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research InstituteCurtin UniversityPerthWestern, Australia
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Discovery of a ROCK inhibitor, FPND, which prevents cerebral hemorrhage through maintaining vascular integrity by interference with VE-cadherin. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17051. [PMID: 28845297 PMCID: PMC5563523 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened vessel ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain, leading to high rates of death and disability worldwide. A series of complex pathophysiological cascades contribute to the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, and no therapies have proven effective to prevent hemorrhagic stroke. Stabilization of vascular integrity has been considered as a potential therapeutic target for hemorrhagic stroke. ROCKs, which belong to the serine/threonine protein kinase family and participate in the organization of actin cytoskeleton, have become attractive targets for the treatment of strokes. In this study, in vitro enzyme-based assays revealed that a new compound (FPND) with a novel scaffold identified by docking-based virtual screening could inhibit ROCK1 specifically at low micromolar concentration. Molecular modeling showed that FPND preferentially interacted with ROCK1, and the difference between the binding affinity of FPND toward ROCK1 and ROCK2 primarily resulted from non-polar contributions. Furthermore, FPND significantly prevented statin-induced cerebral hemorrhage in a zebrafish model. In addition, in vitro studies using the xCELLigence RTCA system, immunofluorescence and western blotting revealed that FPND prevented statin-induced cerebral hemorrhage by enhancing endothelial cell–cell junctions through inhibiting the ROCK-mediated VE-cadherin signaling pathway. As indicated by the extremely low toxicity of FPND against mice, it is safe and can potentially prevent vascular integrity loss-related diseases, such as hemorrhagic stroke.
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