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Jiang W, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Wu J, Rong Z, Sun L, Zhou Y, Zhang K. Involvement of Abnormal p-α-syn Accumulation and TLR2-Mediated Inflammation of Schwann Cells in Enteric Autonomic Nerve Dysfunction of Parkinson's Disease: an Animal Model Study. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03345-4. [PMID: 37148524 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The study was designed to investigate the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). We utilized 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 20 mg/kg) and probenecid (250 mg/kg) to prepare a PD mice model. MPTP modeling was first confirmed. GI motility was measured using stool collection test and enteric plexus loss was also detected. Intestinal phosphorylated α-synuclein (p-α-syn), inflammation, and S100 were assessed using western blotting. Association between Toll-like receptor 2(TLR2) and GI function was validated by Pearson's correlations. Immunofluorescence was applied to show co-localizations of intestinal p-α-syn, inflammation, and Schwann cells (SCs). CU-CPT22 (3 mg/kg, a TLR1/TLR2 inhibitor) was adopted then. Success in modeling, damaged GI neuron and function, and activated intestinal p-α-syn, inflammation, and SCs responses were observed in MPTP group, with TLR2 related to GI damage. Increased p-α-syn and inflammatory factors were shown in SCs of myenteron for MPTP mice. Recovered fecal water content and depression of inflammation, p-α-syn deposition, and SCs activity were noticed after TLR2 suppression. The study investigates a novel mechanism of PD GI autonomic dysfunction, demonstrating that p-α-syn accumulation and TLR2 signaling of SCs were involved in disrupted gut homeostasis and treatments targeting TLR2-mediated pathway might be a possible therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, China
| | - Zhe Rong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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2
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Sonnenburg A, Stahlmann R, Kreutz R, Peiser M. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor knockout and antibody blockade of programmed cell death ligand1 increase co-stimulatory molecules on THP-1 and specific cytokine response of human T cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 86:105502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Zhao F, Zhang C, Li G, Zheng H, Gu L, Zhou H, Xiao Y, Wang Z, Yu J, Hu Y, Zeng F, Wang X, Zhao Q, Hu J, Yue C, Zhou P, Huang N, Hao Y, Wu W, Cui K, Li W, Li J. A role for whey acidic protein four-disulfide-core 12 (WFDC12) in the pathogenesis and development of psoriasis disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873720. [PMID: 36148224 PMCID: PMC9485559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey acidic protein four-disulfide core domain protein 12 (WFDC12) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis but the specific molecular mechanism is not clearly defined. In this study, we found the expression of WFDC12 protein closely correlated with psoriasis. WFDC12 in keratinocyte might increase infiltration of Langerhans cells (LCs) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDDCs), up-regulating the co-stimulation molecular CD40/CD86. Th1 cells in lymph nodes were higher in K14-WFDC12 transgenic psoiasis-like mice. Meanwhile, the mRNA of IL-12 and IFN-γ in the lesion skin was significantly increased in transgenic mice. Moreover, we found that the expression of the proteins that participated in the retinoic acid–related pathway and immune signaling pathway was more changed in the lesion skin of K14-WFDC12 transgenic psoriasis-like mice. Collectively, the results implied that WFDC12 might affect the activation of the retinoic acid signaling pathway and regulate the infiltration of DC cells in the skin lesions and lymph nodes, thereby inducing Th1 cells differentiation and increasing the secretion of IFN-γ to exacerbate psoriasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Guolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Linna Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiadong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yawen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanlian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Qixiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengcheng Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Nongyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Kaijun Cui
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Rare Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jiong Li,
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Tayel SI, Soliman SE, Ahmedy IA, Abdelhafez M, Elkholy AM, Hegazy A, Muharram NM. Deregulation of CircANXA2, Circ0075001, and CircFBXW7 Gene Expressions and Their Predictive Value in Egyptian Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients. Appl Clin Genet 2022; 15:69-85. [PMID: 35874179 PMCID: PMC9300747 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s365613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aim of the Work Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa I Tayel
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32511, Egypt
- Correspondence: Safaa I Tayel, Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt, Email
| | - Shimaa E Soliman
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Iman A Ahmedy
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelhafez
- Hematology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Aly M Elkholy
- Hematology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Amira Hegazy
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Nashwa M Muharram
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, 32511, Egypt
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5
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Bermudez M, Grabowski M, Murgueitio MS, Tiemann M, Varga P, Rudolf T, Wolber G, Weindl G, Rademann J. Biological Characterization, Mechanistic Investigation and Structure-Activity Relationships of Chemically Stable TLR2 Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1364-1371. [PMID: 32333508 PMCID: PMC7496872 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) build the first barrier in the innate immune response and therefore represent promising targets for the modulation of inflammatory processes. Recently, the pyrogallol-containing TLR2 antagonists CU-CPT22 and MMG-11 were reported; however, their 1,2,3-triphenol motif renders them highly susceptible to oxidation and excludes them from use in extended experiments under aerobic conditions. Therefore, we have developed a set of novel TLR2 antagonists (1-9) based on the systematic variation of substructures, linker elements, and the hydrogen-bonding pattern of the pyrogallol precursors by using chemically robust building blocks. The novel series of chemically stable and synthetically accessible TLR2 antagonists (1-9) was pharmacologically characterized, and the potential binding modes of the active compounds were evaluated structurally. Our results provide new insights into structure-activity relationships and allow rationalization of structural binding characteristics. Moreover, they support the hypothesis that this class of TLR ligands bind solely to TLR2 and do not directly interact with TLR1 or TLR6 of the functional heterodimer. The most active compound from this series (6), is chemically stable, nontoxic, TLR2-selective, and shows a similar activity with regard to the pyrogallol starting points, thus indicating the variability of the hydrogen bonding pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bermudez
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry)Freie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Strasse 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Maria Grabowski
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology)Freie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Strasse 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Manuela S. Murgueitio
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry)Freie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Strasse 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry)Freie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Strasse 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Péter Varga
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry)Freie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Strasse 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Thomas Rudolf
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry)Freie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Strasse 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry)Freie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Strasse 2+414195BerlinGermany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology)Freie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Strasse 2+414195BerlinGermany
- Section Pharmacology and ToxicologyPharmaceutical InstituteUniversität BonnGerhard-Domagk-Strasse 353121BonnGermany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry)Freie Universität BerlinKönigin-Luise-Strasse 2+414195BerlinGermany
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6
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Grabowski M, Bermudez M, Rudolf T, Šribar D, Varga P, Murgueitio MS, Wolber G, Rademann J, Weindl G. Identification and validation of a novel dual small-molecule TLR2/8 antagonist. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113957. [PMID: 32268138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR8 are involved in the recognition of bacterial and viral components and are linked not only to protective antimicrobial immunity but also to inflammatory diseases. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the receptor crosstalk between TLR2 and TLR8 to fine-tune innate immune responses. In this study, we report a novel dual TLR2/TLR8 antagonist, compound 24 that was developed by a modeling-guided synthesis approach. The modulator was optimized from the previously reported 1,3-benzothiazole derivative, compound 8. Compound 24 was pharmacologically characterized for the ability to inhibit TLR2- and TLR8-mediated responses in TLR-overexpressing reporter cells and THP-1 macrophages. The modulator showed high efficacy with IC50 values in the low micromolar range for both TLRs, selectivity towards other TLRs and low cytotoxicity. At TLR2, a slight predominance for the TLR2/1 heterodimer was found in reporter cells selectively expressing TLR2/1 or TLR2/6 heterodimers. Concentration ratio analysis in the presence of Pam3CSK4 or Pam2CSK4 indicated non-competitive antagonist behavior at hTLR2. In computational docking studies, a plausible alternative binding mode of compound 24 was predicted for both TLR2 and TLR8. Our results provide evidence that it is feasible to simultaneously and selectively target endosomal- and surface-located TLRs. We identified a small-molecule dual TLR2/8 antagonist that may serve as a valuable pharmacological tool to decipher the role of TLR2/8 co-signaling in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grabowski
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Bermudez
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudolf
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dora Šribar
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Péter Varga
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela S Murgueitio
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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MPMBP down-regulates Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligand-induced proinflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting NF-κB but not AP-1 activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 79:106085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Müller G, Lübow C, Weindl G. Lysosomotropic beta blockers induce oxidative stress and IL23A production in Langerhans cells. Autophagy 2019; 16:1380-1395. [PMID: 31668121 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1686728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and Th17 cytokines are important mediators of inflammation. Treatment with beta-adrenoceptor (ADRB) antagonists (beta-blockers) is associated with induction or aggravation of psoriasis-like skin inflammation, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein, we identify lysosomotropic beta-blockers as critical inducers of IL23A in human monocyte-derived Langerhans-like cells under sterile-inflammatory conditions. Cytokine release was not mediated by cAMP, suggesting the involvement of ADRB-independent pathways. NFKB/NF-κB and MAPK14/p38 activation was required for propranolol-induced IL23A secretion whereas the NLRP3 inflammasome was dispensable. MAPK14 regulated recruitment of RELB to IL23A promoter regions. Without affecting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, propranolol increased lysosomal pH and induced a late-stage block in macroautophagy/autophagy. Propranolol specifically induced reactive oxygen species production, which was critical for IL23A secretion, in Langerhans-like cells. Our findings provide insight into a potentially crucial immunoregulatory mechanism in cutaneous dendritic cells that may explain how lysosomotropic drugs regulate inflammatory responses. ABBREVIATIONS ATF: activating transcription factor; DC: dendritic cell; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; gDNA: genomic DNA; IL: interleukin; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LC: Langerhans cell; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MoDC: monocyte-derived DC; MoLC: monocyte-derived Langerhans-like cell; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; NAC: N-acetyl-L-cysteine; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PI: propidium iodide; PYCARD/ASC: PYD and CARD domain containing; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; Ub: ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Lübow
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany.,Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Bonn, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin, Germany.,Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute , Bonn, Germany
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9
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The novel small-molecule antagonist MMG-11 preferentially inhibits TLR2/1 signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 171:113687. [PMID: 31678495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) forms heterodimers with either TLR1 or TLR6 to induce protective early inflammatory responses to pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns. However, excessive activation is associated with inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Several TLR2 antagonists have been described but pharmacological characterization is still at an early stage. Previously, we identified the potent and selective TLR2 antagonist MMG-11 by computational modelling and experimental validation. Here, we characterized the TLR2 antagonists MMG-11 and CU-CPT22 as well as the TIR-domain binding TLR2 antagonist C29 in TLR-overexpressing promoter cells as well as human and mouse macrophages. In line with our recent studies, MMG-11 abrogated pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and NF-κB activation induced by different bacterial TLR2 agonists. MMG-11 preferentially inhibited TLR2/1 signaling in promoter cells stably expressing TLR2 heterodimers and mouse macrophages. Furthermore, the TLR2 antagonist blocked ligand-induced interaction of TLR2 with MyD88 and reduced MAP kinase and NF-κB activation. MMG-11 and CU-CPT22 but not C29 displaced Pam3CSK4 in an indirect binding assay confirming the competitive mode of action of MMG-11 and CU-CPT22. Isobologram analysis revealed additive and synergistic effects when the non-competitive antagonist C29 was combined with the competitive antagonist MMG-11 or CU-CPT22, respectively. In conclusion, we provide evidence that MMG-11 acts as a competitive antagonist with a predominance for the TLR2/1 heterodimer in human and mouse cells. Our results also indicate that MMG-11 is a model compound for studying TLR2 signaling.
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10
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Ji T, Chen Q, Tao S, Shi Y, Chen Y, Shen L, Wang C, Yu L. The research progress of circular RNAs in hematological malignancies. Hematology 2019; 24:727-731. [PMID: 31581903 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2019.1669924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ji
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuni Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shandong Tao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuye Shi
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Šribar D, Grabowski M, Murgueitio MS, Bermudez M, Weindl G, Wolber G. Identification and characterization of a novel chemotype for human TLR8 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:744-752. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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β-Lactam Antibiotics Enhance the Pathogenicity of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus via SarA-Controlled Lipoprotein-Like Cluster Expression. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00880-19. [PMID: 31186320 PMCID: PMC6561022 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00880-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Lactam antibiotics are widely applied to treat infectious diseases. However, certain poor disease outcomes caused by β-lactams remain poorly understood. In this study, we have identified a cluster of lipoprotein-like genes (lpl, sa2275–sa2273) that is upregulated in the major clinically prevalent MRSA clones in response to subinhibitory concentrations of β-lactam induction. The major highlight of this work is that β-lactams stimulate the expression of SarA, which directly binds to the lpl cluster promoter region and upregulates lpl expression in MRSA. Deletion of lpl significantly decreases proinflammatory cytokine levels in vitro and in vivo. The β-lactam-induced Lpls enhance host inflammatory responses by triggering the Toll-like-receptor-2-mediated expressions of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. The β-lactam-induced Lpls are important virulence factors that enhance MRSA pathogenicity. These data elucidate that subinhibitory concentrations of β-lactams can exacerbate the outcomes of MRSA infection through induction of lpl controlled by the global regulator SarA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resists nearly all β-lactam antibiotics that have a bactericidal activity. However, whether the empirically used β-lactams enhance MRSA pathogenicity in vivo remains unclear. In this study, we showed that a cluster of lipoprotein-like genes (lpl, sa2275 to sa2273 [sa2275–sa2273]) was upregulated in MRSA in response to subinhibitory concentrations of β-lactam induction. The increasing expression of lpl by β-lactams was directly controlled by the global regulator SarA. The β-lactam-induced Lpls stimulated the production of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The lpl deletion mutants (N315Δlpl and USA300Δlpl) decreased the proinflammatory cytokine levels in vitro and in vivo. Purified lipidated SA2275-his proteins could trigger a Toll-like-receptor-2 (TLR2)-dependent immune response in primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and C57BL/6 mice. The bacterial loads of N315Δlpl in the mouse kidney were lower than those of the wild-type N315. The β-lactam-treated MRSA exacerbated cutaneous infections in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, presenting increased lesion size; destroyed skin structure; and easily promoted abscess formation compared with those of the untreated MRSA. However, the size of abscesses caused by the β-lactam-treated N315 was negligibly different from those caused by the untreated N315Δlpl in C57BL/6 TLR2−/− mice. Our findings suggest that β-lactams must be used carefully because they might aggravate the outcome of MRSA infection compared to inaction in treatment.
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Oscillating flow promotes inflammation through the TLR2–TAK1–IKK2 signalling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs). Life Sci 2019; 224:212-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pardaxin Promoted Differentiation and Maturation of Leukemic Cells via Regulating TLR2/MyD88 Signal against Cell Proliferation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7035087. [PMID: 30915150 PMCID: PMC6409078 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7035087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells. Leukemic THP-1 and U937 cells were used in this study as monocytic effectors cells for proliferation responses and macrophage-like cells induction in leukemia. Pardaxin is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the marine fish species. Methods After treatment for 5 days, pardaxin significantly suppressed cell viability and arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 phase in leukemic cells which were evaluated. Results Pardaxin also induced cell differentiation and maturation of THP-1 and U937 cells into macrophage-like cells with phagocytotic ability. Moreover, pardaxin elevated the expression of MyD88 but not toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 in both leukemic cells. TLR-2 blocking peptide was used to confirm that pardaxin attenuated phagocytotic ability and superoxide anion production in leukemic cells via activating MyD88 protein. Conclusions These findings suggested that pardaxin has a therapeutic potential for leukemia.
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Gramlich R, Aliahmadi E, Peiser M. In Vitro Induction of T Helper 17 Cells by Synergistic Activation of Human Monocyte-Derived Langerhans Cell-Like Cells with Bacterial Agonists. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061367. [PMID: 30893757 PMCID: PMC6471444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the case of epidermal barrier disruption, pathogens encounter skin-resident Langerhans cells (LCs) and are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). As the majority of microorganisms exhibit more than one TLR ligand, the mechanisms of subsequent T cell differentiation are complex and far from clear. In this study, we investigated combinatory effects on Th cell polarization by bacterial cell wall compounds peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and by bacterial nucleic acid (DNA). Expression of maturation markers CD40, CD80, HLA-DR and CCR7 and the release of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23 was strongly enhanced by simultaneous exposure to PGN, LPS and DNA in LCs. As all these factors were potential Th17 driving cytokines, we investigated the potency of combinatory TLR stimuli to induce Th17 cells via LC activation. High amounts of IL-17A and IL-22, key cytokines of Th17 cells, were detected. By intracellular costaining of IL-17+T cells, IL-22− (Th17) and IL-22+ (immature Th17) cells were identified. Interestingly, one population of LPS stimulated cells skewed into IL-9+Th cells, and LPS synergized with PGN while inducing high IL-22. In conclusion, our data indicates that when mediated by a fine-tuned signal integration via LCs, bacterial TLR agonists synergize and induce Th17 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gramlich
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of intensive Care, Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ehsan Aliahmadi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Franziskus Krankenhaus Berlin, University Hospital of Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Budapester Straße 15-19, 10787 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Peiser
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
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Identification of a pyrogallol derivative as a potent and selective human TLR2 antagonist by structure-based virtual screening. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:148-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Caplan IF, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling and Current Approaches for Therapeutic Modulation in Synucleinopathies. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:417. [PMID: 29780321 PMCID: PMC5945810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) is implicated as both beneficial and detrimental to health. Integral to this process are microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS. Microglia express a wide variety of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, that detect changes in the neural environment. The activation of microglia and the subsequent proinflammatory response has become increasingly relevant to synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Within these diseases there is evidence of the accumulation of endogenous α-synuclein that stimulates an inflammatory response from microglia via the Toll-like receptors. There have been recent developments in both new and old pharmacological agents designed to target microglia and curtail the inflammatory environment. This review will aim to delineate the process of microglia-mediated inflammation and new therapeutic avenues to manage the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Caplan
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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Bock S, Said A, Müller G, Schäfer-Korting M, Zoschke C, Weindl G. Characterization of reconstructed human skin containing Langerhans cells to monitor molecular events in skin sensitization. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 46:77-85. [PMID: 28941582 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human cell-based approaches to assess defined key events in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) are well-established, but lack cutaneous penetration and biotransformation as well as cellular cross-talk. Herein, we integrated in vitro-generated immature MUTZ-3-derived Langerhans-like cells (MUTZ-LCs) or monocyte-derived LC-like cells (MoLCs) into reconstructed human skin (RHS), consistent of a stratified epidermis formed by primary keratinocytes on a dermal compartment with collagen-embedded primary fibroblasts. LC-like cells were mainly localized in the epidermal compartment and distributed homogenously in accordance with native human skin. Topical application of the strong contact sensitizer 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in RHS with LC-like cells, whereas no change was observed in reference models. Increased gene expression of CD83, PD-L1, and CXCR4 in the dermal compartment indicated LC maturation. Importantly, exposure to DNCB enhanced mobility of the LC-like cells from epidermal to dermal compartments. In response to the moderate sensitizer isoeugenol and irritant sodium dodecyl sulphate, the obtained response was less pronounced. In summary, we integrated immature and functional MUTZ-LCs and MoLCs into RHS and provide a unique comparative experimental setting to monitor early events during skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bock
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Said
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerrit Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Su Q, Pfalzgraff A, Weindl G. Cell type-specific regulatory effects of glucocorticoids on cutaneous TLR2 expression and signalling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 171:201-208. [PMID: 28377308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) induce Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 expression and synergistically upregulate TLR2 with pro-inflammatory cytokines or bacteria. These paradoxical effects have drawn attention to the inflammatory initiating or promoting effects of GCs, as GC treatment can provoke inflammatory skin diseases. Here, we aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of GCs in human skin cells of different epidermal and dermal layers. We found that Dex induced TLR2 expression mainly in undifferentiated and less in calcium-induced differentiated keratinocytes but not in HaCaT cells or fibroblasts, however, Dex reduced TLR1/6 expression. Stimulation with Dex under inflammatory conditions further increased TLR2 but not TLR1 or TLR6 levels in keratinocytes. Increased ligand-induced interaction of TLR2 with MyD88 and expression of the adaptor protein TRAF6 indicated enhanced TLR2 signalling, whereas TLR2/1 or TLR2/6 signalling was not increased in Dex-pretreated keratinocytes. GC-increased TLR2 expression was negatively regulated by JNK MAPK signalling when stimulated with Propionibacterium acnes. Our results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid-mediated expression and function of TLR2 in human skin cells and the understanding of the mechanisms of corticosteroid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Pfalzgraff
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Balancing Inflammation: Computational Design of Small-Molecule Toll-like Receptor Modulators. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:155-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Su Q, Grabowski M, Weindl G. Recognition of Propionibacterium acnes by human TLR2 heterodimers. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 307:108-112. [PMID: 28024924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes has been considered as a crucial contributor to the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. The interaction between P. acnes and the host is mainly mediated by Toll like receptor (TLR) 2 recognition. TLR2 homodimers recognize P. acnes in mice, but here we describe the prerequisite of TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 heterodimers in human cells for P. acnes recognition. P. acnes-induced NF-κB and AP-1activation observed in HEK hTLR2-transfected but not control cells confirmed the specificity of TLR2 recognition. The activation was blocked by neutralizing antibodies against TLR2, TLR1 and TLR6, as well as the TLR2 antagonist CU-CPT22, which showed no selectivity towards human TLR2 heterodimers. The combination of anti-TLR1 and anti-TLR6 antibodies completely abrogated activation by P. acnes. In primary human keratinocytes, P. acnes-increased NF-κB phosphorylation was inhibited by anti-TLR6 and anti-TLR2 antibodies. Furthermore, P. acnes-induced inflammatory responses were impaired by anti-TLR2 neutralizing antibodies and fully blocked by CU-CPT22. Our study suggests species-specific recognition of P. acnes by TLR2 heterodimers which can be exploited therapeutically by small molecules targeting TLR2 for the control of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Grabowski
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Berlin, Germany.
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Pfalzgraff A, Heinbockel L, Su Q, Gutsmann T, Brandenburg K, Weindl G. Synthetic antimicrobial and LPS-neutralising peptides suppress inflammatory and immune responses in skin cells and promote keratinocyte migration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31577. [PMID: 27509895 PMCID: PMC4980674 DOI: 10.1038/srep31577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The stagnation in the development of new antibiotics and the concomitant high increase of resistant bacteria emphasize the urgent need for new therapeutic options. Antimicrobial peptides are promising agents for the treatment of bacterial infections and recent studies indicate that Pep19-2.5, a synthetic anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) peptide (SALP), efficiently neutralises pathogenicity factors of Gram-negative (LPS) and Gram-positive (lipoprotein/-peptide, LP) bacteria and protects against sepsis. Here, we investigated the potential of Pep19-2.5 and the structurally related compound Pep19-4LF for their therapeutic application in bacterial skin infections. SALPs inhibited LP-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK and reduced cytokine release and gene expression in primary human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. In LPS-stimulated human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and Langerhans-like cells, the peptides blocked IL-6 secretion, downregulated expression of maturation markers and inhibited dendritic cell migration. Both SALPs showed a low cytotoxicity in all investigated cell types. Furthermore, SALPs markedly promoted cell migration via EGFR transactivation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and accelerated artificial wound closure in keratinocytes. Peptide-induced keratinocyte migration was mediated by purinergic receptors and metalloproteases. In contrast, SALPs did not affect proliferation of keratinocytes. Conclusively, our data suggest a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with acute and chronic skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Pfalzgraff
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Heinbockel
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Divisions of Biophysics, Borstel, Germany
| | - Qi Su
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Divisions of Biophysics, Borstel, Germany
| | - Klaus Brandenburg
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Divisions of Biophysics, Borstel, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Berlin, Germany
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