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Calabrese EJ, Pressman P, Hayes AW, Dhawan G, Kapoor R, Agathokleous E, Calabrese V. RUTIN, a widely consumed flavonoid, that commonly induces hormetic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 187:114626. [PMID: 38556157 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Rutin is a flavonoid present in numerous fruits and vegetables and therefore widely consumed by humans. It is also a popular dietary supplement of 250-500 mg/day. There is considerable consumer interest in rutin due to numerous reports in the biomedical literature of its multi-system chemo-preventive properties. The present paper provides the first assessment of rutin-induced hormetic concentration/dose responses, their quantitative features and mechanistic basis, along with their biological, biomedical, clinical, and public health implications. The findings indicate that rutin-induced hormetic dose responses are widespread, being reported in numerous biological models and cell types for a wide range of endpoints. Of critical importance is that the optimal hormetic findings shown in in vitro systems are currently not achievable for human populations due to low gastrointestinal tract bioavailability. These findings have the potential to strengthen future experimental studies with rutin, particularly concerning study design parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Morrill I-N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Peter Pressman
- University of Maine, 5728 Fernald Hall, Room 201, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental Occupational Risk Analysis and Management, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Gaurav Dhawan
- Sri Guru Ram Das (SGRD), University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, India.
| | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, Catania, 95123, Italy.
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Gojani EG, Wang B, Li DP, Kovalchuk O, Kovalchuk I. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Eugenol in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Macrophages and Its Role in Preventing β-Cell Dedifferentiation and Loss Induced by High Glucose-High Lipid Conditions. Molecules 2023; 28:7619. [PMID: 38005341 PMCID: PMC10673503 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a natural immune response to injury, infection, or tissue damage. It plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and promoting healing. However, when inflammation becomes chronic and uncontrolled, it can contribute to the development of various inflammatory conditions, including type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, pancreatic β-cells have to overwork and the continuous impact of a high glucose, high lipid (HG-HL) diet contributes to their loss and dedifferentiation. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of eugenol and its impact on the loss and dedifferentiation of β-cells. THP-1 macrophages were pretreated with eugenol for one hour and then exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for three hours to induce inflammation. Additionally, the second phase of NLRP3 inflammasome activation was induced by incubating the LPS-stimulated cells with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for 30 min. The results showed that eugenol reduced the expression of proinflammatory genes, such as IL-1β, IL-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), potentially by inhibiting the activation of transcription factors NF-κB and TYK2. Eugenol also demonstrated inhibitory effects on the levels of NLRP3 mRNA and protein and Pannexin-1 (PANX-1) activation, eventually impacting the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the production of mature IL-1β. Additionally, eugenol reduced the elevated levels of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) transcript, suggesting its role in post-transcriptional mechanisms that regulate inflammatory responses. Furthermore, eugenol effectively decreased the loss of β-cells in response to HG-HL, likely by mitigating apoptosis. It also showed promise in suppressing HG-HL-induced β-cell dedifferentiation by restoring β-cell-specific biomarkers. Further research on eugenol and its mechanisms of action could lead to the development of therapeutic interventions for inflammatory disorders and the preservation of β-cell function in the context of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada; (E.G.G.); (B.W.); (D.-P.L.); (O.K.)
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Tang S, Li S, Tang B, Wang X, Xiao Y, Cheke RA. Hormetic and synergistic effects of cancer treatments revealed by modelling combinations of radio - or chemotherapy with immunotherapy. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1040. [PMID: 37891512 PMCID: PMC10605942 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radio/chemotherapy and immune systems provide examples of hormesis, as tumours can be stimulated (or reduced) at low radio/chemical or antibody doses but inhibited (or stimulated) by high doses. METHODS Interactions between effector cells, tumour cells and cytokines with pulsed radio/chemo-immunotherapy were modelled using a pulse differential system. RESULTS Our results show that radio/chemotherapy (dose) response curves (RCRC) and/or immune response curves (IRC) or a combination of both, undergo homeostatic changes or catastrophic shifts revealing hormesis in many parameter regions. Some mixed response curves had multiple humps, posing challenges for interpretation of clinical trials and experimental design, due to a fuzzy region between an hormetic zone and the toxic threshold. Mixed response curves from two parameter bifurcation analyses demonstrated that low-dose radio/chemotherapy and strong immunotherapy counteract side-effects of radio/chemotherapy on effector cells and cytokines and stimulate effects of immunotherapy on tumour growth. The implications for clinical applications were confirmed by good fits to our model of RCRC and IRC data. CONCLUSIONS The combination of low-dose radio/chemotherapy and high-dose immunotherapy is very effective for many solid tumours. The net benefit and synergistic effect of combined therapy is conducive to the treatment and inhibition of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyi Tang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Tang
- The Interdisplinary Research Center for Mathematics and Life Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanni Xiao
- The Interdisplinary Research Center for Mathematics and Life Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert A Cheke
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich at Medway, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
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Neuroprotective effects of carnosine in a mice stroke model concerning oxidative stress and inflammatory response. J Neurol Sci 2023; 447:120608. [PMID: 36906993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a natural dipeptide with multiple neuroprotective properties. Previous studies have advertised that carnosine scavenges free radicals and displays anti-inflammatory activity. However, the underlying mechanism and the efficacies of its pleiotropic effect on prevention remained obscure. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammative, and anti-pyroptotic effects of carnosine in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model. After a daily pre-treatment of saline or carnosine (1000 mg / kg / day) for 14 days, mice (n = 24) were subjected to tMCAO for 60 min and continuously treated with saline or carnosine for additional 1 and 5 days after reperfusion. The administration of carnosine significantly decreased infarct volume 5 days after the tMCAO (*p < 0.05) and effectively suppressed the expression of 4-HNE, 8-OHdG, Nitrotyrosine 5 days, and RAGE 5 days after tMCAO. Moreover, the expression of IL-1β was also significantly suppressed 5 days after tMCAO. Our present findings demonstrated that carnosine effectively relieves oxidative stress caused by ischemic stroke and significantly attenuates neuroinflammatory responses related to IL-1β, suggesting that carnosine can be a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
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Comparative Toxicity Assessment of Eco-Friendly Synthesized Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) in Plants and Aquatic Model Organisms. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) synthesized by biogenic (BS) and chemical (CH) routes. The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM-SQUID), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The toxicity of SPIONs was evaluated using Artemia salina as model aquatic organisms and Raphanus sativus and Lactuca sativa as model plants to evaluate their phytotoxicity. The results obtained from XRD, XPS, and AFM confirmed the formation of spherical nanoparticles of 41.9 ± 1.00 nm (BS route) and 19.8 ± 0.47 nm (CH route). VSM-SQUID demonstrated the superparamagnetic behavior of both nanoparticles, and FT-IR provided evidence of the differences in the surface of SPIONs, suggesting the presence of phenolic compounds on the surface of BS-SPIONs. For the assays with Artemia salina, the results demonstrated (i) nonsignificant differences of BS-SPIONs in mortality rates, and (ii) significant toxicity (p < 0.05) was observed for CH-SPIONs at 300 and 400 mg L−1. The Raphanus sativa plant assay tests showed (i) BS-SPIONs and CH-SPIONs improved the root elongation of seedlings. However, BS-SPIONs demonstrated significant activity on root seedling elongation (p < 0.05) in the range of 300 mg L−1 to 600 mg L−1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to compare the toxicity of chemically and biogenically synthesized SPIONs. In conclusion, although BS-SPIONs and CH-SPIONs present similar structures, their characteristics of magnetic saturation and surface structure are nonidentical, providing differences in their biological activity.
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Javadinia SA, Nazeminezhad N, Ghahramani-Asl R, Soroosh D, Fazilat-Panah D, PeyroShabany B, Saberhosseini SN, Mehrabian A, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Nematshahi M, Dhawan G, Welsh JS, Calabrese EJ, Kapoor R. Low-dose radiation therapy for osteoarthritis and enthesopathies: a review of current data. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:1352-1367. [PMID: 34259615 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1956000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common degenerative joint disease, is associated with severe functional limitation and impairment of quality of life. Numerous reports have documented the clinical efficacy of low-dose radiotherapy (LD-RT) in the management of various inflammatory disorders, including OA. In this paper, we assessed the clinical literature involving the use of LD-RT in the treatment of OA, its dose-response features, possible underlying mechanistic features, and optimal therapeutic dose range. METHODS We carried out a systematic review based on the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statements and evaluated articles meeting the inclusion criteria for this review. RESULTS A total of 361 articles were identified from databases, such as Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Science Direct out of which 224 articles were duplicates and were discarded. Of the remaining 137 articles, 74 articles were un-related, 27 articles were review articles, eight were conference abstracts, three were letters, two were editorials, two were notes, and one was a book chapter. Finally, 20 articles met all the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. DISCUSSION Several single-arm retrospective/prospective studies showed advantages for LD-RT in the management of OA in terms of pain relief, improvement of mobility and function, and showed minimal side effects. Mechanistic considerations involve positive subcellular effects mediated by the activation of a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related transcription factor (Nrf2) mediated antioxidant response. Further research on both the short- and long-term effects of LD-RT on OA and other inflammatory disorders is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Alireza Javadinia
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Hospital Research Development Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | | | - Ruhollah Ghahramani-Asl
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Hospital Research Development Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Davood Soroosh
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Hospital Research Development Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | | | - Babak PeyroShabany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | | | - Arezoo Mehrabian
- Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Nematshahi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Gaurav Dhawan
- Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, India
| | - James S Welsh
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
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Delgado-Enciso I, Paz-Garcia J, Barajas-Saucedo CE, Mokay-Ramírez KA, Meza-Robles C, Lopez-Flores R, Delgado-Machuca M, Murillo-Zamora E, Toscano-Velazquez JA, Delgado-Enciso J, Melnikov V, Walle-Guillen M, Galvan-Salazar HR, Delgado-Enciso OG, Cabrera-Licona A, Danielewicz-Mata EJ, Mandujano-Diaz PJ, Guzman-Esquivel J, Montes-Galindo DA, Perez-Martinez H, Jimenez-Villegaz JM, Hernandez-Rangel AE, Montes-Diaz P, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Martinez-Fierro ML, Garza-Veloz I, Tiburcio-Jimenez D, Zaizar-Fregoso SA, Gonzalez-Alcaraz F, Gutierrez-Gutierrez L, Diaz-Lopez L, Ramirez-Flores M, Guzman-Solorzano HP, Gaytan-Sandoval G, Martinez-Perez CR, Espinoza-Gómez F, Rojas-Larios F, Hirsch-Meillon MJ, Baltazar-Rodriguez LM, Barrios-Navarro E, Oviedo-Rodriguez V, Mendoza-Hernandez MA, Prieto-Diaz-Chavez E, Paz-Michel BA. Safety and efficacy of a COVID-19 treatment with nebulized and/or intravenous neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care vs. usual medical care alone: A randomized, open-label, controlled trial. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:915. [PMID: 34306189 PMCID: PMC8281484 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently the major public health problem worldwide. Neutral electrolyzed saline solution that contains reactive chlorine and oxygen species may be an effective therapeutic. In the present study, the treatment efficacy of intravenous and/or nebulized neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care vs. usual medical care alone was evaluated in ambulatory patients with COVID-19. A prospective, 2-arm, parallel-group, randomized, open-label, multi-center, phase I-II clinical trial including 214 patients was performed. The following two outcomes were evaluated during the 20-day follow-up: i) The number of patients with disease progression; and ii) the patient acceptable symptom state. Serial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 naso/oro-pharyngeal detection by reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR was performed in certain patients of the experimental group. Biochemical and hematologic parameters, as well as adverse effects, were also evaluated in the experimental group. The experimental treatment decreased the risk of hospitalization by 89% [adjusted relative risk (RR)=0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03-0.37, P<0.001] and the risk of death by 96% (adjusted RR=0.04, 95% CI: 0.01-0.42, P=0.007) and also resulted in an 18-fold higher probability of achieving an acceptable symptom state on day 5 (adjusted RR=18.14, 95% CI: 7.29-45.09, P<0.001), compared with usual medical care alone. Overall, neutral electrolyzed saline solution was better than usual medical care alone. Of the patients analyzed, >50% were negative for the virus as detected by RT-qPCR in naso/oro-pharyngeal samples on day 4, with only a small number of positive patients on day 6. Clinical improvement correlated with a decrease in C-reactive protein, aberrant monocytes and increased lymphocytes and platelets. Cortisol and testosterone levels were also evaluated and a decrease in cortisol levels and an increase in the testosterone-cortisol ratio were observed on days 2 and 4. The experimental treatment produced no serious adverse effects. In conclusion, neutral electrolyzed saline solution markedly reduced the symptomatology and risk of progression in ambulatory patients with COVID-19. The present clinical trial was registered in the Cuban public registry of clinical trials (RPCEC) database (May 5, 2020; no. TX-COVID19: RPCEC00000309).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Delgado-Enciso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México.,Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, México
| | - Juan Paz-Garcia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Union Hospital Center, Villa de Álvarez, Colima 28970, México
| | - Carlos E Barajas-Saucedo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
| | - Karen A Mokay-Ramírez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
| | - Carmen Meza-Robles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México.,Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, México
| | - Rodrigo Lopez-Flores
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, México
| | - Marina Delgado-Machuca
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, México
| | - Efren Murillo-Zamora
- Department of Research, General Hospital of Zone No. 1 and Family Medicine Unit No. 19 IMSS, Villa de Alvarez, Colima 28984, México
| | - Jose A Toscano-Velazquez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
| | - Josuel Delgado-Enciso
- Department of Research, Foundation for Cancer Ethics, Education and Research of the Cancerology State Institute, Colima 28085, México
| | - Valery Melnikov
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
| | - Mireya Walle-Guillen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México.,Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, México
| | - Hector R Galvan-Salazar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México.,Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, México
| | - Osiris G Delgado-Enciso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México.,Department of Research, Foundation for Cancer Ethics, Education and Research of the Cancerology State Institute, Colima 28085, México
| | | | | | - Pablo J Mandujano-Diaz
- COVID-19 Respiratory Care Clinic INSABI Poliforum, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29040, México
| | - José Guzman-Esquivel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México.,Department of Research, Foundation for Cancer Ethics, Education and Research of the Cancerology State Institute, Colima 28085, México
| | - Daniel A Montes-Galindo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México.,Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, México
| | - Henry Perez-Martinez
- COVID-19 Respiratory Care Clinic INSABI Poliforum, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29040, México
| | | | | | | | - Iram P Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León 66455, México
| | - Margarita L Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, México
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, México
| | - Daniel Tiburcio-Jimenez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
| | - Sergio A Zaizar-Fregoso
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
| | | | | | - Luciano Diaz-Lopez
- COVID-19 Respiratory Care Clinic INSABI Poliforum, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas 29040, México
| | - Mario Ramirez-Flores
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
| | | | - Gustavo Gaytan-Sandoval
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, México
| | - Carlos R Martinez-Perez
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, México
| | - Francisco Espinoza-Gómez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
| | - Fabián Rojas-Larios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
| | - Michael J Hirsch-Meillon
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, México
| | - Luz M Baltazar-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
| | - Enrique Barrios-Navarro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México
| | - Vladimir Oviedo-Rodriguez
- Department of Research, Cancerology State Institute, Colima State Health Services, Colima 28085, México
| | | | | | - Brenda A Paz-Michel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, México.,Department of Research, Esteripharma S.A. de C.V., Ciudad de México 03100, México
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Kumar R, Haresh KP, Sharma DN, Gupta A, Gupta S, Vellaiyan S, Rath GK. Low-dose radiotherapy for COVID 19: A radioimmunological perspective. J Cancer Res Ther 2021; 17:295-302. [PMID: 34121671 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1045_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The world is fighting the onslaught of COVID 19 for the last 10 months, ever since the first case was reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Now, it has spread to over 200 countries. COVID 19-associated respiratory syndrome is causing a lot of mortality and morbidity. There are reports suggesting that the complications and ARDS associated with COVID 19 is an immune response reaction. The cytokine storm associated with severe cases of COVID 19 acts as a cause of death in many sick patients. It has been shown that COVID 19 is associated with a peculiar immune profile: Decrease in CD3, CD4, CD8, natural killer cell and B-cells; Rise in interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha; Decrease in IL-10; Decrease in interferon-gamma. Low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) immunosuppressive features resulting from M2 macrophage phenotype activation, increase in IL-10, transforming growth factor beta, a decrease in IL-6, TNF alpha and an increase in CD3, CD4, and CD8 T cell counts may negate the harmful effects of cytokine release syndrome. Literature review shows that radiation was previously used to treat viral pneumonia with a good success rate. This practice was discontinued in view of the availability of effective antibiotics and antivirals. As there are no scientifically proven treatment for severe COVID 19-associated respiratory distress today, it is prudent that we understand the benefits of LDRT at this critical juncture and take rational decisions to treat the same. This article provides an radioimmunological rationale for the treatment of immune crisis mediated complications in severe cases of COVID 19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Kumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kunhi Parambath Haresh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Daya Nand Sharma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Institute, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jhajjar, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhash Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subramani Vellaiyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Goura Kishor Rath
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi; Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Institute, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jhajjar, Haryana, India
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9
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The hormetic dose-response mechanism: Nrf2 activation. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Han K, Singh K, Rodman MJ, Hassanzadeh S, Baumer Y, Huffstutler RD, Chen J, Candia J, Cheung F, Stagliano KER, Pirooznia M, Powell-Wiley TM, Sack MN. Identification and Validation of Nutrient State-Dependent Serum Protein Mediators of Human CD4 + T Cell Responsiveness. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051492. [PMID: 33924911 PMCID: PMC8146063 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting and fasting mimetic diets ameliorate inflammation. Similarly, serum extracted from fasted healthy and asthmatic subjects' blunt inflammation in vitro, implicating serum components in this immunomodulation. To identify the proteins orchestrating these effects, SOMAScan technology was employed to evaluate serum protein levels in healthy subjects following an overnight, 24-h fast and 3 h after refeeding. Partial least square discriminant analysis identified several serum proteins as potential candidates to confer feeding status immunomodulation. The characterization of recombinant IGFBP1 (elevated following 24 h of fasting) and PYY (elevated following refeeding) in primary human CD4+ T cells found that they blunted and induced immune activation, respectively. Furthermore, integrated univariate serum protein analysis compared to RNA-seq analysis from peripheral blood mononuclear cells identified the induction of IL1RL1 and MFGE8 levels in refeeding compared to the 24-h fasting in the same study. Subsequent quantitation of these candidate proteins in lean versus obese individuals identified an inverse regulation of serum levels in the fasted subjects compared to the obese subjects. In parallel, IL1RL1 and MFGE8 supplementation promoted increased CD4+ T responsiveness to T cell receptor activation. Together, these data show that caloric load-linked conditions evoke serological protein changes, which in turn confer biological effects on circulating CD4+ T cell immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Han
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.H.); (M.J.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Komudi Singh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Matthew J. Rodman
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.H.); (M.J.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Shahin Hassanzadeh
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.H.); (M.J.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Yvonne Baumer
- Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.B.); (T.M.P.-W.)
| | - Rebecca D. Huffstutler
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jinguo Chen
- Center of Human Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.C.); (J.C.); (F.C.); (K.E.R.S.)
| | - Julián Candia
- Center of Human Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.C.); (J.C.); (F.C.); (K.E.R.S.)
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Foo Cheung
- Center of Human Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.C.); (J.C.); (F.C.); (K.E.R.S.)
| | - Katherine E. R. Stagliano
- Center of Human Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.C.); (J.C.); (F.C.); (K.E.R.S.)
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- Bioinformatics and Computational Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley
- Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (Y.B.); (T.M.P.-W.)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael N. Sack
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (K.H.); (M.J.R.); (S.H.)
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Calabrese EJ, Kozumbo WJ, Kapoor R, Dhawan G, Lara PC, Giordano J. Nrf2 activation putatively mediates clinical benefits of low-dose radiotherapy in COVID-19 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): Novel mechanistic considerations. Radiother Oncol 2021; 160:125-131. [PMID: 33932453 PMCID: PMC8080499 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Novel mechanistic insights are discussed herein that link a single, nontoxic, low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) treatment (0.5–1.0 Gy) to (1) beneficial subcellular effects mediated by the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related transcription factor (Nrf2) and to (2) favorable clinical outcomes for COVID-19 pneumonia patients displaying symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We posit that the favorable clinical outcomes following LDRT result from potent Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses that rebalance the oxidatively skewed redox states of immunological cells, driving them toward anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Activation of Nrf2 by ionizing radiation is highly dose dependent and conforms to the features of a biphasic (hormetic) dose–response. At the cellular and subcellular levels, hormetic doses of <1.0 Gy induce polarization shifts in the predominant population of lung macrophages, from an M1 pro-inflammatory to an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. Together, the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses and the subsequent shifts to anti-inflammatory phenotypes have the capacity to suppress cytokine storms, resolve inflammation, promote tissue repair, and prevent COVID-19-related mortality. Given these mechanistic considerations—and the historical clinical success of LDRT early in the 20th century—we opine that LDRT should be regarded as safe and effective for use at almost any stage of COVID-19 infection. In theory, however, optimal life-saving potential is thought to occur when LDRT is applied prior to the cytokine storms and before the patients are placed on mechanical oxygen ventilators. The administration of LDRT either as an intervention of last resort or too early in the disease progression may be far less effective in saving the lives of ARDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, USA
| | - Gaurav Dhawan
- Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, India.
| | - Pedro C Lara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario San Roque, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - James Giordano
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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12
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Latimer JJ, Alhamed A, Sveiven S, Almutairy A, Klimas NG, Abreu M, Sullivan K, Grant SG. Preliminary Evidence for a Hormetic Effect on DNA Nucleotide Excision Repair in Veterans with Gulf War Illness. Mil Med 2021; 185:e47-e52. [PMID: 31334811 PMCID: PMC7353836 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Veterans of the 1991 Gulf War were potentially exposed to a mixture of stress, chemicals and radiation that may have contributed to the persistent symptoms of Gulf War Illness (GWI). The genotoxic effects of some of these exposures are mediated by the DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. We hypothesized that individuals with relatively low DNA repair capacity would suffer greater damage from cumulative genotoxic exposures, some of which would persist, causing ongoing problems. Materials and Methods Blood samples were obtained from symptomatic Gulf War veterans and age-matched controls. The unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, a functional measurement of NER capacity, was performed on cultured lymphocytes, and lymphocyte mRNA was extracted and analyzed by sequencing. Results Despite our hypothesis that GWI would be associated with DNA repair deficiency, NER capacity in lymphocytes from affected GWI veterans actually exhibited a significantly elevated level of DNA repair (p = 0.016). Both total gene expression and NER gene expression successfully differentiated individuals with GWI from unaffected controls. The observed functional increase in DNA repair capacity was accompanied by an overexpression of genes in the NER pathway, as determined by RNA sequencing analysis. Conclusion We suggest that the observed elevations in DNA repair capacity and NER gene expression are indicative of a “hormetic,” i.e., induced or adaptive protective response to battlefield exposures. Normally such effects are short-term, but in these individuals this response has resulted in a long-term metabolic shift that may also be responsible for the persistent symptoms of GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean J Latimer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328.,South University Drive, AutoNation Institute for Breast Cancer Research, 3321, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
| | - Abdullah Alhamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328.,South University Drive, AutoNation Institute for Breast Cancer Research, 3321, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
| | - Stefanie Sveiven
- South University Drive, AutoNation Institute for Breast Cancer Research, 3321, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
| | - Ali Almutairy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328.,South University Drive, AutoNation Institute for Breast Cancer Research, 3321, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
| | - Nancy G Klimas
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328.,Department of Medicine, Miami VA Healthcare System, 1201 NW 16th St, Miami, FL 33313
| | - Maria Abreu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
| | - Kimberly Sullivan
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Stephen G Grant
- South University Drive, AutoNation Institute for Breast Cancer Research, 3321, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328.,Department of Public Health, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328
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13
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Calabrese EJ. Hormesis Mediates Acquired Resilience: Using Plant-Derived Chemicals to Enhance Health. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 12:355-381. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-062420-124437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an assessment of hormesis, a highly conserved evolutionary dose-response adaptive strategy that leads to the development of acquired resilience within well-defined temporal windows. The hormetic-based acquired resilience has a central role in affecting healthy aging, slowing the onset and progression of numerous neurodegenerative and other age-related diseases, and reducing risks and damage due to heart attacks, stroke, and other serious conditions of public health and medical importance. The review provides the historical foundations of hormesis, its dose-response features, its capacity for generalization across biological models and endpoints measured, and its mechanistic foundations. The review also provides a focus on the adaptive features of hormesis, i.e., its capacity to upregulate acquired resilience and how this can be mediated by numerous plant-derived extracts, such as curcumin, ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, resveratrol, and green tea, that induce a broad spectrum of chemopreventive effects via hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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14
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Less Can Be More: The Hormesis Theory of Stress Adaptation in the Global Biosphere and Its Implications. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030293. [PMID: 33805626 PMCID: PMC8000639 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A dose-response relationship to stressors, according to the hormesis theory, is characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition. It is non-linear with a low-dose optimum. Stress responses by cells lead to adapted vitality and fitness. Physical stress can be exerted through heat, radiation, or physical exercise. Chemical stressors include reactive species from oxygen (ROS), nitrogen (RNS), and carbon (RCS), carcinogens, elements, such as lithium (Li) and silicon (Si), and metals, such as silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). Anthropogenic chemicals are agrochemicals (phytotoxins, herbicides), industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Biochemical stress can be exerted through toxins, medical drugs (e.g., cytostatics, psychopharmaceuticals, non-steroidal inhibitors of inflammation), and through fasting (dietary restriction). Key-lock interactions between enzymes and substrates, antigens and antibodies, antigen-presenting cells, and cognate T cells are the basics of biology, biochemistry, and immunology. Their rules do not obey linear dose-response relationships. The review provides examples of biologic stressors: oncolytic viruses (e.g., immuno-virotherapy of cancer) and hormones (e.g., melatonin, stress hormones). Molecular mechanisms of cellular stress adaptation involve the protein quality control system (PQS) and homeostasis of proteasome, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. Important components are transcription factors (e.g., Nrf2), micro-RNAs, heat shock proteins, ionic calcium, and enzymes (e.g., glutathion redox enzymes, DNA methyltransferases, and DNA repair enzymes). Cellular growth control, intercellular communication, and resistance to stress from microbial infections involve growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and their respective receptors. The effects of hormesis during evolution are multifarious: cell protection and survival, evolutionary flexibility, and epigenetic memory. According to the hormesis theory, this is true for the entire biosphere, e.g., archaia, bacteria, fungi, plants, and the animal kingdoms.
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15
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Hallmarks of Health. Cell 2020; 184:33-63. [PMID: 33340459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Health is usually defined as the absence of pathology. Here, we endeavor to define health as a compendium of organizational and dynamic features that maintain physiology. The biological causes or hallmarks of health include features of spatial compartmentalization (integrity of barriers and containment of local perturbations), maintenance of homeostasis over time (recycling and turnover, integration of circuitries, and rhythmic oscillations), and an array of adequate responses to stress (homeostatic resilience, hormetic regulation, and repair and regeneration). Disruption of any of these interlocked features is broadly pathogenic, causing an acute or progressive derailment of the system coupled to the loss of numerous stigmata of health.
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16
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Varotto-Boccazzi I, Epis S, Arnoldi I, Corbett Y, Gabrieli P, Paroni M, Nodari R, Basilico N, Sacchi L, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Tranquillo V, Bandi C. Boosting immunity to treat parasitic infections: Asaia bacteria expressing a protein from Wolbachia determine M1 macrophage activation and killing of Leishmania protozoans. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105288. [PMID: 33160070 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are severe vector-borne diseases affecting humans and animals, caused by Leishmania protozoans. Over one billion people and millions of dogs live in endemic areas for leishmaniases and are at risk of infection. Immune polarization plays a major role in determining the outcome of Leishmania infections: hosts displaying M1-polarized macrophages are protected, while those biased on the M2 side acquire a chronic infection that could develop into a deadly disease. The identification of the factors involved in M1 polarization is essential for the design of therapeutic and prophylactic interventions, including vaccines. Infection by the filarial nematode Dirofilaria immitis could be one of the factors that interfere with leishmaniasis in dogs. Indeed, filarial nematodes induce a partial skew of the immune response towards M1, likely caused by their bacterial endosymbionts, Wolbachia. Here we have examined the potential of AsaiaWSP, a bacterium engineered for the expression of the Wolbachia surface protein (WSP), as an inductor of M1 macrophage activation and Leishmania killing. Macrophages stimulated with AsaiaWSP displayed a strong leishmanicidal activity, comparable to that determined by the choice-drug amphotericin B. Additionally, AsaiaWSP determined the expression of markers of classical macrophage activation, including M1 cytokines, ROS and NO, and an increase in phagocytosis activity. Asaia not expressing WSP also induced macrophage activation, although at a lower extent compared to AsaiaWSP. In summary, the results of the present study confirm the immunostimulating properties of WSP highlighting a potential therapeutic efficacy against Leishmania parasites. Furthermore, Asaia was designed as a delivery system for WSP, thus developing a novel type of immunomodulating agent, worthy of being investigated for immuno-prophylaxis and -therapy of leishmaniases and other diseases that could be subverted by M1 macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Varotto-Boccazzi
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Irene Arnoldi
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy; Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Yolanda Corbett
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Paolo Gabrieli
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Moira Paroni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nodari
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Luciano Sacchi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Marina Gramiccia
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Vito Tranquillo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Bergamo, 24125, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Department of Biosciences and Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", University of Milan, Milan, 20133, Italy
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17
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Calabrese EJ, Kozumbo WJ. The phytoprotective agent sulforaphane prevents inflammatory degenerative diseases and age-related pathologies via Nrf2-mediated hormesis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105283. [PMID: 33160067 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In numerous experimental models, sulforaphane (SFN) is shown herein to induce hormetic dose responses that are not only common but display endpoints of biomedical and clinical relevance. These hormetic responses are mediated via the activation of nuclear factor erythroid- derived 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response elements (AREs) and, as such, are characteristically biphasic, well integrated, concentration/dose dependent, and specific with regard to the targeted cell type and the temporal profile of response. In experimental disease models, the SFN-induced hormetic activation of Nrf2 was shown to effectively reduce the occurrence and severity of a wide range of human-related pathologies, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, age-related ocular damage, chemically induced brain damage, and renal nephropathy, amongst others, while also enhancing stem cell proliferation. Although SFN was broadly chemoprotective within an hormetic dose-response context, it also enhanced cell proliferation/cell viability at low concentrations in multiple tumor cell lines. Although the implications of the findings in tumor cells are largely uncertain at this time and warrant further consideration, the potential utility of SFN in cancer treatment has not been precluded. This assessment of SFN complements recent reports of similar hormesis-based chemoprotections by other widely used dietary supplements, such as curcumin, ginkgo biloba, ginseng, green tea, and resveratrol. Interestingly, the mechanistic profile of SFN is similar to that of numerous other hormetic agents, indicating that activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway is probably a central, integrative, and underlying mechanism of hormesis itself. The Nrf2/ARE pathway provides an explanation for how large numbers of agents that both display hormetic dose responses and activate Nrf2 can function to limit age-related damage, the progression of numerous disease processes, and chemical- and radiation- induced toxicities. These findings extend the generality of the hormetic dose response to include SFN and many other chemical activators of Nrf2 that are cited in the biomedical literature and therefore have potentially important public health and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States.
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18
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Delgado-Enciso I, Paz-Garcia J, Barajas-Saucedo CE, Mokay-Ramírez KA, Meza-Robles C, Lopez-Flores R, Delgado-Machuca M, Murillo-Zamora E, Toscano-Velazquez JA, Delgado-Enciso J, Melnikov V, Walle-Guillen M, Galvan-Salazar HR, Delgado-Enciso OG, Cabrera-Licona A, Guzman-Esqu J, Montes-Galindo DA, Hernandez-Rangel AE, Montes-Diaz P, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Martinez-Fierro ML, Garza-Veloz I, Tiburcio-Jimenez D, Zaizar-Fregoso SA, Ramirez-Flores M, Gaytan-Sandoval G, Martinez-Perez CR, Espinoza-Gómez F, Rojas-Larios F, Hirsch-Meillon MJ, Barrios-Navarro E, Oviedo-Rodriguez V, Rodriguez LMB, Paz-Michel BA. Patient-Reported Health Outcomes After Treatment of COVID-19 with Nebulized and/or Intravenous Neutral Electrolyzed Saline Combined with Usual Medical Care Versus Usual Medical care alone: A Randomized, Open-Label, Controlled Trial. RESEARCH SQUARE 2020. [PMID: 32935090 PMCID: PMC7491578 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-68403/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is currently the main public health problem worldwide. The administration of neutral electrolyzed saline, a solution that contains reactive species of chlorine and oxygen (ROS), may be an effective therapeutic alternative due to its immunomodulating characteristics, in systemic inflammation control, as well as in immune response improvement, promoting control of the viral infection. The present study evaluated the efficacy of treatment with intravenous and/or nebulized neutral electrolyzed saline combined with usual medical care versus usual medical care alone, in ambulatory patients with COVID-19. Methods: A prospective, 2-arm, parallel group, randomized, open-label, phase I-II clinical trial included 39 patients in the control group (usual medical care alone) and 45 patients in the experimental group (usual medical care + intravenous and/or nebulized electrolyzed saline, with dose escalation). Two aspects were evaluated during the twenty-day follow-up: i) the number of patients with disease progression (hospitalization or death); and ii) the Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS), a single-question outcome that determines patient well-being thresholds for pain and function. Biochemical and hematologic parameters, as well as adverse effects, were evaluated in the experimental group. Results: The experimental treatment decreased the risk for hospitalization by 92% (adjusted RR=0.08, 95% CI: 0.01–0.50, P=0.007), with a 43-fold increase in the probability of achieving an acceptable symptom state on day 5 (adjusted RR= 42.96, 95% CI: 9.22–200.0, P<0.001). Intravenous + nebulized administration was better than nebulized administration alone, but nebulized administration was better than usual medical care alone. Clinical improvement correlated with a decrease in C-reactive protein, and aberrant monocytes and an increase of lymphocytes, and platelets. Cortisol and testosterone levels were also evaluated, observing a decrease in cortisol levels and an increment of testosterone-cortisol ratio, on days 2 and 4. Conclusions: The experimental treatment produced no serious adverse effects. In conclusion, intravenous and/or nebulized neutral electrolyzed saline importantly reduced the symptomatology and risk of progression (hospitalization and death), in ambulatory patients with COVID-19. Trial registration: Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials (RPCEC) Database RPCEC00000309. Registered: 05. May 2020. https://rpcec.sld.cu/en/trials/RPCEC00000309-En
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19
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Wilson GD, Mehta MP, Welsh JS, Chakravarti A, Rogers CL, Fontanesi J. Investigating Low-Dose Thoracic Radiation as a Treatment for COVID-19 Patients to Prevent Respiratory Failure. Radiat Res 2020; 194:1-8. [PMID: 32845978 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00108.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George D Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Minesh P Mehta
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida
| | - James S Welsh
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - James Fontanesi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
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20
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Dhawan G, Kapoor R, Dhawan R, Singh R, Monga B, Giordano J, Calabrese EJ. Low dose radiation therapy as a potential life saving treatment for COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Radiother Oncol 2020; 147:212-216. [PMID: 32437820 PMCID: PMC7206445 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The new coronavirus COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was declared a global public health emergency by WHO on Jan 30, 2020. Despite massive efforts from various governmental, health and medical organizations, the disease continues to spread globally with increasing fatality rates. Several experimental drugs have been approved by FDA with unknown efficacy and potential adverse effects. The exponentially spreading pandemic of COVID-19 deserves prime public health attention to evaluate yet unexplored arenas of management. We opine that one of these treatment options is low dose radiation therapy for severe and most critical cases. There is evidence in literature that low dose radiation induces an anti-inflammatory phenotype that can potentially afford therapeutic benefit against COVID-19-related complications that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Herein, we review the effects and putative mechanisms of low dose radiation that may be viable, useful and of value in counter-acting the acute inflammatory state induced by critical stage COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Dhawan
- Human Research Protection Office, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States.
| | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, United States
| | - Rajiv Dhawan
- Radiotherapy Department, Government Medical College, Amritsar, India
| | - Ravinder Singh
- MedSurg Urgent Care, Gilbertsville, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Bharat Monga
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside Hospital, New York, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Department of Neurology and Biochemistry and Chief, Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States; Program in Biosecurity, Technology, and Ethics, US Naval War College, Newport, United States
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
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21
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Abstract
The contentious debate between homeopathy and orthodox medicine has been due to the fact that homeopathy is founded on a heuristic philosophy that is not justified by contemporary scientific evidence. In this context, however, two pillars of the method, that is, serial dilution and succussion, are poorly understood in orthodox pharmacology. The experimental data collected in the last 10 years, by means of electronic microscopy, electron diffraction and DNA arrays investigations, are consistent with the presence of nanoparticles (nanoassociates) in homeopathic medicines and seem to provide a coherent view of the essence of the homeopathy discipline, superseding all previous speculative interpretations. An acceptance of this new evidence is here suggested to remove, in principle, the barrier that separates the conventional and homeopathic therapeutic methods, and to offer new and important perspectives on future health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dei
- Department of Chemistry, UdR INSTM, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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22
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Lajqi T, Lang GP, Haas F, Williams DL, Hudalla H, Bauer M, Groth M, Wetzker R, Bauer R. Memory-Like Inflammatory Responses of Microglia to Rising Doses of LPS: Key Role of PI3Kγ. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2492. [PMID: 31781091 PMCID: PMC6856213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trained immunity and immune tolerance have been identified as long-term response patterns of the innate immune system. The causes of these opposing reactions remain elusive. Here, we report about differential inflammatory responses of microglial cells derived from neonatal mouse brain to increasing doses of the endotoxin LPS. Prolonged priming with ultra-low LPS doses provokes trained immunity, i.e., increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators in comparison to the unprimed control. In contrast, priming with high doses of LPS induces immune tolerance, implying decreased production of inflammatory mediators and pronounced release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Investigation of the signaling processes and cell functions involved in these memory-like immune responses reveals the essential role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ), one of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase species highly expressed in innate immune cells. Together, our data suggest profound influence of preceding contacts with pathogens on the immune response of microglia. The impact of these interactions—trained immunity or immune tolerance—appears to be shaped by pathogen dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trim Lajqi
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guang-Ping Lang
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabienne Haas
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery and Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, CF DNA Sequencing, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wetzker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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23
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Re-analysis of herbal extracts data reveals that inflammatory processes are mediated by hormetic mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 314:108844. [PMID: 31600484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Using data from Schink et al. (2018), a large number of herbal extracts were assessed for their capacity to induce pro- and anti-inflammatory effects based on TLR4 expression normalized for cell viability in two immune cell models (i.e., HeLa-TLR4 transfected reporter cell line, and THP-1 monocytes) applying seven concentrations (0.01-3.0%). The analysis revealed that 70-80% of the extracts satisfying the a priori entry criteria also satisfied a priori evaluative criteria for hormetic concentration responses. These findings demonstrate that a large proportion of herbal extracts display hormetic dose responses in immune cells, indicating that hormetic mechanisms mediate pro- and anti-inflammatory processes and may provide a means to guide optimal dosing strategies. The identification of doses eliciting only anti-inflammatory therapeutic activity as well as the use of dose-variable herbal extracts in the treatment of inflammatory diseases will be challenging.
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24
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Dhawan G, Kapoor R, Dhamija A, Singh R, Monga B, Calabrese EJ. Necrotizing Fasciitis: Low-Dose Radiotherapy as a Potential Adjunct Treatment. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819871757. [PMID: 31496924 PMCID: PMC6716184 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819871757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rapidly spreading bacterial infection causing extensive tissue necrosis and destruction. Despite appropriate therapy, the disease results in significant morbidity/mortality and substantial treatment costs. Several studies published in the early 1900s demonstrated the effective use of low-dose X-ray radiotherapy (RT) for the treatment of many diverse inflammatory conditions and diseases (eg, gas gangrene, sinus infections, arthritis, tendonitis, and serious inflammatory lung conditions). The mechanism by which therapeutic RT doses produce positive patient outcomes is related at least in part to its capacity to induce tissue-based anti-inflammatory responses. This action is due to the polarization of macrophages to an anti-inflammatory or M2 phenotype via optimized low-dose RT. Low-dose RT has the potential to significantly reduce debilitating surgeries and aggressive treatments required for NF, providing a 3-prong benefit in terms of patient mortality, length of hospitalization stays, and cost of health care (both short term and long term). Low cost and easy availability of low-dose RT makes it a potentially useful option for patients of every age-group. In addition, low-dose RT may be a particularly useful option in countries treating many patients who are unable to afford surgeries, antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Dhawan
- Human Research Protection Office, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Bharat Monga
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Mount Sinai St Luke's Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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25
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Calabrese EJ, Dhawan G, Kapoor R, Kozumbo WJ. Radiotherapy treatment of human inflammatory diseases and conditions: Optimal dose. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:888-898. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327119846925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the early part of the past century, hundreds of clinical studies involving more than 37,000 patients were conducted that showed radiotherapy (RT) to be a successful and safe alternative to drug therapy for the treatment of many diverse inflammatory conditions and diseases (e.g. tendonitis, bursitis, arthritis, and serious inflammatory lung conditions). Data from these studies were collected and analyzed with the intent of estimating an optimal dosing range for RT that would induce an efficacious treatment response. RT was reported to be frequently effective after only a single treatment, with a rapid (within 24 h) and often long-lasting (from months to years) relief from symptoms. Over a two-decade span from the 1920s to the 1940s, the therapeutic responses to a single RT treatment consistently improved as the dosing for multiple ailments decreased over time to between 30 roentgen (r) and 100 r. These findings are significant and in agreement with a number of contemporary reports from Germany where RT has been commonly and successfully employed in treating ailments with an inflammatory origin. A proposed mechanism by which RT mitigates inflammation and facilitates healing is via the polarization of macrophages to an anti-inflammatory or M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- EJ Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - G Dhawan
- Mass Venture Center, Research Compliance, University of Massachusetts, Hadley, MA, USA
| | - R Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
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26
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Tharmalingam S, Sreetharan S, Brooks AL, Boreham DR. Re-evaluation of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model using new paradigms and modern molecular studies. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 301:54-67. [PMID: 30763548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The linear no-threshold (LNT) model is currently used to estimate low dose radiation (LDR) induced health risks. This model lacks safety thresholds and postulates that health risks caused by ionizing radiation is directly proportional to dose. Therefore even the smallest radiation dose has the potential to cause an increase in cancer risk. Advances in LDR biology and cell molecular techniques demonstrate that the LNT model does not appropriately reflect the biology or the health effects at the low dose range. The main pitfall of the LNT model is due to the extrapolation of mutation and DNA damage studies that were conducted at high radiation doses delivered at a high dose-rate. These studies formed the basis of several outdated paradigms that are either incorrect or do not hold for LDR doses. Thus, the goal of this review is to summarize the modern cellular and molecular literature in LDR biology and provide new paradigms that better represent the biological effects in the low dose range. We demonstrate that LDR activates a variety of cellular defense mechanisms including DNA repair systems, programmed cell death (apoptosis), cell cycle arrest, senescence, adaptive memory, bystander effects, epigenetics, immune stimulation, and tumor suppression. The evidence presented in this review reveals that there are minimal health risks (cancer) with LDR exposure, and that a dose higher than some threshold value is necessary to achieve the harmful effects classically observed with high doses of radiation. Knowledge gained from this review can help the radiation protection community in making informed decisions regarding radiation policy and limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeenthar Tharmalingam
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.
| | - Shayenthiran Sreetharan
- Department of Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Antone L Brooks
- Environmental Science, Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Douglas R Boreham
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada; Bruce Power, Tiverton, ON(3), UK.
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27
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Hormesis: Path and Progression to Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102871. [PMID: 30248927 PMCID: PMC6213774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper tells the story of how hormesis became recognized as a fundamental concept in biology, affecting toxicology, microbiology, medicine, public health, agriculture, and all areas related to enhancing biological performance. This paper assesses how hormesis enhances resilience to normal aging and protects against a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and other diseases, as well as trauma and other threats to health and well-being. This paper also explains the application of hormesis to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease, macrophage polarization and its systematic adaptive protections, and the role of hormesis in enhancing stem cell functioning and medical applications.
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