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De La Torre Tarazona E, Passaes C, Moreno S, Sáez-Cirión A, Alcamí J. High concentrations of Maraviroc do not alter immunological and metabolic parameters of CD4 T cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13980. [PMID: 38886484 PMCID: PMC11183235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Maraviroc (MVC) is an antiretroviral drug capable of binding to CCR5 receptors and block HIV entry into target cells. Moreover, MVC can activate NF-kB pathway and induce viral transcription in HIV-infected cells, being proposed as a latency reversal agent (LRA) in HIV cure strategies. However, the evaluation of immunological and metabolic parameters induced by MVC concentrations capable of inducing HIV transcription have not been explored in depth. We cultured isolated CD4 T cells in the absence or presence of MVC, and evaluated the frequency of CD4 T cell subpopulations and activation markers levels by flow cytometry, and the oxidative and glycolytic metabolic rates of CD4 T cells using a Seahorse Analyzer. Our results indicate that a high concentration of MVC did not increase the levels of activation markers, as well as glycolytic or oxidative metabolic rates in CD4 T cells. Furthermore, MVC did not induce significant changes in the frequency and activation levels of memory cell subpopulations. Our data support a safety profile of MVC as a promising LRA candidate since it does not induce alterations of the immunological and metabolic parameters that could affect the functionality of these immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick De La Torre Tarazona
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Caroline Passaes
- HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- HIV, Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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2
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Izquierdo-Pujol J, Puertas MC, Martinez-Picado J, Morón-López S. Targeting Viral Transcription for HIV Cure Strategies. Microorganisms 2024; 12:752. [PMID: 38674696 PMCID: PMC11052381 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication to undetectable levels, reduces mortality and morbidity, and improves the quality of life of people living with HIV (PWH). However, ART cannot cure HIV infection because it is unable to eliminate latently infected cells. HIV latency may be regulated by different HIV transcription mechanisms, such as blocks to initiation, elongation, and post-transcriptional processes. Several latency-reversing (LRA) and -promoting agents (LPA) have been investigated in clinical trials aiming to eliminate or reduce the HIV reservoir. However, none of these trials has shown a conclusive impact on the HIV reservoir. Here, we review the cellular and viral factors that regulate HIV-1 transcription, the potential pharmacological targets and genetic and epigenetic editing techniques that have been or might be evaluated to disrupt HIV-1 latency, the role of miRNA in post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1, and the differences between the mechanisms regulating HIV-1 and HIV-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Izquierdo-Pujol
- IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.I.-P.); (M.C.P.); (J.M.-P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria C. Puertas
- IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.I.-P.); (M.C.P.); (J.M.-P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.I.-P.); (M.C.P.); (J.M.-P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Morón-López
- IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.I.-P.); (M.C.P.); (J.M.-P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Cortés‐Llanos B, Jain V, Cooper‐Volkheimer A, Browne EP, Murdoch DM, Allbritton NL. Automated microarray platform for single-cell sorting and collection of lymphocytes following HIV reactivation. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10551. [PMID: 37693052 PMCID: PMC10487311 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising strategy to cure HIV-infected individuals is to use latency reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate latent viruses, followed by host clearance of infected reservoir cells. However, reactivation of latent proviruses within infected cells is heterogeneous and often incomplete. This fact limits strategies to cure HIV which may require complete elimination of viable virus from all cellular reservoirs. For this reason, understanding the mechanism(s) of reactivation of HIV within cellular reservoirs is critical to achieve therapeutic success. Methodologies enabling temporal tracking of single cells as they reactivate followed by sorting and molecular analysis of those cells are urgently needed. To this end, microraft arrays were adapted to image T-lymphocytes expressing mCherry under the control of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, in response to the application of LRAs (prostratin, iBET151, and SAHA). In response to prostratin, iBET151, and SAHA, 30.5%, 11.2%, and 12.1% percentage of cells, respectively. The arrays enabled large numbers of single cells (>25,000) to be imaged over time. mCherry fluorescence quantification identified cell subpopulations with differing reactivation kinetics. Significant heterogeneity was observed at the single-cell level between different LRAs in terms of time to reactivation, rate of mCherry fluorescence increase upon reactivation, and peak fluorescence attained. In response to prostratin, subpopulations of T lymphocytes with slow and fast reactivation kinetics were identified. Single T-lymphocytes that were either fast or slow reactivators were sorted, and single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed. Different genes associated with inflammation, immune activation, and cellular and viral transcription factors were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Cortés‐Llanos
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonWashingtonUSA
- Department of MedicineDuke UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Department of Molecular PhysiologyDuke UniversityNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Edward P. Browne
- Department of MedicineUniversity of North CarolinaNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of North CarolinaNorth CarolinaUSA
- UNC HIV Cure CenterUniversity of North CarolinaNorth CarolinaUSA
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4
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Cortés-Llanos B, Jain V, Volkheimer A, Browne EP, Murdoch DM, Allbritton NL. Automated microarray for single-cell sorting and collection of lymphocytes following HIV reactivation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.02.526757. [PMID: 36778314 PMCID: PMC9915582 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.526757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A promising strategy to cure HIV infected individuals is to use latency reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate latent viruses, followed by host clearance of infected reservoir cells. However, reactivation of latent proviruses within infected cells is heterogeneous and often incomplete. This fact limits strategies to cure HIV which may require complete elimination of viable virus from all cellular reservoirs. For this reason, understanding the mechanism(s) of reactivation of HIV within cellular reservoirs is critical to achieve therapeutic success. Methodologies enabling temporal tracking of single cells as they reactivate followed by sorting and molecular analysis of those cells are urgently needed. To this end, microraft arrays were adapted to image T-lymphocytes expressing mCherry under the control of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, in response to the application of various LRAs (prostratin, iBET151, and SAHA). In response to prostratin, iBET151, and SAHA, 30.5 %, 11.2 %, and 12.1 % percentage of cells respectively, reactivated similar to that observed in other experimental systems. The arrays enabled large numbers of single cells (>25,000) to be imaged over time. mCherry fluorescence quantification identified cell subpopulations with differing reactivation kinetics. Significant heterogeneity was observed at the single cell level between different LRAs in terms of time to reactivation, rate of mCherry fluorescence increase upon reactivation, and peak fluorescence attained. In response to prostratin, subpopulations of T lymphocytes with slow and fast reactivation kinetics were identified. Single T-lymphocytes that were either fast or slow reactivators were sorted, and single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed. Different genes associated with inflammation, immune activation, and cellular and viral transcription factors were found. These results advance our conceptual understanding of HIV reactivation dynamics at the single-cell level toward a cure for HIV.
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5
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Campbell GR, Spector SA. Current strategies to induce selective killing of HIV-1-infected cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1273-1284. [PMID: 35707952 PMCID: PMC9613504 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0422-636r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to significant HIV-1 suppression and improvement in immune function, persistent viral reservoirs remain that are refractory to intensified ART. ART poses many challenges such as adherence to drug regimens, the emergence of resistant virus, and cumulative toxicity resulting from long-term therapy. Moreover, latent HIV-1 reservoir cells can be stochastically activated to produce viral particles despite effective ART and contribute to the rapid viral rebound that typically occurs within 2 weeks of ART interruption; thus, lifelong ART is required for continued viral suppression. Several strategies have been proposed to address the HIV-1 reservoir such as reactivation of HIV-1 transcription using latency reactivating agents with a combination of ART, host immune clearance and HIV-1-cytotoxicity to purge the infected cells-a "shock and kill" strategy. However, these approaches do not take into account the multiple transcriptional and translational blocks that contribute to HIV-1 latency or the complex heterogeneity of the HIV-1 reservoir, and clinical trials have thus far failed to produce the desired results. Here, we describe alternative strategies being pursued that are designed to kill selectively HIV-1-infected cells while sparing uninfected cells in the absence of enhanced humoral or adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA,Division of Infectious DiseasesRady Children's HospitalSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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6
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Chen IP, Ott M. Viral Hijacking of BET Proteins. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102274. [PMID: 36298829 PMCID: PMC9609653 DOI: 10.3390/v14102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the bromodomain and exterminal domain (BET) family mediate critical host functions such as cell proliferation, transcriptional regulation, and the innate immune response, which makes them preferred targets for viruses. These multidomain proteins are best known as transcriptional effectors able to read acetylated histone and non-histone proteins through their tandem bromodomains. They also contain other short motif-binding domains such as the extraterminal domain, which recognizes transcriptional regulatory proteins. Here, we describe how different viruses have evolved to hijack or disrupt host BET protein function through direct interactions with BET family members to support their own propagation. The network of virus-BET interactions emerges as highly intricate, which may complicate the use of small-molecule BET inhibitors-currently in clinical development for the treatment of cancer and cardiovascular diseases-to treat viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene P. Chen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Xu X, Lin Y, Zeng X, Yang C, Duan S, Ding L, Lu W, Lin J, Pan X, Ma X, Liu S. PARP1 Might Substitute HSF1 to Reactivate Latent HIV-1 by Binding to Heat Shock Element. Cells 2022; 11:2331. [PMID: 35954175 PMCID: PMC9367301 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, the barrier to HIV-1 functional cure is the persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs. The "shock (reversing latency) and kill (antiretroviral therapy)" strategy sheds light on reducing or eliminating the latent reservoir of HIV-1. However, the current limits of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are their toxicity or side effects, which limit their practicability pharmacologically and immunologically. Our previous research found that HSF1 is a key transcriptional regulatory factor in the reversion of HIV-1 latency. We then constructed the in vitro HSF1-knockout (HSF1-KO) HIV-1 latency models and found that HSF1 depletion inhibited the reactivation ability of LRAs including salubrinal, carfizomib, bortezomib, PR-957 and resveratrol, respectively. Furthermore, bortezomib/carfizomib treatment induced the increase of heat shock elements (HSEs) activity after HSF1-KO, suggesting that HSEs participated in reversing the latent HIV-1. Subsequent investigation showed that latent HIV-1-reversal by H2O2-induced DNA damage was inhibited by PARP1 inhibitors, while PARP1 was unable to down-regulate HSF1-depleted HSE activity, indicating that PARP1 could serve as a replaceable protein for HSF1 in HIV-1 latent cells. In summary, we succeeded in finding the mechanisms by which HSF1 reactivates the latent HIV-1, which also provides a theoretical basis for the further development of LRAs that specifically target HSF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Yingtong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Chan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Siqin Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Liqiong Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Wanzhen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jian Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (X.X.); (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (C.Y.); (S.D.); (L.D.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
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8
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Hernandez CA, Eliseo E. The Role of Pannexin-1 Channels in HIV and NeuroHIV Pathogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:2245. [PMID: 35883688 PMCID: PMC9323506 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) enters the brain shortly after infection, leading to long-term neurological complications in half of the HIV-infected population, even in the current anti-retroviral therapy (ART) era. Despite decades of research, no biomarkers can objectively measure and, more importantly, predict the onset of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Several biomarkers have been proposed; however, most of them only reflect late events of neuronal damage. Our laboratory recently identified that ATP and PGE2, inflammatory molecules released through Pannexin-1 channels, are elevated in the serum of HIV-infected individuals compared to uninfected individuals and other inflammatory diseases. More importantly, high circulating ATP levels, but not PGE2, can predict a decline in cognition, suggesting that HIV-infected individuals have impaired ATP metabolism and associated signaling. We identified that Pannexin-1 channel opening contributes to the high serological ATP levels, and ATP in the circulation could be used as a biomarker of HIV-associated cognitive impairment. In addition, we believe that ATP is a major contributor to chronic inflammation in the HIV-infected population, even in the anti-retroviral era. Here, we discuss the mechanisms associated with Pannexin-1 channel opening within the circulation, as well as within the resident viral reservoirs, ATP dysregulation, and cognitive disease observed in the HIV-infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenin Eliseo
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
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9
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Ne E, Crespo R, Izquierdo-Lara R, Rao S, Koçer S, Górska A, van Staveren T, Kan TW, van de Vijver D, Dekkers D, Rokx C, Moulos P, Hatzis P, Palstra RJ, Demmers J, Mahmoudi T. Catchet-MS identifies IKZF1-targeting thalidomide analogues as novel HIV-1 latency reversal agents. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:5577-5598. [PMID: 35640596 PMCID: PMC9177988 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A major pharmacological strategy toward HIV cure aims to reverse latency in infected cells as a first step leading to their elimination. While the unbiased identification of molecular targets physically associated with the latent HIV-1 provirus would be highly valuable to unravel the molecular determinants of HIV-1 transcriptional repression and latency reversal, due to technical limitations, this has been challenging. Here we use a dCas9 targeted chromatin and histone enrichment strategy coupled to mass spectrometry (Catchet-MS) to probe the differential protein composition of the latent and activated HIV-1 5′LTR. Catchet-MS identified known and novel latent 5′LTR-associated host factors. Among these, IKZF1 is a novel HIV-1 transcriptional repressor, required for Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 recruitment to the LTR. We find the clinically advanced thalidomide analogue iberdomide, and the FDA approved analogues lenalidomide and pomalidomide, to be novel LRAs. We demonstrate that, by targeting IKZF1 for degradation, these compounds reverse HIV-1 latency in CD4+ T-cells isolated from virally suppressed people living with HIV-1 and that they are able to synergize with other known LRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ne
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ray Izquierdo-Lara
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shringar Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Selin Koçer
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alicja Górska
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Staveren
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tsung Wai Kan
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - David van de Vijver
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Dekkers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee679a PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rg-530, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Panagiotis Moulos
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Pantelis Hatzis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Robert-Jan Palstra
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee679a PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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10
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Mori L, Valente ST. Cure and Long-Term Remission Strategies. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2407:391-428. [PMID: 34985678 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The majority of virally suppressed individuals will experience rapid viral rebound upon antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption, providing a strong rationale for the development of cure strategies. Moreover, despite ART virological control, HIV infection is still associated with chronic immune activation, inflammation, comorbidities, and accelerated aging. These effects are believed to be due, in part, to low-grade persistent transcription and trickling production of viral proteins from the pool of latent proviruses constituting the viral reservoir. In recent years there has been an increasing interest in developing what has been termed a functional cure for HIV. This approach entails the long-term, durable control of viral expression in the absence of therapy, preventing disease progression and transmission, despite the presence of detectable integrated proviruses. One such strategy, the block-and-lock approach for a functional cure, proposes the epigenetic silencing of proviral expression, locking the virus in a profound latent state, from which reactivation is very unlikely. The proof-of-concept for this approach was demonstrated with the use of a specific small molecule targeting HIV transcription. Here we review the principles behind the block-and-lock approach and some of the additional strategies proposed to silence HIV expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mori
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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11
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Reduction of CD8 T cell functionality but not inhibitory capacity by integrase inhibitors. J Virol 2022; 96:e0173021. [PMID: 35019724 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01730-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HIV-specific CD8 T cells are effective in controlling HIV-infection, they fail to clear infection even in the presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and cure strategies such as "shock-and-kill". Little is known how ART is contributing to HIV-specific CD8 T cell function and the ability to clear HIV infection. Therefore, we first assessed the cytokine polyfunctionality and proliferation of CD8 T cells from ART-treated HIV+ individuals directly ex vivo and observed a decline in the multifunctional response as well as proliferation indices of these cells in individuals treated with integrase inhibitor (INSTI) based ART regimens compared to both protease inhibitor (PI) and non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) based regimens. We next co-cultured CD8 T cells with different drugs individually and were able to observe reduced functional properties with significantly decreased ability of CD8 T cells to express IFNγ, MIP1β and TNFα only after treatment with INSTI-based regimens. Furthermore, previously activated and INSTI-treated CD8 T cells demonstrated reduced capacity to express perforin and granzyme B compared to PI and NNRTI treated cells. Unexpectedly, CD8 T cells treated with dolutegravir showed a similar killing ability 7 dpi compared to emtricitabine or rilpivirine treated cells. We next used a live cell imaging assay to determine the migratory capacity of CD8 T cells. Only INSTI-treated cells showed less migratory activity after SDF-1α stimulation compared to NRTI regimens. Our data show that the choice of ART can have a significant impact on CD8 T cell effector functions, but the importance for potential eradication attempts is unknown. Importance Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTI) are recommended by national and international guidelines as a key component of ART in the treatment of HIV-infected patients. In particular, their efficacy, tolerability and low drug-drug interaction profile have made them to the preferred choice as part of the first-line regimen in treatment-naïve individuals. Here, we demonstrate that the choice of ART can have a significant impact on function and metabolism of CD8 T cells. In summary, our study provides first evidence on a significant, negative impact on CD8 T cell effector functions in the presence of two INSTIs, dolutegravir and elvitegravir, which may contribute to the limited success of eradicating HIV-infected cells through "shock-and-kill" strategies. Although our findings are coherent with recent studies highlighting a possible role of dolutegravir in weight gain, further investigations are necessary to fully understand the impact of INSTI-based regimens on the health of the individual during antiretroviral therapy.
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Lau CY, Adan MA, Maldarelli F. Why the HIV Reservoir Never Runs Dry: Clonal Expansion and the Characteristics of HIV-Infected Cells Challenge Strategies to Cure and Control HIV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:2512. [PMID: 34960781 PMCID: PMC8708047 DOI: 10.3390/v13122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively reduces cycles of viral replication but does not target proviral populations in cells that persist for prolonged periods and that can undergo clonal expansion. Consequently, chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is sustained during ART by a reservoir of long-lived latently infected cells and their progeny. This proviral landscape undergoes change over time on ART. One of the forces driving change in the landscape is the clonal expansion of infected CD4 T cells, which presents a key obstacle to HIV eradication. Potential mechanisms of clonal expansion include general immune activation, antigenic stimulation, homeostatic proliferation, and provirus-driven clonal expansion, each of which likely contributes in varying, and largely unmeasured, amounts to maintaining the reservoir. The role of clinical events, such as infections or neoplasms, in driving these mechanisms remains uncertain, but characterizing these forces may shed light on approaches to effectively eradicate HIV. A limited number of individuals have been cured of HIV infection in the setting of bone marrow transplant; information from these and other studies may identify the means to eradicate or control the virus without ART. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence and clonal expansion, along with the attempts to modify these factors as part of reservoir reduction and cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Yen Lau
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Matthew A. Adan
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (M.A.A.)
- Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.-Y.L.); (M.A.A.)
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Zheng T, Chen P, Huang Y, Qiu J, Zhou C, Wu Z, Li L. CPI-637 as a Potential Bifunctional Latency-Reversing Agent That Targets Both the BRD4 and TIP60 Proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:686035. [PMID: 34350133 PMCID: PMC8326664 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.686035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been largely responsible for the existence of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoirs. The “shock and kill” strategy was confirmed to reactivate HIV-1 latent reservoirs by latency-reversing agents (LRAs) for accelerated HIV-1 clearance. However, a single LRA might be insufficient to induce HIV-1 reactivation from latency due to the complexity of the multiple signaling regulatory pathways that establish the HIV-1 latent reservoir. Therefore, combinations of LRAs or dual-mechanism LRAs are urgently needed to purge the latent reservoirs. We demonstrate here for the first time that a dual-target inhibitor with a specific suppressive effect on both BRD4 and TIP60, CPI-637, could reactivate latent HIV-1 in vitro by permitting Tat to bind positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and assembling Tat-super-elongation complex (SEC) formation. In addition, CPI-637-mediated TIP60 downregulation further stimulated BRD4 dissociation from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, allowing Tat to more effectively bind P-TEFb compared to BRD4 inhibition alone. Much more importantly, CPI-637 exerted a potent synergistic effect but alleviated global T cell activation and blocked viral spread to uninfected bystander CD4+ T cells with minimal cytotoxicity. Our results indicate that CPI-637 opens up the prospect of novel dual-target inhibitors for antagonizing HIV-1 latency and deserves further investigation for development as a promising LRA with a “shock and kill” strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyi Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayin Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenliang Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Covino DA, Desimio MG, Doria M. Combinations of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Distinct Latency Reversing Agents Variably Affect HIV Reactivation and Susceptibility to NK Cell-Mediated Killing of T Cells That Exit Viral Latency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136654. [PMID: 34206330 PMCID: PMC8267728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ‘shock-and-kill’ strategy to purge the latent HIV reservoir relies on latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate the provirus and subsequent immune-mediated killing of HIV-expressing cells. Yet, clinical trials employing histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis; Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat) as LRAs failed to reduce the HIV reservoir size, stressing the need for more effective latency reversal strategies, such as 2-LRA combinations, and enhancement of the immune responses. Interestingly, several LRAs are employed to treat cancer because they up-modulate ligands for the NKG2D NK-cell activating receptor on tumor cells. Therefore, using in vitro T cell models of HIV latency and NK cells, we investigated the capacity of HDACis, either alone or combined with a distinct LRA, to potentiate the NKG2D/NKG2D ligands axis. While Bortezomib proteasome inhibitor was toxic for both T and NK cells, the GS-9620 TLR-7 agonist antagonized HIV reactivation and NKG2D ligand expression by HDACis. Conversely, co-administration of the Prostratin PKC agonist attenuated HDACi toxicity and, when combined with Romidepsin, stimulated HIV reactivation and further up-modulated NKG2D ligands on HIV+ T cells and NKG2D on NK cells, ultimately boosting NKG2D-mediated viral suppression by NK cells. These findings disclose limitations of LRA candidates and provide evidence that NK cell suppression of reactivated HIV may be modulated by specific 2-LRA combinations.
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15
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Salahong T, Schwartz C, Sungthong R. Are BET Inhibitors yet Promising Latency-Reversing Agents for HIV-1 Reactivation in AIDS Therapy? Viruses 2021; 13:v13061026. [PMID: 34072421 PMCID: PMC8228869 DOI: 10.3390/v13061026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS first emerged decades ago; however, its cure, i.e., eliminating all virus sources, is still unachievable. A critical burden of AIDS therapy is the evasive nature of HIV-1 in face of host immune responses, the so-called "latency." Recently, a promising approach, the "Shock and Kill" strategy, was proposed to eliminate latently HIV-1-infected cell reservoirs. The "Shock and Kill" concept involves two crucial steps: HIV-1 reactivation from its latency stage using a latency-reversing agent (LRA) followed by host immune responses to destroy HIV-1-infected cells in combination with reinforced antiretroviral therapy to kill the progeny virus. Hence, a key challenge is to search for optimal LRAs. Looking at epigenetics of HIV-1 infection, researchers proved that some bromodomains and extra-terminal motif protein inhibitors (BETis) are able to reactivate HIV-1 from latency. However, to date, only a few BETis have shown HIV-1-reactivating functions, and none of them have yet been approved for clinical trial. In this review, we aim to demonstrate the epigenetic roles of BETis in HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-related immune responses. Possible future applications of BETis and their HIV-1-reactivating properties are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanarat Salahong
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, University of Strasbourg, 67300 Schiltigheim, France
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Rungroch Sungthong
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, UMR 7517 CNRS/EOST, 67084 Strasbourg CEDEX, France
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.S.)
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16
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Tostes JBF, Carvalho ALD, Ribeiro da Silva AJ, Mourão PJP, Rossi ÁD, Tanuri A, Siani AC. Phorbol Esters from the Latex of Euphorbia umbellata: Bioguided Isolation of Highly Potent HIV-1 Latency Interrupters in Virus Reservoir Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1666-1670. [PMID: 33909429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three known compounds, 20-deoxyphorbol-5β-hydroxy-12-tiglate-13-isobutyrate (1), 20-deoxyphorbol-5β-hydroxy-12-tiglate-13-phenylacetate (2), and 4-deoxy-4β-phorbol-12-tiglate-13-phenylacetate (3), were reisolated from the latex of Euphorbia umbellata through a bioguided fractionation process to target HIV-1 latency reactivation. The in vitro bioassay using infected T-cell lymphoblasts (J-Lat 10.6), complemented with surface CD4 receptor downregulation assessment, led to isolation of the compounds as a highly active ternary mixture. Effective purification of the individual compounds was achieved by first subjecting a phorbol-enriched fraction (previously prepared from crude latex) to MPLC, followed by semipreparative HPLC and characterization by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and (+)-HRESIMS. Compared with a positive control, the isolated compounds were effective in reactivating 68-75% of the virus latency in the range of 9.7-0.097 μM for compound 1, 8.85-0.088 μM for compound 2, and 9.1-0.091 μM for compound 3, with the latter maintaining steady effectiveness down to a 10-5 dilution. Accordingly, compound 3 may serve as a promising lead compound for the development of anti-HIV drugs based on latency reactivation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João B F Tostes
- Institute of Drug Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andressa L D Carvalho
- Institute of Drug Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Ribeiro da Silva
- Natural Products Research Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bl. H, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Junior P Mourão
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Átila D Rossi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amílcar Tanuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Siani
- Institute of Drug Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Sizenando Nabuco 100, 21041-250, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Ding J, Liu Y, Lai Y. Knowledge From London and Berlin: Finding Threads to a Functional HIV Cure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688747. [PMID: 34122453 PMCID: PMC8190402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the ability of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) to increase the life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), viral reservoirs persist during life-long treatment. Notably, two cases of functional cure for HIV have been reported and are known as the "Berlin Patient" and the "London Patient". Both patients received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from donors with homozygous CCR5 delta32 mutation for an associated hematological malignancy. Therefore, there is growing interest in creating an HIV-resistant immune system through the use of gene-modified autologous hematopoietic stem cells with non-functional CCR5. Moreover, studies in CXCR4-targeted gene therapy for HIV have also shown great promise. Developing a cure for HIV infection remains a high priority. In this review, we discuss the increasing progress of coreceptor-based hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy, cART, milder conditioning regimens, and shock and kill strategies that have important implications for designing potential strategies aiming to achieve a functional cure for the majority of people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ding
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanxi Liu
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yu Lai
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Yu Lai,
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18
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Schnell AP, Kohrt S, Thoma-Kress AK. Latency Reversing Agents: Kick and Kill of HTLV-1? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115545. [PMID: 34073995 PMCID: PMC8197370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the cause of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), is a retrovirus, which integrates into the host genome and persistently infects CD4+ T-cells. Virus propagation is stimulated by (1) clonal expansion of infected cells and (2) de novo infection. Viral gene expression is induced by the transactivator protein Tax, which recruits host factors like positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to the viral promoter. Since HTLV-1 gene expression is repressed in vivo by viral, cellular, and epigenetic mechanisms in late phases of infection, HTLV-1 avoids an efficient CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response directed against the immunodominant viral Tax antigen. Hence, therapeutic strategies using latency reversing agents (LRAs) sought to transiently activate viral gene expression and antigen presentation of Tax to enhance CTL responses towards HTLV-1, and thus, to expose the latent HTLV-1 reservoir to immune destruction. Here, we review strategies that aimed at enhancing Tax expression and Tax-specific CTL responses to interfere with HTLV-1 latency. Further, we provide an overview of LRAs including (1) histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and (2) activators of P-TEFb, that have mainly been studied in context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but which may also be powerful in the context of HTLV-1.
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19
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Chu Z, Tong R, Yang Y, Song X, Hu TB, Fan Y, Zhao C, Gao L, Song Z. Diverse synthesis of the C ring fragment of bryostatins via Zn/Cu-promoted conjugate addition of α-hydroxy iodide with enone. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Prolonged administration of maraviroc reactivates latent HIV in vivo but it does not prevent antiretroviral-free viral rebound. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22286. [PMID: 33339855 PMCID: PMC7749169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains incurable due to latent viral reservoirs established in non-activated CD4 T cells that cannot be eliminated via antiretroviral therapy. Current efforts to cure HIV are focused on identifying drugs that will induce viral gene expression in latently infected cells, commonly known as latency reversing agents (LRAs). Some drugs have been shown to reactivate latent HIV but do not cause a reduction in reservoir size. Therefore, finding new LRAs or new combinations or increasing the round of stimulations is needed to cure HIV. However, the effects of these drugs on viral rebound after prolonged treatment have not been evaluated. In a previous clinical trial, antiretroviral therapy intensification with maraviroc for 48 weeks caused an increase in residual viremia and episomal two LTR-DNA circles suggesting that maraviroc could reactivate latent HIV. We amended the initial clinical trial to explore additional virologic parameters in stored samples and to evaluate the time to viral rebound during analytical treatment interruption in three patients. Maraviroc induced an increase in cell-associated HIV RNA during the administration of the drug. However, there was a rapid rebound of viremia after antiretroviral therapy discontinuation. HIV-specific T cell response was slightly enhanced. These results show that maraviroc can reactivate latent HIV in vivo but further studies are required to efficiently reduce the reservoir size.
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French AJ, Natesampillai S, Krogman A, Correia C, Peterson KL, Alto A, Chandrasekar AP, Misra A, Li Y, Kaufmann SH, Badley AD, Cummins NW. Reactivating latent HIV with PKC agonists induces resistance to apoptosis and is associated with phosphorylation and activation of BCL2. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008906. [PMID: 33075109 PMCID: PMC7595626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eradication of HIV-1 by the "kick and kill" strategy requires reactivation of latent virus to cause death of infected cells by either HIV-induced or immune-mediated apoptosis. To date this strategy has been unsuccessful, possibly due to insufficient cell death in reactivated cells to effectively reduce HIV-1 reservoir size. As a possible cause for this cell death resistance, we examined whether leading latency reversal agents (LRAs) affected apoptosis sensitivity of CD4 T cells. Multiple LRAs of different classes inhibited apoptosis in CD4 T cells. Protein kinase C (PKC) agonists bryostatin-1 and prostratin induced phosphorylation and enhanced neutralizing capability of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 in a PKC-dependent manner, leading to resistance to apoptosis induced by both intrinsic and extrinsic death stimuli. Furthermore, HIV-1 producing CD4 T cells expressed more BCL2 than uninfected cells, both in vivo and after ex vivo reactivation. Therefore, activation of BCL2 likely contributes to HIV-1 persistence after latency reversal with PKC agonists. The effects of LRAs on apoptosis sensitivity should be considered in designing HIV cure strategies predicated upon the "kick and kill" paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. French
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sekar Natesampillai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ashton Krogman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Cristina Correia
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Peterson
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alecia Alto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aswath P. Chandrasekar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anisha Misra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Scott H. Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nathan W. Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stoszko M, Al-Hatmi AMS, Skriba A, Roling M, Ne E, Crespo R, Mueller YM, Najafzadeh MJ, Kang J, Ptackova R, LeMasters E, Biswas P, Bertoldi A, Kan TW, de Crignis E, Sulc M, Lebbink JH, Rokx C, Verbon A, van Ijcken W, Katsikis PD, Palstra RJ, Havlicek V, de Hoog S, Mahmoudi T. Gliotoxin, identified from a screen of fungal metabolites, disrupts 7SK snRNP, releases P-TEFb, and reverses HIV-1 latency. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba6617. [PMID: 32851167 PMCID: PMC7423394 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba6617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A leading pharmacological strategy toward HIV cure requires "shock" or activation of HIV gene expression in latently infected cells with latency reversal agents (LRAs) followed by their subsequent clearance. In a screen for novel LRAs, we used fungal secondary metabolites as a source of bioactive molecules. Using orthogonal mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to latency reversal bioassays, we identified gliotoxin (GTX) as a novel LRA. GTX significantly induced HIV-1 gene expression in latent ex vivo infected primary cells and in CD4+ T cells from all aviremic HIV-1+ participants. RNA sequencing identified 7SK RNA, the scaffold of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) inhibitory 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex, to be significantly reduced upon GTX treatment of CD4+ T cells. GTX directly disrupted 7SK snRNP by targeting La-related protein 7 (LARP7), releasing active P-TEFb, which phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (Pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD), inducing HIV transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Stoszko
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud UMC/CWZ, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Ministry of Health, Directorate General of Health Services, Ibri, Oman
| | - Anton Skriba
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Roling
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Enrico Ne
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raquel Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M. Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Javad Najafzadeh
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Joyce Kang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring/Disease Control, Ministry of Education and Guizhou Talent Base of Microbes and Human Health, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Renata Ptackova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth LeMasters
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pritha Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alessia Bertoldi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tsung Wai Kan
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisa de Crignis
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miroslav Sulc
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Joyce H.G. Lebbink
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wilfred van Ijcken
- Erasmus MC Genomics Core Facility, Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter D. Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Palstra
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Havlicek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboud UMC/CWZ, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
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Mori L, Valente ST. Key Players in HIV-1 Transcriptional Regulation: Targets for a Functional Cure. Viruses 2020; 12:E529. [PMID: 32403278 PMCID: PMC7291152 DOI: 10.3390/v12050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 establishes a life-long infection when proviral DNA integrates into the host genome. The provirus can then either actively transcribe RNA or enter a latent state, without viral production. The switch between these two states is governed in great part by the viral protein, Tat, which promotes RNA transcript elongation. Latency is also influenced by the availability of host transcription factors, integration site, and the surrounding chromatin environment. The latent reservoir is established in the first few days of infection and serves as the source of viral rebound upon treatment interruption. Despite effective suppression of HIV-1 replication by antiretroviral therapy (ART), to below the detection limit, ART is ineffective at reducing the latent reservoir size. Elimination of this reservoir has become a major goal of the HIV-1 cure field. However, aside from the ideal total HIV-1 eradication from the host genome, an HIV-1 remission or functional cure is probably more realistic. The "block-and-lock" approach aims at the transcriptional silencing of the viral reservoir, to render suppressed HIV-1 promoters extremely difficult to reactivate from latency. There are unfortunately no clinically available HIV-1 specific transcriptional inhibitors. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate latency is expected to provide novel targets to be explored in cure approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana T. Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA;
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24
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Prodrugs of PKC modulators show enhanced HIV latency reversal and an expanded therapeutic window. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10688-10698. [PMID: 32371485 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919408117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS is a pandemic disease caused by HIV that affects 37 million people worldwide. Current antiretroviral therapy slows disease progression but does not eliminate latently infected cells, which resupply active virus, thus necessitating lifelong treatment with associated compliance, cost, and chemoexposure issues. Latency-reversing agents (LRAs) activate these cells, allowing for their potential clearance, thus presenting a strategy to eradicate the infection. Protein kinase C (PKC) modulators-including prostratin, ingenol esters, bryostatin, and their analogs-are potent LRAs in various stages of development for several clinical indications. While LRAs are promising, a major challenge associated with their clinical use is sustaining therapeutically meaningful levels of the active agent while minimizing side effects. Here we describe a strategy to address this problem based on LRA prodrugs, designed for controllable release of the active LRA after a single injection. As intended, these prodrugs exhibit comparable or superior in vitro activity relative to the parent compounds. Selected compounds induced higher in vivo expression of CD69, an activation biomarker, and, by releasing free agent over time, significantly improved tolerability when compared to the parent LRAs. More generally, selected prodrugs of PKC modulators avoid the bolus toxicities of the parent drug and exhibit greater efficacy and expanded tolerability, thereby addressing a longstanding objective for many clinical applications.
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25
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Epigenetics, HIV, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Curr Probl Cardiol 2020; 46:100615. [PMID: 32507271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is currently considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). With the advent of antiretroviral treatment and prevention, HIV-related morbidity and mortality rates have decreased significantly. Prolonged life expectancy heralded higher prevalence of diseases of aging, including CVD-associated morbidity and mortality, having an earlier onset in people living with HIV (PLHIV) compared to their noninfected counterparts. Several epigenetic biomarkers are now available as predictors of health and disease, with DNA methylation being one of the most widely studied. Epigenetic biomarkers are changes in gene expression without alterations to the intrinsic DNA sequence, with the potential to predict risk of future CVD, as well as the outcome and response to therapy among PLHIV. We sought to review the available literature referencing epigenetic markers to determine underlying biomechanism predisposing high-risk PLHIV to CVD, elucidating areas of possible intervention.
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26
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CRISPR-based gene knockout screens reveal deubiquitinases involved in HIV-1 latency in two Jurkat cell models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5350. [PMID: 32210344 PMCID: PMC7093534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to a HIV-1 cure is the persistence of latent genomes despite treatment with antiretrovirals. To investigate host factors which promote HIV-1 latency, we conducted a genome-wide functional knockout screen using CRISPR-Cas9 in a HIV-1 latency cell line model. This screen identified IWS1, POLE3, POLR1B, PSMD1, and TGM2 as potential regulators of HIV-1 latency, of which PSMD1 and TMG2 could be confirmed pharmacologically. Further investigation of PSMD1 revealed that an interacting enzyme, the deubiquitinase UCH37, was also involved in HIV-1 latency. We therefore conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the deubiquitinase family by gene knockout, identifying several deubiquitinases, UCH37, USP14, OTULIN, and USP5 as possible HIV-1 latency regulators. A specific inhibitor of USP14, IU1, reversed HIV-1 latency and displayed synergistic effects with other latency reversal agents. IU1 caused degradation of TDP-43, a negative regulator of HIV-1 transcription. Collectively, this study is the first comprehensive evaluation of deubiquitinases in HIV-1 latency and establishes that they may hold a critical role.
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27
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Rosás-Umbert M, Ruiz-Riol M, Fernández MA, Marszalek M, Coll P, Manzardo C, Cedeño S, Miró JM, Clotet B, Hanke T, Moltó J, Mothe B, Brander C. In vivo Effects of Romidepsin on T-Cell Activation, Apoptosis and Function in the BCN02 HIV-1 Kick&Kill Clinical Trial. Front Immunol 2020; 11:418. [PMID: 32265913 PMCID: PMC7100631 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Romidepsin (RMD) is a well-characterized histone deacetylase inhibitor approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that it is able to induce HIV-1 gene expression in latently infected CD4+ T cells from HIV-1+ individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. However, in vitro experiments suggested that RMD could also impair T-cell functionality, particularly of activated T cells. Thus, the usefulness of RMD in HIV-1 kick&kill strategies, that aim to enhance the immune system elimination of infected cells after inducing HIV-1 viral reactivation, may be limited. In order to address whether the in vitro observations are replicated in vivo, we determined the effects of RMD on the total and HIV-1-specific T-cell populations in longitudinal samples from the BCN02 kick&kill clinical trial (NCT02616874). BCN02 was a proof-of-concept study in 15 early treated HIV-1+ individuals that combined MVA.HIVconsv vaccination with three weekly infusions of RMD given as a latency reversing agent. Our results show that RMD induced a transient increase in the frequency of apoptotic T cells and an enhanced activation of vaccine-induced T cells. Although RMD reduced the number of vaccine-elicited T cells secreting multiple cytokines, viral suppressive capacity of CD8+ T cells was preserved over the RMD treatment. These observations have important implications for the design of effective kick&kill strategies for the HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rosás-Umbert
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marco A Fernández
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Pep Coll
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - José M Miró
- Hospital Clinic- IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic - UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - José Moltó
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic - UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Badalona, Spain.,Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic - UCC), Vic, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Boucau J, Das J, Joshi N, Le Gall S. Latency reversal agents modulate HIV antigen processing and presentation to CD8 T cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008442. [PMID: 32196533 PMCID: PMC7112239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency reversal agents (LRA) variably induce HIV re-expression in CD4 T cells but reservoirs are not cleared. Whether HIV epitope presentation is similar between latency reversal and initial infection of CD4 T cells is unknown yet crucial to define immune responses able to detect HIV-infected CD4 T cells after latency reversal. HIV peptides displayed by MHC comes from the intracellular degradation of proteins by proteasomes and post-proteasomal peptidases but the impact of LRAs on antigen processing is not known. Here we show that HDAC inhibitors (HDCAi) reduced cytosolic proteolytic activities while PKC agonists (PKCa) increased them to a lesser extent than that induced by TCR activation. During the cytosolic degradation of long HIV peptides in LRA-treated CD4 T cells extracts, HDACi and PKCa modulated degradation patterns of peptides and altered the production of HIV epitopes in often opposite ways. Beyond known HIV epitopes, HDACi narrowed the coverage of HIV antigenic fragments by 8-11aa degradation peptides while PKCa broadened it. LRAs altered HIV infection kinetics and modulated CD8 T cell activation in an epitope- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly the efficiency of endogenous epitope processing and presentation to CD8 T cells was increased by PKCa Ingenol at early time points despite low levels of antigens. LRA-induced modulations of antigen processing should be considered and exploited to enhance and broaden HIV peptide presentation by CD4 T cells and to improve immune recognition after latency reversal. This property of LRAs, if confirmed with other antigens, might be exploited to improve immune detection of diseased cells beyond HIV. Latently HIV-infected CD4 T cells persist and remain invisible to the immune system. Strategies to flush out HIV reservoirs propose to re-express HIV with latency reversal agents (LRAs), leading to CD4 T cell death or clearance by HIV-specific immune responses. LRAs tested so far variably induced HIV re-expression but did not eliminate reservoirs. The activation of HIV-specific immune responses is triggered by HIV peptides displayed by infected cells after HIV intracellular degradation. Whether HIV antigens are similarly degraded and displayed by CD4 T cells after latency reversal or during initial infection is unknown. We showed that LRAs altered the activities of the degradation machinery and changed the degradation patterns of HIV into peptides. LRA-treated HIV-infected CD4 T cells were variably recognized by immune cells in a time- and peptide-dependent manner. Some LRAs increased the efficiency of HIV peptide presentation despite low levels of HIV antigens inside CD4 T cells. The modulation of HIV peptide presentation by current or future LRAs should be accounted for and exploited to improve HIV peptide presentation and enhance immune detection of HIV-infected CD4 T cells after latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jishnu Das
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Neelambari Joshi
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sylvie Le Gall
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Nguyen W, Jacobson J, Jarman KE, Blackmore TR, Sabroux HJ, Lewin SR, Purcell DF, Sleebs BE. Optimization of 5-substituted thiazolyl ureas and 6-substituted imidazopyridines as potential HIV-1 latency reversing agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 195:112254. [PMID: 32251744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A persistent latent reservoir of virus in CD4+ T cells is a major barrier to cure HIV. Activating viral transcription in latently infected cells using small molecules is one strategy being explored to eliminate latency. We previously described the use of a FlpIn.FM HEK293 cellular assay to identify and then optimize the 2-acylaminothiazole class to exhibit modest activation of HIV gene expression. Here, we implement two strategies to further improve the activation of viral gene expression and physicochemical properties of this class. Firstly, we explored rigidification of the central oxy-carbon linker with a variety of saturated heterocycles, and secondly, investigated bioisosteric replacement of the 2-acylaminothiazole moiety. The optimization process afforded lead compounds (74 and 91) from the 2-piperazinyl thiazolyl urea and the imidazopyridine class. The lead compounds from each class demonstrate potent activation of HIV gene expression in the FlpIn.FM HEK293 cellular assay (both with LTR EC50s of 80 nM) and in the Jurkat Latency 10.6 cell model (LTR EC50 220 and 320 nM respectively), but consequently activate gene expression non-specifically in the FlpIn.FM HEK293 cellular assay (CMV EC50 70 and 270 nM respectively) manifesting in cellular cytotoxicity. The lead compounds have potential for further development as novel latency reversing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Kate E Jarman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Timothy R Blackmore
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Helene Jousset Sabroux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3000, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Damian F Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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30
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Development of CAR-T cells for long-term eradication and surveillance of HIV-1 reservoir. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:21-30. [PMID: 31132749 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoir is a pool of latently infected cells harboring replication-competent proviral DNA that limits antiretroviral therapy. Suppression of HIV-1 by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) delays progression of the disease but does not eliminate the viral reservoir, necessitating lifetime daily administration of antiretroviral drugs. To achieve durable suppression of viremia without daily therapy, various strategies have been developed, including long-acting antiretroviral drugs (LA-ARVs), broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells. Here, we summarize and discuss recent breakthroughs in CAR-T cell therapies toward the eradication of HIV-1 reservoir. Although substantial challenges exist, CAR-T cell technology may serve as a promising strategy toward HIV-1 functional cure.
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31
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Kristoff J, Palma ML, Garcia-Bates TM, Shen C, Sluis-Cremer N, Gupta P, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. Type 1-programmed dendritic cells drive antigen-specific latency reversal and immune elimination of persistent HIV-1. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:295-306. [PMID: 30952614 PMCID: PMC6557749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), latent HIV-1 continues to persist in a long-lived population of resting memory CD4+ T cells within those who are infected. Finding a safe and effective means to induce latency reversal (LR) during ART to specifically expose this latent HIV-1 cellular reservoir for immune elimination has been a major barrier to a functional cure. Methods In this study, we test the use of antigen-presenting type 1-polarized, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDC1) generated from chronic HIV-1-infected individuals on ART as a means to induce HIV-1 latency reversal in autologous CD4+ T cells harboring replication-competent provirus. We use the same MDC1 for ex-vivo generation of autologous HIV-1 antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and test their effector responses against the MDC1-exposed HIV-1- infected CD4+ T cell targets. Findings MDC1 presentation of either HIV-1 or cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens to CD4+ T cells facilitated HIV-1 LR. This antigen-driven MDC1-mediated LR was sharply diminished with blockade of the CD40L/CD40 ‘helper’ signaling pathway. Importantly, these antigen-presenting MDC1 also activated the expansion of CTL capable of killing the exposed HIV-1-infected targets. Interpretation Inclusion of virus-associated MHC class II ‘helper’ antigens in MDC1-based HIV-1 immunotherapies could serve both as a targeted means to safely unmask antigen-specific CD4+ T cells harboring HIV-1, and to support CTL responses that can effectively target the MDC1-exposed HIV-1 cellular reservoir as a functional cure strategy. Fund This study was supported by the NIH-NAID grants R21-AI131763, U01-AI35041, UM1-AI126603, and T32-AI065380.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kristoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Mariana L Palma
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Tatiana M Garcia-Bates
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Chengli Shen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Phalguni Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States of America.
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32
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Vansant G, Vranckx LS, Zurnic I, Van Looveren D, Van de Velde P, Nobles C, Gijsbers R, Christ F, Debyser Z. Impact of LEDGIN treatment during virus production on residual HIV-1 transcription. Retrovirology 2019; 16:8. [PMID: 30940165 PMCID: PMC6444612 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistence of latent, replication-competent provirus is the main impediment towards the cure of HIV infection. One of the critical questions concerning HIV latency is the role of integration site selection in HIV expression. Inhibition of the interaction between HIV integrase and its chromatin tethering cofactor LEDGF/p75 is known to reduce integration and to retarget residual provirus to regions resistant to reactivation. LEDGINs, small molecule inhibitors of the interaction between HIV integrase and LEDGF/p75, provide an interesting tool to study the underlying mechanisms. During early infection, LEDGINs block the interaction with LEDGF/p75 and allosterically inhibit the catalytic activity of IN (i.e. the early effect). When present during virus production, LEDGINs interfere with proper maturation due to enhanced IN oligomerization in the progeny virions (i.e. the late effect). Results We studied the effect of LEDGINs present during virus production on the transcriptional state of the residual virus. Infection of cells with viruses produced in the presence of LEDGINs resulted in a residual reservoir that was refractory to activation. Integration of residual provirus was less favored near epigenetic markers associated with active transcription. However, integration near H3K36me3 and active genes, both targeted by LEDGF/p75, was not affected. Also in primary cells, LEDGIN treatment induced a reservoir resistant to activation due to a combined early and late effect. Conclusion LEDGINs present a research tool to study the link between integration and transcription, an essential question in retrovirology. LEDGIN treatment during virus production altered integration of residual provirus in a LEDGF/p75-independent manner, resulting in a reservoir that is refractory to activation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12977-019-0472-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde Vansant
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Lenard S Vranckx
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Irena Zurnic
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Looveren
- Laboratory for Viral Vector Technology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paulien Van de Velde
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Christopher Nobles
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Laboratory for Viral Vector Technology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
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