Sesquiterpenes and their derivatives-natural anticancer compounds: An update

Research progress in the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control of Valeriana jatamansi Jones

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIC RELEVANCE

Valeriana jatamansi Jones, belongs to the Valerianaceae family, is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda, traditional Indian medicine (TIM). This traditional herb has been officially listed in the pharmacopoeia of sixteen countries. Its usage was first described in Diannan Bencao, also known as "Zhizhuxiang", is a famous folk medicine herb with a long history of medicinal usage in China, and it was used to treat indigestion, flu, and mental disorders in the Han, Achang, Bai, Blang, Dai, Jingpo, Naxi, and Wa ethnic groups. In recent years, V. jatamansi has attracted worldwide attention as an important medicinal due to its pharmacological activity especially in nervous and digestive systems, and multiple uses.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The current review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and quality control of V. jatamansi.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The relevant information of V. jatamansi was obtained from several databases including Web of Science, PubMed, ACS Publications, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, CNKI, Ph.D. and MSc dissertations, using "Valeriana jatamansi Jones", "Valeriana jatamansi", and "" as keywords. After eliminating repetitive and low-quality reports, the remaining reports were analyzed and summarized to prepare this review. Plant information was retrieved by www.worldfloraonline.org and www.gbif.org using "Valeriana jatamansi Jones" as keyword.

RESULTS

V. jatamansi has been historically utilized as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases, including infectious, inflammatory, neurological, and gastrointestinal disorders. More than 400 compounds have been identified in V. jatamansi including iridoids, volatile oils, lignans, flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, triterpenes as well as other compounds. The plant extracts and compounds showed various pharmacological activities such as antitumor, cytotoxic, antivirus, etc. In addition, V. jatamansi has found various applications in the agricultural, food, and cosmetics industry.

CONCLUSION

A review of literature shows V. jatamansi has pharmacological properties valuable in treating diseases, particularly for antianxiety and gastrointestinal disorders. Despite a wide spectrum of effects from specific compounds, research mainly focuses on in vitro and in vivo, with a lack of pharmacokinetics, clinical trials and underlying mechanisms. Consequently, it becomes important to embark on additional researchs to elucidate the pharmacokinetics, material basis and mechanisms of V. jatamansi, thereby realizing the aspiration of its comprehensive utilization and sustainable development.

Progress of natural sesquiterpenoids in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the common malignant tumors of digestive tract, which seriously threatens the life of patients due to its high incidence rate, strong invasion, metastasis, and prognosis. At present, the main methods for preventing and treating HCC include medication, surgery, and intervention, but patients frequently encounter with specific adverse reactions or side effects. Many Traditional Chinese medicine can improve liver function, reduce liver cancer recurrence and have unique advantages in the treatment of HCC because of their acting mode of multi-target, multi-pathway, multi-component, and multi-level. Sesquiterpenoids, a class of natural products which are widely present in nature and exhibit good anti-tumor activity, and many of them possess good potential for the treatment of HCC. This article reviewed the anti-tumor activities, natural resources, pharmacological mechanism of natural sesquiterpenoids against HCC, providing the theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of HCC and a comprehensive understanding of their potential for development of new clinical drugs.

Comprehensive Review of Olea europaea: A Holistic Exploration into Its Botanical Marvels, Phytochemical Riches, Therapeutic Potentials, and Safety Profile

Human health is now inextricably linked to lifestyle choices, which can either protect or predispose people to serious illnesses. The Mediterranean diet, characterized by the consumption of various medicinal plants and their byproducts, plays a significant role in protecting against ailments such as oxidative stress, cancer, and diabetes. To uncover the secrets of this natural treasure, this review seeks to consolidate diverse data concerning the pharmacology, toxicology, phytochemistry, and botany of Olea europaea L. (O. europaea). Its aim is to explore the potential therapeutic applications and propose avenues for future research. Through web literature searches (using Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), all information currently available on O. europaea was acquired. Worldwide, ethnomedical usage of O. europaea has been reported, indicating its effectiveness in treating a range of illnesses. Phytochemical studies have identified a range of compounds, including flavanones, iridoids, secoiridoids, flavonoids, triterpenes, biophenols, benzoic acid derivatives, among others. These components exhibit diverse pharmacological activities both in vitro and in vivo, such as antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, and wound-healing properties. O. europaea serves as a valuable source of conventional medicine for treating various conditions. The findings from pharmacological and phytochemical investigations presented in this review enhance our understanding of its therapeutic potential and support its potential future use in modern medicine.

Bioactives of the essential oil from the leaves of Eugenia pyriformis Cambess (Myrtaceae) on the effects of tobacco

Introduction

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed and the main cause of cancer death, usually related to cigarette smoking. Furthermore, the microbiota of people exposed to cigarette smoke can be modified, making it difficult to eliminate opportunistic microorganisms. The leaves of Eugenia pyriformis are a by-product of fruit production and, to date, there have been no studies addressing the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities.

Objective

Investigate the antimicrobial, Nitric Oxide (NO)-production inhibition, and antiproliferative activities of the essential oil from E. pyriformis leaves and its possible effect on the treatment and prevention of damage caused by tobacco.

Methods

The essential oil (EO) was obtained by hydrodistillation (3 h). Its chemical composition was investigated by GC-MS. It was proposed to investigate antiproliferative activity against human tumor cell lines, namely, breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), lung (NCI-H460), cervical (HeLa), and hepatocellular (HepG2) carcinomas. A non-tumor primary culture from pig liver (PLP2) was also tested. The EO capacity to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production was evaluated by a lipopolysaccharide stimulated murine macrophage cell line. Antibacterial and antifungal activities against opportunistic pathogens were investigated against seven strains of bacteria and eight fungi.

Results

The results indicated the presence of 23 compounds in the essential oil, the majority were spathulenol (45.63%) and β-caryophyllene oxide (12.72%). Leaf EO provided 50% inhibition of nitric oxide production at a concentration of 92.04 µg mL-1. The EO also demonstrated antiproliferative activity against all human tumor cell lines studied, with GI50 values comprised between 270.86 and 337.25 µg mL-1. The essential oil showed antimicrobial potential against the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes (Murray et al.) Pirie (NCTC 7973) and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 13311 (MIC 1870 µg mL-1) and fungi Aspergillus versicolor ATCC 11730, Aspergillus ochraceus ATCC 12066, Penicillium ochrochloron ATCC 90288, Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium (Westling) Samson, Stolk & Hadlok (food isolate) (MIC 1870 µg mL-1) and Trichoderma viride Pers. IAM 5061 (1,400 µg mL-1).

Conclusion

The demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antimicrobial activities in the leaves of E. pyriformis can add value to the production chain of this plant, being a possible option for preventing and combating cancer, including lung cancer.

Exploring the Potential of Myrcia Genus Essential Oils: A Review of Biological Activities and Recent Advances

The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the chemical composition of essential oils from species of the Myrcia genus and their applications. The compiled results highlight the chemical diversity and biological activities of these oils, emphasizing their potential importance for various therapeutic and industrial applications. The findings reveal that Myrcia essential oils present a variety of bioactive compounds, such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which demonstrate antimicrobial activities against a range of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as yeasts. Furthermore, this study highlights the phytotoxic activity of these oils, indicating their potential for weed control. The results also point to the insecticidal potential of Myrcia essential oils against a range of pests, showing their viability as an alternative to synthetic pesticides. Additionally, species of the genus Myrcia have demonstrated promising hypoglycemic effects, suggesting their potential in diabetes treatment. This comprehensive synthesis represents a significant advancement in understanding Myrcia essential oils, highlighting their chemical diversity and wide range of biological activities. However, the need for further research is emphasized to fully explore the therapeutic and industrial potential of these oils, including the identification of new compounds, understanding of their mechanisms of action, and evaluation of safety and efficacy in different contexts.

Emerging berries from the Brazilian Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes: new sources of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits

Brazil has a broad geographic biodiversity spread across its six different biomes. However, it has been suffering from the abusive exploitation of its resources, which poses a threat to the local fauna and flora. The Amazon and Atlantic Forest, for example, are birthplaces to rare and edible native species, such as bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba, Arecaceae) and camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia, Myrtaceae), and cereja-do-Rio Grande (Eugenia involucrata, Myrtaceae) and grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis, Myrtaceae), respectively. These plants produce fruits which are sources of macro and micronutrients, including sugars, dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, and/or lipids. Nutritionally, their consumption have the ability to reach partially or totally the daily recommendations for adults of some nutrients. More recently, these fruits have also been exposed as interesting sources of minor bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, terpenes, and/or polyphenols, the latter which include anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and tannins. Particularly, bacaba stands out for being a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (around 22%, dry weight) and dietary fibers (6.5-21%, dry weight); camu-camu has very high contents of vitamin C (up to 5000 mg per 100 g of pulp, dry basis); and cereja-do-Rio-Grande and grumixama are abundant sources of anthocyanins. Although they are still underexplored, several in vitro and in vivo studies with different parts of the fruits, including the peel, seed, and pulp, indicate their health potential through anti-oxidative, anti-obesity, antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, antimicrobial, and/or anticancer effects. All things considered, the focus of this research was to highlight the bioactive potential and health impact of native fruits from the Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes.

A review of natural products and small-molecule therapeutics acting on central nervous system malignancies: Approaches for drug development, targeting pathways, clinical trials, and challenges

In 2021, the World Health Organization released the fifth edition of the central nervous system (CNS) tumor classification. This classification uses histopathology and molecular pathogenesis to group tumors into more biologically and molecularly defined entities. The prognosis of brain cancer, particularly malignant tumors, has remained poor worldwide, approximately 308,102 new cases of brain and other CNS tumors were diagnosed in the year 2020, with an estimated 251,329 deaths. The cost and time-consuming nature of studies to find new anticancer agents makes it necessary to have well-designed studies. In the present study, the pathways that can be targeted for drug development are discussed in detail. Some of the important cellular origins, signaling, and pathways involved in the efficacy of bioactive molecules against CNS tumorigenesis or progression, as well as prognosis and common approaches for treatment of different types of brain tumors, are reviewed. Moreover, different study tools, including cell lines, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trial challenges, are discussed. In addition, in this article, natural products as one of the most important sources for finding new chemotherapeutics were reviewed and over 700 reported molecules with efficacy against CNS cancer cells are gathered and classified according to their structure. Based on the clinical trials that have been registered, very few of these natural or semi-synthetic derivatives have been studied in humans. The review can help researchers understand the involved mechanisms and design new goal-oriented studies for drug development against CNS malignancies.

Arnicolide D: a multi-targeted anticancer sesquiterpene lactone-preclinical efficacy and mechanistic insights

Arnicolide D, a potent sesquiterpene lactone from Centipeda minima, has emerged as a promising anticancer candidate, demonstrating significant efficacy in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing metastasis across various cancer models. This comprehensive study delves into the molecular underpinnings of Arnicolide D's anticancer actions, emphasizing its impact on key signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and STAT3, and its role in modulating cell cycle and survival mechanisms. Quantitative data from preclinical studies reveal Arnicolide D's dose-dependent cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, triple-negative breast cancer, and human colon carcinoma, showcasing its broad-spectrum anticancer potential. Given its multifaceted mechanisms and preclinical efficacy, Arnicolide D warrants further investigation in clinical settings to validate its therapeutic utility against cancer. The evidence presented underscores the need for rigorous pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies to establish safe dosing parameters for future clinical trials.

Sesquiterpenes and Sesquiterpene Derivatives from Ferula: Their Chemical Structures, Biosynthetic Pathways, and Biological Properties

Ferula is a genus of flowering plants known for its edible and medicinal properties. Since ancient times, many species of Ferula have been used in traditional medicine to treat various health issues across countries, such as digestive disorders, respiratory problems, and even as a remedy for headaches and toothaches. In addition, they are also used as a flavoring agent in various cuisines. As the main active ingredients in Ferula, sesquiterpenes and their derivatives, especially sesquiterpene coumarins, sesquiterpene phenylpropanoids, and sesquiterpene chromones, have attracted the attention of scientists due to the diversity of their chemical structures, as well as their extensive and promising biological properties, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial properties. However, there has not been a comprehensive review of sesquiterpenes and their derivatives from this plant. This review aims to provide an overview of the chemical structures, biosynthetic pathways, and biological properties of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene derivatives from Ferula, which may help guide future research directions and possible application methods for this valuable edible and medicinal plant.

GC-MS profiling and evaluation of acute oral toxicity, anti-tumour, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Croton socotranus Balf.f. aerial parts: in-vitro, in-vivo and in-silico studies

Croton socotranus Balf.f. shrub is widely used traditionally in Asia as an anti-infective. The study was conducted for metabolite profiling, oral acute toxicity and antioxidant studies, antimicrobial activity and anticancer effect against human hepatoma (HepG2), breast cancer (MCF-7) and rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 39 compounds, predominantly comprising fatty acids (57.76%), sesquiterpenes (24.56%) and triterpenes (9.54%). The n-hexane fraction exhibited promising antimicrobial activity and displayed a potent anti-tumour effect against HepG2, MCF-7 and RD cells with IC50 values of 3.4, 6.5 and 7.1 μg/mL, respectively. Histological examination revealed significant morphological changes consistent with the changes observed in the apoptotic mechanism of action. The molecular docking study provided insights into the rational binding modes of the identified compounds with phosphoinositide 3-kinase and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 enzymes. Our findings suggest the potential of C. socotranus as a valuable source of antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

Insights on Juniperus phoenicea Essential Oil as Potential Anti-Proliferative, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Antioxidant Candidate

In this study, the anti-cancer, anti-tyrosinase, and antioxidant activities of essential oils (EOs) of berries and leaves of Juniperus phoenicea grown wild in North of Tunisia were investigated. The EO yields from leaves and berries were 1.69% and 0.45%, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed that α-pinene is the predominant component in both EOs (44.17 and 83.56%, respectively). Leaves essential oil presented high levels of β-phellandrene (18%) and camphene (15%). The EOs displayed cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cell, HT-29 colon cancer, and the normal cells H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. Leaves oil strongly inhibited colon cell line proliferation (IC50 of 38 µg/mL), while berries essential oil was more potent against breast cancerous cells MCF-7 (IC50 of 60 µg/mL). Interestingly, berries essential oil exhibited high ability to inhibit melanin synthesis by inhibiting enzyme mono and diphenolase activities. Overall, the results suggested that the two oils are significant sources of healthy natural chemicals.

Polygonum barbatum extract reduces colorectal cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via YAP and β-catenin pathway regulation

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide with novel therapeutic developmental challenges. Polygonum barbatum has anticancer potential, but its mechanism(s) are unclear. This study investigates the inhibitory effect of P. barbatum on human CRC cells. Polygonum barbatum extract (PBE) and quercetin standard HPLC fingerprints were determined using analytical RP-HPLC and evaluations were completed using the human colon cancer cell line HCT-116 (KRASG13D mutation) and HT-29 (BRAF mutation) cells. Post-PBE treatment, cell viability, colony formation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis, as well as changes in the whole-transcriptome of cells were analyzed. PBE significantly reduced CRC cell growth, migration, and invasion, and the genes responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, cell motility, and cell growth were suppressed by PBE. The differentially expressed genes revealed that PBE treatment exerted a significant effect on the ECM interaction and focal adhesion pathways. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers, N-cadherin, vimentin, SLUG, and SNAIL, were shown to be regulated by PBE. These effects were associated with blockade of the Yes-associated protein and the GSK3β/β-catenin axis. PBE exerts a significant inhibitory effect on CRC cells and may be applicable in clinical trials.

Molecular and Functional Analyses of Characterized Sesquiterpene Synthases in Mushroom-Forming Fungi

Sesquiterpenes are a type of abundant natural product with widespread applications in several industries. They are biosynthesized by sesquiterpene synthases (STSs). As valuable and abundant biological resources, mushroom-forming fungi are rich in new sesquiterpenes and STSs, which remain largely unexploited. In the present study, we collected information on 172 STSs from mushroom-forming fungi with experimentally characterized products from the literature and sorted them to develop a dataset. Furthermore, we analyzed and discussed the phylogenetic tree, catalytic products, and conserved motifs of STSs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the STSs were clustered into four clades. Furthermore, their cyclization reaction mechanism was divided into four corresponding categories. This database was used to predict 12 putative STS genes from the edible fungi Flammulina velutipes. Finally, three FvSTSs were selected to experimentally characterize their functions. FvSTS03 predominantly produced Δ-cadinol and FvSTS08 synthesized β-barbatene as the main product; these findings were consistent with those of the functional prediction analysis. A product titer of 78.8 mg/L β-barbatene was achieved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via metabolic engineering. Our study findings will help screen or design STSs from fungi with specific product profiles as functional elements for applications in synthetic biology.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Lipophilic Fractions from Polyscias fruticosa Leaves Based on Network Pharmacology, In Silico, and In Vitro Approaches

Polyscias fruticosa leaf (PFL) has been used in food and traditional medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, ischemia, and neuralgia. However, the lipophilic components of PFL and their biological properties remain unknown. This study, integrating network pharmacology analysis with in silico and in vitro approaches, aimed to elucidate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of lipophilic extracts from PFL. A total of 71 lipophilic compounds were identified in PFL using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses showed that key active compounds, mainly phytosterols and sesquiterpenes, were responsible for regulating core target genes, such as PTGS2, TLR4, NFE2L2, PRKCD, KEAP1, NFKB1, NR1l2, PTGS1, AR, and CYP3A4, which were mostly enriched in oxidative stress and inflammation-related pathways. Furthermore, lipophilic extracts from PFL offered powerful antioxidant capacities, as evident in our cell-free antioxidant assays. These extracts also provided a protection against oxidative stress by inducing the expression of catalase and heme oxygenase-1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, lipophilic fractions from PFL showed anti-inflammatory potential in downregulating the level of pro-inflammatory factors in LPS-treated macrophages. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of lipophilic extracts from PFL, which can be used as a fundamental basis for developing nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Natural compound So-2 suppresses triple-negative breast cancer through inducing ferroptosis via downregulating transcription factor E2F7

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), accounting for about 15∼18% of all breast cancers, is notorious for its poor prognosis, high rate of relapse and short overall survival. Because of lacking effective therapeutic targets or drugs, treatment of TNBC in clinical encounters great obstacle. Siegesbeckiaorientalis L. have been used as a traditional Chinese medicine "Xi-Xian-Cao" for centuries with multiple medicinal benefits including cancerous treatment. We have reported the isolation of twenty-seven germacranolides including So-2 from the aerial parts of S. orientalis with potent cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells. The studyaims to verified the anti-TNBC function of the natural compound So-2 both in vitro and vivo and uncover the underlying mechanism. The results showed that So-2 caused cell cycle arrest and suppress TNBC cell proliferation and migration. Also, So-2 was first identified to be a bona fide ferroptosis inducer in TNBC cells. So-2 effectively suppressed tumor growth of TNBC by using an orthotopic transplantation tumor model. We also characterized the oncogenic role of the transcription factor E2F7 in TNBC. E2F7 was demonstrated to be involved in the ferroptosis-inducing and tumor suppression effect of So-2. Altogether, So-2 exhibits inhibitory effect on TNBC both in vitro and vivo by inducing TNBC ferroptosis via downregulating the expression of E2F7. These findings provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis of TNBC. The natural compound So-2, isolated from Chinese traditional medicine, might be a prospective drug candidate in TNBC therapy.

Cinnamaldehyde-Rich Cinnamon Extract Induces Cell Death in Colon Cancer Cell Lines HCT 116 and HT-29

Cinnamon is a natural spice with a wide range of pharmacological functions, including anti-microbial, antioxidant, and anti-tumor activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde-rich cinnamon extract (CRCE) on the colorectal cancer cell lines HCT 116 and HT-29. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of a lipophilic extract of cinnamon revealed the dominance of trans-cinnamaldehyde. Cells treated with CRCE (10-60 µg/mL) showed significantly decreased cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We also observed that cell proliferation and migration capacity were inhibited in CRCE-treated cells. In addition, a remarkable increase in the number of sub-G₁-phase cells was observed with arrest at the G₂ phase by CRCE treatment. CRCE also induced mitochondrial stress, and finally, CRCE treatment resulted in activation of apoptotic proteins Caspase-3, -9, and PARP and decreased levels of mu-2-related death-inducing gene protein expression with BH3-interacting domain death agonist (BID) activation.

Biosynthesis and the Transcriptional Regulation of Terpenoids in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis)

Terpenes, especially volatile terpenes, are important components of tea aroma due to their unique scents. They are also widely used in the cosmetic and medical industries. In addition, terpene emission can be induced by herbivory, wounding, light, low temperature, and other stress conditions, leading to plant defense responses and plant-plant interactions. The transcriptional levels of important core genes (including HMGR, DXS, and TPS) involved in terpenoid biosynthesis are up- or downregulated by the MYB, MYC, NAC, ERF, WRKY, and bHLH transcription factors. These regulators can bind to corresponding cis-elements in the promoter regions of the corresponding genes, and some of them interact with other transcription factors to form a complex. Recently, several key terpene synthesis genes and important transcription factors involved in terpene biosynthesis have been isolated and functionally identified from tea plants. In this work, we focus on the research progress on the transcriptional regulation of terpenes in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) and thoroughly detail the biosynthesis of terpene compounds, the terpene biosynthesis-related genes, the transcription factors involved in terpene biosynthesis, and their importance. Furthermore, we review the potential strategies used in studying the specific transcriptional regulation functions of candidate transcription factors that have been discriminated to date.

Docetaxel Loaded in Copaiba Oil-Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as a Promising DDS for Breast Cancer Treatment

Breast cancer is the neoplasia of highest incidence in women worldwide. Docetaxel (DTX), a taxoid used to treat breast cancer, is a BCS-class-IV compound (low oral bioavailability, solubility and intestinal permeability). Nanotechnological strategies can improve chemotherapy effectiveness by promoting sustained release and reducing systemic toxicity. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) encapsulate hydrophobic drugs in their blend-of-lipids matrix, and imperfections prevent drug expulsion during storage. This work describes the preparation, by design of experiments (2³ factorial design) of a novel NLC formulation containing copaiba oil (CO) as a functional excipient. The optimized formulation (NLC_DTX) showed approximately 100% DTX encapsulation efficiency and was characterized by different techniques (DLS, NTA, TEM/FE-SEM, DSC and XRD) and was stable for 12 months of storage, at 25 °C. Incorporation into the NLC prolonged drug release for 54 h, compared to commercial DTX (10 h). In vitro cytotoxicity tests revealed the antiproliferative effect of CO and NLC_DTX, by reducing the cell viability of breast cancer (4T1/MCF-7) and healthy (NIH-3T3) cells more than commercial DTX. NLC_DTX thus emerges as a promising drug delivery system of remarkable anticancer effect, (strengthened by CO) and sustained release that, in clinics, may decrease systemic toxicity at lower DTX doses.

Anti-Tumor Secondary Metabolites Originating from Fungi in the South China Sea's Mangrove Ecosystem

A mangrove is a unique ecosystem with abundant resources, in which fungi are an indispensable microbial part. Numerous mangrove fungi-derived secondary metabolites are considerable sources of novel bioactive substances, such as polyketides, terpenoids, alkaloids, peptides, etc., which arouse people's interest in the search for potential natural anti-tumor drugs. This review includes a total of 44 research publications that described 110 secondary metabolites that were all shown to be anti-tumor from 39 mangrove fungal strains belonging to 18 genera that were acquired from the South China Sea between 2016 and 2022. To identify more potential medications for clinical tumor therapy, their sources, unique structures, and cytotoxicity qualities were compiled. This review could serve as a crucial resource for the research status of mangrove fungal-derived natural products deserving of further development.

Mechanistic elucidations of sesquiterpenes ameliorating viral infections: A review

Sesquiterpenes are important in human health because they can treat viral infection, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Sesquiterpenes have also been shown to increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to conventional pharmacological therapies, in addition to their antiviral effects. The present review article was drafted with an intention to gather information regarding sesquiterpenes and its medicinal importance. The role of sesquiterpenes in the endogenous production of sesquiterpenes by plants and fungi, as well as the mechanisms by which they are effective against viral infection, are discussed in this review. Different online libraries such as PUBMED, Sciencedirect, MEDLINE were assessed to gather information, additionally, books, magzagines, journals, and scientific newspapaers were also studied to make this article more informative. This review examines novel synthesis mechanisms, their cyclization, purification techniques, and the diverse ecological roles sesquiterpenes play in the plant producer, which varies according to the plant and the chemical under consideration. In this article, we have discussed the consequences of sesquiterpenes and their properties for future crop productivity. We have addressed the many forms of sesquiterpenes that have been shown to have antiviral activity in various diseases. The consequences of sesquiterpenes and their properties are very useful for future crop productivity. We have addressed the many forms of sesquiterpenes that have been shown to have antiviral activity in the treatment of various diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Novel synthesis mechanisms, their cyclization, purification techniques, and the diverse ecological roles of sesquiterpenes will be very helfpul in drug development process. Sesquiterpene lactones are shown in this review to have qualities that warrant further scientific investigation in order to stimulate preclinical and clinical trials leading to the creation of novel medications. For antiviral drug development, the sesquiterpenes are a good prospective lead molecule because they can suppress viral replication by disrupting vRNA production and viral protein production.

Sesquiterpenoids from Seriphidium transiliense and Their Melanogenic Activity

A sesquiterpenoid with an unprecedented 5/5/4 tricyclic skeleton (1), a nor-sesquiterpenoid with a rare 6/7 bicyclic skeleton (2), 10 new sesquiterpenoids (3-12), and six known analogues (13-18) were isolated from the whole plants of Seriphidium transiliense. The structures of compounds 1-12 were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis. Compound 7 showed melanogenic promotion activity in murine melanoma (B16) cells more potent than the positive control used, 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). Further mechanistic studies indicated that compound 7 promotes melanogenesis through activating the transcription of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase family genes in B16 cells. Moreover, compound 7 also inhibited the expression of IFN-γ-chemokine through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. These results suggest that the sesquiterpenoid 7 shows potential activity for treating vitiligo.

Promising anticancer activities and mechanisms of action of active compounds from the medicinal herb Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch

BACKGROUND

Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch (C. minima) has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine to treat multiple diseases, including sinusitis, rhinitis, headache, and allergy. To date, the anticancer properties of C. minima have drawn considerable attention owing to the anticancer potential of C. minima extracts, the identification of active components, and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. However, the anticancer properties and significance of active components in C. minima have rarely been summarized.

PURPOSE

This review presents a comprehensive summary of the anticancer properties exhibited by active components of C. minima.

METHODS

An extensive search for published articles on the anticancer activities and active components of C. minima was performed using Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar.

RESULTS

C. minima extracts exhibited both anticancer and chemosensitizing effects. Phytochemical studies have identified the active anticancer components of C. minima extracts. Sesquiterpene lactones, such as 6-O-angeloylplenolin (6-OAP, or brevilin A) and arnicolide D, have similar structures and anticancer mechanisms. As the most abundant sesquiterpene lactone in C. minima, 6-OAP exhibits anticancer activities mainly by targeting Skp1-Cullin1-F-box protein (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). Clinical trials have assessed the potential of 6-OAP in patients with vertex balding and alopecia areata, given its effect on JAK-STATs signaling. Chlorogenic acid, a representative organic acid in C. minima, reportedly possesses anticancer potential and inhibits tumor growth by affecting tumor microenvironment and has been approved for phase II clinical trials in patients with glioma in China.

CONCLUSION

In the present review, we highlight intriguing anticancer properties mediated by active compounds isolated from C. minima extracts, particularly sesquiterpene lactones, which might provide clues for developing novel anticancer drugs. Relevant clinical trials on chlorogenic acid and 6-OAP can promote anticancer clinical applications. Therefore, it is worth comprehensively elucidating underlying anticancer mechanisms and conducting clinical trials on C. minima and its active components.

The Use of Kappa Free Light Chains to Diagnose Multiple Sclerosis

Background: The positive implications of using free light chains in diagnosing multiple sclerosis have increasingly gained considerable interest in medical research and the scientific community. It is often presumed that free light chains, particularly kappa and lambda free light chains, are of practical use and are associated with a higher probability of obtaining positive results compared to oligoclonal bands. The primary purpose of the current paper was to conduct a systematic review to assess the up-to-date methods for diagnosing multiple sclerosis using kappa and lambda free light chains. Method: An organized literature search was performed across four electronic sources, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, and MEDLINE. The sources analyzed in this systematic review and meta-analysis comprise randomized clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, retrospective studies, controlled clinical trials, and systematic reviews. Results: The review contains 116 reports that includes 1204 participants. The final selection includes a vast array of preexisting literature concerning the study topic: 35 randomized clinical trials, 21 prospective cohort studies, 19 retrospective studies, 22 controlled clinical trials, and 13 systematic reviews. Discussion: The incorporated literature sources provided integral insights into the benefits of free light chain diagnostics for multiple sclerosis. It was also evident that the use of free light chains in the diagnosis of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and multiple sclerosis is relatively fast and inexpensive in comparison to other conventional state-of-the-art diagnostic methods, e.g., using oligoclonal bands (OCBs).

A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the genus Didymocarpus wall. (Gesneriaceae)

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Medicinal plants have been extensively used to treat various illnesses since the dawn of civilization. The genus Didymorcapus Wall. comprises 100 species widely distributed in the tropical regions of Asia, with a few found scattered in Africa and Australia. Species in this genus have long been used in folk medicine to treat various illnesses, including wounds, kidney stones, inflammations, asthma, flu, eczema, dysentery, fractures, colic etc. Some species have applications as weight loss agents, laxatives, and protective medication after childbirth.

AIM

To provide comprehensive information on the current knowledge of the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical compounds, pharmacological applications, and toxicology of genus Didymocarpus to reveal its therapeutic potential, offering insights into future research opportunities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data were systematically obtained from books and online databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Sci Finder, Google Scholar, Science direct, ACS Publications, Elsevier, Wiley Online Library.

RESULTS

Seventeen Didymocarpus species have applications in traditional medicine in different Asian countries. A total of 166 compounds have been isolated from the genus Didymocarpus including terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, chalcones, steroids, and others. Among these constituents, terpenoids, flavonoids, chalcones, and phenolics are the significant contributors to pharmacological activities of the genus Didymocarpus, possessing wide-reaching biological activities both in vivo and in vitro. The crude extracts and isolated phytochemical compounds from this genus have been shown to exhibit various pharmacological activities, including antiurolithiatic, nephro-protective, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, wound healing, and antioxidant activities.

CONCLUSIONS

Traditional uses and scientific evaluation of Didymocarpus indicate that Didymocarpus pedicellata is one of the most widely used species in some parts of the world. Although substantial progress on the chemical and pharmacological properties of Didymocarpus species has been made, further studies on the pharmacology and toxicology of these species are needed to ensure safety, efficacy, and quality. Also, further research on the structure-activity relationship of some of the isolated phytocompounds may improve their biological potency and scientific exploitation of traditional uses of the Didymocarpus taxa.

Marine biome-derived secondary metabolites, a class of promising antineoplastic agents: A systematic review on their classification, mechanism of action and future perspectives

Cancer is one of the most deadly diseases on the planet. Over the past decades, numerous antineoplastic compounds have been discovered from natural resources such as medicinal plants and marine species as part of multiple drug discovery initiatives. Notably, several marine flora (e.g. Ascophyllum nodosum, Sargassum thunbergii) have been identified as a rich source for novel cytotoxic compounds of different chemical forms. Despite the availability of enormous chemically enhanced new resources, the anticancer potential of marine flora and fauna has received little attention. Interestingly, numerous marine-derived secondary metabolites (e.g., Cytarabine, Trabectedin) have exhibited anticancer effects in preclinical cancer models. Most of the anticancer drugs obtained from marine sources stimulated apoptotic signal transduction pathways in cancer cells, such as the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. This review highlights the sources of different cytotoxic secondary metabolites obtained from marine bacteria, algae, fungi, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the utilisation of numerous marine-derived cytotoxic compounds as anticancer drugs, as well as their modes of action (e.g., molecular target). Finally, it also discusses the future prospects of marine-derived drug developments and their constraints.

Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Properties of the Bulgarian Endemic Plant Betonica bulgarica Degen et Neič. (Lamiaceae)

Background: Extracts obtained from different Betonica species have been shown to possess important biological properties. The present study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity, antitumor and immunomodulatory potential of the endemic plant Betonica bulgarica (Lamiaceae) and thus, reveal new aspects of its biological activity. Methods: Methanolic extract obtained from inflorescences was analyzed for cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines. The antitumor potential of the sample was determined using human cervical and lung adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa and A549). Programmed cell death-inducing effects against HeLa cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes, as well as immunomodulatory properties of the extract were determined by flow cytometry analysis. Results: The research results demonstrated that the extract has significant inhibitory potential against HeLa cells (mean IC50 value 119.2 μg/mL). The sample selectively induced apoptotic death in tumor cells. Cytotoxic effects towards mouse cell lines were detected following treatment with high concentrations of Betonica bulgarica extract (200 and 250 μg/mL). Twenty-four-hour ex vivo incubation of peripheral blood leucocytes in growth medium containing plant extract induced prominent effects in distinct immune cell populations. They included elevated levels of CD25+ and CD56+ T cells’ lymphocytes, particularly CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD56+ cells. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that Betonica bulgarica inflorescence extract possesses potential beneficial antitumor and immunomodulatory activity and could serve as a source of bioactive compounds with biomedical application.

New Potential Agents for Malignant Melanoma Treatment-Most Recent Studies 2020-2022

Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most lethal skin cancer. Despite a 4% reduction in mortality over the past few years, an increasing number of new diagnosed cases appear each year. Long-term therapy and the development of resistance to the drugs used drive the search for more and more new agents with anti-melanoma activity. This review focuses on the most recent synthesized anti-melanoma agents from 2020-2022. For selected agents, apart from the analysis of biological activity, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) is also discussed. To the best of our knowledge, the following literature review delivers the latest achievements in the field of new anti-melanoma agents.

Exploring the role of senescence inducers and senotherapeutics as targets for anticancer natural products

During the last few decades, cancer has remained one of the deadliest diseases that endanger human health, emphasizing urgent drug discovery. Cellular senescence has gained a great deal of attention in recent years because of its link to the development of cancer therapy. Senescent cells are incapable of proliferating due to irreversibly inhibited the initiation of the cell cycle pathways. However, senescent cells aggregate in tissues and produce a pro-inflammatory secretome called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that can cause serious harmful effects if not managed properly. There is mounting evidence that senescent cells lead to various phases of tumorigenesis in various anatomical sites, owing mostly to the paracrine activities of the SASP. Therefore, a new treatment field called senotherapeutics has been established. Senotherapeutics are newly developed anticancer agents that have been demonstrated to inhibit cancer effectively. In light of recent findings, several promising natural products have been identified as senescence inducers and senotherapeutics, including, miliusanes, epigallocatechin gallate, phloretin, silybin, resveratrol, genistein, sulforaphane, quercetin, allicin, fisetin, piperlongumine, berberine, triptolide, tocotrienols and curcumin analogs. Several of them have already been validated through preclinical trials and exert an enormous potential for clinical trials. This review article focuses on and summarises the latest advances on cellular senescence and its potential as a target for cancer treatment and highlights the well-known natural products as senotherapeutics for cancer treatment.

Guaianolides and unusual 3-oxa-guaianolides from Artemisia macrocephala

Eight undescribed guaianolides (macrocephalolides A-H) and two known analogues (parishin C, artabsinolide E) were isolated from the whole plant of Artemisia macrocephala growing in Xinjiang, China. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, with absolute configurations established by comparison of experimental and calculated ECD data, as well as confirmation of single-crystal X-ray diffraction crystallography. Macrocephalolides A-B featured an unusual type of 3-oxa-guaianolide with a cyclopentenone moiety. Macrocephalolides C-E possessed a dihydro-2H-pyran acetal segment, representing an unprecedented 2, 3-secoguaianolide skeleton with 6/7/5 tricyclic ring system in natural sesquiterpenes. The X-ray crystal structures of parishin C and artabsinolide E were reported for the first time.

Tumor-associated macrophages: Potential target of natural compounds for management of breast cancer

A large body of experimental research reveals that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major immunosuppressor cells in the breast tumor microenvironment (TME). The infiltration of macrophages is correlated with inverse outcomes like disease-free survival and overall survival of cancer patients. They are responsible for heterogeneity, metastasis, and drug resistance. Further, their density in tumor beds is correlated with stage and therapy response. The current review is aimed at summarizing mechanisms and signaling pathways that modulate immune-suppressive phenotype and expansion of TAMs. The review presents an overview of the interdependence of tumor cells and TAMs in TME to promote metastasis, drug resistance and immune suppressive phenotype. This review also presents the potential natural compounds that modulate the immune-suppressive functions of TAMs and their signaling pathways. Finally, this review provides nanotechnology approaches for the targeted delivery of natural products. This review shed light on BC management including clinical studies on the prognostic relevance of TAMs and natural compounds that sensitizes BC.

Anticancer and antioxidant profiling effects of Nerolidol against DMBA induced oral experimental carcinogenesis

The objective of this study is to examine the chemopreventive effects of Nerolidol (NER) on hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis (HBC) induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in male golden Syrian hamsters. In this study, oral squamous cell carcinoma was developed in the buccal pouch of an oral painted hamster with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin three times weekly for 12 weeks. To assess DMBA-induced hamster buccal tissue carcinogenesis, biochemical endpoints such as Phase I and II detoxification enzymes, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation (LPO) by-products, and renal function markers, as well as histopathological examinations, were used. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical studies of interleukin-6 were investigated to find the inflammatory link in the HBC carcinogenesis. In our results, DMBA alone exposed hamsters showed 100% tumor growth, altered levels of antioxidants, detoxification agents, LPO, and renal function identifiers as compared to the control hamsters. The outcome in  present biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry studies has been found a reverse in NER-treated hamsters against the tumor. This study concluded that NER modulated the biochemical profiles (antioxidants, detoxification, LPO, and renal function markers) and inhibited tumor development in DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis.

Spatial variation of volatile organic compounds and antioxidant activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) essential oils harvested from four provinces of China

The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial variation of volatile organic compounds and antioxidant activity of turmeric essential oils (TEOs) harvested from four provinces of China. The major chemical components of these TEOs were analyzed using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. More than forty volatile organic compounds in TEOs were identified, which accounted for 82.09–93.64% of the oil components. The relative abundances of the main volatile organic compounds in TEOs at the genus level were visualized by a heat map. The antioxidant activity of the TEOs of five different origins was characterized by the DPPH free radical scavenging activity, in which the antioxidant activity of the TEOs from Guangxi was superior to those of other sources. Furthermore, the IC₅₀ values of the antioxidants TEOs collected from Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Changting, and Liancheng were 33.30, 42.5, 35.22, 63.27, and 39.96 mg/mL, respectively, which indicated the excellent free radical scavenging activity of those TEOs. Therefore, the TEOs might be considered as a natural antioxidant with potential applications in food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Turmeric essential oils stemmed from four provinces of China were investigated.

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Multivariate analysis of volatile organic compounds in TEOs was performed.

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The major components of volatile organic compounds exhibited a spatial variation.

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Antioxidant activity of turmeric essential oils demonstrated a spatial variation.

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TEOs of Guangxi had a superior antioxidant activity to those of other origins.

Isolation, Structure Determination of Sesquiterpenes from Neurolaena lobata and Their Antiproliferative, Cell Cycle Arrest-Inducing and Anti-Invasive Properties against Human Cervical Tumor Cells

Seven new germacranolides (1–3, 5–8), among them a heterodimer (7), and known germacranolide (4), eudesmane (9) and isodaucane (10) sesquiterpenes were isolated from the aerial parts of Neurolaena lobata. Their structures were determined by using a combination of different spectroscopic methods, including HR-ESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR techniques supported by DFT-NMR calculations. The enantiomeric purity of the new compounds was investigated by chiral HPLC analysis, while their absolute configurations were determined by TDDFT-ECD and OR calculations. Due to the conformationally flexible macrocycles and difficulties in assigning the relative configuration, ¹³C and ¹H NMR chemical shift and ECD and OR calculations were performed on several stereoisomers of two derivatives. The isolated compounds (1–10) were shown to have noteworthy antiproliferative activities against three human cervical tumor cell line with different HPV status (HeLa, SiHa and C33A). Additionally, lobatolide C (6) exhibited substantial antiproliferative properties, antimigratory effect, and it induced cell cycle disturbance in SiHa cells.

Onopordopicrin from the new genus Shangwua as a novel thioredoxin reductase inhibitor to induce oxidative stress-mediated tumor cell apoptosis

Isolation and identification of natural products from plants is an essential approach for discovering drug candidates. Herein we report the characterization of three sesquiterpene lactones from a new genus Shangwua, e.g. onopordopicrin (ONP), C2, and C3, and evaluation of their pharmacological functions in interfering cellular redox signaling. Compared to C2 and C3, ONP shows the most potency in killing cancer cells. Further experiments demonstrate that ONP robustly inhibits thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), which leads to perturbation of cellular redox homeostasis with the favor of oxidative stress. Knockdown of the TrxR sensitizes cells to the ONP treatment while overexpression of the enzyme reduces the potency of ONP, underpinning the correlation of TrxR inhibition to the cytotoxicity of ONP. The discovery of ONP expands the library of the natural TrxR inhibitors, and the disclosure of the action mechanism of ONP provides a foundation for the further development of ONP as an anticancer agent.

Modulation of Long Non-Coding RNAs by Different Classes of Secondary Metabolites from Plants: A Mini-Review on Antitumor Effects

The broad pharmacological spectrum of plants is related to their secondary metabolism, which is responsible for the synthesis of different compounds that have multiple effects on cellular physiology. Among the biological effects presented by phytochemicals, their use for the prevention and treatment of cancer can be highlighted. This occurs due to several mechanisms of antitumor action demonstrated by these compounds, including regulation of the cell signaling pathways and inhibition of tumor growth. In this way, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) appear to be promising targets for the treatment of cancer. Their deregulation has already been related to a variety of clinical-pathological parameters. However, the effects of secondary metabolites on lncRNAs are still restricted. For this reason, the present review aimed to gather data on phytochemicals with action on lncRNAs in order to confirm their possible antitumor potential. According to the literature, terpenoid and flavonoid are the main examples of secondary metabolites involved with lncRNAs activity. In addition, the lncRNAs H19, CASC2, HOTAIR, NKILA, CCAT1, MALAT1, AFAP1-AS1, MEG3, and CDKN2B-AS1 can be highlighted as important targets in the search for new anti-tumor agents since they act as modulating pathways related to cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, cell migration and invasion. Finally, challenges for the use of natural products as a commercial drug were also discussed. The low yield, selectivity index and undesirable pharmacokinetic parameters were emphasized as a difficulty for obtaining these compounds on a large scale and for improving the potency of its biological effect. However, the synthesis and/or development of formulations were suggested as a possible approach to solve these problems. All of these data together confirm the potential of secondary metabolites as a source of new anti-tumor agents acting on lncRNAs.

Liquid-Liquid Chromatography Separation of Guaiane-Type Sesquiterpene Lactones from Ferula penninervis Regel & Schmalh. and Evaluation of Their In Vitro Cytotoxic and Melanin Inhibitory Potential

Ferula penninervis Regel & Schmalh. is a perennial plant used in Kazakh traditional folk medicine to treat epilepsy, neurosis, rheumatism, gastroduodenal ulcers, dyspepsia, wounds, abscesses or tumors. The aim of this work was to isolate series of sesquiterpene lactones from a crude methanolic root extract and investigate their in vitro cytotoxic potential against androgen-dependent prostate cancer LNCaP and epithelial prostate PNT2 cells, as well as to evaluate their melanin production inhibitory effects in murine melanoma B16F10 cells stimulated with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH). Two new (penninervin P and penninervin Q) and five known (olgin, laferin, olgoferin, oferin and daucoguainolactone F) guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactones were isolated with the use of a simple and fast liquid-liquid chromatography method. Olgin and laferin showed the most promising cytotoxic effects in LNCaP cells (IC₅₀ of 31.03 and 23.26 μg/mL, respectively). Additionally, olgin, laferin, olgoferin, and oferin (10 μg/mL) potently impaired melanin release (40.67–65.48% of αMSH + cells) without influencing the viability of B16F10 cells. In summary, our findings might indicate that guaiane-type sesquiterpene lactones from F. penninervis could be regarded as promising candidates for further research in discovering new therapeutic agents with anti-prostate cancer and skin depigmentation properties.

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Terpenes and Terpenoids in the Leaves of Pinus Species-A Potentially Abundant Renewable Resource

Pinaceae plants are widely distributed in the world, and the resources of pine leaves are abundant. In the extensive literature concerning Pinus species, there is much data on the composition and the content of essential oil of leaves. Still, a detailed comparative analysis of volatile terpenes and terpenoids between different species is missing. In this paper, headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the volatile terpenes and terpenoids of typical Pinus species in China. A total of 46 volatile terpenes and terpenoids were identified, and 12 common compounds were found, which exhibited a great diversity in the leaves of Pinus species. According to the structures and properties of the compounds, all those compounds can be classified into four categories, namely monoterpenes, oxygenated terpenes, terpene esters, and sesquiterpenes. The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that the leaves of the six Pinus species could be divided into two groups. The species and contents of volatile terpenes and terpenoids in the leaves were quite different. The results not only provide a reference for the utilization of pine leaves resource, but also bring a broader vision on the biodiversity.

Engineering Plant Sesquiterpene Synthesis into Yeasts: A Review

Sesquiterpenes are natural compounds composed of three isoprene units. They represent the largest class of terpene compounds found in plants, and many have remarkable biological activities. Furthermore, sesquiterpenes have broad applications in the flavor, pharmaceutical and biofuel industries due to their complex structures. With the development of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, the production of different sesquiterpenes has been realized in various chassis microbes. The microbial production of sesquiterpenes provides a promising alternative to plant extraction and chemical synthesis, enabling us to meet the increasing market demand. In this review, we summarized the heterologous production of different plant sesquiterpenes using the eukaryotic yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, followed by a discussion of common metabolic engineering strategies used in this field.

Clove Buds Essential Oil: The Impact of Grinding on the Chemical Composition and Its Biological Activities Involved in Consumer's Health Security

This study is aimed at identifying the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from the Syzygium aromaticum seeds, as well as investigating its biological activities, insecticide effect, and allelopathic properties. The extraction yield was about 14.3 and 7.14% for grounded and ungrounded seeds, respectively. The GC-MS analysis allowed the identification of 17 heterogeneous compounds, including eugenol (68.7-87.4%), as major compound, cyperene (20.5-7.2%), phenethyl isovalerate (6.4-3.6%), and cis-thujopsene (1.9-0.8%), respectively, for grounded and ungrounded seeds. Concerning the antibacterial activity, the diameter of the inhibition zone reached 35 mm when the essential oil extracted from grounded seeds was applied against Escherichia coli. Regarding the antioxidant activity via the DPPH radical scavenging test, the IC₅₀ varied from 1.2 ± 0.1 to 2.8 ± 0.5 μg/mL. With respect to reducing power, the efficient concentration EC₅₀ ranged from 32 to 50 μg/mL. The essential oil exhibited also an allelopathic effect against seeds of Hyoscyamus niger, as well as an insecticide effect against Sitophilus oryzae with a DL₅₀ value of 252.4 μL/L air. These findings enhance the use of this spice as a natural food preservative and encourage its use in several fields, including pharmaceutical, cosmetics, agriculture, and therapy, that could be a strategic way to guarantee the consumer's health.

Essential Oil Volatile Fingerprint Differentiates Croatian cv. Oblica from Other Olea europaea L. Cultivars

Olive leaves are a highly available by-product from table olive and olive oil production. They are nowadays strongly valuable for their major bioactive compounds and their beneficial effects. To determine the differences between two Croatian domestic (Lastovka, Oblica) and two introduced (Leccino, Frantoio) cultivars, physical and chemical analysis of olive leaves were performed: surface area, color variability, total phenolic amounts, and essential oil volatile profiles were analyzed at three harvest periods. All cultivars greatly differed in surface area, with cv. Lastovka being the smallest. Color variability resulted in an overall decrease in darkness and amounts of green and yellow that could be attributed to a decrease in photosynthetic demand and chlorophyll content. The highest amount of total phenolic content occurred in the summer months, followed by a reduction until October. Essential oils volatiles were determined by GC-MS and showed great diversity not only amongst cultivars but also between harvest periods, with overall 45 compounds identified. Principal component analysis distinguished domestic cultivar Oblica from the other observed cultivars, mainly due to its essential oil volatile fingerprint. Compounds that differentiated cv. Oblica were aldehydes ((E,Z)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, decanal), ketones ((E)-β-damascone, dihydrodehydro-β-ionone), sesquiterpenes (cyclosativene, α-copaene, α-muurolene) and saturated hydrocarbons (tetradecane, hexadecane). Essential oil volatile fingerprint attributed the highest to the biodiversity of domestic cv. Oblica through all three harvest periods.

Bioactive sesquiterpenes from Inula helenium

Twenty-one eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes, including five new compounds, were isolated from the roots of Inula helenium. The structures of the new compounds (1-5) were determined by extensive spectroscopic data interpretation, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and ECD calculations. Six compounds can synergistically enhance cisplatin effect against ovarian cancer cells, the structure - activity relationship for the synergistic effect of these compounds with cisplatin was revealed for the first time, which provides useful clues to develop novel sensitizers to overcome drug resistance in cancer. In addition, fifteen sesquiterpenes exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, which provided promising candidates for development of anti-inflammatory agent.

Antiproliferative Isoprenoid Derivatives from the Red Sea Alcyonacean Xenia umbellata

From the soft coral Xenia umbellata, seven isoprenoid derivatives were isolated, including a new xenicane diterpene, xeniolide O (5) and a new gorgostane derivative gorgst-3β,5α,6β,11α,20(S)-pentol-3-monoacetate (7), along with three known sesquiterpenes (1-3), a known diterpene (4), and a known steroid (6). The extensive analyses of the NMR, IR, and MS spectral data led to determination of their chemical structures. Compounds 1-7 displayed a cytotoxic effect against breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), with IC50 values ranging between 1.5 ± 0.1-23.2 ± 1.5; 1.8 ± 0.1-30.6 ± 1.1 and 0.9 ± 0.05-12.8 ± 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 3 showed potent cytotoxic effects against MCF-7, HepG2, and HeLa with IC50 values = 2.4 ± 0.20, 3.1 ± 0.10 and 0.9 ± 0.05 μg/mL, respectively. Compounds 2, 5, and 7 displayed cytotoxic effect against Hela cells with IC50 values = 12.8 ± 0.50, 6.7 ± 1.00 and 11.5 ± 2.20 μg/mL, respectively. Two DNA binding dyes, acridine orange (AO) and ethidium bromide (EtBr) were used for the detection of viable, apoptotic, and necrotic cells. The early apoptotic cell death was observed in all types of treated cells. The late apoptotic cells were highly present in HepG2 cells. Compounds 5 and 7 induced a high percentage of necrosis towards HepG2 and HeLa cells. The late apoptosis was recorded as a high rate after treatment with 7 on all cancer cells.