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de Oliveira JR, de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD, Carneiro JNP, Dos Santos AG, de Lima AM, Soares AM, Morais-Braga MFB, Coutinho HDM, Nicolete R. Crotamine derived from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom combined with drugs increases in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:368. [PMID: 39107625 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated crotamine (CTA), a peptide derived from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, known for its exceptional cell penetration potential. The objective was to explore the antibacterial and antifungal activity of CTA, its ability to inhibit efflux pumps and evaluate the effectiveness of its pharmacological combination with antibiotics and antifungals. In microbiological assays, CTA in combination with antibiotics was tested against strains of S. aureus and the inhibition of NorA, Tet(K) and MepA efflux pumps was also evaluated. CTA alone did not present clinically relevant direct antibacterial action, presenting MIC > 209.7 µM against strains S. aureus 1199B, IS-58, K2068. The standard efflux pump inhibitor CCCP showed significant effects in all negative relationships to assay reproducibility. Against the S. aureus 1199B strain, CTA (20.5 µM) associated with norfloxacin diluted 10 × (320.67 µM) showed a potentiating effect, in relation to the control. Against the S. aureus IS-58 strain, the CTA associated with tetracycline did not show a significant combinatorial effect, either with 2304 or 230.4 µM tetracycline. CTA at a concentration of 2.05 µM associated with ciprofloxacin at a concentration of 309.4 µM showed a significant potentiating effect. In association with EtBr, CTA at concentrations of 2.05 and 20.5 µM potentiated the effect in all strains tested, reducing the prevention of NorA, Tet(K) and MepA efflux pumps. In the C. albicans strain, a potentiating effect of fluconazole (334.3 µM) was observed when combined with CTA (2.05 µM). Against the C. tropicalis strain, a significant effect was also observed in the association of fluconazole 334.3 µM, where CTA 2.05 µM considerably reduced fungal growth and decreased the potentiation of fluconazole. Against the C. krusei strain, no significant potentiating effect of fluconazole was obtained by CTA. Our results indicate that CTA in pharmacological combination potentiates the effects of antibiotics and antifungal. This represents a new and promising antimicrobial strategy for treating a wide variety of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ramos de Oliveira
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Anderson Maciel de Lima
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Educação Aplicadas à Saúde Única (LABIOPROT), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Educação Aplicadas à Saúde Única (LABIOPROT), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Centro Universitário São Lucas (São Lucas PVH), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT EPiAmO), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Rede de Pesquisa e CONhecimento de EXcelência na Amazônia Ocidental/Oriental (RED-Conexao), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roberto Nicolete
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (Renorbio), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio, CE, Brazil.
- Rede de Pesquisa e CONhecimento de EXcelência na Amazônia Ocidental/Oriental (RED-Conexao), Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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Boukhira S, Amrati FEZ, Chebaibi M, Grafov A, Mothana RA, Al-Yousef HM, Bousta D. The chemical composition and the preservative, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects of Thymus broussonetii Boiss. essential oil: an in vitro and in silico approach. Front Chem 2024; 12:1402310. [PMID: 39027726 PMCID: PMC11254817 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1402310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and preservative efficacy of Thymus broussonetii Boiss. essential oil (EO) in a topically applied formulation using a challenge test. Methods The essential oil was extracted from the aerial part of T. broussonetii using hydrodistillation, and the obtained EO was further analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant effect of the EO was evaluated using three methods: the inhibition of free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene-linoleic acid, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The antimicrobial activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of this EO were assayed by the disk-diffusion method and the broth microdilution method, respectively. The preservative efficacy of T. broussonetii EO was assayed at 1% and 2% (v/w) in a topical cream formulation using a challenge test against standard-specific microorganisms recommended by the European Pharmacopoeia. Furthermore, the identified phytochemical compounds were docked for their effect on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, human casein kinase 1 alpha 1 (CSNK1A1), glycogen synthase kinase 3, Staphylococcus aureus nucleoside diphosphate kinase, Escherichia coli beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] synthase, Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasR ligand-binding domain, and sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51) from Candida albicans. The ADME/toxicity was predicted by analyzing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion parameters. Results and discussion chemical composition of the EO revealed the presence of thymol (63.09%), p-cymene (11%), and γ-terpinene (8.99%) as the major components. The antioxidant assays revealed that the essential oil exhibited strong antioxidant activity, as indicated by the minimum inhibitory concentration IC50 (IC50 = 210 ± 0.3 μg/mL for the DPPH assay, IC50 = 145 ± 0.1 μg/mL for the β-carotene assay, and IC50 = 84 ± 0.21 μg/mL for the FRAP assay) when compared to quercetin and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as controls. The investigated essential oil exhibited important antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms, and the MICs of the EO against bacteria and fungi were 0.02%-1%. Moreover, the EO of T. broussonetii evaluated at 2% (v/w) in a cream formulation succeeded in satisfying the A criteria for preservation efficacy against S. aureus, E. coli, and Aspergillus brasiliensis but exhibited less efficacy against P. aeruginosa (1.78 log reduction in the number of CFU/g after 7 days of evaluation) and C. albicans (1.09 log reduction in the number of CFU/g after 14 days of evaluation) when compared to the synthetic preservative phenoxyethanol 1% (v/w). In silico results showed that the antimicrobial activity of T. broussonetii EO is mostly attributed to thymol, terpinen-4-ol, and aromadendrene, while the antioxidant activity is attributed to thymol. These results indicate that the EO of T. broussonetii possesses important antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and can, therefore, be used as a natural preservative ingredient in the cosmetic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smahane Boukhira
- Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Guelmim, Morocco
- National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Taounate, Morocco
| | - Fatima Ez-Zahra Amrati
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics (LBCGM), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Souss-Massa, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Chebaibi
- Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Fez, Morocco
| | - Andriy Grafov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ramzi A. Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan M. Al-Yousef
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalila Bousta
- National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Taounate, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Health, Agrofood and Environment (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
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Amakran A, Hamoudane M, Pagniez F, Lamarti A, Picot C, Figueredo G, Nhiri M, Le Pape P. Chemical Composition, Antifungal, Antioxidant, and Hemolytic Activities of Moroccan Thymus capitatus Essential Oil. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202300563. [PMID: 38880770 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to define the chemical composition of Moroccan Thymus capitatus essential oil, and to investigate its in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities against human pathogenic fungi. Chemical analysis using GC-FID and GC-MS system revealed 28 constituents, representing 99 % of total compounds. Oxygenated monoterpenes represented the highest proportion (79.79 %), among which carvacrol (75.73 %) was the predominant compound, followed by linalol (2.26 %). Monoterpene hydrocarbons represented the second major fraction (16.29 %): within them, the predominant constituents were γ-terpinene (5,55 %), ρ-cymene (5,50 %), and β-caryophyllene (2.73 %). Antioxidant activity was performed by DPPH scavenging, β-carotene bleaching inhibition, and ferric reducing power. T. capitatus revealed pronounced DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50=110.53 μg mL-1), strong ferric reducing ability (EC50=644.4 μg mL-1), and a remarkable degree of protection against lipid peroxidation during β-carotene bleaching inhibition (IC50=251.76 μg mL-1). Antifungal activity was carried out against Candida, Aspergillus, and Rhizopus species by microdilution method. T. capitatus exhibited potent anticandidal activity (MIC=125-500 μg mL-1) and strong inhibition against filamentous fungi (MIC=250-500 μg mL-1). Its hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes had a low toxic effect at concentrations lower than 1250 μg mL-1. The useful antioxidant properties and broad antifungal effect of T. capitatus EO confirm its considerable potential for the food industry and for phytopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Amakran
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tanger, Maroc
| | - Meriem Hamoudane
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tanger, Maroc
| | - Fabrice Pagniez
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l'Immunité, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Ahmed Lamarti
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et d'Amélioration des Plantes, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tétouan, Maroc
| | - Carine Picot
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l'Immunité, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Figueredo
- Laboratoire d'Analyse des Extraits Végétaux et des Aromes (LEXVA-Analytique), Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, Rue Henri Mondor, 63360, Sain-Beauzire, France
| | - Mohamed Nhiri
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tanger, Maroc
| | - Patrice Le Pape
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et de l'Immunité, IICiMed, UR 1155, F-44000, Nantes, France
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Amassmoud O, Abbad I, Iriti M, Hassani L, Mezrioui N, Abbad A. Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils Combinations based on Thymus broussonnetii, and Their Synergism with some Antibiotics. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:398. [PMID: 37910319 PMCID: PMC10620311 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil (EO) of Moroccan endemic Thymus broussonnetii alone, and in combination with EOs obtained from selected medicinal plants, namely Myrtus communis, Artemisia herba alba, Thymus pallidus, Thymus satureioides, Teucrium polium, and Rosmarinus officinalis. The synergistic interactions between the most effective combinations based on T. broussonnetii EO with two conventional antibiotics (streptomycin and ciprofloxacin) were also investigated. T. broussonnetii EO possessed a higher inhibitory activity against tested pathogenic bacteria with inhibition zone diameter (IZ) ranging from 21.61 ± 0.03 to 40.09 ± 0.02 mm, and MIC values between 0.140 mg/mL and 0.280 mg/mL. M. communis, A. herba alba, T. pallidus, T. satureioides, T. polium, and R. officinalis EOs showed moderate to weak antibacterial activity. Among tested EO mixtures, the highest synergistic antibacterial effect was recorded with the EO combination of T. broussonnetii and T. pallidus against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. enterica (FICI = 0.258). This EO combination was also the most effective mixture to synergistically enhance the antibacterial activity of the two antibiotics with up to a 128-fold increase, particularly against the gram-negative E. coli. These findings suggest that T. broussonnetii EO may be an interesting source of natural antimicrobials, for use in combination therapies with other plant EOs, and with conventional antimicrobial drugs to tackle the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumaima Amassmoud
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, (Labeled Research Unit‑CNRST N°4), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Imane Abbad
- Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, 20142, Milan, Italy.
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121, Florence, Italy.
| | - Lahcen Hassani
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, (Labeled Research Unit‑CNRST N°4), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Mezrioui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, (Labeled Research Unit‑CNRST N°4), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Abbad
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, (Labeled Research Unit‑CNRST N°4), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
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El Midaoui A, Khallouki F, Couture R, Moldovan F, Ismael MA, Ongali B, Akoume MY, Alem C, Ait Boughrous A, Zennouhi W, Roqai MC, Hajji L, Ghzaiel I, Vejux A, Lizard G. Thymus atlanticus: A Source of Nutrients with Numerous Health Benefits and Important Therapeutic Potential for Age-Related Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:4077. [PMID: 37764861 PMCID: PMC10534698 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus atlanticus (Lamiaceae) is a plant endemic to the Mediterranean basin that is found in significant quantities in the arid regions of Morocco. Thymus atlanticus is used in traditional medicine to treat infectious and non-infectious diseases. It is also used for the isolation of essential oils and for the seasoning of many dishes in the Mediterranean diet. The major constituents of Thymus atlanticus are saponins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, various simple and hydroxycinnamic phenolic compounds, and terpene compounds. Several of these compounds act on signaling pathways of oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood sugar, which are parameters often dysregulated during aging. Due to its physiochemical characteristics and biological activities, Thymus atlanticus could be used for the prevention and/or treatment of age-related diseases. These different aspects are treated in the present review, and we focused on phytochemistry and major age-related diseases: dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil El Midaoui
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (R.C.); (B.O.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes 50050, Morocco; (F.K.); (A.A.B.); (W.Z.)
| | - Farid Khallouki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes 50050, Morocco; (F.K.); (A.A.B.); (W.Z.)
| | - Réjean Couture
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (R.C.); (B.O.)
| | - Florina Moldovan
- Research Center of CHU Sainte Justine, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (F.M.); (M.Y.A.)
| | | | - Brice Ongali
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (R.C.); (B.O.)
| | - Marie Yvonne Akoume
- Research Center of CHU Sainte Justine, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (F.M.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Chakib Alem
- Research Team in Biochemistry and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes 20250, Morocco;
| | - Ali Ait Boughrous
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes 50050, Morocco; (F.K.); (A.A.B.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wafa Zennouhi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Meknes 50050, Morocco; (F.K.); (A.A.B.); (W.Z.)
| | - Mhammed Chaoui Roqai
- Ecole des Hautes Etudes de Biotechnologie et de Santé (EHEB), 183 Bd de la Résistance, Casablanca 20250, Morocco;
| | - Lhoussain Hajji
- Laboratory of Bioactives and Environmental Health, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50050, Morocco;
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Laboratory “Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism”, Bio-peroxIL/EA7270, Université de Bourgogne/Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; (I.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Anne Vejux
- Laboratory “Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism”, Bio-peroxIL/EA7270, Université de Bourgogne/Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; (I.G.); (A.V.)
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Laboratory “Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism”, Bio-peroxIL/EA7270, Université de Bourgogne/Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; (I.G.); (A.V.)
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Benziane MY, Bendahou M, Benbelaïd F, Khadir A, Belhadef H, Benaissa A, Ouslimani S, Mahdi F, Muselli A. Efficacy of endemic Algerian essential oils against single and mixed biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 145:105584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tagnaout I, Zerkani H, Hadi N, El Moumen B, El Makhoukhi F, Bouhrim M, Al-Salahi R, Nasr FA, Mechchate H, Zair T. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Thymus broussonetii Boiss and Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmann and Link Essential Oils. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070954. [PMID: 35406936 PMCID: PMC9003487 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thymus capitatus and Thymus broussonnetii are two Moroccan endemic medicinal plants used traditionally by the local population. The present study aims to investigate their essential oil chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined using the GC-MS analysis, the antioxidant activity assessed using DPPH and FRAP methods while the antimicrobial activity was evaluated against nine bacteria species tested (Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia fonticola, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella oxytoca, sensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae, sensitive Escherichia coli, resistant Escherichia coli, resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes). The major identified compounds of T. capitatus essential oil where carvacrol (75%) and p-cymene (10.58%) while carvacrol (60.79%), thymol (12.9%), p-cymene (6.21%) and γ-terpinene (4.47%) are the main compounds in T. broussonnetii essential oil. The bioactivity of the essential oils of the two species of thyme was explained by their richness in oxygenated monoterpenes known for their great effectiveness with an IC50 of 3.48 ± 0.05 and 4.88 ± 0.04 μL/mL and EC50 of 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.20 ± 0.02 μL/mL in the DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively, with an important antibacterial activity. These results encourage the use of these plants as a source of natural antioxidants, and antibacterial additives, to protect food from oxidative damage and to eliminate bacteria that are responsible for nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Tagnaout
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco; (H.Z.); (N.H.); (B.E.M.); (F.E.M.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Hannou Zerkani
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco; (H.Z.); (N.H.); (B.E.M.); (F.E.M.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
| | - Nadia Hadi
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco; (H.Z.); (N.H.); (B.E.M.); (F.E.M.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
| | - Bouchra El Moumen
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco; (H.Z.); (N.H.); (B.E.M.); (F.E.M.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
| | - Fadoua El Makhoukhi
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco; (H.Z.); (N.H.); (B.E.M.); (F.E.M.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
- Laboratoire Centre Eau, Ressources Naturelles, Environnement Et Développement Durable, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat B.P. 8007, Rabat 10000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bouhrim
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco; (H.Z.); (N.H.); (B.E.M.); (F.E.M.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
| | - Rashad Al-Salahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahd A. Nasr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hamza Mechchate
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (H.M.)
| | - Touriya Zair
- Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismaïl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco; (H.Z.); (N.H.); (B.E.M.); (F.E.M.); (M.B.); (T.Z.)
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Djebili S, Taş M, Bouguerra A, Kucukaydin S, Ceylan O, Duru ME, Barkat M. Volatile compound profile and essential oil composition of three wild Algerian aromatic plants with their antioxidant and antibiofilm activities. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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El Yaagoubi M, Mechqoq H, El Hamdaoui A, Jrv Mukku V, El Mousadik A, Msanda F, El Aouad N. A review on Moroccan Thymus species: Traditional uses, essential oils chemical composition and biological effects. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114205. [PMID: 34000364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Thymus is among the most important genera in the Lamiaceae family with 215 species and is widely distributed globally, mainly in the Mediterranean region. The genus contains many medicinal plants used in traditional Moroccan medicine for a long time in treating diverse diseases. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review describes the traditional uses, biological activities and chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) obtained from Thymus species growing in Morocco. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information related to the traditional uses, essential oils chemical composition and biological activities on Moroccan Thymus species were obtained using the electronic databases Web of science, Scopus, SciFinder, Pubmed and Google Scholar. RESULTS Moroccan Thymus species have been used in treatment of several diseases, namely diabetes, digestive, circulatory, genital, nervous, urinary, skin and respiratory diseases. Diverse biological activities of Moroccan Thymus species EOs have been reported, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-tumoral, insecticidal, larvicidal, nematicide, anti-inflammatory, anti-cyanobacterial and anti-acetylcholinesterase. The chemical compositions of Thymus EOs is primarily composed of monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Yaagoubi
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 8106, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 80000, Morocco
| | - Hicham Mechqoq
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 8106, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 80000, Morocco
| | - Abdellah El Hamdaoui
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 8106, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 80000, Morocco
| | - Venugopal Jrv Mukku
- Math, Science and Technology Department, University of Minnesota Crookston, Crookston, USA
| | - Abdelhamid El Mousadik
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 8106, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 80000, Morocco
| | - Fouad Msanda
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 8106, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 80000, Morocco
| | - Noureddine El Aouad
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 8106, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 80000, Morocco; Research Team on Biological Engerineering, Agrifood and Aquaculture, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Route de Rabat, Larache, 92000, Morocco.
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Nafis A, Iriti M, Ouchari L, El Otmani F, Marraiki N, Elgorban AM, Syed A, Mezrioui N, Hassani L, Custódio L. New Insight into the Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Synergistic Effects of the Moroccan Endemic Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Roussine Essential Oil in Combination with Conventional Antibiotics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195850. [PMID: 34641393 PMCID: PMC8510371 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reported the volatile profile, the antimicrobial activity and the synergistic potential of essential oil (EO) from the Moroccan endemic Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Roussine, in combination with the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and fluconazole for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The EO chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and the antimicrobial activity assessed by the disc diffusion method against three Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and one clinical isolate, Klebsiella pneumonia). The antifungal activity was evaluated in four pathogenic yeasts (Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis). The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and the synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin and fluconazole were determined by the two-fold dilution technique and checkerboard test, respectively. Twenty-one constituents were identified by GC-MS in the EO, including carvacrol (21.62%) and borneol (21.13%) as the major components. The EO exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones ranging from 0.7 mm to 22 mm for P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis, respectively, and MIC values varying from 0.56 mg/mL to 4.47 mg/mL. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values ranged from 0.25 to 0.50 for bacteria and from 0.25 to 0.28 for yeasts. The maximum synergistic effect was observed for K. pneumonia with a 256-fold gain of antibiotic MIC. Our results have suggested that EO from T. atlanticus may be used alone or in association with antibiotics as a new potential alternative to prevent and control the emergence of resistant microbial strains both in the medical field and in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nafis
- Microbiology, Health and Environment Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.M.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +212-610170760
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Lahcen Ouchari
- Moroccan Coordinated Collection of Microorganisms (CCMM), National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST), P.O. Box 8027, Rabat 10102, Morocco;
| | - Fatima El Otmani
- Microbiology, Health and Environment Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (A.M.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Abdallah M. Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (A.M.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (A.M.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Noureddine Mezrioui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.M.); (L.H.)
| | - Lahcen Hassani
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.M.); (L.H.)
| | - Luísa Custódio
- Center of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
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Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Thymus broussonetii Boiss. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6350035. [PMID: 34527064 PMCID: PMC8437615 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6350035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymus broussonetii Boiss (T. broussonetii) is a rare medicinal and aromatic plant. It is widely used in traditional medicine to treat several diseases, including diarrhea, fever, cough, irritation, skin diseases, rheumatism, respiratory ailments, influenza, and digestion problems. In this review, we have critically summarized previous data on T. broussonetii about its phytochemistry, botanical and geographical distribution, toxicological investigation, and pharmacological properties. Using scientific research databases such as Wiley Online, SciFinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, Web of Science, Scopus Wiley Online, and Google Scholar, the data on T. broussonetii were collected and discussed. The presented data regrouped bioactive compounds and biological activities of T. broussonetii. The findings of this work showed that essential oils and extracts of T. broussonetii exhibited numerous pharmacological activities (in vitro and in vivo), particularly antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antipyretic, antinociceptive, and immunological and behavioral effects. While toxicological studies of T. broussonetii essential oils and extracts are lacking, modern scientific tools revealed the presence of different classes of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, quinones, carotenoids, and steroids. T. broussonetii essential oils, especially from the aerial parts, exhibited potent antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant effects. An in-depth toxicological investigation is needed to validate the efficacy and safety of T. broussonetii extracts and essential oils and their secondary metabolites. However, further pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies should be performed to validate its bioavailability.
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Soulaimani B, Varoni E, Iriti M, Mezrioui NE, Hassani L, Abbad A. Synergistic Anticandidal Effects of Six Essential Oils in Combination with Fluconazole or Amphotericin B against Four Clinically Isolated Candida Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091049. [PMID: 34572630 PMCID: PMC8470676 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of opportunistic pathogenic Candida strains insensitive to several classes of antifungals has emerged as a major health care problem during the last years. Combinational therapy of natural products (e.g., essential oils, EOs) with conventional antifungals has been suggested as a promising alternative to overcome this medical problem. The present study investigates the potential antifungal activity of EOs extracted from some selected medicinal plants, alone and in combination with two common conventional antifungals (fluconazole and amphotericin B) against four clinical Candida isolates. MIC assays indicated that EOs induced strong anticandidal activities with MIC values ranging from 0.162 to 4.950 mg/mL. The combination of amphotericin B with Thymus leptobotrys, Origanum compactum and Artemisia herba alba EOs provided a synergistic effect against C. krusei only, with MIC gain of four-fold, and additive effect against remaining strains (MIC gain = two-fold). Interesting synergistic interactions were observed by combining all studied EOs with fluconazole, with reduction rates of their MICs ranging from 16 to 512-fold. This synergistic effect was very pronounced with the combination of T. leptobotrys EO and fluconazole. These findings indicate that studied EOs can be used as anti-candidals in combination with antifungals, particularly fluconazole, to counteract the emergence of resistant Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Soulaimani
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (B.S.); (N.-E.M.); (L.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Elena Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50316766
| | - Nour-Eddine Mezrioui
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (B.S.); (N.-E.M.); (L.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Lahcen Hassani
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (B.S.); (N.-E.M.); (L.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdelaziz Abbad
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (B.S.); (N.-E.M.); (L.H.); (A.A.)
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Herbal Products and Their Active Constituents Used Alone and in Combination with Antifungal Drugs against Drug-Resistant Candida sp. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060655. [PMID: 34072664 PMCID: PMC8229001 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical isolates of Candida yeast are the most common cause of opportunistic fungal infections resistant to certain antifungal drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to detect more effective antifungal agents that would be successful in overcoming such infections. Among them are some herbal products and their active constituents.The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge onherbal products and their active constituents havingantifungal activity against drug-resistant Candida sp. used alone and in combination with antifungal drugs.The possible mechanisms of their action on drug-resistant Candida sp. including (1) inhibition of budding yeast transformation into hyphae; (2) inhibition of biofilm formation; (3) inhibition of cell wall or cytoplasmic membrane biosynthesis; (4) ROS production; and (5) over-expression of membrane transporters will be also described.
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Colombian Essential Oil of Ruta graveolens against Nosocomial Antifungal Resistant Candida Strains. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050383. [PMID: 34069001 PMCID: PMC8156898 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in antifungal therapy, a problem unknown until a few years ago, is increasingly assuming importance especially in immunosuppressed patients and patients receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In the past years, the use of essential oils as an approach to improve the effectiveness of antifungal agents and to reduce antifungal resistance levels has been proposed. Our research aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of Colombian rue, Ruta graveolens, essential oil (REO) against clinical strains of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilopsis, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis. Data obtained showed that C. tropicalis and C. albicans were the most sensitive strains showing minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 4.1 and 8.2 µg/mL of REO. Time–kill kinetics assay demonstrated that REO showed a fungicidal effect against C. tropicalis and a fungistatic effect against C. albicans. In addition, an amount of 40% of the biofilm formed by C. albicans was eradicated using 8.2 µg/mL of REO after 1 h of exposure. The synergistic effect of REO together with some antifungal compounds was also investigated. Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) showed synergic effects of REO combined with amphotericin B. REO Lead a disruption in the cellular membrane integrity, consequently resulting in increased intracellular leakage of the macromolecules, thus confirming that the plasma membrane is a target of the mode of action of REO against C. albicans and C. tropicalis.
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Effect of LongZhang Gargle on Dual-Species Biofilm of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6654793. [PMID: 33824875 PMCID: PMC8007335 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6654793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive natural products have become a hot spot for oral disease treatments. At the present study, LongZhang Gargle was investigated for its effects on single-species biofilms of Candida albicans and dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Two different models of single and dual-species biofilms were grown in YNBB medium under appropriate conditions. Biofilm biomass, biofilm architecture, and cell activity in biofilms were assessed using Crystal Violet Staining, MTT, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Significant reductions of biofilm biomass and fungus activity were obtained when treated with LongZhang Gargle at 2% (P < 0.05), 4% (P < 0.05), and 8% (P < 0.05) in single-species biofilms of C. albicans, and at 4% (P < 0.05) and 8% (P < 0.05) in double-species biofilms. Suppression of density, thickness, and the proportion of hyphae and fungal spores were obtained under SEM and CLSM. In conclusion, LongZhang Gargle affects single and dual-species biofilms by inhibiting biofilm biomass, cell activity, and formation of hyphae, but it does not affect the production of Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). We speculate that LongZhang Gargle would be a promising natural drug, which can be used in treatment against C. albicans and S. mutans in oral diseases.
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Nidhi P, Rolta R, Kumar V, Dev K, Sourirajan A. Synergistic potential of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil with antibiotics against Candida albicans. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 262:113135. [PMID: 32693117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Citrus aurantium L. is used in traditional medicine in India for treating stomach ache, vomiting, blood pressure, dysentery, diarrhea, cardiovascular analeptic, sedative, boils and urinary tract infections. Its essential oil from fruit peels has antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to characterize the antifungal activity and synergistic potential of essential oil extracted from leaves of Citrus aurantium L. of North-Western Himalayas against Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Citrus aurantium essential oil (CAEO) was extracted from leaves and characterized by GC-MS. The antifungal activity and synergistic potential of CAEO against C. albicans was studied by agar well diffusion, and broth microdilution assay. The anti-fungal potential of the phytoconstituents of CAEO was studied by in silico interaction with two fungal drug targets, N-myristoyl transferase (NMT) and Cytochrome P450 14 Alpha-sterol Demethylase (CYP51). RESULTS CAEO exhibited strong antifungal activity against two strains of C. albicans, with fungicidal effect. The MIC of CAEO against C. albicans strains was 0.15 - 0.31% (v/v). CAEO exhibited synergistic potential with fluconazole and amphotericin B against C. albicans and enhanced the antifungal efficacy of the clinical drugs by 8.3 to 34.4 folds. The GC-MS analysis of CAEO identified at least ten compounds, with 2-β pinene, δ-3 Carene and D-limonene as the major compounds. In silico molecular docking of the three major phytocompounds of CAEO with NMT and CYP51 revealed their potential to interact with both targets. δ-3 Carene showed best binding (Etotal of -131.13 kcal/mol) with NMT, while D-limonene exhibited highest binding energy (Etotal of -175.23 kcal/mol) with CYP51. ADME/T analysis showed that 2-β pinene, δ-3 Carene and D-limonene exhibit drug likeliness and ideal toxicity profiles for their use as drug candidates. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the essential oil from leaves of C. aurantium and its phytocomponents can be used as sustainable and natural therapeutic to treat candidiasis as well as a resource to enhance the potency of clinical antibiotics, which have lost efficacy due to emergence of drug resistance in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakriti Nidhi
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajan Rolta
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Kamal Dev
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Sourirajan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Potente G, Bonvicini F, Gentilomi GA, Antognoni F. Anti- Candida Activity of Essential Oils from Lamiaceae Plants from the Mediterranean Area and the Middle East. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9070395. [PMID: 32660009 PMCID: PMC7400371 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive documentation is available on plant essential oils as a potential source of antimicrobials, including natural drugs against Candida spp. Yeasts of the genus Candida are responsible for various clinical manifestations, from mucocutaneous overgrowth to bloodstream infections, whose incidence and mortality rates are increasing because of the expanding population of immunocompromised patients. In the last decade, although C. albicans is still regarded as the most common species, epidemiological data reveal that the global distribution of Candida spp. has changed, and non-albicans species of Candida are being increasingly isolated worldwide. The present study aimed to review the anti-Candida activity of essential oils collected from 100 species of the Lamiaceae family growing in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East. An overview is given on the most promising essential oils and constituents inhibiting Candida spp. growth, with a particular focus for those natural products able to reduce the expression of virulence factors, such as yeast-hyphal transition and biofilm formation. Based on current knowledge on members of the Lamiaceae family, future recommendations to strengthen the value of these essential oils as antimicrobial agents include pathogen selection, with an extension towards the new emerging Candida spp. and toxicological screening, as it cannot be taken for granted that plant-derived products are void of potential toxic and/or carcinogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Potente
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (G.P.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesca Bonvicini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-4290-930
| | - Giovanna Angela Gentilomi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Fabiana Antognoni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (G.P.); (F.A.)
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Alternative therapy to manage otitis media caused by multidrug-resistant fungi. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1231-1240. [PMID: 32108246 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During the last few decades, the increase in the incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungal infections has become an emerging threat to public health. Therefore, it is important to illuminate the usage of alternative therapy to treat MDR fungal infection. This study was carried out to elucidate the usage of plant extract and essential oil, either alone or with other antifungal drugs to treat otitis media caused by MDR fungi. Medicinal plant is a safe and cheap source when compared with chemical antifungal drugs. Twenty-one fungal isolates out of 104 ear swabs from patients suffering from otitis media were characterized using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. The antibiogram typing was used to determine the MDR isolates. The sensitivity of MDR fungal isolates was tested against several plant extracts and essential oils, either alone or with other antifungal drugs. Thyme oil and clove extracts proved to have synergistic effects suggesting their use in the treatment of fungal infections, especially otitis media caused by MDR fungi. The ultrastructure of MDR fungal isolates exhibited a complete destruction post exposure to the used materials when observed under the transmission microscope (TEM). Thyme oil and clove extract were found to be the most effective agents against MDR fungal isolates and they constitute a promising tool for the management of fungal infection causing the otitis media.
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Lee DY, Yi YW, Kim WS, Sim SH, Kwon PS, Lee IH. Anti-bacterial Activity and Standardization on Hwangryunhaedok–tang. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2019.51.2.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yeon Lee
- The Fore, Seoul, Korea
- Forest Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Pil-Seung Kwon
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan, Korea
| | - In-Hee Lee
- The Fore, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan, Korea
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Antimicrobial Activity of 4-Chlorocinnamic Acid Derivatives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3941242. [PMID: 31179320 PMCID: PMC6507161 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3941242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The microbial resistance of fungi and bacteria is currently considered a major public health problem. Esters derived from cinnamic acid have a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties that include antimicrobial activity. In this study, a collection of structurally related 4-chlorocinnamic acid esters was prepared using Fischer esterification reactions, alkyl or aryl halide esterification, and Mitsunobu and Steglich reactions. All of the esters were submitted to antimicrobial tests against strains of the species Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The compounds also were subjected to molecular docking study with the enzyme 14α-demethylase. Twelve esters derived from 4-chlorocinnamic acid were obtained, with yields varying from 26.3% to 97.6%, three of which were unpublished. The ester methyl 4-chlorocinnamate (1) presented activity against S. aureus at the highest concentration tested. In the antifungal evaluation, all of the esters were bioactive, but methoxyethyl 4-chlorocinnamate (4) and perillyl 4-chlorocinnamate (11) were the most potent (MIC = 0.13 and 0.024 μmol/mL, respectively). The data of molecular docking suggested that all the compounds present good affinity towards the active site related to antifungal activity. Therefore, the esters tested may be inhibitors of the enzyme 14α-demethylase. In addition, the results demonstrate that substituents of short alkyl chains with presence of heteroatom, such as oxygen, or those with a perillyl type terpenic substructure promote better antifungal profiles.
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Pereira R, Pereira AL, Ferreira MM, Fontenelle ROS, Saker-Sampaio S, Santos HS, Bandeira PN, Vasconcelos MA, Queiroz JAN, Braz-Filho R, Teixeira EH. Evaluation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of 7-hydroxy-4', 6-dimethoxy-isoflavone and essential oil from Myroxylon peruiferum L.f. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20180204. [PMID: 31038534 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant effect of 7-hydroxy-4',6-dimethoxy-isoflavone and essential oil of Myroxylon peruiferum. The compound was isolated and its structure elucidated by NMR. The chemical composition of essential oil determined by GC-MS analysis. To evaluation of antimicrobial activity, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were performed. In addition to analysis of antioxidant activity, DPPH radical scavenging tests, iron chelating assay (FIC), antioxidant reducing power assay (FRAP) and β-carotene bleaching assay (BCB) were performed. For the essential oil were identified 24 organized compounds having as main constituents; Germacrene D (17.2%), α-pinene (14.8%) and E-caryophyllene (10.8%). The results showed that isoflavone (2000 to 156 μg/mL) and essential oil (5.0 to 1.25%) present antibacterial and antifungal activity against Gram-positive bacteria and filamentous fungi. The isoflavone and the essential oil also presented antioxidant activity in all the tests, mainly on inhibition of the oxidation of β-carotene test concentrations ranging from 60 to 100%. In conclusion, isoflavone and essential oil from M. peruiferum present an antimicrobial alternative against Gram-positive bacteria, especially of the genus Staphylococcus and dermatophyte fungi of the genus Trichophyton, as well as a natural compound antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pereira
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas/LIBS, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, Rodolfo Teófilo, 60441-750 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Anna L Pereira
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas/LIBS, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, Rodolfo Teófilo, 60441-750 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Marcilio M Ferreira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia/LABMIC, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Av. da Universidade, 850, Campus da Betânia, 62040-370 Sobral, CE, Brazil 3Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, 2977, 60356-001 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Raquel O S Fontenelle
- Laboratório de Microbiologia/LABMIC, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Av. da Universidade, 850, Campus da Betânia, 62040-370 Sobral, CE, Brazil 3Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, 2977, 60356-001 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Silvana Saker-Sampaio
- Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, 2977, 60356-001 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélcio S Santos
- Curso de Química Orgânica, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Av. Dr. Guarani, 608, 62042-030 Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Paulo N Bandeira
- Curso de Química Orgânica, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Av. Dr. Guarani, 608, 62042-030 Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Mayron A Vasconcelos
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas/LIBS, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, Rodolfo Teófilo, 60441-750 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Rua Prof. Antônio Campos, s/n, BR 110, Km 48, Costa e Silva, 59610-090 Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - José A N Queiroz
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas/LIBS, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, Rodolfo Teófilo, 60441-750 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Braz-Filho
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro/UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, 28013-600 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Edson H Teixeira
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas/LIBS, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, Rodolfo Teófilo, 60441-750 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Rodrigues FFG, Colares AV, Nonato CDFA, Galvão-Rodrigues FF, Mota ML, Moraes Braga MFB, Costa JGMD. In vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Vanillosmopsis arborea Barker (Asteraceae) and its major constituent, α-bisabolol. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:144-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Commercial Essential Oils as Potential Antimicrobials to Treat Skin Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4517971. [PMID: 28546822 PMCID: PMC5435909 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4517971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils are one of the most notorious natural products used for medical purposes. Combined with their popular use in dermatology, their availability, and the development of antimicrobial resistance, commercial essential oils are often an option for therapy. At least 90 essential oils can be identified as being recommended for dermatological use, with at least 1500 combinations. This review explores the fundamental knowledge available on the antimicrobial properties against pathogens responsible for dermatological infections and compares the scientific evidence to what is recommended for use in common layman's literature. Also included is a review of combinations with other essential oils and antimicrobials. The minimum inhibitory concentration dilution method is the preferred means of determining antimicrobial activity. While dermatological skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus have been well studied, other pathogens such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Propionibacterium acnes, Haemophilus influenzae, and Brevibacterium species have been sorely neglected. Combination studies incorporating oil blends, as well as interactions with conventional antimicrobials, have shown that mostly synergy is reported. Very few viral studies of relevance to the skin have been made. Encouragement is made for further research into essential oil combinations with other essential oils, antimicrobials, and carrier oils.
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Psidium guajava L. and Psidium brownianum Mart ex DC.: Chemical composition and anti – Candida effect in association with fluconazole. Microb Pathog 2016; 95:200-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Sajjadi ST, Saboora A, Mohammadi P. Comparison of aglycon and glycosidic saponin extracts of Cyclamen coum tuber against Candida spp. Curr Med Mycol 2016; 2:40-44. [PMID: 28681019 PMCID: PMC5490304 DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.cmm.2.2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Candidiasis, an important fungal infection, is considered the fourth most common nosocomial blood stream infection. Nowadays, because of increased fungal resistance to antibiotics, the use of herbal medicine has gained particular attention. Cyclamen species are medicinal plants containing triterpenoid saponins, which are shown to have antimicrobial properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three species of Candida including C.albicans, 10231 C.tropicalis 0750 ,and C.krusei and nine clinical samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Active substances of the tubers were extracted by fractionation method. Susceptibility of Candida to Cyclamencoum tuber extracts was evaluated via minimum inhibitory concentration) MIC( and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC.(. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract had no inhibitory effect on Candida strains, whereas the aqueous and n-butanolic extracts showed considerable activity. MIC and MFC of these extracts varied within the range of 2-32 µg/mL of saponin for different Candida samples. Aglyconic aqueous phase of the extract had the most effective anticandida activity. Glycosidic and aglyconic aqueous extracts were less active on C. albicans strains and C. Tropicalis, respectively. CONCLUSION Tuber extract of Cyclamen was rich in triterpenoid saponins and had antifungal effect. Sugar chain structure, as well as type and concentration of the aglycones were effective in this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- ST Sajjadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Saboora
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - P Mohammadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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Oliveira VM, Carraro E, Auler ME, Khalil NM. Quercetin and rutin as potential agents antifungal against Cryptococcus spp. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 76:1029-1034. [PMID: 27166572 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.07415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B is a fungicidal substance that is treatment of choice for most systemic fungal infections affecting as cryptococcosis the immunocompromised patients. However, severe side effects have limited the utility of this drug. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effect of the combination of amphotericin B with quercetin or rutin and as a protective of citotoxic effect. The antifungal activity to amphotericin B, quercetin and rutin alone and in combination was determined in Candida sp and Cryptococcus neoformans strains. Cytotoxicity test on erythrocytes was performed by spectrophotometric absorbance of hemoglobin. The amphotericin B MIC was reduced when used in combination with quercetin or rutin to C. neoformans ATCC strain and reduced when combined with rutin to a clinical isolate of C. neoformans. In addition, the combination of quercetin with amphotericin B may reduce the toxicity of amphotericin B to red blood cells. Our results suggest that quercetin and rutin are potential agents to combine with amphotericin B in order to reduce the amphotericin dose to lessen side effects and improve antifungal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste - UNICENTRO, Rua Simeão Camargo Varelá de Sá, 03, CEP 85040-080, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - E Carraro
- Laboratório de Virologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste - UNICENTRO, Rua Simeão Camargo Varelá de Sá, 03, CEP 85040-080, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - M E Auler
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fungos Patogênicos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste - UNICENTRO, Rua Simeão Camargo Varelá de Sá, 03, CEP 85040-080, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - N M Khalil
- Laboratório de Nanotecnologia Farmacêutica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste - UNICENTRO, Rua Simeão Camargo Varelá de Sá, 03, CEP 85040-080, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
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Abstract
There has been a global upsurge in fungal infections due to rise in immunodeficiencies, debilitation and situations of violated anatomical barriers. The available antifungal repertoire has limited activity and is fraught with toxicity concerns. Drug resistance has also shown a rapid upward trend. This has resulted in increased treatment failures, mortality and health care costs. Novel effective and safe antimycotics are needed. Analogues of existing antifungal compounds and new molecules are being developed. New targets are being explored for their putative role in curtailing fungal infections. Newer antigens as vaccine candidates are being researched into. Focused efforts in this direction have yielded encouraging results. This review illuminates the various antifungal strategies which hold promise for the future.
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Premachandra IDUA, Scott KA, Shen C, Wang F, Lane S, Liu H, Van Vranken DL. Potent Synergy between Spirocyclic Pyrrolidinoindolinones and Fluconazole against Candida albicans. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1672-86. [PMID: 26263912 PMCID: PMC4682886 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A spiroindolinone, (1S,3R,3aR,6aS)-1-benzyl-6'-chloro-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-7'-methylspiro[1,2,3a,6a-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-3,3'-1H-indole]-2',4,6-trione, was previously reported to enhance the antifungal effect of fluconazole against Candida albicans. A diastereomer of this compound was synthesized, along with various analogues. Many of the compounds were shown to enhance the antifungal effect of fluconazole against C. albicans, some with exquisite potency. One spirocyclic piperazine derivative, which we have named synazo-1, was found to enhance the effect of fluconazole with an EC50 value of 300 pM against a susceptible strain of C. albicans and going as low as 2 nM against some resistant strains. Synazo-1 exhibits true synergy with fluconazole, with an FIC index below 0.5 in the strains tested. Synazo-1 exhibited low toxicity in mammalian cells relative to the concentrations required for antifungal synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin A Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA)
| | - Chengtian Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA)
| | - Fuqiang Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 825 Health Sciences Road, Medical Sciences I, Irvine, CA 92697-1700 (USA)
| | - Shelley Lane
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 825 Health Sciences Road, Medical Sciences I, Irvine, CA 92697-1700 (USA)
| | - Haoping Liu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 825 Health Sciences Road, Medical Sciences I, Irvine, CA 92697-1700 (USA)
| | - David L Van Vranken
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA).
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Lv J, Yang X, Ma H, Hu X, Wei Y, Zhou W, Li L. The oxidative stability of microalgae oil (Schizochytrium aggregatum) and its antioxidant activity after simulated gastrointestinal digestion: Relationship with constituents. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, National Research and Development Center for Aquatic Product Processing; Ministry of Agriculture; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Xianqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, National Research and Development Center for Aquatic Product Processing; Ministry of Agriculture; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ma
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, National Research and Development Center for Aquatic Product Processing; Ministry of Agriculture; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, National Research and Development Center for Aquatic Product Processing; Ministry of Agriculture; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Ya Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, National Research and Development Center for Aquatic Product Processing; Ministry of Agriculture; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Wanjun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, National Research and Development Center for Aquatic Product Processing; Ministry of Agriculture; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Laihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, National Research and Development Center for Aquatic Product Processing; Ministry of Agriculture; Guangzhou P. R. China
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Review of Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Study of Thymus serpyllum L. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:101978. [PMID: 26265920 PMCID: PMC4525464 DOI: 10.1155/2015/101978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thymus serpyllum L. (wild thyme) is a perennial shrub, native to areas of northern and central Europe. Its aerial parts are most frequently used in ethnomedicine (mainly for treating illnesses and problems related to the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems), although recently its essential oils are becoming more popular as an important plant-derived product. The composition of these oils is affected by geographic region, the development stage of the plant, the harvest season, habitat, and climatic conditions. Wild thyme essential oil has an ever-growing number of uses in contemporary medicine due to its pharmacological properties: antioxidative, antimicrobial, and anticancerogenic activities. The antioxidative and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil are related to the synergistic and cumulative effect of its components. In terms of antitumor and cytotoxic activity, further research into the effects of essential oil is necessary, aimed at improving its cytotoxic effects, on the basis of which appropriate medicines can be formulated. Due to its pharmacological properties, the essential oil of wild thyme, a plant used in traditional medicine, represents an important natural resource for the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, it can be a source of natural antioxidants, nutritional supplements, or components of functional foods in the food industry.
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Pekmezovic M, Rajkovic K, Barac A, Senerović L, Arsic Arsenijevic V. Development of kinetic model for testing antifungal effect of Thymus vulgaris L. and Cinnamomum cassia L. essential oils on Aspergillus flavus spores and application for optimization of synergistic effect. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bharti V, Vasudeva N, Kumar S. Anti-oxidant studies and anti-microbial effect of Origanum vulgare Linn in combination with standard antibiotics. Ayu 2014; 35:71-8. [PMID: 25364204 PMCID: PMC4213973 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8520.141944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Origanum is one of the over 200 genera in the Lamiaceae (mint family), and this genus includes culinary, fragrant, and medicinal properties. The plant is reported to contain anti-microbial properties, but it lacks combination studies with that of synthetic antibiotics. AIM To investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-microbial interaction studies of Origanum vulgare with standard drugs against Bacillus species of bacteria and Aspergillus niger. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-oxidant properties of phenolic, non-phenolic fractions of chloroform extract and volatile oil were evaluated by free radical-scavenging, hydrogen peroxide radical-scavenging assay, reducing power, and metal chelating assays. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration and fractional inhibitory concentration index were determined which demonstrates the behavior of volatile oil, phenolic, and non-phenolic fractions of volatile oil with that of ciprofloxacin and fluconazole. The IC50 value for volatile oil was found to be 15, 30, and 30 μg/ml and that of phenolic fraction was 60, 120, and 120 μg/ml for free radical-scavenging, hydrogen peroxide-scavenging, and metal chelating assays respectively. Non-phenolic fraction was found to act antagonistically along with ciprofloxacin against B. cereus and B. subtilis, while the phenolic fraction exhibited indifferent activity along with ciprofloxacin against both the bacterial strains. CONCLUSION This combination of drug therapy will not only prove effective in antibiotic resistance, but these natural constituents will also help in preventing body from harmful radicals which lead to fatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veni Bharti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwer University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Neeru Vasudeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwer University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwer University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils of Thymus broussonetii Boiss. and Thymus algeriensis Boiss. from Morocco. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Seow YX, Yeo CR, Chung HL, Yuk HG. Plant essential oils as active antimicrobial agents. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:625-44. [PMID: 24261536 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.599504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils derived from plants have been recognized for decades to exhibit biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial attributes. Antimicrobial activities of these natural plant materials have been intensively explored in recent years, mainly in response to the overwhelming concern of consumers over the safety of synthetic food additives. Gram-negative organisms are believed to be slightly less sensitive to essential oils than Gram-positive bacteria. Generally, a higher concentration is required to obtain the same efficacy in foods than in synthetic media. The combinations of different types of essential oils or with other food additives have been found to potentially exhibit synergistic if not additive effects. This suggests a cost-efficient and wholesome alternative to both food industry and consumers, at the same time adhering to the hurdle technology in inhibiting proliferation of foodborne pathogens. This review aims to examine the conventional methods commonly used for assessment of antimicrobial activities of essential oils and phytochemicals, the use of these substances as antimicrobials in food products, factors that affect their efficacy, synergism between components or with available food preservatives as well as the challenges and future directions of using essential oils and phytochemicals as natural food preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xin Seow
- a Food Science & Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore, Block S3 Level 6, Science Drive 3 , Singapore , 117543
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Bharti V, Vasudeva N, Sharma S, Duhan JS. Antibacterial activities of Origanum vulgare alone and in combination with different antimicrobials against clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi. Anc Sci Life 2014; 32:212-6. [PMID: 24991069 PMCID: PMC4078471 DOI: 10.4103/0257-7941.131974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Typhoid fever continues to remain a major public health problem especially in the areas where there is problem of sanitation and hygiene. The emergence of multidrug resistance of Salmonella typhi, the bacteria responsible for Typhoid to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole has further complicated the treatment and management of enteric fever. One strategy for the treatment of the multidrug resistant bacteria is to use herbs in combination with conventional drugs. The present study was done to find out the interaction effect of phenolic, nonphenolic fractions, and volatile oil of Origanum vulgare with ciprofloxacin. Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microdilution method for individual phytoconstituents and in combination with ciprofloxacin was compared for clinically isolated bacteria from patients infected with S. typhi. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) and Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) were also calculated. Results: The MIC declined to a significant level indicating synergistic relationship between ciprofloxacin and phenolic, nonphenolic fractions and volatile oil in vitro. The FICI exhibits synergistic effect for all the three samples while indifferent and antagonistic for samples and for phenolic and nonphenolic fractions. Conclusions: Present study shows that not only the formulation using O. vulgare and ciprofloxacin can overcome multidrug resistance but also will reduce the toxic effects of ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veni Bharti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwer University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Neeru Vasudeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwer University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwer University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Joginder Singh Duhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India
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Zantar S, Yedri F, Mrabet R, Laglaoui A, Bakkali M, Zerrouk MH. Effect ofThymus vulgarisandOriganum compactumessential oils on the shelf life of fresh goat cheese. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2013.871673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bharti V, Vasudeva N, Dhuhan JS. Combination Studies of Oreganum Vulgare Extract Fractions and Volatile Oil along with Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole against Common Fish Pathogens. Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 3:239-46. [PMID: 24312842 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2013.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study is aimed at finding new antibiotic therapy for aquaculture due to potential of bacteria to develop resistance to the existing therapies. Use of large quantities of synthetic antibiotics in aquaculture thus has the potential to be detrimental to fish health, to the environment and wildlife and to human health. METHODS Antimicrobial potential of volatile oil and fractions of chloroform extract of Oreganum vulgare was evaluated alone and in the presence of standard antimicrobials against common fish pathogens by disc-diffusion, agar well assay and two fold microdilution method by nanodrop spectrophotometric method. RESULTS The best results were represented by volatile oil followed by phenolic fraction by disc-diffusion, agar well and microdilution assays (Minimum inhibitory concentration). By the interaction studies, it was observed that the volatile oil and phenolic fraction were able to inhibit the pathogens at very low concentration compared to standard drugs. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was calculated and volatile oil and phenolic fractions were found to be synergistic against Pseudomonas fluorescens and Candida albicans. CONCLUSION The experimental data suggests the use of volatile oil and phenolic fraction in combination with standard antimicrobials to maintain healthy aquaculture with lesser adverse effects as compared to synthetic antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veni Bharti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwer University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Saei-Dehkordi SS, Fallah AA, Saei-Dehkordi SS, Kousha S. Chemical Composition and Antioxidative Activity ofEchinophora platylobaDC. Essential Oil, and Its Interaction with Natural Antimicrobials against Food-Borne Pathogens and Spoilage Organisms. J Food Sci 2012; 77:M631-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chemical Composition and Antioxidant and Anticandidal Activities of Essential Oils from Different Wild Moroccan Thymus Species. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:1188-97. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fadli M, Saad A, Sayadi S, Chevalier J, Mezrioui NE, Pagès JM, Hassani L. Antibacterial activity of Thymus maroccanus and Thymus broussonetii essential oils against nosocomial infection - bacteria and their synergistic potential with antibiotics. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:464-471. [PMID: 22257599 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the association between conventional antibiotics and essential oils (EOs) of endemic Moroccan thyme species, Thymus maroccanus and T. broussonetii, on antibiotic-resistant bacteria involved in nosocomial infections. Synergistic interactions between antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, pristinamycin, and cefixime) and EOs, and between T. maroccanus and T. Broussonetii EOs were determined by the checkerboard test. Serial dilutions of two antimicrobial agents were mixed together so that each row (and column) contained a fixed amount of the first agent and increasing amounts of the second one. The results indicate that the oils had a high inhibitory activity against tested bacteria, except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In parallel with the increase of cellular killing, the release of 260nm-absorbing materials from bacterial cells, treated with EOs, increased in response to oil concentration. Out of 80 combinations tested between EOs and antibiotics, 71% showed total synergism, 20% had partial synergistic interaction and 9% showed no effect. Combination with carvacrol, the major constituent of T. maroccanus and T. broussonetii, showed also an interesting synergistic effect in combination with ciprofloxacin. The effect on Gram-positive bacteria was more important than on Gram-negative bacteria. These findings are very promising since the use of these combinations for nosocomial infections treatment is likely to reduce the minimum effective dose of the antibiotics, thus minimizing their possible toxic side effects and treatment cost. However, further investigations are needed to assess the potential for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Fadli
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologie des Microorganismes, Pôle d'Excellence Régionale AUF, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, B.P. 2390, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
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Bouzidi LE, Abbad A, Fattarsi K, Hassani L, Leach D, Markouk M, Legendre L, Bekkouche K. Chemical Composition and Anticandidal Properties of the Essential Oil Isolated from Aerial parts of Cotula cinerea: A Rare and Threatened Medicinal Plant in Morocco. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100601021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition and anticandidal properties of the essential oil of Moroccan Cotula cinerea aerial parts have been examined. GC-MS data were used to identify 24 constituents. Oxygenated monoterpenes constituted the main fraction with trans-thujone (41.4%), cis-verbenyl acetate (24.7%), 1,8-cineole (8.2%) and camphor (5.5%) as the major components. The anticandidal activity of the essential oil was evaluated using a panel of human pathogenic fungi (Candida albicans CCMM L4 and CCMM L5, C. krusei CCMM L10, C. glabrata CCMM L7 and C. parapsilosis CCMM L18). The oil showed high anticandidal activity against all investigated strains with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 3.2 to 4.7 mg/mL depending on the tested yeast and 5.9 mg/mL as a minimal candidicidal concentration value. These findings add significant information to the pharmacological activity of Cotula cinerea essential oil, which may present a good alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of resistant strains of Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila El Bouzidi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies, Protections et Valorisation des Ressources Végétale, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Abbad
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies, Protections et Valorisation des Ressources Végétale, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Karine Fattarsi
- Université de Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux plantes aromatiques et médicinales, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, F-42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Lahcen Hassani
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologie des Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - David Leach
- Centre for Phytochemistry & Pharmacology, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
| | - Mohammed Markouk
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies, Protections et Valorisation des Ressources Végétale, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Laurent Legendre
- Université de Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales appliquées aux plantes aromatiques et médicinales, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, F-42000, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Khalid Bekkouche
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies, Protections et Valorisation des Ressources Végétale, Faculté des Sciences, Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
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Fadli M, Chevalier J, Saad A, Mezrioui NE, Hassani L, Pages JM. Essential oils from Moroccan plants as potential chemosensitisers restoring antibiotic activity in resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2011; 38:325-30. [PMID: 21752605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial drug resistance is a worrying public health problem. Antibiotic efflux is a major non-specific resistance mechanism used by bacteria, and efflux pumps are involved in the low-level susceptibility of various important Gram-negative pathogens. Use of molecules that can block bacterial pumps is an attractive strategy, but several studies report only partial efficacy owing to limits of these molecules (stability, selectivity, bioavailability, toxicity, etc.). The objective of this study was to search for natural sources of molecules able to inhibit efflux pump systems of resistant Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The results indicate that the studied essential oils exhibit interesting activity against the tested bacteria. This activity was significantly enhanced in the presence of an efflux pump inhibitor such as phenylalanine arginyl β-naphthylamide (PAβN). The role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) structure in the effect of essential oils was also reported in Salmonella LPS deep-rough mutants. In addition, essential oils of Thymus maroccanus and Thymus broussonetii, used at a low concentration (a fraction of the minimum inhibitory concentration), are able to significantly increase chloramphenicol susceptibility of several resistant isolates. These results demonstrate that these essential oils can alter efflux pump activity and may be attractive candidates to develop new drugs for chemosensitising multidrug-resistant strains to clinically used antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Fadli
- UMR-MD1, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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Madhumitha G, Saral AM. Preliminary phytochemical analysis, antibacterial, antifungal and anticandidal activities of successive extracts of Crossandra infundibuliformis. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:192-5. [PMID: 21771451 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the phytochemical, antibacterial, antifungal and anticandidal activity of successive extracts of Crossandra infundibuliformis (Acanthaceae) leaves. METHODS Preliminary screening on the presence of alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds, flavanoids, tannins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, oils and fats were carried out by phytochemical analysis. The antibacterial, antifungal and anticandidal activities were done by agar well diffusion technique. RESULTS The successive extracts have an array of chemical constituents and the MIC values of antibacterial activity ranges from 0.007 8 to 0.015 0 μg/mL. In case of antifungal and anticandidal activities the MIC values were between 0.125 and 0.250 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the leaf extracts of C. infundibuliformis presents excellent antimicrobial activities and thus have great potential as a source for natural health care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Madhumitha
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore - 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
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