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Terminalia arjuna, a Cardioprotective Herbal Medicine-Relevancy in the Modern Era of Pharmaceuticals and Green Nanomedicine-A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010126. [PMID: 36678623 PMCID: PMC9865560 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicines were the main source of therapeutic agents in the ancestral era. Terminalia arjuna (TA) is one such medicinal plant widely known for its several medicinal properties, especially its cardiovascular properties. They have several phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids, tannins, glycosides, and several minerals, proteins, and others that are responsible for the above-mentioned medicinal properties. In this review, we have first elaborated on the various processes and their parameters for the efficient extraction of relevant phytochemicals from TA extracts. Secondly, the mechanisms behind the various medicinal properties of TA extracts are explained. We have also highlighted the role of TA extracts on the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, especially silver and gold nanoparticles, with an elucidation on the mechanisms behind the synthesis of nanoparticles. Finally, TA extracts-based polymeric formulations are discussed with limitations and future perspectives. We believe that this review could help researchers understand the importance of a well-known cardioprotective medicinal plant, TA, and its biomedical properties, as well as their role in green nanotechnology and various formulations explored for encapsulating them. This review will help researchers design better and greener nanomedicines as well as better formulations to improve the stability and bioavailability of TA extracts.
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Hossain R, Sultana R, Din Islam M, Zaman S, Choudhary MI. Isolation of two new triterpene glycoside from the fruits of Terminalia arjuna and their in vitro and in silico studies. Nat Prod Res 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35045776 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2027934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two new triterpene glycoside, Arjunoglycoside VI (1) and Arjunursglycoside I (2) alone with five previously known analogues (3-7) were isolated from methanolic extract of the fruits of Terminalia arjuna. The structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic studies (1 D and 2 D NMR and mass). Compound 1 and 2 showed moderate activity on α-chymotrypsin enzyme inhibition with IC50 values 53.8 ± 1.39 and 64.27 ± 1.27 µg/mL respectively. Molecular docking was performed for compound 1 and 2 with the 1CGI co crystals of α-chymotrypsin enzyme protein of Bovine from protein data bank showed -7.7 and -7.6 kcal/mol binding energy, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashadul Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Rajia Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Din Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Shahed Zaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Srivastava G, Garg A, Misra RC, Chanotiya CS, Ghosh S. Transcriptome analysis and functional characterization of oxidosqualene cyclases of the arjuna triterpene saponin pathway. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110382. [PMID: 32005387 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna) tree has been popular in Indian traditional medicine to treat cardiovascular ailments. The tree accumulates bioactive triterpene glycosides (saponins) and aglycones (sapogenins), in a tissue-preferential manner. Oleanane triterpenes/saponins (derived from β-amyrin) with potential cardioprotective function predominantly accumulate in the bark. However, arjuna triterpene saponin pathway enzymes remain to be identified and biochemically characterized. Here, we employed a combined transcriptomics, metabolomics and biochemical approach to functionally define a suite of oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) that catalyzed key reactions towards triterpene scaffold diversification. De novo assembly of 131 millions Illumina NextSeq500 sequencing reads obtained from leaf and stem bark samples led to a total of 156,650 reference transcripts. Four distinct OSCs (TaOSC1-4) with 54-71 % sequence identities were identified and functionally characterized. TaOSC1, TaOSC3 and TaOSC4 were biochemically characterized as β-amyrin synthase, cycloartenol synthase and lupeol synthase, respectively. However, TaOSC2 was found to be a multifunctional OSC producing both α-amyrin and β-amyrin, but showed a preference for α-amyrin product. Both TaOSC1 and TaOSC2 produced β-amyrin, the direct precursor for oleanane triterpene/saponin biosynthesis; but, TaOSC1 transcript expressed preferentially in bark, suggesting a major role of TaOSC1 in the biosynthesis of oleanane triterpenes/saponins in bark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Srivastava
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Anchal Garg
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rajesh Chandra Misra
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Chandan Singh Chanotiya
- Chemical Sciences Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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Bishop S, Liu SJ. Cardioprotective action of the aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna bark against toxicity induced by doxorubicin. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 36:210-216. [PMID: 29157817 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aqueous extract of Terminalia arjuna (TA) bark (TAAqE) has been shown to have a direct inotropic effect on ventricular myocytes. Active constituents of TAAqE contain various flavonoids and proanthocyanidins, some of which are known to have antioxidant activities. Whether TAAqE affords a cardioprotective action against oxidative stress (OS) remains unclear. PURPOSE Increased OS is one of the major mechanisms underlying cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin (DOX), a commonly-used anticancer agent. The aim of the present study was to investigate potential cardioprotective effect of TAAqE against DOX-induced OS and cardiac dysfunction. METHODS OS and cytotoxicity were induced by 1 µM DOX for 24 h in H9c2 cells, a cardiac tissue-derived cell line, and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction was induced by intrapleural injection of DOX (accumulative 20 mg/kg body weight) to mice. Cellular oxidative levels and morphology were assessed using microscopy and oxidative-sensitive fluorescent dyes with and without co-treatment with TAAqE. LV function was monitored weekly with echocardiography. RESULTS TAAqE reduced OS and preserved mitochondria and cell growth of H9c2 cells against DOX treatment. TAAqE (in drinking water) attenuated the decreased LV function and altered myocardial structure caused by DOX treatment. CONCLUSION TAAqE exerts a protective action against cardiotoxicity caused by DOX in part via suppression of OS. Thus, TAAqE is a promising cardiotonic in adjuvant cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bishop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shi J Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Terminalia arjuna prevents Interleukin-18-induced atherosclerosis via modulation of NF-κB/PPAR-γ-mediated pathway in Apo E-/- mice. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:583-598. [PMID: 28547701 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Terminalia arjuna is a medicinal plant well known as a cardiotonic in Ayurvedic system of medicine. We hypothesized that aqueous stem bark extract of T. arjuna (TAE) may inhibit IL-18-induced atherosclerosis via NF-κB/PPAR-γ-mediated pathway in Apo E-/- mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS 12-week-old, male Apo E-/- mice divided into four groups (n = 6/group) fed with normal chow-diet were employed: GP I: phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (2 month); GP II: rIL-18 (1 month) followed by PBS (1 month); GP III: rIL-18 (1 month) followed by TAE (1 month); GP IV: rIL-18 (1 month) followed by atorvastatin (1 month). RESULTS IL-18 treatment induced a significant increase (p < 0.001) in pro-inflammatory marker (IL-18) (170 ± 9.16 vs. 1178.66 ± 8.08, pg/ml), and downregulated cholesterol efflux gene (PPAR-γ) by ~0.6-fold vs. 1.00 in IL-18-treated mice as compared to the control animals, respectively. TAE treatment to both groups caused a significant reduction in IL-18 to 281.66 ± 9.60 vs. 1178.66 ± 8.08 (pg/ml), upregulated cholesterol efflux gene by ~1.5- vs. 0.6-fold in TAE-treated group, decreased atherogenic lipids, and percentage atherosclerotic lesion area, demonstrating comparable effects with atorvastatin. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that TAE protects against IL-18-induced atherosclerosis via NF-κB/PPAR-γ-mediated pathway.
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PARMAR PANKAJ, KHAMRUI KAUSHIK. Development of process for the production of arjuna herbal ghee from buffalo milk. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i2.67746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study was envisaged to develop a process of production of herbal ghee from buffalo milk using arjuna extract. Three different types of extracts viz. commercial aqueous arjuna extract powder, aqueous extract and alcoholic extract prepared in laboratory from arjuna bark were tried. It was observed that, amongst the three types of extracts when added at the level of 4% of the fat taken, ghee prepared using alcoholic extract was found superior. While selecting the level of alcoholic extract for maximizing the retention of phytosterol in ghee, it was found that there was no significant difference in overall acceptability scores of ghee samples prepared by adding the extract @ 5%, 6% and 7% by the weight of fat taken. Phytosterol content was found to be the highest, i.e. 0.38 and 0.47 mg/g when cream and butter were used as fat source at 7% level of addition of alcoholic extract, respectively. Based on the above results, the optimized product was the one that was prepared by addition of 7% alcoholic arjuna extract using creamery butter method. The chemical composition of the optimized product was found to be fat 99.92%, moisture 0.08%, free fatty acid 0.22% oleic acid, Butyro Refractometer reading 41.5 at 40°C, Reichert-Meissl value 31.5 and phytosterol content 0.39 mg/g.
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Amalraj A, Gopi S. Medicinal properties of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.: A review. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 7:65-78. [PMID: 28053890 PMCID: PMC5198828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been a main source of therapeutic agents from ancient time to cure diseases. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. (T. arjuna) is one of the most accepted and beneficial medicinal plants in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of various critical diseases. This comprehensive review provides various aspects of its ethnomedical, phytochemical, pharmacognostical, pharmacological and clinical significance to different diseases particularly in cardiovascular conditions. This plant has a good safety outline when used in combination with other conventional drugs. This review highlights various medicinal properties of T. arjuna through different studies such as antioxidant, hypotensive, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic and gastro-productive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sreeraj Gopi
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs Pvt Ltd, Kolenchery, Cochin, India
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Effect of E-OJ-01 on Cardiac Conditioning in Young Exercising Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Ther 2016; 24:e298-e307. [PMID: 27930383 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cardiac health is a determinant of athletic performance. A body of data suggests that in healthy young adults, an increase in maximal cardiac output leads to an increase in endurance. Terminalia arjuna (TA) has been studied for multiple benefits in cardiovascular health although its effects as a cardioprotective ergogenic aid require further exploration. The current trial was planned to study the effect of the proprietary TA extract (E-OJ-01) on the markers of cardiac conditioning in healthy young adults. STUDY QUESTION No study has assessed the effect of TA extract on cardiac conditioning by improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in young exercising individuals. STUDY DESIGN, MEASURES AND OUTCOMES A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study was conducted to determine the efficacy and safety of E-OJ-01 for use as an ergogenic supplements in young exercising adults. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02207101) and reported according to Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) requirements. Thirty-two healthy males, aged 18-40 years performing regular endurance exercise, were randomly assigned to 400 mg of E-OJ-01 or placebo for 56 days. LVEF, right and left ventricular Myocardial Performance Index, and Borg Rated Perceived Exertion (RPE) were assessed at baseline, day 28, and day 56; creatine kinase-MB and troponin-T were assessed at baseline and at day 56. RESULTS As compared with placebo, 56 days of E-OJ-01 supplementation significantly improved the LVEF (P = 0.0001) and decreased the right ventricular Myocardial Performance Index (P = 0.001). The fatigue level captured by Borg Scale after completion of exercise showed a greater decrease in the E-OJ-01 group as compared with placebo. Creatine kinase-MB and troponin-T did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS TA (E-OJ-01) significantly increased cardiovascular efficiency and improved the cardiac conditioning in young healthy adults.
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Maulik SK, Wilson V, Seth S, Bhargava B, Dua P, Ramakrishnan S, Katiyar CK. Clinical efficacy of water extract of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. in patients of chronic heart failure: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1211-1219. [PMID: 26988798 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight and Arn. (Arjuna) is used in Indian system of medicine (Ayurveda) for treatment of various cardiac diseases, including heart failure. However, well designed clinical trials exploring its efficacy and safety in chronic heart failure (CHF) are lacking. PURPOSE To ascertain the add-on efficacy and safety of a standardized water extract of stem bark of Arjuna (Arjuna extract) in CHF patients on standard pharmacotherapy. STUDY DESIGN Double-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled add-on clinical trial. METHODS After approval of institutional ethics committee, 100 patients of CHF of New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II on standard pharmacotherapy having an echocardiographic left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40% were consecutively recruited with informed consent and randomized 1:1 to Arjuna extract 750 mg or matching placebo twice daily. The primary outcome measure was change in LVEF at 12 weeks. Secondary outcome measures included changes in (i) NYHA functional class, (ii) distance covered in 6 min walk test (6MWT), (iii) quality of life (QoL), as determined by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), (iv) plasma brain natriuretic peptide, (v) plasma cytokines (interleukin-6, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumour necrosis factor-α) and (vi) oxidative stress markers [serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), red blood cell (RBC) superoxide dismutase (SOD), RBC catalase and RBC glutathione (GSH)] at 6 and 12 weeks. Safety assessment was done by adverse event monitoring and laboratory investigations. Results were expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) and analysed with intention-to- treat principle using appropriate two-sided statistical tests. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Arjuna extract was well-tolerated, but did not change LVEF (24.3 ± 7.1 versus 25.5 ± 7.7%; p = 0.4) or secondary outcome measures except preservation of RBC catalase activity [1275(104, 10350) versus 1243.5(104, 10350) U/g haemoglobin; p = 0.01] compared to placebo. Significantly greater percentage increases occurred in distance covered in 6 MWT, RBC-SOD, RBC catalase, RBC GSH and in symptom severity and stability domains of KCCQ in patients on Arjuna extract versus those on placebo, on a post-hoc analysis, between subgroups of patients who improved in these outcomes. CONCLUSION Arjuna extract did not improve LVEF in CHF patients over 12 weeks, although there was improvement in functional capacity, antioxidant reserves and symptom-related QoL domains in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir K Maulik
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, 110029 New Delhi, India..
| | - Vinu Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, 110029 New Delhi, India.; Department of Pharmacology, Sree Gokulam Medical College & Research Foundation, Venjaramoodu, Trivandrum, 695607 Kerala, India
| | - Sandeep Seth
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, 110029 New Delhi, India
| | - Balram Bhargava
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, 110029 New Delhi, India
| | - Pamila Dua
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, 110029 New Delhi, India
| | - Sivasubramanian Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (A.I.I.M.S.), Ansari Nagar, 110029 New Delhi, India
| | - Chandra K Katiyar
- Dabur India Limited, Ghaziabad, 201010 Uttar Pradesh, India.; Emami Limited, Kolkata, 700107 West Bengal, India
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Optimization of Process Parameters for Formulation of Ayurvedic Fermented Medicine Arjunarishta by Response Surface Methodology. J Pharm Innov 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-015-9242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rather LJ, Shahid-ul-Islam SUI, Azam M, Shabbir M, Bukhari MN, Shahid M, Khan MA, Rizwanul Haque QM, Mohammad F. Antimicrobial and fluorescence finishing of woolen yarn with Terminalia arjuna natural dye as an ecofriendly substitute to synthetic antibacterial agents. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02717b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current study reflects the use of T. arjuna natural dye as an ecofriendly finishing agent for producing highly functional antimicrobial and fluorescent woolen yarn with the evaluation of kinetic and thermodynamic adsorption characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqman Jameel Rather
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | | | - Mudsser Azam
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Mohd Shabbir
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Mohd Nadeem Bukhari
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Mohd Ali Khan
- Department of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
- A.M.U
- Aligarh-202002
- India
| | | | - Faqeer Mohammad
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi-110025
- India
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Kapoor D, Trikha D, Vijayvergiya R, Parashar KK, Kaul D, Dhawan V. Short-Term Adjuvant Therapy with Terminalia arjuna Attenuates Ongoing Inflammation and Immune Imbalance in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2015; 8:173-86. [PMID: 25827448 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-015-9620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the cardioprotective effects of Terminalia arjuna on classical and immuno-inflammatory markers in coronary artery disease (CAD) as an adjuvant therapy. One hundred sixteen patients with stable CAD were administered placebo/T. arjuna (500 mg twice a day) along with medications in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. To understand the specificity and efficacy of T. arjuna, we evaluated its effect through microarray and in silico analysis in few representative samples. Data was further validated via real-time PCR (n = 50) each at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively. rIL-18 cytokine was used to induce inflammation in vitro to compare its effects with atorvastatin. T. arjuna significantly down-regulated TG, VLDL-C, and immuno-inflammatory markers in stable CAD versus placebo-treated subjects. Microarray and pathway analysis of a few samples from T. arjuna/placebo-treated groups and real-time PCR validation further confirmed our observations. Our data demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of T. arjuna that may attenuate ongoing inflammation and immune imbalance in medicated CAD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kapoor
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Abstract
Terminalia arjuna, commonly known as arjuna, belongs to the family of Combretaceae. Its bark decoction is being used in the Indian subcontinent for anginal pain, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and dyslipidemia, based on the observations of ancient physicians for centuries. The utility of arjuna in various cardiovascular diseases needs to be studied further. Therefore, the present review is an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature summarizing the experimental and clinical studies pertinent to arjuna in cardiovascular disorders, which were particularly performed during the last decade. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical studies of arjuna were retrieved through the use of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases. Most of the studies, both experimental and clinical, have suggested that the crude drug possesses anti-ischemic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antiatherogenic activities. Its useful phytoconstituents are: Triterpenoids, β-sitosterol, flavonoids, and glycosides. Triterpenoids and flavonoids are considered to be responsible for its beneficial antioxidant cardiovascular properties. The drug has shown promising effect on ischemic cardiomyopathy. So far, no serious side effects have been reported with arjuna therapy. However, its long-term safety still remains to be elucidated. Though it has been found quite useful in angina pectoris, mild hypertension, and dyslipidemia, its exact role in primary/secondary coronary prevention is yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shridhar Dwivedi
- Department of Medicine and Preventive Cardiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepti Chopra
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Kapoor D, Vijayvergiya R, Dhawan V. Terminalia arjuna in coronary artery disease: ethnopharmacology, pre-clinical, clinical & safety evaluation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1029-1045. [PMID: 25014508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. is one of the most popular and beneficial medicinal plants in indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This comprehensive review provides latest updates on traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological and toxicological data, clinical efficacy and safety of Terminalia arjuna as well as outlined strategies for future research and development to scientifically validate the therapeutic potential of this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information about Terminalia arjuna was collected via a systematic electronic and library search of various indexed and non-indexed journals, some local books and varied articles published on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and traditional uses. Various pre-clinical (2000-2014) and clinical studies (1990-2014) have also been considered regarding efficacy and safety profile of Terminalia arjuna. RESULTS Evidence from various in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials reveal the pleiotropic effects of Terminalia arjuna such as anti-atherogenic, hypotensive, inotropic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and antioxidant actions for treatment of various cardiovascular disorders. It is clearly documented that this plant has a good safety profile when used in conjunction with other conventional drugs. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the exact molecular mechanism of its action, appropriate form of drug administration, whether whole crude drug or aqueous or alcoholic extract should be used, toxicological studies and its interaction with other drugs. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this review highlights the importance as well as pleiotropic actions and functional aspects of Terminalia arjuna especially in cardiovascular diseases. Though, various pharmacological studies and clinical trials support its benefit in the CVD as per traditional use, new clinical trials using more rigorous state of the art technology and in a larger population setup are warranted to assess the traditional putative efficacy of Terminalia arjuna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kapoor
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajesh Vijayvergiya
- Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Veena Dhawan
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
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Hossain R, Sultana R, Adhikari A, Choudhary MI, Ali Y, Zaman S. New Ursane Triterpene from the Fruits of Terminalia arjuna. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new ursane triterpene, torment (2 α,3 β,19 α-trihydroxyurs-12-en) (1), was isolated from the fruits of Terminalia arjuna along with four known ursane and oleane triterpenes. The structures were established on the basis of extensive NMR (1D & 2D) and MS (EI & ESI) studies. Tormentic acid (2), 19α-hydroxy asiatic acid (3) and olean-12-en-2 α,3 β-diol (4) were isolated for the first time from this species. Compounds 1 and 2 lacked significant enzyme inhibition, cytotoxicity, immunomodulatory and antiglycation activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashadul Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, Chittagong 4349, Bangladesh
| | - Rajia Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, Chittagong 4349, Bangladesh
| | - Aychout Adhikari
- H.E.J. Research Institute of chemistry, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | | | - Yusuff Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Shahed Zaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
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A survey of medicinal plants used by the Deb barma clan of the Tripura tribe of Moulvibazar district, Bangladesh. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2014; 10:19. [PMID: 24502444 PMCID: PMC3996145 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The number of tribes present within Bangladesh has been estimated to approximate one hundred and fifty. Information on traditional medicinal practices, particularly of the smaller tribes and their clans is lacking. It was the objective of the study to document the tribal medicinal practices of the Deb barma clan of the Tripura tribe, which clan can be found residing in Dolusora Tripura Palli of Moulvibazar district of Bangladesh. A further objective was to determine the extent of the community households who still prefer traditional treatment to other forms of treatment, particularly allopathic treatment. Methods Interviews of the tribal healer and the tribal community regarding their ethnomedicinal practices were carried out with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided field-walk method. All together 67 clan members were interviewed including the Headman, tribal healer, 19 Heads of households and 46 other adult members of the clan. Information on number of members of household, their age, gender, educational status, occupation of working household members and preferred mode of treatment was obtained through the semi-structured questionnaire. In the guided field-walk method, the healer took the interviewers on field-walks through areas from where he collected his medicinal plants, pointed out the plants, and described their uses. Results The clan had a total of 135 people distributed into 20 households and had only one traditional healer. Use of medicinal plants, wearing of amulets, and worship of the evil god ‘Bura debta’ constituted the traditional medicinal practices of the clan for treatment of diseases. The healer used a total of 44 medicinal plants distributed into 34 families for treatment of various ailments like pain, coughs, cold, gastrointestinal disorders, cuts and wounds, diabetes, malaria, heart disorders, and paralysis. Conclusions Available scientific reports validate the use of a number of plants by the traditional healer. A number of the plants used by the clan healer had reported similar uses in Ayurveda, but differ considerably in their therapeutic uses from that reported for other tribes in Bangladesh. The present survey also indicated that in recent years the Deb barma clan members are inclining more towards allopathic medicine.
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Khanna D, Banewal L, Mehan S. Spices, Fruits, Nuts and Vitamins: Preventive Interventions for Myocardial Infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5567/pharmacologia.2013.553.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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CardioPulse Articles. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Development of bioanalytical parameters for standardization of Terminalia arjuna. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-6189(13)60145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
The bark of the tree Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) is widely used in Indian medicine (Ayurveda) for various cardiovascular ailments. The bark has been reported to contain several bioactive compounds. Many experimental studies have reported its antioxidant, anti-ischemic, antihypertensive, and antihypertrophic effects, which have relevance to its therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases in humans. Several clinical studies have reported its efficacy mostly in patients with ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and heart failure. However, a major shortcoming in all these experimental and clinical studies is the absence of phytochemical standardization of the extracts. In addition, many clinical studies are poor in terms of design and methods used for generating safety data. This review discusses how to address all these issues for a scientific validation of this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir K Maulik
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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