Dietary polyphenols in chemoprevention and synergistic effect in cancer: Clinical evidences and molecular mechanisms of action

Unveiling the Effects of Cruciferous Vegetable Intake on Different Cancers: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis

CONTEXT

Epidemiological studies indicated that cruciferous vegetable intake is associated with positive health outcomes. However, the role of cruciferous vegetables may have differential impacts on various cancers.

OBJECTIVE

This meta-analysis aims to review recent epidemiological studies on the link between cruciferous vegetables and various cancers. It seeks to identify the optimal intake dose and timing of cruciferous vegetables influencing their association with cancer risk.

DATA SOURCES

Studies on cruciferous vegetables and cancer were searched in PubMed, NCBI, Web of Science, and Elsevier databases from 1978 to June 2023.

DATA EXTRACTION

Extracted data from 226 relevant case-control and cohort studies were expressed by standardized mean difference and 95% CI, followed by the subgroup analysis to eliminate heterogeneity.

RESULTS

Intake of cruciferous vegetables can prevent cancers, with an odds ratio of 0.77 and risk ratio (RR) of 0.96. The intake levels of cruciferous vegetables associated with the risk of colorectal cancer, lung cancer, upper gastrointestinal cancer, gynecological cancer (ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer), bladder cancer, renal cancer, and prostate cancer were found to be 5.41 servings/week, 5.41 servings/week, 5.5 servings/week, 7.4 servings/week, 5.5 servings/week, 4.85 servings/week, and 3 servings/week, respectively. In a cohort followed for 2 to 15 years, limited consumption of cruciferous vegetables was correlated with a higher cancer RR. In the Asian population, cruciferous vegetables had a significant relationship with lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and esophageal cancer. Conversely, cruciferous vegetables are predominantly associated with colorectal, renal, gynecological, and prostate cancer in the American population.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the complex link between cruciferous vegetables and cancer, influenced by factors such as cancer type, region, intake level, and follow-up duration.

Emerging chitosan systems incorporated with polyphenols: Their applications in intelligent packaging, active packaging, and nutraceutical systems - A comprehensive review

Chitosan, a biodegradable anionic polysaccharide, has been increasingly investigated for food packaging and nutraceutical applications. In recent years, chitosan has been combined with polyphenols, a group of health promoting bioactive compounds, to enhance their physicochemical, functional, and biological properties. The synergistic functional attributes of chitosan and polyphenols have led to the development of several novel food packaging materials and nutraceuticals. Despite, several investigations being conducted on chitosan-polyphenol materials (e.g., films, coating, nanoparticles, complexes, emulsion gels), currently there is a lack of studies that comprehensively evaluate the combined effect of chitosan and polyphenol in development of both food packaging materials and nutraceuticals. Therefore, in this review, novel packaging materials and nutraceuticals developed employing chitosan-polyphenol in recent years (2018-2024) are thoroughly investigated. This review initiates with the source, production strategies, and techniques employed to improve the functionality of chitosan. Secondly, the findings associated with important intelligent packaging materials, including pH indicator, time-temperature indicator, and freshness indicator, developed using chitosan-polyphenol is investigated. Following that, the applications of chitosan-polyphenol materials in active food packaging (i.e., antimicrobial, antioxidant, oxygen scavenger, ethylene scavenger, and moisture scavenger) are explored. Notably, chitosan-based delivery systems that are employed to improve the chemical stability, bioaccessibility, and biological properties of polyphenols for nutraceutical applications are summarized. Finally, the challenges associated with the industrial application of chitosan-polyphenol materials are addressed. Overall, this review would benefit a wide range of scientists from food packaging to ingredient sectors by providing the current knowledge associated with chitosan-polyphenol materials.

Fisetin as a chemoprotective and chemotherapeutic agent: mechanistic insights and future directions in cancer therapy

Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality globally, characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells, invasion of healthy tissues, and potential metastasis. Natural compounds have become a focus in cancer research due to their potential therapeutic roles. Among these, fisetin, a dietary flavonoid, demonstrates notable anti-cancer properties through various molecular mechanisms. This review evaluates the chemoprotective and chemotherapeutic potential of fisetin, focusing on its mechanisms of action against cancer and its capacity to enhance cancer treatment. A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using keywords related to fisetin and cancer. The review synthesizes findings from in vitro and in vivo studies examining fisetin's effects on signaling pathways, apoptosis induction, oxidative stress modulation, and synergistic potential with chemotherapeutic agents. Fisetin has shown the ability to suppress tumor growth and metastasis by modulating critical signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, and MAPK. It induces apoptosis in cancer cells through mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses and demonstrates antioxidative properties by reducing reactive oxygen species. Additionally, fisetin enhances the efficacy of conventional chemotherapies, indicating its role as a potential adjuvant in cancer treatment. Fisetin presents a promising natural compound with diverse anti-cancer effects, impacting cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and oxidative stress pathways. Further clinical studies are warranted to fully elucidate its therapeutic potential and to optimize its delivery for improved bioavailability in cancer patients.

Therapeutic Potential of Prunus Species in Gastrointestinal Oncology

BACKGROUND

Gastrointestinal tract cancers represent a significant worldwide health concern, accounting for almost one-third of cancer-related deaths. The existing chemotherapy drugs used in gastrointestinal cancers are ineffective, so prognosis is poor, recurrence and metastasis rates are high, and survival time remains short, necessitating the development of novel antitumor drugs that exhibit low toxicity and less potential for the development of drug resistance. This challenge is considerable, but evidence from the past decades supports the medicinal properties and functionalities of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and acid phenolics with anticancer activities. Our purpose was to find data on the relationship between gastrointestinal cancer and bioactive compounds from Prunus species, focusing on their molecular mechanisms of action.

RESULTS

Studies highlight the potential of bioactive compounds from Prunus species to modulate the cancer cell signaling pathways involved in gastrointestinal tumorigenesis.

CONCLUSIONS

The studies reviewed suggest that polyphenols from Prunus species exhibit promising gastrointestinal anticancer activities and could represent an adjunctive therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. Further studies are necessary to validate these compounds' therapeutic potential and their feasibility as cost-effective treatments for cancer.

Seaweed-derived laminarin and alginate as potential chemotherapeutical agents: An updated comprehensive review considering cancer treatment

Seaweed-derived bioactive substances such as polysaccharides have proven to be effective chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents. Laminarin and alginate antioxidant properties aid in the prevention of cancer through dynamic modulation of critical intracellular signaling pathways via apoptosis which produce low cytotoxicity and potential chemotherapeutic effects. Understanding the effects of laminarin and alginate on human cancer cells and their molecular roles in cell death pathways can help to develop a novel chemoprevention strategy. This review emphasizes the importance of apoptosis-modulating laminarin and alginate in a range of malignancies as well as their extraction, molecular structure, and weight. In addition, future nano-formulation enhancements for greater clinical efficacy are discussed. Laminarin and alginate are perfect ingredients because of their distinct physicochemical and biological characteristics and their use-based delivery systems in cancer. The effectiveness of laminarin and alginate against cancer and more preclinical and clinical trials will open up as new chemotherapeutic natural drugs which lead to established as potential cancer drugs.

Phytochemicals and their Nanoformulations for Overcoming Drug Resistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Drug resistance remains a significant challenge in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), leading to therapeutic failure and poor patient prognosis. Numerous mechanisms, including drug efflux pumps, altered tumor microenvironment (TME), and dysregulated cell death pathways, contribute to the development of resistance against conventional chemotherapeutic agents, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies. As resistance to traditional treatments continues to emerge, there is an urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies to overcome these challenges. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring bioactive compounds and have demonstrated remarkable potential in targeting multiple resistance mechanisms simultaneously.

METHOD

This review comprehensively overviews the current understanding of drug resistance mechanisms in HNSCC and explores innovative strategies utilizing phytochemicals and their nanoformulations to overcome these resistance mechanisms, with a particular focus on recent developments and future perspectives in this field.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Phytochemicals with anticancer properties include a wide range of herbal-derived molecules such as flavonoids, stilbenes, curcuminoids, alkaloids, traditional Chinese medicine, and others. These compounds can modulate ATP-binding cassette transporters, reverse epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), target cancer stem cells (CSCs), and regulate various signaling pathways involved in drug resistance. The integration of phytochemicals into advanced nanoformulation systems has also shown a remarkable improvement in enhancing their bioavailability, stability, and targeted delivery to the TME, potentially improving their therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, the combination of phytochemicals with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, targeted molecular therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has exhibited synergistic effects, offering a promising approach to restoring drug sensitivity in resistant HNSCC cells.

CONCLUSION

Phytochemicals and their nanoformulations may improve response of HNSCC to therapy by alleviating drug resistance.

Advances in prebiotic carbohydrate-based targeted delivery: Overcoming gastrointestinal challenges for bioactive ingredients

Natural bioactive ingredients face challenges in extensive application owing to low oral bioavailability. This can be improved by overcoming gastrointestinal barriers and facilitating targeted release through delivery strategies. This study provides a comprehensive review of targeted delivery systems using prebiotic carbohydrate matrices, focusing on structures, release mechanisms and applications. The bioactive ingredients can be encapsulated into nanohydrogels, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, micro/nanocapsules and nanofibres to achieve controlled/targeted delivery to predetermined locations via interactions with pH, mucus, microbiome, enzymes and other factors in the colon. In particular, the prebiotic function of carbohydrates is generated by colonic microbiota degradation and fermentation, producing beneficial postbiotics through multiple metabolic pathways. This study provides certain insights into the in-depth development and application of prebiotic carbohydrate-based targeted delivery systems in the fields of food and health.

Exploring the anticancer potential of extracts and compounds from the heartwood of Cotinus coggygria Scop. wild growing in Serbia

BACKGROUND

Cotinus coggygria has a long history of use in traditional medicine in Europe and Asia. The aim of study was to explore the cytotoxicity of extracts (EE-ethanol, MME-methylene chloride/methanol, and WE-water) and compounds (butin, butein, fisetin, sulfuretin, taxifolin, eriodictyol, fustin, cotinignan A, sulfuretin auronol, 3-O-methylepifustin, 3-O-methylfustin, and sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside) isolated from C. coggygria. Mechanisms of anticancer effects of three extracts, butin, butein, and sulfuretin were examined.

METHODS

Compounds were isolated from the EE using silica gel column chromatography and semipreparative HPLC. Structure elucidation was performed using NMR spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. The effects on cell cycle and cell death were investigated by flow cytometry. The antimigration effects were examined by scratch assay, while expression of the MMP2, MMP9, and VEGFA were measured by quantitative real time PCR. The antioxidant effects were examined by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

3-O-methylepifustin, epitaxifolin, and sulfuretin auronol were found for the first time in C. coggygria. The extracts and compounds showed selective cytotoxicity against HeLa, MDA-MB-231, HL-60, K562, A375, PC-3, and DU 145 cells. HeLa cells were the most sensitive to the cytotoxicity of MME (IC50 value of 47.45 µg/mL), while leukemia K562 and HL-60 cells were the most sensitive to the MME and EE (IC50 values in the range from 31.04 to 44.57 µg/mL). Butein exerted strong cytotoxicity on HeLa, K562, and MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 values of 8.66 µM, 13.91 µM, and 22.36 µM). EE, butin, butein, sulfuretin, and fisetin were highly selective against leukemia K562 cells when compared with normal fibroblasts MRC-5 (selectivity index: 4.01, 5.15, 6.17, 7.05, > 4.41, respectively). Butein and fisetin showed high selectivity in the cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells when compared with MRC-5 cells (selectivity index: 9.91 and > 6.61). Three extracts, butin, butein, and sulfuretin, initiated apoptosis in HeLa cells by activating caspase-8 and caspase-9. The extracts, butin, butein, and sulfuretin inhibited HeLa cell migration. EE, MME, butein, and sulfuretin exerted cytoprotective effects in normal fibroblasts.

CONCLUSIONS

This research might suggest promising anticancer effects and underscores the need for additional research on C. coggygria extracts and compounds to assess their potential in cancer prevention and therapy.

Dietary polyphenols for tumor therapy: bioactivities, nano-therapeutic systems and delivery strategies

Various dietary polyphenols have demonstrated potent anti-tumor properties and are being evaluated as potential adjuncts in cancer treatment. Although several reviews have offered extensive insights into the anti-tumor activities of dietary polyphenols, they frequently lack a detailed discussion on the design of therapeutic protocols and targeted delivery strategies of these compounds, which impedes the translation of their biological activity into clinical practice. This article aims to deliver a comprehensive review of the anti-tumor properties of dietary polyphenols, while also examining the design and implementation of nanotherapy systems based on these compounds. Additionally, given the challenges of low water solubility and stability of dietary polyphenols, this article outlines the current methodologies for the formulation and delivery of nano-preparations to enhance tumor targeting and therapeutic efficacy. This comprehensive review aspires to deepen our understanding of the operational mechanisms of dietary polyphenols and expand their clinical applications, thereby facilitating the development of polyphenol-based dietary supplements and food additives, and promoting the progress of dietary polyphenol-related nanomedicine.

Dietary influence on cancer progression: Gut health and genomic profiles

This scholarly review comprehensively examines the connection between dietary habits, gut health, cancer prognosis, and genomic profiles. It emphasizes the crucial role of gut microbiota in mediating genomic changes and oncogenic processes through metabolic derivatives.It advocatеs for pеrsonalizеd nutrition stratеgiеs based on individual microbiomе and gеnomic profilеs and proposеs that customized diеtary intеrvеntions could play a crucial rolе in cancеr prеvеntion thеrapy. Thе article highlights thе influеncе of spеcific nutriеnts and such as diеtary fibеr and polyphеnols found in cеrtain foods and dеmonstrating thеir potеntial to altеr gеnе еxprеssions associatеd with inflammation and tumorigеnеsis. Thе rеviеw citеs rеcеnt studiеs that support thе idеa that diеtary modifications can influеncе gеnе rеgulation and thеrеby potеntially altеring cancеr progrеssion. Nevertheless, it calls for morе rigorous rеsеarch including longitudinal and randomizеd studies, to substantiatе thе еvidеncе nеcеssary for developing diеtary guidеlinеs tailorеd for cancеr patiеnts. Thе rеviеw еmphasizеs thе nееd for a multidisciplinary approach and highlight thе importancе of collaboration across thе fiеlds of nutrition gеnomics microbiology and oncology to improve cancеr trеatmеnts and patiеnt quality of lifе. It posits thе rеviеw as a cornеrstonе for a divеrsе audiеncе within thе scientific and mеdical communitimphasizing thе nеcеssity for ongoing rеsеarch in nutritional gеnomics which it dеpicts as a fiеld full of opportunitiеs to transform cancеr carе.

A Comprehensive Review of Naringenin, a Promising Phytochemical with Therapeutic Potential

Disorders, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, can threaten human health; therefore, disease prevention is essential. Naringenin, a phytochemical with low toxicity, has been used in various disease prevention studies. This study aimed to comprehensively review the effects of naringenin on human health. First, we introduced the general characteristics of naringenin and its pharmacokinetic features when absorbed in the body. Next, we summarized the inhibitory effects of naringenin on colorectal, gastric, lung, breast, ovarian, cervical, prostate, bladder, liver, pancreatic, and skin cancers in preclinical studies. Lastly, we investigated the inhibitory effects of naringenin on metabolic disorders, including diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cardiac toxicity, hypertrophy, steatosis, liver disease, and arteriosclerosis, as well as on neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In conclusion, naringenin may serve as a significant natural compound that benefits human health.

Heterocyclic phytometabolites formononetin and arbutin prevent in vitro oxidative and alkylation-induced mutagenicity

Phenolic phytometabolites are promising bioactive compounds for management of genomic instability related diseases. Formononetin (FMN) and arbutin (ARB) are found in several plant sources. Our goal was to investigate the safety and efficacy of FMN and ARB using in vitro both standardized and alternative toxicogenetic methods. FMN and ARB were evaluated through the OECD'S guidelines No. 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test -Salmonella/microsome) and No. 487 (In vitro Mammalian Micronucleus Test - CBMN assay), accordingly to the mentioned recommendations. Also, antimutagenicity of FMN and ARB was assessed in S. Typhimurium strains TA98, TA100 and TA1535, following pre-, co- and post- treatment protocols. Liver human lineages HepG2 and F C3H were assayed for cytotoxicity after exposure to FMN and ARB (24, 48 and 72 h) using in vitro WST-1 test. ARB showed no mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome test under both metabolic conditions (in presence or absence of 4 % S9 mix), but FMN was cytotoxic to the TA97 and TA100 strains after metabolic activation. Under this same condition, FMN induced an increase in the mutagenic index of strain TA1535 at two of the highest tested concentrations. Even so, ARB and FMN exhibited protection against the induced alkylation of DNA in multiple action modes. In the antimutagenicity assay, FMN reached the maximum of 80 % of oxidative-provoked mutagenicity reduction in TA98 strain in co-treatment with known mutagen, besides 69 % of reduction in TA100 in the same exposure condition. ARB showed up to reduce induced mutagenicity in strains TA100 and TA1535, reaching percentages from 55 % to 100 % of antimutagenicity in all of the tested exposure models against alkylating agent. In the CBMN assay, no increase in micronuclei formation was observed. The results suggest that FMN and ARB prevent DNA from mutation using multi-targeted antimutagenic roles. Finally, our data suggests that FMN and ARB are not genotoxic and presented encouraging antimutagenicity action in vitro, being promising compounds for use in genomic instability-related diseases therapeutics.

Development, validation, and application of a South African Dietary Polyphenol Data Quality Assessment Tool

There is a wealth of South African scientific literature studying and reporting on dietary polyphenols in research articles and academic literature. The evaluation of data quality is critical to ensure polyphenol data compiled from various scientific journals and academic texts are acceptable in terms of compilation standards. This study aimed to develop, validate, and apply a country specific South African dietary polyphenol data quality assessment tool (SADPDQAT). The evaluation tool considered nine evaluation categories with a maximum score of 5. For each literature source assessed, a quality score and confidence code was assigned. Validation analysis revealed generally consistent results between raters with an average percentage agreement of 65 %, no scores falling outside of Bland-Altman limits of agreement and a moderate internal consistency α = 0.533 which was improved to 0.616. Applying the tool to 383 scientific studies showed that most literature obtained a quality score between 70 and 79 % resulting in a confidence code of "B" (n = 166, 43 %) and a score between 60 and 69 % resulting in a confidence code of "C" (n = 125, 33 %). The SADPDQAT can be used to evaluate a variety of dietary polyphenol containing literature and aids in setting priorities for further research in this area.

Polyphenols as Immunomodulators and Epigenetic Modulators: An Analysis of Their Role in the Treatment and Prevention of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer poses a substantial health challenge for women globally. Recently, there has been a notable increase in scholarly attention regarding polyphenols, primarily attributed to not only the adverse effects associated with conventional treatments but also their immune-preventive impacts. Polyphenols, nature-derived substances present in vegetation, including fruits and vegetables, have received considerable attention in various fields of science due to their probable wellness merits, particularly in the treatment and hindrance of cancer. This review focuses on the immunomodulatory effects of polyphenols in breast cancer, emphasizing their capacity to influence the reaction of adaptive and innate immune cells within the tumor-associated environment. Polyphenols are implicated in the modulation of inflammation, the enhancement of antioxidant defenses, the promotion of epigenetic modifications, and the support of immune functions. Additionally, these compounds have been shown to influence the activity of critical immune cells, including macrophages and T cells. By targeting pathways involved in immune evasion, polyphenols may augment the capacity of the defensive system to detect and eliminate tumors. The findings suggest that incorporating polyphenol-rich foods into the diet could offer a promising, collaborative (integrative) approach to classical breast cancer remedial procedures by regulating how the defense mechanism interacts with the disease.

Elucidating the anticancerous efficacy of genistein via modulating HPV (E7 and E6) oncogenes expression and apoptotic induction in cervical cancer cells

In recent years, genistein has garnered increased interest for its ability to inhibit numerous deregulated targets associated with cancer progression and induction of programmed cell death and antiproliferative activities in human carcinoma cells. Cancer etiology is influenced via multiple disrupted signaling pathways. This study therefore directed toward investigating genistein efficacy in modulating mRNA expression levels of two crucial Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV) (E7 and E6) oncogenes for cancer treatment. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of genistein for HPV (E7 and E6) oncogenes in cervical carcinoma have not yet been reported. Current study investigated inhibitory potential of genistein in HPV (E7 and E6) oncogenes in HeLa cells. These oncogenes are known to deactivate many tumor suppressor proteins (p53 and pRB). Genistein therapy resulted in decreased cell proliferation and increased cell accumulation in the G (G0/G1) phase in HeLa cell lines. In addition, genistein therapy has resulted in the suppression of HPV (E7 and E6) gene expression and simultaneously increasing expression levels of p53 and pRB mRNA levels. As a consequence, there has been an activation of a series of caspases (3, 8, and 9), resulting in their cleavage. Consequently, our data suggests that genistein could be a powerful candidate for treating cervical cancer by targeting two important oncogenes involved in viral development. However, more in vitro research on primary cervical cancer cells is required to validate the clinically relevant efficacy of genistein against cervical cancer.

Microbially mediated phenolic catabolites exert differential genoprotective activities in normal and adenocarcinoma cell lines

Age-associated decline of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity and DNA repair efficiency leads to the accumulation of DNA damage and increased risk of cancer. Understanding the mechanisms behind increased levels of damaged DNA is crucial for developing interventions to mitigate age-related cancer risk. Associated with various health benefits, (poly)phenols and their microbially mediated phenolic catabolites represent a potential means to reduce DNA damage. Four colonic-microbiota-derived phenolic catabolites were investigated for their ability to reduce H2O2-induced oxidative DNA damage and modulate the Nrf2-Antixoidant Response Element (ARE) pathway, in normal (CCD 841 CoN) and adenocarcinoma (HT29) colonocyte cell lines. Each catabolite demonstrated significant (p < .001) genoprotective activity and modulation of key genes in the Nrf2-ARE pathway. Overall, the colon-derived phenolic metabolites, when assessed at physiologically relevant concentrations, reduced DNA damage in both normal and adenocarcinoma colonic cells in response to oxidative challenge, mediated in part via upregulation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway.

Anti-tumor Effects of Polyphenols via Targeting Cancer Driving Signaling Pathways: A Review

The use of drugs in chemotherapy poses numerous side effects. Hence the use of natural substances that can help in the prevention and cure of the disease is a dire necessity. Cancer is a deadly illness and combination of diseases, the menace of which is rising with every passing year. The research community and scientists from all over the world are working towards finding a cure of the disease. The use of polyphenols which are naturally derived from plants have a great potential to be used as anti-cancer drugs and also the use of fruits and vegetables which are rich in these polyphenols can also help in the prevention of diseases. The study aims to compile the available literature and research studies on the anti-cancer effects of polyphenols and the signaling pathways that are affected by them. To review the anti-cancer effects of polyphenols, Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect were used to study the literature available. The article that have been used for literature review were filtered using keywords including cancer, polyphenols and signaling pathways. Majorly articles from the last 10 years have been considered for the review but relevant articles from earlier than 10 years have also been considered. Almost 400 articles were studied for the review and 200 articles have been cited. The current review shows the potential of polyphenols as anti-cancer compounds and how the consumption of a diet rich in polyphenols can help in the prevention of cancer. Because of their capacity to affect a variety of oncogenic and oncosuppressive signaling pathways, phytochemicals derived from plants have been effectively introduced as an alternative anticarcinogenic medicines.

Graphical Abstract

Stilbene-pyridazinone hybrids: design, synthesis and in vitro antiplatelet activity screening

A series of stilbene analogues, in which a phenyl ring was replaced by the pyridazin-3(2H)-one nucleus, was designed and synthesized to be explored as platelet aggregation inhibitors. The proposed stilbene-pyridazinone hybrids were successfully obtained from simple starting materials and by Wittig's reaction. Most of the target compounds displayed improved in vitro activity in comparison with the standard drug, resveratrol, highlighting as the most potent the analogues 10d and 10e, with inhibition percentages of 94.15 % at 100 µM and 100 % at 50 µM, respectively. The pharmacokinetic and toxicity (ADME/T) properties of the novel hybrids were also estimated with the SwissADME and ProTox-II web servers.

Physiological potential of different Sorghum bicolor varieties depending on their bioactive characteristics and antioxidant potential as well as different extraction methods

A comprehensive study of sorghum bran and flour was performed to explore the secondary metabolite profiles of differently coloured genotypes and to evaluate the variability in the antioxidant properties based on differences in polarity and solubility. This research included one red variety and one white variety. Among the samples, the red variety contained significantly greater amounts of secondary metabolites than did the white variety, with total polyphenol contents of 808.04 ± 63.89 mg.100 g-1 and 81.56 ± 3.87 mg.100 g-1, respectively. High-molecular-weight condensed tannin-type flavonoid extracts with high antioxidant activity were obtained by using relatively low-polarity acetone-water solvents, which was reflected by the measured antioxidant values. Among the methods used, the electron-donating Trolox equivalent antioxidant assay provided the highest antioxidant capacity, with values ranging from 118.5 to 182.6 μmol g-1 in the case of the red variety, in accordance with the electron donor properties of condensed tannins. Key secondary metabolites were identified using MS techniques and quantified using HPLC. Catechin and procyanidin B1 were found in the red variety at concentrations of 3.20 and 96.11 mg.100 g-1, respectively, while the concentrations in the white variety were under the limit of detection. All four tocopherols were found in sorghum, with the red variety containing a higher amount than the white variety, but the vitamin B complex concentrations were higher in the white variety. Overall, the red sorghum variety proved to be a better source of secondary metabolites with potential health benefits and could be used as a nutrient-rich food source.

Epigallocatechin gallate and curcumin inhibit Bcl-2: a pharmacophore and docking based approach against cancer

The protein Bcl-2, well-known for its anti-apoptotic properties, has been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Identifying the primary gene responsible for promoting improved cell survival and development has provided compelling evidence for preventing cellular death in the progression of malignancies. Numerous research studies have provided evidence that the abundance of Bcl-2 is higher in malignant cells, suggesting that suppressing Bcl-2 expression could be a viable therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. In this study, we acquired a compound collection using a database that includes constituents from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Initially, we established a pharmacophore model and utilized it to search the TCM database for potential compounds. Compounds with a fitness score exceeding 0.75 were selected for further analysis. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) analysis identified six compounds with favorable therapeutic characteristics. The compounds that successfully passed the initial screening process based on the pharmacodynamic model were subjected to further evaluation. Extra-precision (XP) docking was employed to identify the compounds with the most favorable XP docking scores. Further analysis using the Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) method to calculate the overall free binding energy. The binding energy between the prospective ligand molecule and the target protein Bcl-2 was assessed by a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation for curcumin and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The findings of this investigation demonstrate the identification of a molecular structure that effectively inhibits the functionality of the Bcl-2 when bound to the ligand EGCG. Consequently, this finding presents a novel avenue for the development of pharmaceuticals capable of effectively addressing both inflammatory and tumorous conditions.

Modulation of long noncoding RNAs by polyphenols as a novel potential therapeutic approach in lung cancer: A comprehensive review

Lung cancer stands as a formidable global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. Polyphenols, bioactive compounds synthesized by plants, have garnered attention for their diverse health benefits, particularly in combating various cancers, including lung cancer. The advent of whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing technologies has illuminated the pivotal roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), operating at epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels, in cancer progression. This review comprehensively explores the impact of polyphenols on both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive lncRNAs in lung cancer, elucidating on their intricate regulatory mechanisms. The comprehensive examination extends to the potential synergies when combining polyphenols with conventional treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. Recognizing the heterogeneity of lung cancer subtypes, the review emphasizes the need for the integration of nanotechnology for optimized polyphenol delivery and personalized therapeutic approaches. In conclusion, we collect the latest research, offering a holistic overview of the evolving landscape of polyphenol-mediated modulation of lncRNAs in lung cancer therapy. The integration of polyphenols and lncRNAs into multidimensional treatment strategies holds promise for enhancing therapeutic efficacy and navigating the challenges associated with lung cancer treatment.

VEGF-R2/CAV-1 Interaction Induced by Resveratrol/Eicosapentaenoic Acid/Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enriched Formulation through Functional Detergent-Resistant Membranes Is Associated with Decreased VEGF-A Release in ARPE-19 Cells

SCOPE

Omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) and resveratrol (RSV) are known to be beneficial for certain eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Neovascular AMD is characterized by abnormal blood vessel formation due to the excessive synthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The study investigates whether a formulation based on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and RSV is capable of counteracting VEGF-A secretion, and elucidates the molecular mechanism.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The study finds, using ELISA, that O3FAs/RSV reduces VEGF-A secretion in human RPE cells. This phenomenon is related to the increased interaction between VEGF-receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) and caveolin-1 (CAV-1), a protein of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), as determined by co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay. Using microscale thermophoresis, the study confirms that O3FAs/RSV causes a high-affinity interaction. Isolation and analysis of DRMs reveal that this interaction is concomitant with VEGF-R2 relocalization in DRMs. The depletion of DRMs by a cholesterol-chelating agent blocks the VEGF-R2/CAV-1 interaction and EPA/DHA/RSV-mediated impairment of VEGF production.

CONCLUSION

This specific interaction can provide a new strategy for countering VEGF-A production in human RPE cells and, consequently, reducing neovascularization in AMD. Further preclinical studies involving O3FAs and polyphenols are warranted.

Harnessing the Power of Polyphenols: A New Frontier in Disease Prevention and Therapy

There are a wide variety of phytochemicals collectively known as polyphenols. Their structural diversity results in a broad range of characteristics and biological effects. Polyphenols can be found in a variety of foods and drinks, including fruits, cereals, tea, and coffee. Studies both in vitro and in vivo, as well as clinical trials, have shown that they possess potent antioxidant activities, numerous therapeutic effects, and health advantages. Dietary polyphenols have demonstrated the potential to prevent many health problems, including obesity, atherosclerosis, high blood sugar, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and neurological diseases. In this paper, the protective effects of polyphenols and the mechanisms behind them are investigated in detail, citing the most recent available literature. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the role of polyphenols in preventing and managing chronic diseases. The cited publications are derived from in vitro, in vivo, and human-based studies and clinical trials. A more complete understanding of these naturally occurring metabolites will pave the way for the development of novel polyphenol-rich diet and drug development programs. This, in turn, provides further evidence of their health benefits.

In Vitro and In Silico Anti-Glioblastoma Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Artemisia annua L. and Artemisia vulgaris L

Glioblastoma, the most aggressive and challenging brain tumor, is a key focus in neuro-oncology due to its rapid growth and poor prognosis. The C6 glioma cell line is often used as a glioblastoma model due to its close simulation of human glioma characteristics, including rapid expansion and invasiveness. Alongside, herbal medicine, particularly Artemisia spp., is gaining attention for its anticancer potential, offering mechanisms like apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of angiogenesis. In this study, we optimized extraction conditions of polyphenols from Artemisia annua L. and Artemisia vulgaris L. herbs and investigated their anticancer effects in silico and in vitro. Molecular docking of the main phenolic compounds of A. annua and A. vulgaris and potential target proteins, including programmed cell death (apoptosis) pathway proteins proapoptotic Bax (PDB ID 6EB6), anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 (PDB ID G5M), and the necroptosis pathway protein (PDB ID 7MON), mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), in complex with receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), revealed the high probability of their interactions, highlighting the possible influence of chlorogenic acid in modulating necroptosis processes. The cell viability of rat C6 glioma cell line was assessed using a nuclear fluorescent double-staining assay with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide. The extracts from A. annua and A. vulgaris have demonstrated anticancer activity in the glioblastoma model, with the synergistic effects of their combined compounds surpassing the efficacy of any single compound. Our results suggest the potential of these extracts as a basis for developing more effective glioblastoma treatments, emphasizing the importance of further research into their mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications.

Interaction of high amylose corn starch with polyphenols: Modulating the stability of polyphenols with different structure against thermal processing

Polyphenols are known to undergo thermal degradation and their bioactivity is reduced. In this study, the thermal degradation of polyphenols was modulated by the complexation between polyphenols and high amylose corn starch (HACS). The inclusion complex between ferulic acid with hydrophobic group methoxy and HACS had the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE = 26.15 %), loading efficiency (LE = 2.38 %) and thermal stability (DPPH radical scavenging activity was reduced by only 5.99 % after baking). After complexing with HACS, protocatechuic acid with ortho-position hydroxyl group had a higher encapsulation rate and thermal stability than 3, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid with meta-position hydroxyl. In addition, soy isoflavone with the higher logarithmic value of octanol-water partition coefficient (Log P = 3.66) resulted in higher encapsulation rate and thermal stability than naringenin (Log P = 2.11). The results suggest that the complexation between polyphenols and starch protects the bioactivity of polyphenols and improves the processing suitability of polyphenols.

Schisandrin B Suppresses Colon Cancer Growth by Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis: Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential

Colon cancer is among the most lethal and prevalent malignant tumors in the world, and the lack of effective therapies highlights the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Schisandrin B (Sch B), a lignan extracted from the fruit ofSchisandra chinensis, has been reported for its anticancer properties. However, to date, no studies have been done to characterize the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenic effects of Sch B in colon cancer. This study aimed to explore the antitumorigenic effects of Sch B in colon cancer and to understand the underlying therapeutic mechanism. A comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanism underlying the antitumorigenic effects of Sch B on human colon cancer cells was performed using a combination of Raman spectroscopy, RNA-seq, computational docking, and molecular biological experiments. The in vivo efficacy was evaluated by a mouse xenograft model. Sch B reduced cell proliferation and triggered apoptosis in human colon cancer cell lines. Raman spectroscopy, computational, RNA-seq, and molecular and cellular studies revealed that Sch B activated unfolded protein responses by interacting with CHOP and upregulating CHOP, which thereby induced apoptosis. CHOP knockdown alleviated the Sch B-induced reduction in cell viability and apoptosis. Sch B reduced colon tumor growth in vivo. Our findings demonstrated that Sch B induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. These results provided an essential background for clinical trials examining the effects of Sch B in patients with colon cancer.

Quercetin, a Flavonoid with Great Pharmacological Capacity

Quercetin is a flavonoid with a low molecular weight that belongs to the human diet's phenolic phytochemicals and nonenergy constituents. Quercetin has a potent antioxidant capacity, being able to capture reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive chlorine species (ROC), which act as reducing agents by chelating transition-metal ions. Its structure has five functional hydroxyl groups, which work as electron donors and are responsible for capturing free radicals. In addition to its antioxidant capacity, different pharmacological properties of quercetin have been described, such as carcinostatic properties; antiviral, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory properties; the ability to protect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, and the ability to inhibit angiogenesis; these are developed in this review.

A Critical Appraisal of the Protective Activity of Polyphenolic Antioxidants against Iatrogenic Effects of Anticancer Chemotherapeutics

Polyphenolic compounds, encompassing flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, rutin, and cyanidin) and non-flavonoids (e.g., gallic acid, resveratrol, and curcumin), show several health-related beneficial effects, which include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiviral, and anticarcinogenic properties, as well as the prevention of coronary heart diseases. Polyphenols have also been investigated for their counteraction against the adverse effects of common anticancer chemotherapeutics. This review evaluates the outcomes of clinical studies (and related preclinical data) over the last ten years, with a focus on the use of polyphenols in chemotherapy as auxiliary agents acting against oxidative stress toxicity induced by antitumor drugs. While further clinical studies are needed to establish adequate doses and optimal delivery systems, the improvement in polyphenols' metabolic stability and bioavailability, through the implementation of nanotechnologies that are currently being investigated, could improve therapeutic applications of their pharmaceutical or nutraceutical preparations in tumor chemotherapy.

Intracellular Ellagic Acid Derived from Goat Urine DMSO Fraction (GUDF) Predicted as an Inhibitor of c-Raf Kinase

BACKGROUND

Dietary chemicals and their gut-metabolized products are explored for their anti-proliferative and pro-cell death effects. Dietary and metabolized chemicals are different from ruminants such as goats over humans.

METHODS

Loss of cell viability and induction of death due to goat urine DMSO fraction (GUDF) derived chemicals were assessed by routine in vitro assays upon MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Intracellular metabolite profiling of MCF-7 cells treated with goat urine DMSO fraction (GUDF) was performed using an in-house designed vertical tube gel electrophoresis (VTGE) assisted methodology, followed by LC-HRMS. Next, identified intracellular dietary chemicals such as ellagic acid were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against transducers of the c-Raf signaling pathway employing molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation.

RESULTS

GUDF treatment upon MCF-7 cells displayed significant loss of cell viability and induction of cell death. A set of dietary and metabolized chemicals in the intracellular compartment of MCF-7 cells, such as ellagic acid, 2-hydroxymyristic acid, artelinic acid, 10-amino-decanoic acid, nervonic acid, 2,4-dimethyl-2-eicosenoic acid, 2,3,4'- Trihydroxy,4-Methoxybenzophenone and 9-amino-nonanoic acid were identified. Among intracellular dietary chemicals, ellagic acid displayed a strong inhibitory affinity (-8.7 kcal/mol) against c-Raf kinase. The inhibitory potential of ellagic acid was found to be significantly comparable with a known c-Raf kinase inhibitor sorafenib with overlapping inhibitory site residues (ARG450, GLU425, TRP423, VA403).

CONCLUSION

Intracellular dietary-derived chemicals such as ellagic acid are suggested for the induction of cell death in MCF-7 cells. Ellagic acid is predicted as an inhibitor of c-Raf kinase and could be explored as an anti-cancer drug.

Polyphenols as potential preventers of osteoporosis: A comprehensive review on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, molecular mechanisms, and signal pathways in bone metabolism

Osteoporosis (OP) is a skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone density, alterations in bone microstructure, and increased damage to the bones. As the population ages and life expectancy increases, OP has become a global epidemic, drawing attention from scientists and doctors. Because of polyphenols have favorable antioxidant and anti-allergy effects, which are regarded as potential methods to prevent angiocardipathy and OP. Polyphenols offer a promising approach to preventing and treating OP by affecting bone metabolism, reducing bone resolution, maintaining bone density, and lowering the differentiation level of osteoclasts (OC). There are multiple ways in which polyphenols affect bone metabolism. This article provides an overview of how polyphenols inhibit oxidative stress, exert antibacterial effects, and prevent the occurrence of OP. Furthermore, we will explore the regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways implicated in this process.

Bioactive Properties of Tagetes erecta Edible Flowers: Polyphenol and Antioxidant Characterization and Therapeutic Activity against Ovarian Tumoral Cells and Caenorhabditis elegans Tauopathy

Tagetes erecta is an edible flower deeply rooted in traditional Mexican culture. It holds a central role in the most popular and iconic Mexican celebration, "the Day of the Dead". Furthermore, it is currently receiving interest as a potential therapeutic agent, motivated mainly by its polyphenol content. The present study aims to evaluate the biological activity of an extract synthesized from the petals of the edible flower T. erecta. This extract showed significant antioxidant scores measured by the most common in vitro methodologies (FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH), with values of 1475.3 μM trolox/g extr, 1950.3 μM trolox/g extr, and 977.7 μM trolox/g extr, respectively. In addition, up to 36 individual polyphenols were identified by chromatography. Regarding the biomedical aspects of the petal extract, it exhibited antitumoral activity against ovarian carcinoma cells evaluated by the MTS assay, revealing a lower value of IC50 compared to other flower extracts. For example, the extract from T. erecta reported an IC50 value half as low as an extract from Rosa × hybrida and six times lower than another extract from Tulbaghia violacea. This antitumoral effect of T. erecta arises from the induction of the apoptotic process; thus, incubating ovarian carcinoma cells with the petal extract increased the rate of apoptotic cells measured by flow cytometry. Moreover, the extract also demonstrated efficacy as a therapeutic agent against tauopathy, a feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the Caenorhabditis elegans experimental model. Treating worms with the experimental extract prevented disfunction in several motility parameters such as wavelength and swimming speed. Furthermore, the T. erecta petal extract prevented the release of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are associated with the progression of AD. Thus, treatment with the extract resulted in an approximate 20% reduction in ROS production. These findings suggest that these petals could serve as a suitable source of polyphenols for biomedical applications.

Design, synthesis and anti-tumor efficacy evaluation of novel 1,3-diaryl propane-based polyphenols obtained from Claisen rearrangement reaction

Polyphenols such as resveratrol, honokiol and nordihydroguaiaretic acid are widely existing in nature products or synthetic compounds with interesting biological activities. Inspired by their structural feature, a total of 49 1,3-diaryl propane-based polyphenols were designed and synthesized through Claisen rearrangement reaction. New compounds were initially assessed for their anti-proliferative activities against various cancer cell lines (PC-3, U87MG, U251, HCT116) at a concentration of 50 μM, and the results guided the SAR of this series of compounds. Further screening of selected compounds against seven cancer cell lines (three additional colon cancer cell lines namely COLO205, HT29 and SW480 were chosen) led to the identification of two advanced leads 2t and 3t with IC50 values ranging from 8.2 ± 0.1 to 19.3 ± 1.9 μM. Both compounds also showed promising anti-proliferative activities against COLO205 in dose- and time-dependent manners. Furthermore, 2t and 3t exhibited good anti-tumor efficacy in COLO205 xenografted mice model with TGI values ranging from 38% to 58%. These results warrant the further investigation of this series of compounds.

Evening Primrose Extract Modulates TYMS Expression via SP1 Transcription Factor in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

PURPOSE

To determine the mechanism of EPE in downregulating TYMS in MPM cancer.

METHODS

The TYMS mRNA expression with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition biomarkers and nuclear factor SP1 was assessed using the GEO database in a data set of MPM patients (GSE51024). Invasive MPM cell lines were in vitro models for the investigation of TYMS expression after EPE treatment. The tyms promoter SP1 binding sequences were determined using Genomatix v 3.4 software Electrophoretic mobility shift and dual-luciferase reporter assays revealed specific SP1 motifs in the interaction of EPE and reference compounds. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and Re-ChIP were used for the co-occupancy study.

RESULTS

In MPM patients, a positive correlation of overexpressed TYMS with mesenchymal TWIST1, FN1 and N-cadherin was observed. EPE and its major components, gallic and ellagic acid (GA and EA, respectively), downregulated TYMS in invasive MPM cells by interacting with particular SP1 motifs on the tyms promoter. The luciferase constructs confirmed the occupation of two SP1 regulatory regions critical for the promotion of TYMS expression. Both EPE and reference standards influenced SP1 translocation into the nucleus.

CONCLUSION

EPE components reduced TYMS expression by occupation of SP1 motifs on the tyms promoter and reversed the EMT phenotype of invasive MPM cells. Further in-depth analysis of the molecular docking of polyphenol compounds with SP1 regulatory motifs is required.

Potential of Dietary HDAC2i in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors

Breast cancer (BC) is a lethal malignancy with high morbidity and mortality but lacks effective treatments thus far. Despite the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) (including PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors), durable and optimal clinical benefits still remain elusive for a considerable number of BC patients. To break through such a dilemma, novel ICI-based combination therapy has been explored for enhancing the therapeutic effect. Recent evidence has just pointed out that the HDAC2 inhibitor (HDAC2i), which has been proven to exhibit an anti-cancer effect, can act as a sensitizer for ICIs therapy. Simultaneously, dietary intervention, as a crucial supportive therapy, has been reported to provide ingredients containing HDAC2 inhibitory activity. Thus, the novel integration of dietary intervention with ICIs therapy may offer promising possibilities for improving treatment outcomes. In this study, we first conducted the differential expression and prognostic analyses of HDAC2 and BC patients using the GENT2 and Kaplan-Meier plotter platform. Then, we summarized the potential diet candidates for such an integrated therapeutic strategy. This article not only provides a whole new therapeutic strategy for an HDAC2i-containing diet combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for BC treatment, but also aims to ignite enthusiasm for exploring this field.

Rowanberry-A Source of Bioactive Compounds and Their Biopharmaceutical Properties

After a period of intense development in the synthesis pharmaceutical industry, plants are making a comeback in the public focus as remedies or therapeutic adjuvants and in disease prevention and ensuring the wellbeing and equilibrium of the human body. Plants are being recommended more and more in alimentation, in their natural form, or as extracts, supplements or functional aliments. People, in general, are in search of new sources of nutrients and phytochemicals. As a result, scientific research turns to lesser known and used plants, among them being rowanberries, a species of fruit very rich in nutrients and underused due to their bitter astringent taste and a lack of knowledge regarding the beneficial effects of these fruit. Rowan fruits (rowanberries) are a rich source of vitamins, polysaccharides, organic acids and minerals. They are also a source of natural polyphenols, which are often correlated with the prevention and treatment of modern world diseases. This article presents the existing data regarding the chemical composition, active principles and biopharmaceutical properties of rowan fruits and the different opportunities for their usage.

Aronia melanocarpa Flavonol Extract-Antiradical and Immunomodulating Activities Analysis

The study of Aronia melanocarpa's (A. melanocarpa) biological activity is focused on obtaining the crude extract and separation of the flavonol compounds. The extraction and fractionation of A. melanocarpa fruits, followed by quantitative analysis, were accomplished using high-performance liquid chromatography and Darco G-60 filtering. This approach enabled the quantification of flavonoids within each fraction. The antioxidative, immunomodulating activities and cytotoxicity with respect to the lymphoblast cell line RPMI-1788 were studied. The flavonol extract of A. melanocarpa has been shown to have a high capacity to neutralize free DPPH and AAPH radicals in vitro. It also caused an accelerated 'respiratory burst' formation of neutrophils and an increase in the metabolic reserves of cells in rats exposed to cyclophosphamide. The reference solution (an equivalent quercetin-rutin blend) contributed to a decrease in lipid peroxidation, intensifying phagocytosis processes. The studied compounds demonstrated their low influence on the leukocyte blood profile in animals.

Recent Progress in Nanotechnology Improving the Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols for Cancer

Polyphenols derived from fruits, vegetables, and plants are bioactive compounds potentially beneficial to human health. Notably, compounds such as quercetin, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and resveratrol have been highlighted as antiproliferative agents for cancer. Due to their low solubility and limited bioavailability, some alternative nanotechnologies have been applied to encapsulate these compounds, aiming to improve their efficacy against cancer. In this comprehensive review, we evaluate the main nanotechnology approaches to improve the therapeutic potential of polyphenols against cancer using in vitro studies and in vivo preclinical models, highlighting recent advancements in the field. It was found that polymeric nanomaterials, lipid-based nanomaterials, inorganic nanomaterials, and carbon-based nanomaterials are the most used classes of nanocarriers for encapsulating polyphenols. These delivery systems exhibit enhanced antitumor activity and pro-apoptotic effects, particularly against breast, lung, prostate, cervical, and colorectal cancer cells, surpassing the performance of free bioactive compounds. Preclinical trials in xenograft animal models have revealed decreased tumor growth after treatment with polyphenol-loaded delivery systems. Moreover, the interaction of polyphenol co-delivery systems and polyphenol-drug delivery systems is a promising approach to increase anticancer activity and decrease chemotherapy side effects. These innovative approaches hold significant implications for the advancement of clinical cancer research.

Nutraceuticals as Modulators of Immune Function: A Review of Potential Therapeutic Effects

Dietary supplementation with nutraceuticals can promote optimal immune system activation, modulating different pathways that enhance immune defenses. Therefore, the immunity-boosting effects of nutraceuticals encompass not only immunomodulatory but also antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, with therapeutic effects against diverse pathological conditions. However, the complexity of the pathways that regulate the immune system, numerous mechanisms of action, and heterogeneity of the immunodeficiencies, and subjects treated make their application in the clinical field difficult. Some nutraceuticals appear to safely improve immune system function, particularly by preventing viral and bacterial infections in specific groups, such as children, the elderly, and athletes, as well as in frail patients, such as those affected by autoimmune diseases, chronic diseases, or cancer. Several nutraceuticals, such as vitamins, mineral salts, polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, many types of phytocompounds, and probiotic strains, have the most consolidated evidence in humans. In most cases, further large and long-term randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the available preliminary positive data.

Inhibition of Cancer Development by Natural Plant Polyphenols: Molecular Mechanisms

Malignant tumors remain one of the main sources of morbidity and mortality around the world. A chemotherapeutic approach to cancer treatment poses a multitude of challenges, primarily due to the low selectivity and genotoxicity of the majority of chemotherapeutic drugs currently used in the clinical practice, often leading to treatment-induced tumors formation. Highly selective antitumor drugs can largely resolve this issue, but their high selectivity leads to significant drawbacks due to the intrinsic tumor heterogeneity. In contrast, plant polyphenols can simultaneously affect many processes that are involved in the acquiring and maintaining of hallmark properties of malignant cells, and their toxic dose is typically much higher than the therapeutic one. In the present work we describe the mechanisms of the action of polyphenols on cancer cells, including their effects on genetic and epigenetic instability, tumor-promoting inflammation, and altered microbiota.

Hyaluronic Acid-Mediated Phenolic Compound Nanodelivery for Cancer Therapy

Phenolic compounds are bioactive phytochemicals showing a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticancer effects. Moreover, they are associated with fewer side effects compared to most currently used antitumor drugs. Combinations of phenolic compounds with commonly used drugs have been largely studied as an approach aimed at enhancing the efficacy of anticancer drugs and reducing their deleterious systemic effects. In addition, some of these compounds are reported to reduce tumor cell drug resistance by modulating different signaling pathways. However, often, their application is limited due to their chemical instability, low water solubility, or scarce bioavailability. Nanoformulations, including polyphenols in combination or not with anticancer drugs, represent a suitable strategy to enhance their stability and bioavailability and, thus, improve their therapeutic activity. In recent years, the development of hyaluronic acid-based systems for specific drug delivery to cancer cells has represented a pursued therapeutic strategy. This is related to the fact that this natural polysaccharide binds to the CD44 receptor that is overexpressed in most solid cancers, thus allowing its efficient internalization in tumor cells. Moreover, it is characterized by high biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Here, we will focus on and critically analyze the results obtained in recent studies regarding the use of hyaluronic acid for the targeted delivery of bioactive phenolic compounds to cancer cells of different origins, alone or in combination with drugs.

Red Wine Extract Prevents Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in ARPE-19 Retinal Cells

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most commonly occurring ocular diseases worldwide. This degenerative condition affects the retina and leads to the loss of central vision. The current treatments are focused on the late stage of the disease, but recent studies have highlighted the importance and benefits of preventive treatments and how good dietary habits can reduce the risk of progression to an advanced form of the disease. In this context, we studied whether resveratrol (RSV) or a polyphenolic cocktail, red wine extract (RWE), are able to prevent the initiating events of AMD (i.e., oxidative stress and inflammation) in human ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and macrophages. This study highlights that RWE and RSV can prevent hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or 2,2'-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress and can subsequently prevent DNA damage via the inhibition of the ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated)/Chk2 (checkpoint kinase 2) or Chk1 signaling pathways, respectively. Moreover, ELISA assays show that RWE and RSV can prevent the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in RPE cells and in human macrophages. Interestingly, RWE exhibits a greater protective impact compared to RSV alone, even though RSV was more concentrated when used alone than in the red wine extract. Our results suggest that RWE and RSV may have potential interest as preventive nutritional supplementations against AMD.

Antioxidant and chemotherapeutic efficacies of seaweed-derived phlorotannins in cancer treatment: A review regarding novel anticancer drugs

The ineffectiveness of traditional cancer therapies due to drug resistance, nontargeted delivery, and chemotherapy-associated adverse side effects has shifted attention to bioactive phytochemicals. Consequently, research efforts toward screening and identification of natural compounds with anticancer properties have increased in recent years. Marine seaweed-derived bioactive compounds, such as polyphenolic compounds, have exhibited anticancer properties. Phlorotannins (PTs), a major group of seaweed-derived polyphenolic compounds, have emerged as powerful chemopreventive and chemoprotective compounds, regulating apoptotic cell death pathways both in vitro and in vivo. In this context, this review focuses on the anticancer activity of polyphenols isolated from brown algae, with a special reference to PTs. Furthermore, we highlight the antioxidant effects of PTs and discuss how they can impact cell survival and tumor development and progression. Moreover, we discussed the potential therapeutic application of PTs as anticancer agents, having molecular mechanisms involving oxidative stress reduction. We have also discussed patents or patent applications that apply PTs as major components of antioxidant and antitumor products. With this review, researcher may gain new insights into the potential novel role of PTs, as well as uncover a novel cancer-prevention mechanism and improve human health.

Interplay between Phytochemicals and the Colonic Microbiota

Phytochemicals are natural compounds found in food ingredients with a variety of health-promoting properties. Phytochemicals improve host health through their direct systematic absorption into the circulation and modulation of the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota increases the bioactivity of phytochemicals and is a symbiotic partner whose composition and/or diversity is altered by phytochemicals and affects host health. In this review, the interactions of phytochemicals with the gut microbiota and their impact on human diseases are reviewed. We describe the role of intestinal microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, amino acid derivatives, and vitamins, from a therapeutic perspective. Next, phytochemical metabolites produced by the gut microbiota and the therapeutic effect of some selected metabolites are reviewed. Many phytochemicals are degraded by enzymes unique to the gut microbiota and act as signaling molecules in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and metabolic pathways. Phytochemicals can ameliorate diseases by altering the composition and/or diversity of the gut microbiota, and they increase the abundance of some gut microbiota that produce beneficial substances. We also discuss the importance of investigating the interactions between phytochemicals and gut microbiota in controlled human studies.

The Biochemistry and Effectiveness of Antioxidants in Food, Fruits, and Marine Algae

It is more effective to maintain good health than to regain it after losing it. This work focuses on the biochemical defense mechanisms against free radicals and their role in building and maintaining antioxidant shields, aiming to show how to balance, as much as possible, the situations in which we are exposed to free radicals. To achieve this aim, foods, fruits, and marine algae with a high antioxidant content should constitute the basis of nutritional elements, since natural products are known to have significantly greater assimilation efficiency. This review also gives the perspective in which the use of antioxidants can extend the life of food products, by protecting them from damage caused by oxidation as well as their use as food additives.

Biological activity of algal derived carrageenan: A comprehensive review in light of human health and disease

Carrageenans are a family of natural linear sulfated polysaccharides derived from red seaweeds and used as a common food additive. Carrageenan's properties, impact on health, and aesthetic benefits have all been studied for a long time; however, the mechanisms are still unclear. In pharmaceutical aspects, carrageenan displayed potential antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties in both in vivo and in vitro action. It also contributes to potential disease-preventive activities through dynamic modulation of important intracellular signaling pathways, regulation of ROS buildup, and preservation of major cell survival and death processes which leads to potential drug development. Furthermore, the chemical synthesis of the current bioactive medicine with confirmational rearrangement may increase availability and bioactivity needs diligent examination. In this review, we give an up-to-date overview of recent research on Carrageenan with reference to health and therapeutic advantages. In addition, we have focused on structural conformation and its primary strategic deployment in disease prevention, as well as the mechanistic investigation of how it functions to combat various disease-preventive employed for future therapeutic interventions. This review may get new insights into the possible novel role of carrageenan and open up a novel disease-preventive mechanism and enhance human health.

Recent Developments in Polyphenol Applications on Human Health: A Review with Current Knowledge

Polyphenol has been used in treatment for some health disorders due to their diverse health promoting properties. These compounds can reduce the impacts of oxidation on the human body, prevent the organs and cell structure against deterioration and protect their functional integrity. The health promoting abilities are attributed to their high bioactivity imparting them high antioxidative, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activity, as well as anticancer properties. The application of polyphenols such as flavonoids, catechin, tannins, and phenolic acids in the food industry as bio-preservative substances for foods and beverages can exert a superb activity on the inhibition of oxidative stress via different types of mechanisms. In this review, the detailed classification of polyphenolic compunds and their important bioactivity with special focus on human health are addressed. Additionally, their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 could be used as alternative therapy to treat COVID patients. Inclusions of polyphenolic compounds in various foods have demonstrated their ability to extend shelf life and they positive impacts on human health (antioxidative, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anticancer). Additionally, their ability to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been reported. Considering their natural occurrence and GRAS status they are highly recommended in food.

The Chelating Ability of Plant Polyphenols Can Affect Iron Homeostasis and Gut Microbiota

In the past decades, many studies have widely examined the effects of dietary polyphenols on human health. Polyphenols are well known for their antioxidant properties and for their chelating abilities, by which they can be potentially employed in cases of pathological conditions, such as iron overload. In this review, we have highlighted the chelating abilities of polyphenols, which are due to their structural specific sites, and the differences for each class of polyphenols. We have also explored how the dietary polyphenols and their iron-binding abilities can be important in inflammatory/immunomodulatory responses, with a special focus on the involvement of macrophages and dendritic cells, and how they might contribute to reshape the gut microbiota into a healthy profile. This review also provides evidence that the axes “polyphenol–iron metabolism–inflammatory responses” and “polyphenol–iron availability–gut microbiota” have not been very well explored so far, and the need for further investigation to exploit such a potential to prevent or counteract pathological conditions.

Induction of Apoptosis and Decrease of Autophagy in Colon Cancer Cells by an Extract of Lyophilized Mango Pulp

Previous studies have indicated that mango fruit has a chemopreventive capacity against colorectal cancer cells. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of an aqueous extract of lyophilized mango pulp (LMPE) on colon adenocarcinoma cells (SW480) and their metastatic derivatives (SW620) death and cellular invasion. DNA fragmentation was assessed by TUNEL assay; autophagy and expression of DR4 and Bcl-2 by flow cytometry; the expression of 35 apoptosis-related proteins and of matrix metalloproteinases 7 and 9 by immunodetection; and the invasive capacity of the cells by Boyden chamber. The results showed that LMPE at 30 mg/mL and 48 h of exposure results in DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in SW480 (p < 0.001) and SW620 (p < 0.01) cells. Additionally, LMPE decreased autophagy in the SW480 and SW620 cell lines (p < 0.001), which could sensitize them to the DNA damage generated by LMPE. The LMPE did not modulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 7 and 9, nor did it affect cellular invasion processes in the SW480 and SW620 cell lines. In conclusion, LMPE induces apoptosis and decreases autophagy in SW480 and SW620 cells.

Melanoma Cellular Signaling Transduction Pathways Targeted by Polyphenols Action Mechanisms

Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Although different anti-melanoma treatments are available, their efficacy is still improvable, and the number of deaths continues to increase worldwide. A promising source of antitumor agents could be presented by polyphenols-natural plant-based compounds. Over the past decades, many studies have described multiple anticancer effects of polyphenols in melanoma, presenting their potential interactions with targeted molecules from different signaling pathways. However, to our knowledge, there is no comprehensive review on polyphenols-regulated mechanisms in melanoma cells available in the literature. To fulfill this gap, this article aims to summarize the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms of action regulated by polyphenols involved in melanoma initiation and progression. Here, we focus on in vitro and in vivo effects of polyphenol treatments on tumor-essential cellular pathways, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Moreover, emerging studies regarding the well-marked role of polyphenols in the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), highlighting their contribution to melanoma development, are also epitomized. Finally, we hope this review will provide a firm basis for developing polyphenol-based therapeutic agents in melanoma treatment.

Targets Involved in the Anti-Cancer Activity of Quercetin in Breast, Colorectal and Liver Neoplasms

Phytochemicals have long been effective partners in the fight against several diseases, including cancer. Among these, flavonoids are valuable allies for both cancer prevention and therapy since they are known to influence a large panel of tumor-related processes. Particularly, it was revealed that quercetin, one of the most common flavonoids, controls apoptosis and inhibits migration and proliferation, events essential for the development of cancer. In this review, we collected the evidence on the anti-cancer activity of quercetin exploring the network of interactions between this flavonol and the proteins responsible for cancer onset and progression focusing on breast, colorectal and liver cancers, owing to their high worldwide incidence. Moreover, quercetin proved to be also a potentiating agent able to push further the anti-cancer activity of common employed anti-neoplastic agents, thus allowing to lower their dosages and, above all, to sensitize again resistant cancer cells. Finally, novel approaches to delivery systems can enhance quercetin's pharmacokinetics, thus boosting its great potentiality even further. Overall, quercetin has a lot of promise, given its multi-target potentiality; thus, more research is strongly encouraged to properly define its pharmaco-toxicological profile and evaluate its potential for usage in adjuvant and chemoprevention therapy.