Paeoniflorin: A neuroprotective monoterpenoid glycoside with promising anti-depressive properties

Paeoniflorin alleviates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis via regulating serum metabolites and inhibiting CDC42/JNK signaling pathway

Ulcerative colitis (UC) poses a threat to human health. The present study attempts to unravel the efficacy and potential mechanisms of paeoniflorin (PF), a naturally sourced active ingredient, for the management of UC. By establishing a DSS (dextran sulphate sodium)-induced experimental rat model of UC, this study found that PF was effective in ameliorating UC symptoms, inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and repairing colonic epithelial damage. In addition, metabolomics revealed that PF may alleviate UC by primarily improving linoleic acid metabolism. Mechanistically, PF inhibited the CDC42/JNK signaling pathway by targeting CDC42. In particular, HuProtTM20K proteomics, molecular docking and MST revealed that PF is a novel CDC42 inhibitor. In LPS-treated Caco-2 cells, PF similarly inhibited oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis and down-regulated the CDC42/JNK signaling pathway. Overall, PF inhibits oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis and repairs colonic epithelial damage through modulation of serum metabolites and inhibition of the CDC42/JNK signaling pathway, leading to alleviation of UC.

Paeoniflorin suppresses ferroptosis after traumatic brain injury by antagonizing P53 acetylation

BACKGROUND

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) could induce multiple forms of cell death, ferroptosis, a novel form of cell death distinct from apoptosis and autophagy, plays an important role in disease progression in TBI. Therapies targeting ferroptosis are beneficial for recovery from TBI. Paeoniflorin (Pae) is a water-soluble monoterpene glycoside and the active ingredient of Paeonia lactiflora pall. It has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However The effects and mechanisms of paeoniflorin on secondary injury after TBI are unknown.

PURPOSE

To investigate the mechanism by which Pae regulates ferroptosis after TBI.

METHODS

The TBI mouse model and cortical primary neurons were utilized to study the protective effect of paeoniflorin on the brain tissue after TBI. The neuronal cell ferroptosis model was established by treating cortical primary neurons with erastin. Liproxstatin-1(Lip-1) was used as a positive control drug. Immunofluorescence staining, Nissl staining, biochemical analyses, pharmacological analyses, and western blot were used to evaluate the effects of paeoniflorin on TBI.

RESULTS

Pae significantly ameliorated neuronal damage after TBI, inhibited mitochondrial damage, increased glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) production, restored neurological function and inhibited cerebral edema. Pae promotes the degradation of P53 in the form of proteasome, promotes its ubiquitination, and reduces the stability of P53 by inhibiting its acetylation, thus alleviating the P53-mediated inhibition of cystine/glutamate antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) by P53.

CONCLUSION

Pae inhibits ferroptosis by promoting P53 ubiquitination out of the nucleus, inhibiting P53 acetylation, and modulating the SLC7A11-GPX4 pathway.

Parkin, a Parkinson's disease-associated protein, mediates the mitophagy that plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder

Depression is a complex mood disorder with multifactorial etiology and is also the most frequent non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease. Emerging research suggests a potential link between mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. By synthesizing current knowledge and research findings, this review sheds light on the intricate relationship between Parkin, a protein classically associated with Parkinson's disease, and mitochondrial quality control mechanisms (e.g., mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitochondrial dynamic), specifically focusing on their relevance in the context of depression. Additionally, the present review discusses therapeutic strategies targeting Parkin-medicated mitophagy and calls for further research in this field. These findings suggest promise for the development of novel depression treatments through modulating Parkin-mediated mitophagy.

Promising strategies in natural products treatments of psoriasis-update

Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease and has been increasing year by year. It is linked to other serious illnesses, such as psoriatic arthritis, cardiometabolic syndrome, and depression, resulting in a notable decrease in the quality of life for patients. Existing therapies merely alleviate symptoms, rather than providing a cure. An in-depth under-standing of the pathogenesis of psoriasis is helpful to discover new therapeutic targets and develop effective novel therapeutic agents, so it has important clinical significance. This article reviews the new progress in the study of pathogenesis and natural products of psoriasis in recent years. These natural products were summarized, mainly classified as terpenoids, polyphenols and alkaloids. However, the translation of experimental results to the clinic takes a long way to go.

Synthesis, Antioxidant Activity, and Molecular Docking of Novel Paeoniflorin Derivatives

Paeoniflorin (PF) is one of the active constituents of the traditional Chinese medicine Paeoniae Radix Rubra and has been actively explored in the pharmaceutical area due to its numerous pharmacological effects. However, severe difficulties such as limited bioavailability and low permeability limit its utilization. Therefore, this study developed and synthesized 25 derivatives of PF, characterized them by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR-MS, and evaluated their antioxidant activity. Firstly, the antioxidant capacity of PF derivatives was investigated through DPPH radical scavenging experiment, ABTS radical scavenging experiment, reducing ability experiment, and O2 .- radical scavenging experiment. PC12 cells are routinely used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of medicines, therefore we utilize it to establish a cellular model of oxidative stress. Among all derivatives, compound 22 demonstrates high DPPH radical scavenging capacity, ABTS radical scavenging ability, reduction ability, and O2 .- radical scavenging ability. The results of cell tests reveal that compound 22 has a non-toxic effect on PC12 cells and a protective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative stress models. This might be due to the introduction of 2, 5-difluorobenzene sulfonate group in PF, which helps in scavenging free radicals under oxidative stress. Western blot and molecular docking indicated that compound 22 may exert antioxidant activity by activating Nrf2 protein expression. As noted in the study, compound 22 has the potential to be a novel antioxidant.

Efficacy and Safety of Ganyushu Granule in Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome with Gan (Liver) Depression and Qi Stagnation Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Phase-II Clinical Trial

OBJECTIVE

To confirm the efficacy and safety of Ganyushu Granule (GYSG) in treating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in patients with Gan (Liver) depression and qi stagnation syndrome (GDQSS) and determine its effective dosage.

METHODS

From June 2018 to March 2021, a total of 240 PMS women with GDQSS were included and randomly divided into 3 groups in a 1:1:1 ratio using central block randomization: high-dose GYSG group (n=78, GYSG 2 packs/time), low-dose GYSG group (n=82, GYSG and its simulant 1 pack/time), and placebo group (n=80, GYSG simulant 2 packs/time). Treatment with GYSG or placebo was given thrice daily and for up to 3 menstrual cycles. Primary outcomes were PMS diary (PMSD) score and premenstrual tension syndrome self-rating scale (PMTS). Secondary outcomes were Chinese medicine (CM) syndrome efficacy. PMSD, PMTS, and efficacy of CM were evaluated with menstrual cycles during the treatment period. Outcome indicators were analyzed after each menstrual cycle. All analyses were performed using an intention-to-treat method, and clinical safety was assessed.

RESULTS

Of the 216 patients included in the effectiveness analysis, 70, 75, and 71 patients were in the high-, low-dose GYSG, and placebo groups, respectively. From the 2nd treatment cycle, the change in PMSD scores in the high- and low-dose groups was lower than that in the placebo group (P<0.05). PMTS scores in the high-dose GYSG group after the 1st treatment cycle was lower than that in the placebo group (P<0.05), while after the 3rd treatment cycle, that in the low-dose group was lower than that in the placebo group (P<0.05). After the 2nd treatment cycle, the high-dose GYSG group had the best CM syndrome efficacy (P<0.05). No serious adverse reactions were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

GYSG was safe and well-tolerated at both doses for treating PMS patients with GDQSS. High-dose GYSG might be the optimal dose for a phase III trial. (Registration No. ChiCTR1800016595).

Paeoniae Radix Rubra: A Review of Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, Therapeutic Mechanism for Blood Stasis Syndrome, and Quality Control

Paeoniae Radix Rubra (PRR) known as Chishao, in China, is the dried root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. or Paeonia veitchii Lynch, with a history of over 2000 years in traditional Chinese medicine, is employed to clear heat, cool the blood, dispel blood stasis, and alleviate pain. Phytochemical investigations identified 264 compounds that contained monoterpenes and their glycosides, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, steroids, flavonoids, lignans, tannins, volatile oils, and other compounds. It has been reported to have different pharmacological activities, including cardiovascular-protective, antidepressive, neuroprotective, antitumor, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study offers a comprehensive review covering ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, therapeutic mechanism for blood stasis syndrome, and quality control of PRR. The comprehensive analysis aims to achieve a thorough understanding of its effects and serves as a foundation for future research and development.

Taohong Siwu Decoction: a classical Chinese prescription for treatment of orthopedic diseases

The pathogenesis of orthopedic diseases is intimately linked to blood stasis, frequently arising from damage to primary and secondary blood channels. This disruption can lead to "blood leaving the meridians" or Qi stagnation, resulting in blood stasis syndrome. Taohong Siwu Decoction (THSWD) is a renowned classical Chinese medicinal formula extensively used to promote blood circulation and mitigate blood stasis. Clinical studies have demonstrated its significant therapeutic effects on various orthopedic conditions, particularly its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, as well as its efficacy in preventing deep vein thrombosis post-surgery. Despite these findings, research on THSWD remains fragmented, and its interdisciplinary impact is limited. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and pharmacological mechanisms of THSWD in treating common orthopedic diseases. Additionally, we employ bibliometric analysis to explore research trends and hotspots related to THSWD. We hope this review will enhance the recognition and application of THSWD in orthopedic treatments and guide future research into its pharmacological mechanisms.

Transethosomal gel for enhancing transdermal delivery of natural therapeutics

Transethosomes, a fusion of transferosomes and ethosomes, combine the advantageous attributes of both vesicular systems to enhance deformability and skin permeation. While skin delivery is effective for drug transport, overcoming the skin barrier remains a significant challenge, particularly for plant-based products with poor permeability. Transethosomes offer a promising solution, but their low viscosity and retention on skin surfaces led to the development of transethosomal gels. These gels can entrap unstable and high molecular weight herbal extracts, fractions and bioactive compounds, facilitating enhanced drug delivery to the inner layers of the skin. This review focuses on the superior performance of transethosomes compared with conventional lipid-based nanovesicular systems, offering an advanced approach for transdermal delivery of plant-based drugs with improved permeability and stability.

Efficacy of ginsenoside Rg1 on rodent models of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

RATIONALE

Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disease, and ginsenoside Rg1 is a bioactive compound extracted from the root of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. To systematically investigate the effectiveness of Rg1 in rodent models of depression and provide evidence-based references for treating depression.

METHODS

Electronic searches for rodent studies were performed from inception to October 2022, e.g., PUBMED and EMBASE. Data extraction and quality evaluation were performed for the references, and meta-analysis was performed on the selected data using Review Manager 5.3.5. The outcomes were analyzed via a random-effect model and presented as mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

A total of 24 studies and 678 animals were included in this meta-analysis. Rg1 remarkably improved depressive-like symptoms of depressed rodents, including the sucrose preference test (25.08, 95% CI: 20.17-30.00, Z = 10.01, P < 0.00001), forced swimming test (MD = -37.69, 95% CI: (-45.18, -30.2); Z = 9.86, P < 0.00001), and the tail suspension test (MD = -22.93, seconds, 95% CI: (-38.49, -7.37); Z = 2.89, P = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS

The main antidepressant mechanism of Rg1 was concluded to be the neurotransmitter system, oxidant stress system, and inflammation. Conclusively, this study indicated the possible protective and therapeutic effects of Rg1 for treating depression via multiple mechanisms.

Exploring the anti-skin inflammation substances and mechanism of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Flower via network pharmacology-HPLC integration

BACKGROUND

Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (PL) is widely used in China as a homologous plant of medicine and food. PL flower is rich in bioactive substances with anti-inflammatory effects, while the pathogenesis of skin inflammation is complex and the specific mechanism is not clear, the current treatment of skin inflammation is mainly hormonal drugs, and hormonal drugs have obvious toxic side effects. The research on the treatment of skin inflammation by PL flowers is relatively small, so this study provides a basis for the development and utilisation of PL resources.

OBJECTIVE

Our study was to investigate the interventional effects of PL flower extracts on skin inflammation and thus to understand its functional role in the treatment of skin inflammation and its molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

The major active substances in PL flower extracts were investigated by the HPLC-DAD method, and the potential targets of action were predicted by network pharmacology, which was combined with in vitro experimental validation to explore the mechanism of PL flower extracts on the regulation of skin inflammation. The HPLC-DAD analysis identified seven major active components in PL flower extracts, and in response to the results, combined with the potential mechanism of network pharmacological prediction with skin inflammation, the PL flower extract is closely related to MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. In addition, we also investigated the interventional effects of PL flower extract on skin inflammation by western blot detection of MAPK signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway proteins in cells.

RESULT

Seven active components were identified and quantified from the extract of PL flowers, including Gallic acid, 1,2,3,4,6-O-Pentagalloylglucose, Oxypaeoniflorin, Paeoniflorin, Albiflorin, Benzoyloxypeoniflorin, and Rutin. It was predicted targets for the treatment of skin inflammation, with PPI showing associations with targets such as TNF, MAPK1, and IL-2. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the main signaling pathways involved included MAPK and T cell receptor signaling pathways. Cell experiments showed that the peony flower extract could inhibit the release of NO and inflammatory factors, as well as reduce ROS levels and inhibit cell apoptosis. Furthermore, the extract was found to inhibit the activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in cells.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we found that PL flower extract can inhibit the production of cell inflammatory substances, suppress the release of inflammatory factors, and deactivate inflammatory signaling pathways, further inhibiting the production of cell inflammation. This indicates that PL flower extract has a therapeutic effect on skin inflammation.

Antioxidant effects of Paeoniflorin and relevant molecular mechanisms as related to a variety of diseases: A review

Paeoniflorin (PF), which is the main component of the Paeonia lactiflora Pall extract, is one of the traditional Chinese medicines. The pharmacological effects associated with PF include antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. Our previous studies had revealed that PF protected melanocytes and inhibited photodamage through the suppression of oxidative stress (OS). As OS plays a vital role in the progression of a variety of diseases, the capacity for PF to suppress OS may exert important effects upon them. However, no review exists on these antioxidant effects of PF as related to various diseases. Therefore, in this review we summarized studies involved with examining the antioxidant effects and molecular mechanisms of PF. Through its capacity to inhibit OS, PF has been shown to exert beneficial effects upon several systems including nervous, cardiac/vascular, digestive, and respiratory as well as specific diseases such as diabetes, autoimmune, pregnancy related, ocular, kidney, dermatology, along with suppression of distal flap necrosis, postoperative adhesions, and hearing loss. Such findings provide new insights and directions for future research directed at the development of PF as a natural antioxidant for the treatment of clinical diseases.

Pharmacological mechanism of natural antidepressants: The role of mitochondrial quality control

BACKGROUND

Depression is a mental illness characterized by persistent sadness and a reduced capacity for pleasure. In clinical practice, SSRIs and other medications are commonly used for therapy, despite their various side effects. Natural products present distinct advantages, including synergistic interactions among multiple components and targeting multiple pathways, suggesting their tremendous potential in depression treatment. Imbalance in mitochondrial quality control (MQC) plays a significant role in the pathology of depression, emphasizing the importance of regulating MQC as a potential intervention strategy in addressing the onset and progression of depression. However, the role and mechanism through which natural products regulate MQC in depression treatments still need to be comprehensively elucidated, particularly in clinical and preclinical settings.

PURPOSE

This review was aimed to summarize the findings of recent studies and outline the pharmacological mechanisms by which natural products modulate MQC to exert antidepressant effects. Additionally, it evaluated current research limitations and proposed new strategies for future preclinical and clinical applications in the depression domain.

METHODS

To study the main pharmacological mechanisms underlying the regulation of MQC by natural products in the treatment of depression, we conducted a thorough search across databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases to classify and summarize the relationship between MQC and depression, as well as the regulatory mechanisms of natural products.

RESULTS

Numerous studies have shown that irregularities in the MQC system play an important role in the pathology of depression, and the regulation of the MQC system is involved in antidepressant treatments. Natural products mainly regulate the MQC system to induce antidepressant effects by alleviating oxidative stress, balancing ATP levels, promoting mitophagy, maintaining calcium homeostasis, optimizing mitochondrial dynamics, regulating mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis.

CONCLUSIONS

We comprehensively summarized the regulation of natural products on the MQC system in antidepressants, providing a unique perspective for the application of natural products within antidepressant therapy. However, extensive efforts are imperative in clinical and preclinical investigations to delve deeper into the mechanisms underlying how antidepressant medications impact MQC, which is crucial for the development of effective antidepressant treatments.

Activation of ASIC3/ERK pathway by paeoniflorin improves intestinal fluid metabolism and visceral sensitivity in slow transit constipated rats

Slow transit constipation (STC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders in children and adults worldwide. Paeoniflorin (PF), a monoterpene glycoside compound extracted from the dried root of Paeonia lactiflora, has been found to alleviate STC, but the mechanisms of its effect remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of PF on intestinal fluid metabolism and visceral sensitization in rats with compound diphenoxylate-induced STC. Based on the evaluation of the laxative effect, the abdominal withdrawal reflex test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the visceral sensitivity, fluid metabolism-related proteins, and acid-sensitive ion channel 3/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ASIC3/ERK) pathway-related molecules. PF treatment not only attenuated compound diphenoxylate-induced constipation symptoms and colonic pathological damage in rats but also ameliorated colonic fluid metabolic disorders and visceral sensitization abnormalities, as manifested by increased colonic goblet cell counts and mucin2 protein expression, decreased aquaporin3 protein expression, improved abdominal withdrawal reflex scores, reduced visceral pain threshold, upregulated serum 5-hydroxytryptamine, and downregulated vasoactive intestinal peptide levels. Furthermore, PF activated the colonic ASIC3/ERK pathway in STC rats, and ASIC3 inhibition partially counteracted PF's modulatory effects on intestinal fluid and visceral sensation. In conclusion, PF alleviated impaired intestinal fluid metabolism and abnormal visceral sensitization in STC rats and thus relieved their symptoms through activation of the ASIC3/ERK pathway.

Paeoniflorin attenuates particulate matter-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis through activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway

Particulate matter (PM), the main component of air pollutants, emerges as a research hotspot, especially in the area of respiratory diseases. Paeoniflorin (PAE), known as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, has been reported to alleviate acute lung injury (ALI). However, the effect of PAE on PM-induced ALI and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear yet. In this study, we established the PM-induced ALI model using C57BL/6J mice and BEAS-2B cells to explore the function of PAE. In vivo, mice were intraperitoneally injected with PAE (100 mg/kg) or saline 1 h before instilled with 4 mg/kg PM intratracheally and were euthanized on the third day. For lung tissues, HE staining and TUNEL staining were used to evaluate the degree of lung injury, ELISA assay was used to assess inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress level, Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were applied to explore the role of pyroptosis and Nrf2 signaling pathway. In vitro, BEAS-2B cells were pretreated with 100 μM PAE before exposure to 200 μg/ml PM and were collected after 24h for the subsequent experiments. TUNEL staining, ROS staining, and western blotting were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms of PAE on PM-induced ALI. According to the results, PAE can attenuate the degree of PM-induced ALI in mice and reduce PM-induced cytotoxicity in BEAS-2B cells. PAE can relieve PM-induced excessive oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. Additionally, PAE can also activate Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibition of Nrf2 signaling pathway can impair the protective effect of PAE by aggravating oxidative stress and pyroptosis. Our findings demonstrate that PAE can attenuate PM-induced ALI by inhibiting oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis, which is mediated by Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Glycosides of Buyang Huanwu decoction inhibits inflammation associated with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion via the PINK1/Parkin mitophagy pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

A classic stroke formula is Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD), Glycosides are the pharmacological components found in BYHWD, which are utilized for the prevention and management of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR), as demonstrated in a previous study. Its neuroprotective properties are closely related to its ability to modulate inflammation, but its mechanism is as yet unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

A research was undertaken to investigate the impact of glycosides on the inflammation of CIR through the PTEN-induced putative kinase-1 (PINK1)/Parkin mitophagy pathway.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Analyzing glycosides containing serum components was performed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Glycosides were applied to rat of Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model and primary neural cell of Oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model. The neuroprotective effect and the regulation of mitophagy of glycosides were evaluated through neural damage and PINK1/Parkin mitophagy activation. Moreover, the assessment of the relationship between glycosides regulation of mitophagy and its anti-inflammatory effects subsequent to mitophagy blockade was conducted by examining neural damage, PINK1/Parkin mitophagy activation, and levels of pyroptosis.

RESULTS

(1) It was observed that the administration of glycosides resulted in a decrease in neurological function scores, a reduction in cerebral infarction volume, an increase in mitochondrial autophagosome, and the maintenance of a high expression status of light chain 3 (LC3) II/LC3Ⅰ protein. Additionally, there was a significant inhibition of p62 protein expression and an enhancement of PINK1 and Parkin protein expression. Furthermore, it was found that the effect of glycosides at a dosage of 0.128 g · kg-1 was significantly superior to that of glycosides at a dosage of 0.064 g · kg-1. Notably, the neuroprotective effect and inhibition of pyroptosis protein of glycosides at a dosage of 0.128 g · kg-1 were attenuated when mitochondrial autophagy was blocked. (2) Glycosides repaired cellular morphological damage, enhanced cell survival, and reduced Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, with glycosides (2.36 μg·mL-1 and 4.72 μg·mL-1) neuronal protection being the strongest. Glycosides (4.72 μg·mL-1) maintained LC3II/LC3Ⅰ protein high expression state, inhibited p62 protein expression, and promoted PINK1 and Parkin protein expression, which was stronger than glycosides (2.36 μg·mL-1). The blockade of mitophagy resulted in a reduction of neuroprotection and inhibition of pyroptosis protein exerted by glycosides.

CONCLUSION

Glycosides demonstrate the ability to hinder inflammation through the activation of the PINK1/Parkin mitophagy pathway, thereby leading to subsequent neuroprotective effects on CIR.

Guizhi Fuling Wan ameliorates concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis in mice

BACKGROUND

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immune-mediated hepatic disease associated with intense complications. AIH is more common in females and needs effective drugs to treat. Guizhi Fuling Wan (GZFLW) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula used to treat various gynecologic diseases. In this study, we aim to extend the new use of GZFLW for AIH.

METHODS

The tandem MS-based analysis was used to identify secondary metabolites in GZFLW. Therapeutic effects of GZFLW were tested in a concanavalin A (Con A)-induced AIH model in mice. Ethnopharmacological mechanisms underlying the antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory protective effects were determined.

RESULTS

Oral administration of GZFLW attenuates AIH in a Con A-induced hepatotoxic model in vivo. The tandem MS-based analysis identified 15 secondary metabolites in GZFLW. The Con A-induced AIH syndromes, including hepatic apoptosis, inflammation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, function failure, and mortality, were significantly alleviated by GZFLW in mice. Mechanistically, GZFLW restrained the caspase-dependent apoptosis, restored the antioxidant system, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the livers of Con A-treated mice. Besides, GZFLW repressed the Con A-induced hepatic infiltration of inflammatory cells, splenic T cell activation, and splenomegaly in mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate the applicable potential of GZFLW in treating AIH. It prompts further investigation of GZFLW as a treatment option for AIH and possibly other hepatic diseases.

Efficacy of Shu-yi-ning-chang decoction on IBS-D: Modulating Nr4a3 pathway to reduce visceral hypersensitivity

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the therapeutic effect of SYNC in diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) and explore its underlying mechanism through transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-Seq).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A rat model of IBS-D was constructed to elucidate the effects of SYNC. Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR), fecal water content (FWC), and recording body weight were calculated to assess visceral sensitivity in rats. Histopathological changes in the colon and alterations in mast cell (MC) count were determined. Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess mast cell tryptase (MCT) expression in rat colons. Serum levels of corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH), interleukin-6 (IL-6), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were quantified using ELISA. RNA-Seq of colon tissue was performed, followed by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Western blot analysis was conducted to quantify the expression levels of key proteins in the Nr4a3 pathway in the colon and hypothalamus tissues of rats.

RESULTS

SYNC alleviated visceral hypersensitivity and mood disorders in rats with IBS-D. Moreover, it was positively correlated with its dosage and the observed effects, such as the enhancement of the colon's mucosal lining condition and reduction in the number and activation of MCs within the model group. SYNC reduced the expression levels of factors related to the brain-gut axis and inflammatory markers in the bloodstream. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that SYNC down-regulated the expression of Nr4a3 and PI3K. These SYNC-targeted genes primarily played roles in immune regulation and inflammatory responses, correlating with the modulation of Nr4a3 and the PI3K/AKT pathway. Western blot analysis further confirmed SYNC's influence on inflammation-related MC activation by downregulating key proteins in the Nr4a3/PI3K pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

SYNC inhibited mast cell activation and attenuated visceral hypersensitivity in the colon tissues of IBS-D rats. These effects were mediated by the Nr4a3/PI3K signaling pathway.

Targeting autophagy to counteract neuroinflammation: A novel antidepressant strategy

Depression is a common disease that affects physical and mental health and imposes a considerable burden on afflicted individuals and their families worldwide. Depression is associated with a high rate of disability and suicide. It causes a severe decline in productivity and quality of life. Unfortunately, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression have not been fully elucidated, and the risk of its treatment is still presented. Studies have shown that the expression of autophagic markers in the brain and peripheral inflammatory mediators are dysregulated in depression. Autophagy-related genes regulate the level of autophagy and change the inflammatory response in depression. Depression is related to several aspects of immunity. The regulation of the immune system and inflammation by autophagy may lead to the development or deterioration of mental disorders. This review highlights the role of autophagy and neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of depression, sumaries the autophagy-targeting small moleculars, and discusses a novel therapeutic strategy based on anti-inflammatory mechanisms that target autophagy to treat the disease.

Advancements in research on the immune-inflammatory mechanisms mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke and the regulatory role of natural plant products

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a major cause of mortality and disability among adults. Recanalization of blood vessels to facilitate timely reperfusion is the primary clinical approach; however, reperfusion itself may trigger cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Emerging evidence strongly implicates the NLRP3 inflammasome as a potential therapeutic target, playing a key role in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. The aberrant expression and function of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation in cerebral ischemia have garnered considerable attention as a recent research focus. Accordingly, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the signaling pathways, pathological mechanisms, and intricate interactions involving NLRP3 inflammasomes in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Moreover, notable progress has been made in investigating the impact of natural plant products (e.g., Proanthocyanidins, methylliensinine, salidroside, α-asarone, acacia, curcumin, morin, ginsenoside Rd, paeoniflorin, breviscapine, sulforaphane, etc.) on regulating cerebral ischemia and reperfusion by modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome and mitigating the release of inflammatory cytokines. These findings aim to present novel insights that could contribute to the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Simultaneous determination of five compounds of fried Radix Paeoniae Alba extract in beagle dogs plasma by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and its application in a pharmacokinetic study

In this present study, we developed a reliable and simple ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for the simultaneous quantification of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin and isomaltopaeoniflorin in beagle dog plasma. We also analyzed the pharmacokinetics of those components after oral administration of fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (FRPA) in beagle dogs. Plasma samples were processed by protein precipitation with methanol. Chromatographic separation was performed with a Waters HSS-T3 C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm, kept at 40°C) using multiple reaction monitoring mode. A gradient elution procedure was used with solvent A (0.02% formic acid-water) and solvent B (0.02% formic acid-acetonitrile) as mobile phases. Method validation was performed as US Food and Drug Administration guidelines, and the results met the acceptance criteria. The method we establish in this experiment was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of FRPA extract to beagle dogs.

Antidepressant mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine: Involving regulation of circadian clock genes

Numerous studies have demonstrated an intimate relationship between circadian rhythm disorders and the development and prevention of depression. The biological clock genes, which constitute the molecular basis of endogenous circadian rhythms, hold promising prospects for depression treatment. Based on an extensive review of recent domestic and international research, this article presents a comprehensive analysis of how traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) intervenes in depression by regulating circadian rhythms. The findings indicate that TCM exerts its antidepressant effects by targeting specific biological clock genes such as Bmal1, clock, Arntl, Per1, Per2, Per3, Nr1d1, Cry2, and Dbp, as well as regulating circadian rhythms of hormone secretion. However, most current research is still confined to basic experimental studies, lacking clinical double-blind control trials to further validate these viewpoints. Furthermore, there is insufficient research on the signal transduction pathway between biological clock genes and pathological changes in depression. Additionally, further clarification is needed regarding the specific targets of TCM on the biological clock genes.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of ketamine and esketamine on suicidal ideation in treatment-resistant depression

PURPOSE

To systematically assess the evidence of efficacy and safety of the use of ketamine and esketamine for patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) with suicidal ideation (SI).

METHODS

We independently searched for clinical trials from inception to January 2023 using electronic databases, e.g., PubMed and EMBASE. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to assess SI scores of depression rating scales, which were regarded as the outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of five independent double-blind, placebo controlled randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are eligible for inclusion. Four of the studies used ketamine as an intervention and one used esketamine as an intervention. Three hundred ninety-one patients with TRD were included (the intervention group with ketamine or esketamine is 246, and the control group is 145). No statistically significant interaction between the subscales of suicide ideation (SMD = - 0.66, 95% CI (- 1.61, 0.29); Z = 1.36, P = 0.17) and antidepressant effects (SMD = - 0.99, 95% CI (- 2.33, 0.34); Z = 1.46, P = 0.15) based on the results of ketamine and esketamine, compared with placebo groups.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis suggested that esketamine and ketamine have failed to reduce suicidal ideation in patients with TRD. Further studies are desirable to confirm the effects of ketamine and esketamine in TRD patients.

Niuhuang Qingxin Wan ameliorates depressive-like behaviors and improves hippocampal neurogenesis through modulating TrkB/ERK/CREB signaling pathway in chronic restraint stress or corticosterone challenge mice

Introduction: Chronic stress-associated hormonal imbalance impairs hippocampal neurogenesis, contributing to depressive and anxiety behaviors. Targeting neurogenesis is thus a promising antidepressant therapeutic strategy. Niuhuang Qingxin Wan (NHQXW) is an herbal formula for mental disorders in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practice, but its anti-depressant efficacies and mechanisms remain unverified. Methods: In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that NHQXW could ameliorate depressive-like behaviors and improve hippocampal neurogenesis by modulating the TrkB/ERK/CREB signaling pathway by utilizing two depression mouse models including a chronic restraint stress (CRS) mouse model and a chronic corticosterone (CORT) stress (CCS) induced mouse model. The depression-like mouse models were orally treated with NHQXW whereas fluoxetine was used as the positive control group. We evaluated the effects of NHQXW on depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors and determined the effects of NHQXW on inducing hippocampal neurogenesis. Results: NHQXW treatment significantly ameliorated depressive-like behaviors in those chronic stress mouse models. NHQXW significantly improved hippocampal neurogenesis in the CRS mice and CCS mice. The potential neurogenic mechanism of NHQXW was identified by regulating the expression levels of BDNF, TrkB, p-ERK (T202/T204), p-MEK1/2 (S217/221), and p-CREB (S133) in the hippocampus area of the CCS mice. NHQXW revealed its antidepressant and neurogenic effects that were similar to fluoxetine. Moreover, NHQXW treatment revealed long-term effects on preventing withdrawal-associated rebound symptoms in the CCS mice. Furthermore, in a bioactivity-guided quality control study, liquiritin was identified as one of the bioactive compounds of NHQXW with the bioactivities of neurogenesis-promoting effects. Discussion: Taken together, NHQXW could be a promising TCM formula to attenuate depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors against chronic stress and depression. The underlying anti-depressant mechanisms could be correlated with its neurogenic activities by stimulating the TrkB/ERK/CREB signaling pathway.

Aurantii fructus immaturus carbonisata-derived carbon dots and their anti-depression effect

Introduction: Depression is a common illness worldwide. However, the current treatments available for depression only achieve relative success, often come with several side effects, and are associated with high costs. Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (AFI) has a rich historical legacy in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for its traditional use as a treatment for depression. In this research, our primary objective is to examine the potential antidepressant properties and the mechanisms at play behind a particular bioactive compound found in AFI, which is referred to as carbon dots derived from AFI Carbonisata (AFIC-CDs). Methods: Extracted and isolated the AFIC-CDs from the decoction of AFIC, then characterized the morphological structure and functional groups comprehensively. We then utilized two distinct models to investigate the anti-depressive properties of AFIC-CDs: the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model and the reserpine-induced pain-depression dyad model. In the CUMS model, we assessed immobile time and measured neurotransmitter levels in the mouse brain cortex. In the pain-depression dyad model, we evaluated immobile time, neurotransmitter levels, interleukin-1 (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, and the expression of mRNA of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2). Results: AFIC-CDs were found to have abundant chemical groups, and their diameter ranged from 2 to 10 nm. In the CUMS model, AFIC-CDs demonstrated significant effects. They reduced the immobile time of the mice and increased the levels of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) in the mouse brain cortex. In the pain-depression dyad model, the AFIC-CDs groups decreased the immobile time, showed effect in increasing both the neurotransmitters' levels and the expression of mRNA of BDNF and Tph2, and decreased the IL-1β and TNF-α levels in mouse brain cortex. Taken together, these results strongly indicate that AFIC-CDs possess significant antidepressant activity. Conclusion: AFIC-CDs demonstrate promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of depression, suggesting that they may become a valuable candidate for depression management. This not only extends the understanding of the biological activity of carbon dots (CDs) but also opens up new possibilities for the development of effective depression treatment strategies.

Paeoniflorin Alleviates Cisplatin-Induced Diminished Ovarian Reserve by Restoring the Function of Ovarian Granulosa Cells via Activating FSHR/cAMP/PKA/CREB Signaling Pathway

Paeoniflorin (PAE) is the main active compound of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (a valuable traditional Chinese medicine and a dietary supplement) and exerts beneficial effects on female reproductive function. However, the actions of PAE on diminished ovarian reserve (DOR, a very common ovarian function disorder) are still unclear. Herein, our study investigated the effect and potential mechanism of PAE on DOR by using cisplatin-induced DOR mice and functional impairment of estradiol (E2) synthesis of ovarian granulosa-like KGN cells. Our data show that PAE improved the estrous cycle, ovarian index, and serum hormones levels, including E2, and the number of antral follicles and corpora lutea in DOR mice. Further mechanism results reveal that PAE promoted aromatase expression (the key rate-limiting enzyme for E2 synthesis) and upregulated the FSHR/cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway in the ovaries. Subsequently, PAE improved the levels of E2 and aromatase and activated the FSHR/cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway in KGN cells, while these improving actions were inhibited by the siRNA-FSHR and FSHR antagonist treatments. In sum, PAE restored the function of E2 synthesis in ovarian granulosa cells to improve DOR by activating the FSHR/cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway, which exhibited a new clue for the development of effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of DOR.

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis: pharmacological mechanisms of antidepressant active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine

Depression is characterized by prominent indicators and manifestations, such as anhedonia, which refers to the inability to experience pleasure, and persistent feelings of hopelessness. In clinical practice, the primary treatment approach involves the utilization of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and related pharmacological interventions. Nevertheless, it is crucial to recognize that these agents are associated with significant adverse effects. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) adopts a multifaceted approach, targeting diverse components, multiple targets, and various channels of action. TCM has potential antidepressant effects. Anomalies in adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) constitute a pivotal factor in the pathology of depression, with the regulation of AHN emerging as a potential key measure to intervene in the pathogenesis and progression of this condition. This comprehensive review presented an overview of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of active ingredients found in TCM. Through examination of recent studies, we explored how these ingredients modulated AHN. Furthermore, we critically assessed the current limitations of research in this domain and proposed novel strategies for preclinical investigation and clinical applications in the treatment of depression in future.

Natural compounds efficacy in complicated diabetes: A new twist impacting ferroptosis

Ferroptosis, as a way of cell death, participates in the body's normal physiological and pathological regulation. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis may damage glucose-stimulated islets β Insulin secretion and programmed cell death of T2DM target organs are involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM and its complications. Targeting suppression of ferroptosis with specific inhibitors may provide new therapeutic opportunities for previously untreated T2DM and its target organs. Current studies suggest that natural bioactive compounds, which are abundantly available in drugs, foods, and medicinal plants for the treatment of T2DM and its target organs, have recently received significant attention for their various biological activities and minimal toxicity, and that many natural compounds appear to have a significant role in the regulation of ferroptosis in T2DM and its target organs. Therefore, this review summarized the potential treatment strategies of natural compounds as ferroptosis inhibitors to treat T2DM and its complications, providing potential lead compounds and natural phytochemical molecular nuclei for future drug research and development to intervene in ferroptosis in T2DM.

Antidepressant pharmacological mechanisms: focusing on the regulation of autophagy

The core symptoms of depression are anhedonia and persistent hopelessness. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and their related medications are commonly used for clinical treatment, despite their significant adverse effects. Traditional Chinese medicine with its multiple targets, channels, and compounds, exhibit immense potential in treating depression. Autophagy, a vital process in depression pathology, has emerged as a promising target for intervention. This review summarized the pharmacological mechanisms of antidepressants by regulating autophagy. We presented insights from recent studies, discussed current research limitations, and proposed new strategies for basic research and their clinical application in depression.

Research progress in the molecular mechanism of ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease and regulation by natural plant products

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system after Alzheimer's disease. The current understanding of PD focuses mainly on the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra region of the midbrain, which is attributed to factors such as oxidative stress, alpha-synuclein aggregation, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These factors together contribute to the PD phenotype. Recent studies on PD pathology have introduced a new form of cell death known as ferroptosis. Pathological changes closely linked with ferroptosis have been seen in the brain tissues of PD patients, including alterations in iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Preclinical research has demonstrated the neuroprotective qualities of certain iron chelators, antioxidants, Fer-1, and conditioners in Parkinson's disease. Natural plant products have shown significant potential in balancing ferroptosis-related factors and adjusting their expression levels. Therefore, it is vital to understand the mechanisms by which natural plant products inhibit ferroptosis and relieve PD symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive look at ferroptosis, its role in PD pathology, and the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of natural plant products focused on ferroptosis. The insights from this review can serve as useful references for future research on novel ferroptosis inhibitors and lead compounds for PD treatment.

Roles of microglia in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression and their therapeutics

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis generates functional neurons from neural progenitor cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) to complement and repair neurons and neural circuits, thus benefiting the treatment of depression. Increasing evidence has shown that aberrant microglial activity can disrupt the appropriate formation and development of functional properties of neurogenesis, which will play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of depression. However, the mechanisms of the crosstalk between microglia and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression are not yet fully understood. Therefore, in this review, we first introduce recent discoveries regarding the roles of microglia and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the etiology of depression. Then, we systematically discuss the possible mechanisms of how microglia regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression according to recent studies, which involve toll-like receptors, microglial polarization, fractalkine-C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the microbiota-gut-brain axis, etc. In addition, we summarize the promising drugs that could improve the adult hippocampal neurogenesis by regulating the microglia. These findings will help us understand the complicated pathological mechanisms of depression and shed light on the development of new treatment strategies for this disease.

The antidepressant-like effects of Danzhi Xiaoyao San and its active ingredients

BACKGROUND

Depression is a severe mental illness that endangers human health. Depressed individuals are prone to sleep less and to the loss of appetite for food; their thinking and cognition processes, as well as mood, may even be affected. Danzhi Xiaoyao San (DXS), documented in the Internal Medicine Summary, has been used for hundreds of years in China and is widely applied traditionally to treat liver qi stagnation, liver and spleen blood deficiency, menstrual disorders, and spontaneous and night sweating. DXS can also clear heat and drain the liver. Presently, it is used frequently in the treatment of depression based on its ability to clear the liver and alleviate depression.

PURPOSE

To summarize clinical and preclinical studies on the antidepressant-like effects of DXS, understand the material basis and mechanisms of these effects, and offer new suggestions and methods for the clinical treatment of depression.

METHODS

"Danzhi Xiaoyao", "Danzhixiaoyao", "Xiaoyao", "depression" and active ingredients were entered as keywords in PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI and WANFANG DATA databases in the search for material on DXS and its active ingredients. The PRISMA guidelines were followed in this review process.

RESULTS

Per clinical reports, DXS has a therapeutic effect on patients with depression but few side effects. DXS and its active ingredients allegedly produce their neuroprotective antidepressant-like effects by modulating monoamine neurotransmitter levels, inhibiting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperfunction, reducing neuroinflammation and increasing neurotrophic factors.

CONCLUSION

Overall, DXS influences multiple potential mechanisms to exert its antidepressant-like effects thanks to its multicomponent character. Because depression is not caused by a single mechanism, probing the antidepressant-like effects of DXS could further help understand the pathogenesis of depression and discover new antidepressant drugs.

Oxidative stress: roles in skeletal muscle atrophy

Oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced protein synthesis, and increased proteolysis are all critical factors in the process of muscle atrophy. In particular, oxidative stress is the key factor that triggers skeletal muscle atrophy. It is activated in the early stages of muscle atrophy and can be regulated by various factors. The mechanisms of oxidative stress in the development of muscle atrophy have not been completely elucidated. This review provides an overview of the sources of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle and the correlation of oxidative stress with inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, protein synthesis, proteolysis, and muscle regeneration in muscle atrophy. Additionally, the role of oxidative stress in skeletal muscle atrophy caused by several pathological conditions, including denervation, unloading, chronic inflammatory diseases (diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, chronic heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), sarcopenia, hereditary neuromuscular diseases (spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy), and cancer cachexia, have been discussed. Finally, this review proposes the alleviation oxidative stress using antioxidants, Chinese herbal extracts, stem cell and extracellular vesicles as a promising therapeutic strategy for muscle atrophy. This review will aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies and drugs for muscle atrophy.

Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Polysaccharide alleviates depression in CUMS mice by inhibiting the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 signaling pathway and affecting the composition of their intestinal flora

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (PL) has been commonly used to de-stressing the liver and relieve depression in traditional Chinese medicine for over a thousand years. Recently, it has been widely used in studies on anti-depressant, anti-inflammatory and regulation of intestinal flora. However, the polysaccharide component has received less attention than the saponin component of PL.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of Paeonia lactiflora polysaccharide (PLP) on depressive behavior in mice in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model and its possible action mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A model of chronic depression induced by the CUMS approach. Behavioral experiments were used to assess the success of the CUMS model and the therapeutic impact of PLP. Then the extent of damage to the colonic mucosa was assessed by H&E staining; the extent of neuronal damage was assessed by Nissler staining. Inflammatory factor expression was assessed at different sites in the mouse by enzyme-linked immunoassay (Elisa). The alterations of fecal microflora were detected by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In the colonic tissues, NLRP3, ASC and Caspase-1 mRNA and protein levels detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot(WB).

RUSULTS

PLP can improve depressive behavior in CUMS mice, and colonic mucosal and neuronal damage. Elisa assay showed that PLP could reduce interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, and increase 5-Hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) levels in CUMS mice. 16S sequencing analysis showed that PLP could regulate the intestinal flora of CUMS mice and increase their species richness. In addition, PLP significantly inhibited NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 signalling pathways activation in the colonic tissues of CUMS mice.

CONCLUSIONS

PLP modulates depression-related intestinal ecological dysregulation, increases species richness, and inhibits inflammatory factors levels and NLRP3 inflammasome activation to reduce colonic mucosal and neurons damage, thereby improving depression-like behavior and neurotransmitter release in CUMS mice.

Pharmacokinetic analysis for simultaneous quantification of Saikosaponin A- paeoniflorin in normal and poststroke depression rats: A comparative study

Bupleurum and Paeonia are common compatibilities for the treatment of depression, most of which are used in classical prescriptions. The main active ingredients saikosaponin A (SSA) and paeoniflorin (PF) have significant therapeutic effects on poststroke depression (PSD). However, the pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior based on the combination of the two components has not been reported in rats. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of combined administration of SSA and PF in normal and PSD rats. Plasma samples were collected after SSA and PF were injected into the rat tail vein, and plasma pretreatments were analyzed by HPLC. Based on the concentration levels of SSA and PF in plasma, Drug and Statistics 3.2.6 (DAS 3.2.6) software was used to establish the blood drug concentration model. PK data showed that compared with the normal rats, the values of related parameters t_1/2α, AUC_(0-t), AUC_(0-∞) were decreased in diseased rats, while the values of CL₁ was increased. These findings suggest that PSD can significantly affect the PK parameters of SSA-PF. This study established a PK model to explore the time-effect relationship, in order to provide experimental and theoretical support for clinical application.

Paeoniflorin attenuates polystyrene nanoparticle-induced reduction in reproductive capacity and increase in germline apoptosis through suppressing DNA damage checkpoints in Caenorhabditis elegans

Due to high sensitivity to environmental exposures, Caenorhabditis elegans is helpful for toxicity evaluation and toxicological study of pollutants. Using this animal model, we investigated the reproductive toxicity of 20 nm polystyrene nanoparticle (PS-NP) in the range of μg/L and the following pharmacological intervention of paeoniflorin. After exposure from L1-larvae to young adults, 10-100 μg/L PS-NP could cause the reduction in reproductive capacity reflected by the endpoints of brood size and number of fertilized eggs in uterus. Meanwhile, the enhancements in germline apoptosis analyzed by AO staining and germline DNA damage as shown by alteration in HUS-1::GFP signals were detected in 10-100 μg/L PS-NP exposed nematodes, suggesting the role of DNA damage-induced germline apoptosis in mediating PS-NP toxicity on reproductive capacity. Following the exposure to 100 μg/L PS-NP, posttreatment with 25-100 mg/L paeoniflorin increased the reproductive capacity and inhibited both germline apoptosis and DNA damage. In addition, in 100 μg/L PS-NP exposed nematodes, treatment with 100 mg/L paeoniflorin modulated the expressions of genes governing germline apoptosis as indicated by the decrease in ced-3, ced-4, an egl-1 expressions and the increase in ced-9 expression. After exposure to 100 μg/L PS-NP, treatment with 100 mg/L paeoniflorin also decreased expressions of genes (cep-1, clk-2, hus-1, and mrt-2) governing germline DNA damage. Molecular docking analysis further demonstrated the binding potential of paeoniflorin with three DNA damage checkpoints (CLK-2, HUS-1, and MRT-2). Therefore, our data suggested the toxicity of PS-NP in the range of μg/L on reproductive capacity after exposure from L1-larvae to young adults, which was associated with the enhancement in DNA damage-induced germline apoptosis. More importantly, the PS-NP-induced reproductive toxicity on nematodes could be inhibited by the following paeoniflorin treatment.

An integrated strategy of spectrum-effect relationship and near-infrared spectroscopy rapid evaluation based on back propagation neural network for quality control of Paeoniae Radix Alba

The quantitative analysis of near-infrared spectroscopy in traditional Chinese medicine has still deficiencies in the selection of the measured indexes. Then Paeoniae Radix Alba is one of the famous "Eight Flavors of Zhejiang" herbs, however, it lacks the pharmacodynamic support, and cannot reflect the quality of Paeoniae Radix Alba accurately and reasonably. In this study, the spectrum-effect relationship of the anti-inflammatory activity of Paeoniae Radix Alba was established. Then based on the obtained bioactive component groups, the genetic algorithm, back propagation neural network, was combined with near-infrared spectroscopy to establish calibration models for the content of the bioactive components of Paeoniae Radix Alba. Finally, three bioactive components, paeoniflorin, 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloylglucose, and benzoyl paeoniflorin, were successfully obtained. Their near-infrared spectroscopy content models were also established separately, and the validation sets results showed the coefficient of determination (R² > 0.85), indicating that good calibration statistics were obtained for the prediction of key pharmacodynamic components. As a result, an integrated analytical method of spectrum-effect relationship combined with near-infrared spectroscopy and deep learning algorithm was first proposed to assess and control the quality of traditional Chinese medicine, which is the future development trend for the rapid inspection of traditional Chinese medicine.

Paeoniflorin protects 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease mice by inhibiting oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis through activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effects of paeoniflorin on oxidative stress and apoptosis in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) mice.

METHODS

The effects of paeoniflorin on motor function in mice were evaluated by behavioral test. Then substantia nigra of mice were collected and neuronal damage was assessed using Nissl staining. Positive expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was detected by immunohistochemistry. Levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione were measured by biochemical method. terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay was used to detect apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons. Western blotting and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2), Bax and cleaved caspase-3.

RESULTS

Paeoniflorin treatment significantly ameliorated the motor performance impairment in MPTP-induced PD mice. Moreover, it notably increased the positive expression rate of TH and reduced the damage and apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Furthermore, paeoniflorin increased the levels of SOD and glutathione and decreased the malondialdehyde content. It also promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, increased the protein and mRNA expressions of HO-1 and Bcl-2 and reduced the protein and mRNA expressions of BCL2-Associated X2 (Bax) and cleaved caspase-3. Treatment with the Nrf2 inhibitor, ML385, notably reduced the effects of paeoniflorin in MPTP-induced PD mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Neuroprotective effects of paeoniflorin in MPTP-induced PD mice may be mediated via inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra through activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Mechanisms of paeoniaceae action as an antidepressant

Paeoniflorin (PF) has been widely used for the treatment of depression in mice models, some Chinese herbal compound containing PF on treating depression, such as Xiaoyao San, Chaihu-Shugan-San, Danggui Shaoyao San etc. Many experiments are also verifying whether PF in these powders can be used as an effective component in the treatment of depression. Therefore, in this review the antidepressant effect of PF and its mechanism of action are outlined with particular focus on the following aspects: increasing the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters, inhibiting the HPA axis, promoting neuroprotection, enhancing neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and elevating levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). This review may be helpful for the application of PF in the treatment of depression.

Risk factors and prognostic value of osteoporosis in hospitalized patients with bronchiectasis

BACKGROUND

The risk factors for osteoporosis and its prognostic value in patients with bronchiectasis is not well characterized. We explored the risk factors for osteoporosis and its prognostic impact in hospitalized non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB) patients in Southeast China.

METHODS

This observational cohort study consecutively enrolled 179 hospitalized patients with NCFB bronchiectasis between 2017 and 2021. The risk factors and the impact of osteoporosis on all-cause mortality were assessed.

RESULTS

21.2% (38/179) of hospitalized NCFB patients were diagnosed with osteoporosis. Patients with osteoporosis had more severe symptoms (assessed by chronic airway assessment test, CAT, median 22 vs. 17, P = 0.017), poorer quality of life (assessed by St. George Respiratory Questionnaires, SQRC, median 42 vs. 27, P = 0.007), more severe disease stage (assessed by bronchiectasis severity index, BSI, median 14 vs. 11, P = 0.02), more comorbidities (assessed by Bronchiectasis Aetiology Comorbidity Index, BACI, median 5 vs. 4, P = 0.021) than patients without. Age, female sex, anemia, post-infection, and history of regular inhaled corticosteroid treatment were independent risk factors for osteoporosis in those patients. 21 patients (11.7%) died over a median follow-up period of 32 months. The all-cause mortality in NCFB patients with osteoporosis [28.94% (11/38)] was significantly higher than those without osteoporosis [7.09% (10/141)] [hazard ratio (HR) 5.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.26-12.67, P < 0.001]. After adjusting for BSI and other confounding factors, osteoporosis was still independently associated with all-cause mortality in hospitalized NCFB patients (HR 4.29, 95% CI 1.75-10.49, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Osteoporosis had an independent effect on all-cause mortality in hospitalized NCFB patients. Management of comorbidities, including bone health, is a critical aspect of treating NCFB patients.

Antidepressant effects of the traditional Chinese herbal formula Xiao-Yao-San and its bioactive ingredients

BACKGROUND

Depression is one of the most debilitating and severe psychiatric disorders and a serious public health concern. Currently, many treatments are indicated for depression, including traditional Chinese medicinal formulae such as Xiao-Yao-San (XYS), which has effective antidepressant effects in clinical and animal studies.

PURPOSE

To summarize current evidence of XYS in terms of the preclinical and clinical studies and to identify the multi-level, multi-approach, and multi-target potential antidepressant mechanisms of XYS and active components of XYS by a comprehensive search of the related electronic databases.

METHODS

The following electronic databases were searched from the beginning to April 2022: PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure.

RESULTS

This review summarizes the antidepressant mechanisms of XYS and its active ingredients, which are reportedly correlated with monoamine neurotransmitter regulation, synaptic plasticity, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, etc. CONCLUSION: XYS plays a critical role in the treatment of depression by the regulation of several factors, including the monoaminergic systems, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, synaptic plasticity, inflammation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, brain-gut axis, and other pathways. However, more clinical and animal studies should be conducted to further investigate the antidepressant function of XYS and provide more evidence and recommendations for its clinical application. Our review provides an overview of XYS and guidance for future research direction.

Uncovering the mechanism of Radix Paeoniae Alba in the treatment of restless legs syndrome based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological motor disorder with a high prevalence. The treatment efficacy of RLS is unsatisfactory. Radix Paeoniae Alba (RPA) can effectively treat RLS symptoms such as the discomfort of the legs. RPA has great potential for the development of new medications for RLS. Hence, we explored the mechanism of RPA in the treatment of RLS using network pharmacology and molecular docking. The active components and targets of RPA were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology database and analysis platform and PharmMapper platform. The RLS-related targets were found in GeneCards, OMIM, DrugBank, and DisGeNET databases. The overlapping targets of RPA and RLS were then collected. The "active components-overlapping targets" network was built, and network topology analysis was performed. Furthermore, Cytoscape 3.9.1 software was used to screen the key components of RPA in the treatment of RLS. Protein-protein interaction was performed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes. The gene ontology functions and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathways were analyzed using ClusterProfiler, PathView, and other R packages to reveal the main mechanism of RPA in treating RLS. Component and protein structures were downloaded from the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology and Protein Data Bank databases, respectively. The AutoDock 4.2.6 software was used for molecular docking. A total of 12 active components and 109 targets of RPA, as well as 2387 RLS-related targets, were collected. Following that, 47 overlapping targets were obtained. Furthermore, 5 key components and 12 core targets were screened. The results of gene ontology functions were as follows: 2368 biological processes, 264 molecular functions, and 164 cellular components. A total of 207 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathways were obtained, including the lipid and atherosclerosis pathway, the endocrine resistance pathway, the prolactin signaling pathway, and the IL-17 signaling pathway. The components and the core targets completed molecular docking stably. RPA has multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway characteristics in treating RLS, which could provide a basis for future research and improve clinical efficacy.

Antidepressant Active Components of Bupleurum chinense DC-Paeonia lactiflora Pall Herb Pair: Pharmacological Mechanisms

Depression is a serious psychological disorder with a rapidly increasing incidence in recent years. Clinically, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the main therapy. These drugs, have serious adverse reactions, however. Traditional Chinese medicine has the characteristics of multiple components, targets, and pathways, which has huge potential advantages for the treatment of depression. The antidepressant potential of the herbal combination of Bupleurum chinense DC (Chaihu) and Paeonia lactiflora Pall (Baishao) has been extensively studied previously. In this review, we summarized the antidepressant active components and mechanism of Chaihu-Baishao herb pair. We found that it works mainly through relieving oxidative stress, regulating HPA axis, and protecting neurons. Nevertheless, current research of this combined preparation still faces many challenges. On one hand, most of the current studies only stay at the level of animal models, lacking of sufficient clinical double-blind controlled trials for further verification. In addition, studies on the synergistic effect between different targets and signaling pathways are scarce. On the other hand, this preparation has numerous defects such as poor stability, low solubility, and difficulty in crossing the blood-brain barrier.

Can Natural Products Targeting EMT Serve as the Future Anticancer Therapeutics?

Cancer is the leading cause of death and has remained a big challenge for the scientific community. Because of the growing concerns, new therapeutic regimens are highly demanded to decrease the global burden. Despite advancements in chemotherapy, drug resistance is still a major hurdle to successful treatment. The primary challenge should be identifying and developing appropriate therapeutics for cancer patients to improve their survival. Multiple pathways are dysregulated in cancers, including disturbance in cellular metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, or epigenetic alterations. Over the last two decades, natural products have been a major research interest due to their therapeutic potential in various ailments. Natural compounds seem to be an alternative option for cancer management. Natural substances derived from plants and marine sources have been shown to have anti-cancer activity in preclinical settings. They might be proved as a sword to kill cancerous cells. The present review attempted to consolidate the available information on natural compounds derived from plants and marine sources and their anti-cancer potential underlying EMT mechanisms.

Shengyu Decoction treating vascular cognitive impairment by promoting AKT/HIF-1α/VEGF related cerebrovascular generation and ameliorating MAPK/NF-κB mediated neuroinflammation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Shengyu Decoction (SYD), a classical Chinese medicine formula, is good at nourishing blood, promoting blood circulation, and soothe the nerves. SYD can improve cognitive ability. This decoction is suitable for treating vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). however, its active ingredients and possible mechanism have not been investigated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was conducted to observe the effects of SYD on improving the cognitive abilities of rats with VCI, to explore its active ingredients and mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The rats with VCI model were established by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), and the effects of SYD (5, 2.5 g/kg) on the cognitive abilities of VCI rats were evaluated using the Morris water maze (MWM) and neurological assessment. The pathological changes of hippocampal CA1 were observed by H &E and Nissl staining. The effect of SYD on cerebral blood flow (CBF) was evaluated by Laser Speckle Contrast Imager. The expression of CD31 in the cerebral cortex was measured by immunofluorescence (IF) to evaluate the number of cerebral micro vessels. The levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the hippocampus were determined using an ELISA kit, and the active components in the plasma and brain tissues of rats after SYD administration were analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The interaction network of the compound-target pathway was established using the SWISS Target, GO, and DAVID databases. The expression of AKT/HIF-1α/VEGF and p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the brain tissues was determined using western blotting (WB).

RESULTS

SYD (2.5, 5 g/kg) significantly improved the cognitive abilities of VCI rats in the MWM and neurological assessment. H&E and Nissl staining showed that SYD significantly ameliorated the pathological hippocampal CA1 area and increased the number of Nissl bodies. The Laser Speckle Contrast Imager showed that the cortical CBF of VCI rats in the SYD group was significantly increased, and the IF results showed that CD31 expression was significantly increased in the SYD group. The ELISA results showed that the contents of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in SYD were significantly reduced. A total of 29 compounds were found in the plasma and brain tissues of the rats treated with SYD. Network pharmacology revealed 99 targets for the treatment of VCI. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the HIF-1 and MAPK signaling pathways might be important for SYD to ameliorate VCI. WB showed that the expressions of AKT, HIF-1α, and VEGF in the brain tissues of rats were significantly increased; in addition, NF-κB and p38 MAPK were significantly reduced in the SYD group.

CONCLUSION

SYD can improve the cognitive abilities of VCI rats. The mechanism of action of its active ingredients improves cognitive impairment by affecting the AKT/HIF-1α/VEGF and p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways, promoting cerebrovascular generation, and ameliorating neuroinflammation.

Essential oil from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora pall. has protective effect against corticosterone-induced depression in mice via modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

For thousands of years, the roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall (PLP) has been considered by traditional Chinese medicine as a drug that can improve mental or emotional disorders, including depression, anxiety and affective disorders. Unfortunately, the research on the mechanism of action and active ingredients of this beneficial drug is not comprehensive. This study focused on the activity of essential oil from PLP (EOP), systematically studied the antidepressant effect of EOP for the first time, and discussed the potential mechanism of its antidepressant effect. In this study, we used a mouse model of corticosterone (CORT)-induced depression, and found that EOP had a significant antidepressant effect on the symptoms of CORT-induced depression in mice, and significantly down-regulated the levels of CRH, ACTH and cortisol in the brain tissues of mice. In addition, we found that EOP treatment alleviated CORT-induced hippocampal neuron injury in mice In vitro experiments. It was also found that EOP could inhibit CORT-induced apoptosis and improve the proliferation ability and cell viability of PC12 cells. Further, with the help of network analysis, it was revealed that PI3K-Akt might be one of the main signaling pathways of EOP against CORT-induced hippocampal neuron apoptosis. In this study, we also found that EOP up-regulated the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt in CORT-induced mouse hippocampal neurons and PC12 cells, and promoted the nuclear transcription of Nrf2 in CORT-induced PC12 cells. In conclusion, with the integrated approach, we demonstrated that EOP exerted anti-apoptotic effects on hippocampal neurons through PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

A Review of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Buyang Huanwu Decoction for the Treatment of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is often referred to as “collaterals disease” in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and commonly includes ischemic and hemorrhagic CSVD. TCM has a long history of treating CSVD and has demonstrated unique efficacy. Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) is a classical TCM formula that has been used for the prevention and treatment of stroke for hundreds of years. BHD exerts its therapeutic effects on CSVD through a variety of mechanisms. In this review, the clinical and animal studies on BHD and CSVD were systematically introduced. In addition, the pharmacological mechanisms, active components, and clinical applications of BHD in the treatment of CSVD were reviewed. We believe that an in-depth understanding of BHD, its pharmacological mechanism, disease-drug interaction, and other aspects will help in laying the foundation for its development as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CSVD.

Integrating Metabolomics and Network Analysis for Exploring the Mechanism Underlying the Antidepressant Activity of Paeoniflorin in Rats With CUMS-Induced Depression

Background: Paeoniflorin (PF) represents the major bioactive constituent of the traditional Chinese medicine plant Paeonia suffruticosa (Ranunculaceae), which has a long history as a folk medicine in Asian. Paeoniflorin, a bitter pinene monoterpene glycoside, has antidepressant effects, but its potential therapeutic mechanism has not been thoroughly explored.

Methods: Experimental depression in rats was established by the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) combined with orphan method, and the efficacy of paeoniflorin on depression was evaluated by the sucrose preference test and open field test. The antidepressant mechanism of paeoniflorin was investigated by metabolomic and network pharmacology. The relevant pathways of biomarkers highlighted in metabolomics were explored, and the possible targets of paeoniflorin in the treatment of depression were further revealed through network analysis. The binding activity of paeoniflorin to key targets was verified by molecular docking.

Results: Metabolomics showed that rats with CUMS-induced depression had urine metabolic disorders, which were reversed by paeoniflorin through the regulation of metabolic pathways. Metabolites that play a key role in the function of paeoniflorin include citric acid, thiamine monophosphate, gluconolactone, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and stachyose. Key predicted targets are SLC6A4, TNF, IL6 and SLC6A3. An important metabolic pathway is the Citrate cycle (TCA cycle).

Conclusion: Network integrative analysis in this study showed that paeoniflorin could improve depressive-like symptoms in model rats with CUMS-induced depression and overall correct the disordered metabolic profile through multiple metabolic pathways.