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Bozkurt S, Lannin NA, Mychasiuk R, Semple BD. Environmental modifications to rehabilitate social behavior deficits after acquired brain injury: What is the evidence? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105278. [PMID: 37295762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Social behavior deficits are a common, debilitating consequence of traumatic brain injury and stroke, particularly when sustained during childhood. Numerous factors influence the manifestation of social problems after acquired brain injuries, raising the question of whether environmental manipulations can minimize or prevent such deficits. Here, we examine both clinical and preclinical evidence addressing this question, with a particular focus on environmental enrichment paradigms and differing housing conditions. We aimed to understand whether environmental manipulations can ameliorate injury-induced social behavior deficits. In summary, promising data from experimental models supports a beneficial role of environmental enrichment on social behavior. However, limited studies have considered social outcomes in the chronic setting, and few studies have addressed the social context specifically as an important component of the post-injury environment. Clinically, limited high-caliber evidence supports the use of specific interventions for social deficits after acquired brain injuries. An improved understanding of how the post-injury environment interacts with the injured brain, particularly during development, is needed to validate the implementation of rehabilitative interventions that involve manipulating an individuals' environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Bozkurt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natasha A Lannin
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Allied Health (Occupational Therapy), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Kasakura N, Murata Y, Shindo A, Kitaoka S, Furuyashiki T, Suzuki K, Segi-Nishida E. Overexpression of NT-3 in the hippocampus suppresses the early phase of the adult neurogenic process. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1178555. [PMID: 37575306 PMCID: PMC10413268 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1178555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus regulates stress-related emotional behaviors and ensures neurogenesis throughout life. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a neurotrophic factor that regulates neuronal differentiation, survival, and synaptic formation in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. NT-3 is expressed in the adult DG of the hippocampus; several chronic stress conditions enhance NT-3 expression in rodents. However, functional modulation of the adult DG by NT-3 signaling remains unclear. To directly investigate the impact of NT-3 on DG function, NT-3 was overexpressed in the hippocampal ventral DG by an adeno-associated virus carrying NT-3 (AAV-NT-3). Four weeks following the AAV-NT-3 injection, high NT-3 expression was observed in the ventral DG. We examined the influence of NT-3 overexpression on the neuronal responses and neurogenic processes in the ventral DG. NT-3 overexpression significantly increased the expression of the mature DG neuronal marker calbindin and immediate early genes, such as Fos and Fosb, thereby suggesting DG neuronal activation. During neurogenesis, the number of proliferating cells and immature neurons in the subgranular zone of the DG significantly decreased in the AAV-NT-3 group. Among the neurogenesis-related factors, Vegfd, Lgr6, Bmp7, and Drd1 expression significantly decreased. These results demonstrated that high NT-3 levels in the hippocampus regulate the activation of mature DG neurons and suppress the early phase of neurogenic processes, suggesting a possible role of NT-3 in the regulation of adult hippocampal function under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Kasakura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Murata
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Shindo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Kitaoka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuyashiki
- Division of Pharmacology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kanzo Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Segi-Nishida
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Redina OE, Babenko VN, Smagin DA, Kovalenko IL, Galyamina AG, Efimov VM, Kudryavtseva NN. Effects of Positive Fighting Experience and Its Subsequent Deprivation on the Expression Profile of Mouse Hippocampal Genes Associated with Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033040. [PMID: 36769363 PMCID: PMC9918130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is known as the brain region implicated in visuospatial processes and processes associated with learning and short- and long-term memory. An important functional characteristic of the hippocampus is lifelong neurogenesis. A decrease or increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with a wide range of neurological diseases. We have previously shown that in adult male mice with a chronic positive fighting experience in daily agonistic interactions, there is an increase in the proliferation of progenitor neurons and the production of young neurons in the dentate gyrus (in hippocampus), and these neurogenesis parameters remain modified during 2 weeks of deprivation of further fights. The aim of the present work was to identify hippocampal genes associated with neurogenesis and involved in the formation of behavioral features in mice with the chronic experience of wins in aggressive confrontations, as well as during the subsequent 2-week deprivation of agonistic interactions. Hippocampal gene expression profiles were compared among three groups of adult male mice: chronically winning for 20 days in the agonistic interactions, chronically victorious for 20 days followed by the 2-week deprivation of fights, and intact (control) mice. Neurogenesis-associated genes were identified whose transcription levels changed during the social confrontations and in the subsequent period of deprivation of fights. In the experimental males, some of these genes are associated with behavioral traits, including abnormal aggression-related behavior, an abnormal anxiety-related response, and others. Two genes encoding transcription factors (Nr1d1 and Fmr1) were likely to contribute the most to the between-group differences. It can be concluded that the chronic experience of wins in agonistic interactions alters hippocampal levels of transcription of multiple genes in adult male mice. The transcriptome changes get reversed only partially after the 2-week period of deprivation of fights. The identified differentially expressed genes associated with neurogenesis and involved in the control of a behavior/neurological phenotype can be used in further studies to identify targets for therapeutic correction of the neurological disturbances that develop in winners under the conditions of chronic social confrontations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga E. Redina
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Babenko
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Smagin
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Irina L. Kovalenko
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anna G. Galyamina
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vadim M. Efimov
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Natalia N. Kudryavtseva
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Correspondence:
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García-Gómez L, Castillo-Fernández I, Perez-Villalba A. In the pursuit of new social neurons. Neurogenesis and social behavior in mice: A systematic review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1011657. [PMID: 36407114 PMCID: PMC9672322 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1011657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Social behaviors have become more relevant to our understanding of the human nervous system because relationships with our peers may require and modulate adult neurogenesis. Here, we review the pieces of evidence we have to date for the divergence of social behaviors in mice by modulation of adult neurogenesis or if social behaviors and the social environment can drive a change in neurogenic processes. Social recognition and memory are deeply affected by antimitotic drugs and irradiation, while NSC transgenic mice may run with lower levels of social discrimination. Interestingly, social living conditions can create a big impact on neurogenesis. Social isolation and social defeat reduce the number of new neurons, while social dominance and enrichment of the social environment increase their number. These new “social neurons” trigger functional modifications with amazing transgenerational effects. All of these suggest that we are facing two bidirectional intertwined variables, and the great challenge now is to understand the cellular and genetic mechanisms that allow this relationship to be used therapeutically.
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Faykoo-Martinez M, Collins T, Peragine D, Malik M, Javed F, Kolisnyk M, Ziolkowski J, Jeewa I, Cheng AH, Lowden C, Mascarenhas B, Cheng HYM, Holmes MM. Protracted neuronal maturation in a long-lived, highly social rodent. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273098. [PMID: 36107951 PMCID: PMC9477366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naked mole-rats are a long-lived rodent species (current lifespan >37 years) and an increasingly popular biomedical model. Naked mole-rats exhibit neuroplasticity across their long lifespan. Previous studies have begun to investigate their neurogenic patterns. Here, we test the hypothesis that neuronal maturation is extended in this long-lived rodent. We characterize cell proliferation and neuronal maturation in established rodent neurogenic regions over 12 months following seven days of consecutive BrdU injection. Given that naked mole-rats are eusocial (high reproductive skew where only a few socially-dominant individuals reproduce), we also looked at proliferation in brain regions relevant to the social-decision making network. Finally, we measured co-expression of EdU (newly-born cells), DCX (immature neuron marker), and NeuN (mature neuron marker) to assess the timeline of neuronal maturation in adult naked mole-rats. This work reaffirms the subventricular zone as the main source of adult cell proliferation and suggests conservation of the rostral migratory stream in this species. Our profiling of socially-relevant brain regions suggests that future work which manipulates environmental context can unveil how newly-born cells integrate into circuitry and facilitate adult neuroplasticity. We also find naked mole-rat neuronal maturation sits at the intersection of rodents and long-lived, non-rodent species: while neurons can mature by 3 weeks (rodent-like), most neurons mature at 5 months and hippocampal neurogenic levels are low (like long-lived species). These data establish a timeline for future investigations of longevity- and socially-related manipulations of naked mole-rat adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Troy Collins
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Diana Peragine
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Manahil Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Fiza Javed
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Kolisnyk
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Justine Ziolkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Imaan Jeewa
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur H. Cheng
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Lowden
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brittany Mascarenhas
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hai-Ying Mary Cheng
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa M. Holmes
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Segi-Nishida E, Suzuki K. Regulation of adult-born and mature neurons in stress response and antidepressant action in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Neurosci Res 2022:S0168-0102(22)00233-4. [PMID: 36030966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus has been implicated in the regulation of stress responses, and in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. This review discusses the cellular changes caused by chronic stress and the cellular role of the DG in stress-induced behavioral changes and its antidepressant-like effects. Regarding adult-born neurogenic processes in the DG, chronic stress, such as repeated social defeat, suppresses cell proliferation during and immediately after stress; however, this effect is transient. The subsequent differentiation and survival processes are differentially regulated depending on the timing and sensitivity of stress. The activation of young adult-born neurons during stress contributes to stress resilience, while the transient increase in the survival of adult-born neurons after the cessation of stress seems to promote stress susceptibility. In mature granule neurons, the predominant cells in the DG, synaptic plasticity is suppressed by chronic stress. However, a group of mature granule neurons is activated by chronic stress. Chronic antidepressant treatment can transform mature granule neurons to a phenotype resembling that of immature neurons, characterized as "dematuration". Adult-born neurons suppress the activation of mature granule neurons during stress, indicating that local neural interactions within the DG are important for the stress response. Elucidating the stress-associated context- and timing-dependent cellular changes and functions in the DG will provide insights into stress-related psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Segi-Nishida
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kanzo Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Fan XX, Sun WY, Li Y, Tang Q, Li LN, Yu X, Wang SY, Fan AR, Xu XQ, Chang HS. Honokiol improves depression-like behaviors in rats by HIF-1α- VEGF signaling pathway activation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:968124. [PMID: 36091747 PMCID: PMC9453876 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.968124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the pathogenesis of depression is closely linked to impairments in neuronal synaptic plasticity. Honokiol, a biologically active substance extracted from Magnolia Officinalis, has been proven to exert significant antidepressant effects. However, the specific mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, PC12 cells and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model rats were used to explore the antidepressant effects and potential mechanisms of honokiol in vitro and in rats. In vitro experiment, a cell viability detection kit was used to screen the concentration and time of honokiol administration. PC12 cells were administered with hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) blocker, 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) blocker, SU5416, to detect the expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, synaptic protein 1 (SYN 1), and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD 95) by western blotting. In effect, we investigated whether the synaptic plasticity action of honokiol was dependent on the HIF-1α-VEGF pathway. In vivo, behavioral tests were used to evaluate the reproducibility of the CUMS depression model and depression-like behaviors. Molecular biology techniques were used to examine mRNA and protein expression of the HIF-1α-VEGF signaling pathway and synaptic plasticity-related regulators. Additionally, molecular docking techniques were used to study the interaction between honokiol and target proteins, and predict their binding patterns and affinities. Experimental results showed that honokiol significantly reversed CUMS-induced depression-like behaviors. Mechanically, honokiol exerted a significant antidepressant effect by enhancing synaptic plasticity. At the molecular level, honokiol can activate the HIF-1α-VEGF signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo, as well as promote the protein expression levels of SYN 1 and PSD 95. Taken together, the results do not only provide an experimental basis for honokiol in the clinical treatment of depression but also suggest that the HIF-1α-VEGF pathway may be a potential target for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xu Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Yan Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Tang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Na Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ang-Ran Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Qing Xu
- Experiment Center, Encephalopathy Department, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Sheng Chang, ; Xiang-Qing Xu,
| | - Hong-Sheng Chang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Sheng Chang, ; Xiang-Qing Xu,
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8
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Picard K, Bisht K, Poggini S, Garofalo S, Golia MT, Basilico B, Abdallah F, Ciano Albanese N, Amrein I, Vernoux N, Sharma K, Hui CW, C Savage J, Limatola C, Ragozzino D, Maggi L, Branchi I, Tremblay MÈ. Microglial-glucocorticoid receptor depletion alters the response of hippocampal microglia and neurons in a chronic unpredictable mild stress paradigm in female mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:423-439. [PMID: 34343616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic psychological stress is one of the most important triggers and environmental risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders. Chronic stress can influence all organs via the secretion of stress hormones, including glucocorticoids by the adrenal glands, which coordinate the stress response across the body. In the brain, glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are expressed by various cell types including microglia, which are its resident immune cells regulating stress-induced inflammatory processes. To study the roles of microglial GR under normal homeostatic conditions and following chronic stress, we generated a mouse model in which the GR gene is depleted in microglia specifically at adulthood to prevent developmental confounds. We first confirmed that microglia were depleted in GR in our model in males and females among the cingulate cortex and the hippocampus, both stress-sensitive brain regions. Then, cohorts of microglial-GR depleted and wild-type (WT) adult female mice were housed for 3 weeks in a standard or stressful condition, using a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) paradigm. CUMS induced stress-related behavior in both microglial-GR depleted and WT animals as demonstrated by a decrease of both saccharine preference and progressive ratio breakpoint. Nevertheless, the hippocampal microglial and neural mechanisms underlying the adaptation to stress occurred differently between the two genotypes. Upon CUMS exposure, microglial morphology was altered in the WT controls, without any apparent effect in microglial-GR depleted mice. Furthermore, in the standard environment condition, GR depleted-microglia showed increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes, and genes involved in microglial homeostatic functions (such as Trem2, Cx3cr1 and Mertk). On the contrary, in CUMS condition, GR depleted-microglia showed reduced expression levels of pro-inflammatory genes and increased neuroprotective as well as anti-inflammatory genes compared to WT-microglia. Moreover, in microglial-GR depleted mice, but not in WT mice, CUMS led to a significant reduction of CA1 long-term potentiation and paired-pulse ratio. Lastly, differences in adult hippocampal neurogenesis were observed between the genotypes during normal homeostatic conditions, with microglial-GR deficiency increasing the formation of newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone independently from stress exposure. Together, these findings indicate that, although the deletion of microglial GR did not prevent the animal's ability to respond to stress, it contributed to modulating hippocampal functions in both standard and stressful conditions, notably by shaping the microglial response to chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Picard
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Molecular Medicine Department, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Silvia Poggini
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Golia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Bernadette Basilico
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Fatima Abdallah
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Naomi Ciano Albanese
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Irmgard Amrein
- Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Vernoux
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kaushik Sharma
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Chin Wai Hui
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Julie C Savage
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Igor Branchi
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Molecular Medicine Department, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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9
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Levone BR, Codagnone MG, Moloney GM, Nolan YM, Cryan JF, O' Leary OF. Adult-born neurons from the dorsal, intermediate, and ventral regions of the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus exhibit differential sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3240-3252. [PMID: 32709996 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis has been shown to play roles in learning, memory, and stress responses. These diverse roles may be related to a functional segregation of the hippocampus along its longitudinal axis. Indeed, the dorsal hippocampus (dHi) plays a predominant role in spatial learning and memory, while the ventral hippocampus (vHi) is predominantly involved in the regulation of anxiety, a behaviour impacted by stress. Recent studies suggest that the area between them, the intermediate hippocampus (iHi) may also be functionally independent. In parallel, it has been reported that chronic stress reduces neurogenesis preferentially in the vHi rather the dHi. We thus aimed to determine whether such stress-induced changes in neurogenesis could be related to differential intrinsic sensitivity of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from the dHi, iHi, or vHi to the stress hormone, corticosterone, or the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist, dexamethasone. Long-term exposure of rat NPCs to corticosterone or dexamethasone decreased neuronal differentiation in the vHi but not the dHi, while iHi cultures showed an intermediate response. A similar gradient-like response on neuronal differentiation and maturation was observed with dexamethasone treatment. This gradient-like effect was also observed on GR nuclear translocation in response to corticosterone or dexamethasone. Long-term exposure to corticosterone or dexamethasone treatment also tended to induce a greater downregulation of GR-associated genes in vHi-derived neurons compared to those from the dHi and iHi. These data suggest that increased intrinsic sensitivity of vHi NPC-derived neurons to chronic glucocorticoid exposure may underlie the increased vulnerability of the vHi to chronic stress-induced reductions in neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno Rocha Levone
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Martin G Codagnone
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard M Moloney
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Olivia F O' Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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10
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Moran KM, González-Martínez LF, Delville Y. Lifelong enhancement of body mass from adolescent stress in male hamsters. Horm Behav 2021; 133:105004. [PMID: 34062278 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In hamsters, exposure to stress in adulthood causes increased body weight. We addressed how social stress during puberty would impact food intake and body weight. Stressed hamsters started gaining significantly more weight than controls after only two days of stress exposure. Over a two-week period, stressed subjects gained 10% more weight and consumed more food than controls. At the end of the stress period, stressed hamsters collected nearly twice as many palatable sugar pellets from an arena than controls. Stressed subjects presented 15-20% more body fat in mesenteric, inguinal, and retroperitoneal fat pads. In order to assess the duration of these effects, we analyzed data from previous studies keeping hamsters for over two months past the stress period in puberty. Our analysis shows that stressed hamsters stopped gaining more weight after the stress period, but their body weights remained elevated for over two months, consistently weighing 10% more than their non-stressed counterparts. We also analyzed conditioning training data collected after the period of stress in late puberty and early adulthood (P56 to P70) that was part of the original studies. Training consisted of lever pressing for palatable food rewards. At these times, previously stressed hamsters retrieved similar numbers of food pellets from the conditioning chambers, suggesting no difference in appetite after the stress period. These data showing a long-lasting effect of stress on body weight may be relevant to studies on the ontogeny of lifelong obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Moran
- Psychology Department, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | | | - Yvon Delville
- Psychology Department, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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11
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Jorgensen C, Wang Z. Hormonal Regulation of Mammalian Adult Neurogenesis: A Multifaceted Mechanism. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081151. [PMID: 32781670 PMCID: PMC7465680 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis—resulting in adult-generated functioning, integrated neurons—is still one of the most captivating research areas of neuroplasticity. The addition of new neurons in adulthood follows a seemingly consistent multi-step process. These neurogenic stages include proliferation, differentiation, migration, maturation/survival, and integration of new neurons into the existing neuronal network. Most studies assessing the impact of exogenous (e.g., restraint stress) or endogenous (e.g., neurotrophins) factors on adult neurogenesis have focused on proliferation, survival, and neuronal differentiation. This review will discuss the multifaceted impact of hormones on these various stages of adult neurogenesis. Specifically, we will review the evidence for hormonal facilitation (via gonadal hormones), inhibition (via glucocorticoids), and neuroprotection (via recruitment of other neurochemicals such as neurotrophin and neuromodulators) on newly adult-generated neurons in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jorgensen
- Behavioral Science Department, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Zuoxin Wang
- Psychology Department and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
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12
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Jung SH, Meckes JK, Schipma MJ, Lim PH, Jenz ST, Przybyl K, Wert SL, Kim S, Luo W, Gacek SA, Jankord R, Hatcher-Solis C, Redei EE. Strain Differences in Responsiveness to Repeated Restraint Stress Affect Remote Contextual Fear Memory and Blood Transcriptomics. Neuroscience 2020; 444:76-91. [PMID: 32768618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of stress in altering fear memory is not well understood. Since individual variations in stress reactivity exist, and stress alters fear memory, exposing individuals with differing stress-reactivity to repeated stress would affect their fear memory to various degrees. We explored this question using the average stress-reactive Fisher 344 (F344) rat strain and the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strain with its heightened stress-reactivity. Male F344 and WKY rats were exposed to the contextual fear conditioning (CFC) paradigm and then chronic restraint stress (CRS) or no stress (NS) was administered for two weeks before a second CFC. Both recent and reinstated fear memory were greater in F344s than WKYs, regardless of the stress status. In contrast, remote memory was attenuated only in F344s after CRS. In determining whether this strain-specific response to CRS was mirrored by transcriptomic changes in the blood, RNA sequencing was carried out. Overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between NS and CRS in the blood of F344 and WKY suggest a convergence of stress-related molecular mechanisms, independent of stress-reactivity. In contrast, DEGs unique to the F344 and the WKY stress responses are divergent in their functionality and networks, beyond that of strain differences in their non-stressed state. These results suggest that in some individuals chronic or repeated stress, different from the original fear memory-provoking stress, can attenuate prior fear memory. Furthermore, the novel blood DEGs can report on the general state of stress of the individual, or can be associated with individual variation in stress-responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung H Jung
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Jeanie K Meckes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew J Schipma
- NUSeq Core, Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick H Lim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophia T Jenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katherine Przybyl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie L Wert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wendy Luo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie A Gacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Jankord
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Candice Hatcher-Solis
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Eva E Redei
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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13
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McAllister BB, Pochakom A, Fu S, Dyck RH. Effects of social defeat stress and fluoxetine treatment on neurogenesis and behavior in mice that lack zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) and vesicular zinc. Hippocampus 2019; 30:623-637. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan B. McAllister
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Angela Pochakom
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Selena Fu
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Richard H. Dyck
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
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14
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The Impact of Ethologically Relevant Stressors on Adult Mammalian Neurogenesis. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9070158. [PMID: 31277460 PMCID: PMC6680763 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9070158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis—the formation and functional integration of adult-generated neurons—remains a hot neuroscience topic. Decades of research have identified numerous endogenous (such as neurotransmitters and hormones) and exogenous (such as environmental enrichment and exercise) factors that regulate the various neurogenic stages. Stress, an exogenous factor, has received a lot of attention. Despite the large number of reviews discussing the impact of stress on adult neurogenesis, no systematic review on ethologically relevant stressors exists to date. The current review details the effects of conspecifically-induced psychosocial stress (specifically looking at the lack or disruption of social interactions and confrontation) as well as non-conspecifically-induced stress on mammalian adult neurogenesis. The underlying mechanisms, as well as the possible functional role of the altered neurogenesis level, are also discussed. The reviewed data suggest that ethologically relevant stressors reduce adult neurogenesis.
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15
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Validation of hippocampal biomarkers of cumulative affective experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 101:113-121. [PMID: 30951763 PMCID: PMC6525303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent knowledge on hippocampal structural plasticity is reviewed. This knowledge is harnessed to develop biomarkers of cumulative experience. Hippocampal plasticity is shown to have construct, content and criterion validity in mammals. The biomarkers require further validation to be used in birds and fish. We discuss some practical considerations to implement the biomarkers.
Progress in improving the welfare of captive animals has been hindered by a lack of objective indicators to assess the quality of lifetime experience, often called cumulative affective experience. Recent developments in stress biology and psychiatry have shed new light on the role of the mammalian hippocampus in affective processes. Here we review these findings and argue that structural hippocampal biomarkers demonstrate criterion, construct and content validity as indicators of cumulative affective experience in mammals. We also briefly review emerging findings in birds and fish, which have promising implications for applying the hippocampal approach to these taxa, but require further validation. We hope that this review will motivate welfare researchers and neuroscientists to explore the potential of hippocampal biomarkers of cumulative affective experience.
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16
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Abstract
Adult neurogenesis continues to captivate the curiosity of the scientific community; and researchers seem to have a particular interest in identifying the functional implications of such plasticity. While the majority of research focuses on the association between adult neurogenesis and learning and memory (including spatial learning associated with hippocampal neurogenesis and olfactory discrimination associated with neurogenesis in the olfactory system), the following review will explore the link to motivated behaviors. In particular, goal-directed behaviors such as sociosexual, parental, aggressive, as well as depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and their reciprocal association to adult neurogenesis will be evaluated. The review will detail research in humans and other mammalian species. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms underlying these neurogenic alterations will be highlighted. Lastly, the review will conclude with a discussion on the functional significance of these newly generated cells in mediating goal-directed behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jorgensen
- Behavioral Science Department, Utah Valley University, Orem, Utah, USA
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17
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Finnell JE, Wood SK. Putative Inflammatory Sensitive Mechanisms Underlying Risk or Resilience to Social Stress. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:240. [PMID: 30416436 PMCID: PMC6212591 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well recognized that exposure to stress can lead to the onset of psychosocial disorders such as depression. While there are a number of antidepressant therapies currently available and despite producing immediate neurochemical alterations, they require weeks of continuous use in order to exhibit antidepressant efficacy. Moreover, up to 30% of patients do not respond to typical antidepressants, suggesting that our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying stress-induced depression is still limited. In recent years inflammation has become a major focus in the study of depression as several clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated that peripheral and central inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-1β, are elevated in depressed patients. Moreover, it has been suggested that inflammation and particularly neuroinflammation may be a direct and immediate link in the emergence of stress-induced depression due to the broad neural and glial effects that are elicited by proinflammatory cytokines. Importantly, individual differences in inflammatory reactivity may further explain why certain individuals exhibit differing susceptibility to the consequences of stress. In this review article, we discuss sources of individual differences such as age, sex and coping mechanisms that are likely sources of distinct changes in stress-induced neuroimmune factors and highlight putative sources of exaggerated neuroinflammation in susceptible individuals. Furthermore, we review the current literature of specific neural and glial mechanisms that are regulated by stress and inflammation including mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and mechanisms of glutamate excitotoxicity. Taken together, the impetus for this review is to move towards a better understanding of mechanisms regulated by inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are capable of contributing to the emergence of depressive-like behaviors in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Finnell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Susan K Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States.,WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC, United States
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18
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Lui E, Salim M, Chahal M, Puri N, Marandi E, Quadrilatero J, Satvat E. Chronic corticosterone-induced impaired cognitive flexibility is not due to suppressed adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Behav Brain Res 2017; 332:90-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Okudan N, Belviranlı M. Long-term voluntary exercise prevents post-weaning social isolation-induced cognitive impairment in rats. Neuroscience 2017; 360:1-8. [PMID: 28757245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of exercise on locomotion, anxiety-related behavior, learning, and memory in socially isolated post-weaning rats, as well as the correlation between exercise and the concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus. Rats were randomly assigned to three groups: the control group; the social isolation group; the social isolation plus exercise (SIE) group. Social isolation conditions, with or without exercise were maintained for 90d, and then multiple behavioral tests, including the open-field test, elevated plus maze test, and Morris water maze (MWM) test were administered. Following behavioral assessment, hippocampal tissue samples were obtained for measurement of BDNF and NGF. There wasn't a significant difference in locomotor activity between the groups (P>0.05). Anxiety scores were higher in the socially isolated group (P<0.05) than in the SIE group (P<0.05). According to the probe trial session of the MWM test results, exercise training improved platform crossings' number in the socially isolated rats (P<0.05). Exercise training ameliorated social isolation-induced reduction in hippocampal BDNF and NGF content (P<0.05). These findings suggest that exercise training improves cognitive functions via increasing hippocampal BDNF and NGF concentrations in socially isolated post-weaning rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilsel Okudan
- Selçuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Muaz Belviranlı
- Selçuk University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey.
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20
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Shilpa BM, Bhagya V, Harish G, Srinivas Bharath MM, Shankaranarayana Rao BS. Environmental enrichment ameliorates chronic immobilisation stress-induced spatial learning deficits and restores the expression of BDNF, VEGF, GFAP and glucocorticoid receptors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 76:88-100. [PMID: 28288856 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe and prolonged stress is the main environmental factor that precipitates depression, anxiety and cognitive dysfunctions. On the other hand, exposure to environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown to induce progressive plasticity in the brain and improve learning and memory in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. It is not known whether exposure to enriched environment could ameliorate chronic immobilisation stress-induced cognitive deficits and altered molecular markers. Hence, in the present study we aimed to evaluate the effect of enriched environment on chronic immobilisation stress (CIS) associated changes in spatial learning and memory, behavioural measures of anxiety, depression and molecular markers as well as structural alterations. Male Wistar rats were subjected to chronic immobilisation stress for 2h/day/10days followed by 2weeks of exposure to EE. CIS resulted in weight loss, anhedonia, increased immobility, spatial learning and memory impairment, enhanced anxiety, and reduced expression of BDNF, VEGF, GFAP and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in discrete brain regions. Interestingly, stressed rats exposed to enrichment ameliorated behavioural depression, spatial learning and memory impairment and reduced anxiety behaviour. In addition, EE restored BDNF, VEGF, GFAP and GR expression and normalized hypotrophy of dentate gyrus and hippocampus in CIS rats. In contrast, EE did not restore hypertrophy of the amygdalar complex. Thus, EE ameliorates stress-induced cognitive deficits by modulating the neurotrophic factors, astrocytes and glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Shilpa
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - V Bhagya
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - G Harish
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - M M Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - B S Shankaranarayana Rao
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560 029, India.
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21
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Lau C, Hebert M, Vani MA, Walling S, Hayley S, Lagace DC, Blundell J. Absence of neurogenic response following robust predator-induced stress response. Neuroscience 2016; 339:276-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Personality modulates proportions of CD4 + regulatory and effector T cells in response to socially induced stress in a rodent of wild origin. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:255-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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DePasquale C, Neuberger T, Hirrlinger AM, Braithwaite VA. The influence of complex and threatening environments in early life on brain size and behaviour. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2015.2564. [PMID: 26817780 PMCID: PMC4795028 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ways in which challenging environments during development shape the brain and behaviour are increasingly being addressed. To date, studies typically consider only single variables, but the real world is more complex. Many factors simultaneously affect the brain and behaviour, and whether these work independently or interact remains untested. To address this, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were reared in a two-by-two design in housing that varied in structural complexity and/or exposure to a stressor. Fish experiencing both complexity (enrichment objects changed over time) and mild stress (daily net chasing) exhibited enhanced learning and were less anxious when tested as juveniles (between 77 and 90 days). Adults tested (aged 1 year) were also less anxious even though fish were kept in standard housing after three months of age (i.e. no chasing or enrichment). Volumetric measures of the brain using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed that complexity alone generated fish with a larger brain, but this increase in size was not seen in fish that experienced both complexity and chasing, or chasing alone. The results highlight the importance of looking at multiple variables simultaneously, and reveal differential effects of complexity and stressful experiences during development of the brain and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- C DePasquale
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University-Altoona, Altoona, PA, USA Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - T Neuberger
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - A M Hirrlinger
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - V A Braithwaite
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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24
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Lieberwirth C, Pan Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Wang Z. Hippocampal adult neurogenesis: Its regulation and potential role in spatial learning and memory. Brain Res 2016; 1644:127-40. [PMID: 27174001 PMCID: PMC5064285 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis, defined here as progenitor cell division generating functionally integrated neurons in the adult brain, occurs within the hippocampus of numerous mammalian species including humans. The present review details various endogenous (e.g., neurotransmitters) and environmental (e.g., physical exercise) factors that have been shown to influence hippocampal adult neurogenesis. In addition, the potential involvement of adult-generated neurons in naturally-occurring spatial learning behavior is discussed by summarizing the literature focusing on traditional animal models (e.g., rats and mice), non-traditional animal models (e.g., tree shrews), as well as natural populations (e.g., chickadees and Siberian chipmunk).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongliang Pan
- Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Zuoxin Wang
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA
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25
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26
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Trading new neurons for status: Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in eusocial Damaraland mole-rats. Neuroscience 2016; 324:227-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Peragine DE, Yousuf Y, Fu Y, Swift-Gallant A, Ginzberg K, Holmes MM. Contrasting effects of opposite- versus same-sex housing on hormones, behavior and neurogenesis in a eusocial mammal. Horm Behav 2016; 81:28-37. [PMID: 27018426 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Competitive interactions can have striking and enduring effects on behavior, but the mechanisms underlying this experience-induced plasticity are unclear, particularly in females. Naked mole-rat (NMR) colonies are characterized by the strictest social and reproductive hierarchy among mammals, and represent an ideal system for studies of social competition. In large matriarchal colonies, breeding is monopolized by one female and 1-3 males, with other colony members being socially subordinate and reproductively suppressed. To date, competition for breeding status has been examined in-colony, with female, but not male, aggression observed following the death/removal of established queens. To determine whether this sex difference extends to colony-founding contexts, and clarify neural and endocrine mechanisms underlying behavioral change in females competing for status, we examined neurogenesis and steroid hormone concentrations in colony-housed subordinates, and NMRs given the opportunity to transition status via pair-housing. To this end, Ki-67 and doublecortin immunoreactivity were compared in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) of colony-housed subordinates, and subordinates housed with a same-sex (SS) or opposite-sex (OS) conspecific. Results suggest that OS pairing in eusocial mammals promotes cooperation and enhances hippocampal plasticity, while SS pairing is stressful, resulting in enhanced HPA activation and muted hippocampal neurogenesis relative to OS pairs. Data further indicate that competition for status is confined to females, with female-female housing exerting contrasting effects on hippocampal and amygdalar neurogenesis. These findings advance understanding of social stress effects on neuroplasticity and behavior, and highlight the importance of including female-dominated species in research on aggression and intrasexual competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deane E Peragine
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Yusef Yousuf
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Ashlyn Swift-Gallant
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Keren Ginzberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Melissa M Holmes
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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28
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Holmes MM. Social regulation of adult neurogenesis: A comparative approach. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:59-70. [PMID: 26877107 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The social environment sculpts the mammalian brain throughout life. Adult neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons in the mature brain, can be up- or down-regulated by various social manipulations. These include social isolation, social conflict, social status, socio-sexual interactions, and parent/offspring interactions. However, socially-mediated changes in neuron production are often species-, sex-, and/or region-specific. In order to reconcile the variability of social effects on neurogenesis, we need to consider species-specific social adaptations and other contextual variables (e.g. age, social status, reproductive status, etc.) that shift the valence of social stimuli. Using a comparative approach to understand how adult-generated neurons in turn influence social behaviors will shed light on how adult neurogenesis contributes to survival and reproduction in diverse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Holmes
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Llorens-Martín M, Rábano A, Ávila J. The Ever-Changing Morphology of Hippocampal Granule Neurons in Physiology and Pathology. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:526. [PMID: 26834550 PMCID: PMC4717329 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons are continuously added to the hippocampal dentate gyrus throughout adulthood. In this review, we analyze the maturational stages that newborn granule neurons go through, with a focus on their unique morphological features during each stage under both physiological and pathological circumstances. In addition, the influence of deleterious (such as schizophrenia, stress, Alzheimer's disease, seizures, stroke, inflammation, dietary deficiencies, or the consumption of drugs of abuse or toxic substances) and neuroprotective (physical exercise and environmental enrichment) stimuli on the maturation of these cells will be examined. Finally, the regulation of this process by proteins involved in neurodegenerative and neurological disorders such as Glycogen synthase kinase 3β, Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC-1), Glucocorticoid receptor, pro-inflammatory mediators, Presenilin-1, Amyloid precursor protein, Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), among others, will be evaluated. Given the recently acquired relevance of the dendritic branch as a functional synaptic unit required for memory storage, a full understanding of the morphological alterations observed in newborn neurons may have important consequences for the prevention and treatment of the cognitive and affective alterations that evolve in conjunction with impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Llorens-Martín
- Molecular Neurobiology, Function of Microtubular Proteins, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)Madrid, Spain; Neuropathology Department, CIEN FoundationMadrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Molecular Neurobiology, Function of Microtubular Proteins, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)Madrid, Spain
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Hong YP, Lee HC, Kim HT. Treadmill exercise after social isolation increases the levels of NGF, BDNF, and synapsin I to induce survival of neurons in the hippocampus, and improves depression-like behavior. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2015; 19:11-8. [PMID: 25960950 PMCID: PMC4424441 DOI: 10.5717/jenb.2015.19.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] We investigated the effects of 8 weeks of treadmill exercise on nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and synapsin I protein expression and on the number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-mono-phosphate (BrdU)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in socially isolated rats. Additionally, we examined the effects of exercise on the number of serotonin (5-HT)- and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)-positive cells in the raphe nuclei and on depression behaviors induced by social isolation. [Methods] Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: (1) group housing and control group (GCG, n = 10); (2) group housing and exercise group (GEG, n = 10); (3) isolated housing and control group (ICG, n = 10); and (4) isolated housing and exercise group (IEG, n = 10). After 1 week of housing under the normal condition of 3 animals per cage, rats were socially isolated via transfer to individual cages for 8 weeks. Rats were then subjected to treadmill exercise for 5 days per week for 8 weeks during which time the speed of the treadmill was gradually increased. [Results] Compared to the GCG, levels of NGF, BDNF, and synapsin I were significantly decreased in the ICG and significantly increased in the IEG (p < 0.001 respectively). Significantly more BrdU-positive cells in the GEG were present as compared to the GCG and ICG, and more BrdU-positive cells were found in the IEG as compared to the ICG (p < 0.001). 5-HT-positive cells in the GEG were significantly increased compared to the GCG and ICG, and more of these cells were found in the IEG as compared to the ICG (p < 0.01). TPH-positive cells in the GEG were significantly increased compared to those in the GCG and ICG (p < 0.05). In the forced swim test, immobility time was significantly increased in the ICG and significantly decreased in the IEG as compared to the ICG (p < 0.01). [Conclusion] These results showed that regular treadmill exercise following social isolation not only increased the levels of NGF, BDNF, and synapsin I to induce survival of neurons in the hippocampus but also improved depression by increasing the number of serotonergic cells in the raphe nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Pyo Hong
- Department of Health and Sport Science, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Chul Lee
- Department of Health and Sport Science, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Tae Kim
- Department of Health and Sport Science, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Levone BR, Cryan JF, O'Leary OF. Role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in stress resilience. Neurobiol Stress 2014; 1:147-55. [PMID: 27589664 PMCID: PMC4721321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation that adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays a role in emotional and cognitive processes related to psychiatric disorders. Although many studies have investigated the effects of stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, most have not focused on whether stress-induced changes in neurogenesis occur specifically in animals that are more resilient or more susceptible to the behavioural and neuroendocrine effects of stress. Thus, in the present review we explore whether there is a clear relationship between stress-induced changes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, stress resilience and antidepressant-induced recovery from stress-induced changes in behaviour. Exposure to different stressors is known to reduce adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but some stressors have also been shown to exert opposite effects. Ablation of neurogenesis does not lead to a depressive phenotype, but it can enhance responsiveness to stress and affect stress susceptibility. Monoaminergic-targeted antidepressants, environmental enrichment and adrenalectomy are beneficial for reversing stress-induced changes in behaviour and have been shown to do so in a neurogenesis-dependant manner. In addition, stress and antidepressants can affect hippocampal neurogenesis, preferentially in the ventral hippocampus. Together, these data show that adult hippocampal neurogenesis may play a role in the neuroendocrine and behavioural responses to stress, although it is not yet fully clear under which circumstances neurogenesis promotes resilience or susceptibility to stress. It will be important that future studies carefully examine how adult hippocampal neurogenesis can contribute to stress resilience/susceptibility so that it may be appropriately exploited for the development of new and more effective treatments for stress-related psychiatric disorders. Ablation of adult hippocampal NG can affect stress susceptibility. Increased hippocampal NG is associated with both susceptibility and resilience. Adult hippocampal NG can influence stress-induced alterations in HPA-axis activity. Behavioural effects of some but not all antidepressants are neurogenesis-dependent. Stress and antidepressants can affect NG preferentially in the ventral hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno R Levone
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
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Kalman E, Keay KA. Different patterns of morphological changes in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus accompany the differential expression of disability following nerve injury. J Anat 2014; 225:591-603. [PMID: 25269883 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical and psychological trauma which results in mood disorders and the disruption of complex behaviours is associated with reductions in hippocampal volume. Clinical evaluation of neuropathic pain reveals mood and behavioural change in a significant number of patients. A rat model of neuropathic injury results in complex behavioural changes in a subpopulation (~30%) of injured rats; these changes are co-morbid with a range of other 'disabilities'. The specific objective of this study was to determine in rats the morphology of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus in individuals with and without complex behavioural disruptions following a constriction injury of the sciatic nerve, and to determine whether rats that develop disabilities following nerve injury have a reduced hippocampal volume compared with injured rats with no disabilities. The social behaviours of nerve-injured rats were evaluated before and after nerve injury. The morphology of the hippocampus of rats with and without behavioural disruptions was compared in serial histological sections. Single-housing and repeated social-interaction testing had no effect on the morphology of either the hippocampus or the dentate gyrus. Rats with transient or ongoing disability identified by behavioural disruption following sciatic nerve injury, show bilateral reductions in hippocampal volume, and lateralised reduction in the dentate gyrus (left side). Disabled rats display a combination of behavioural and physiological changes, which resemble many of the criteria used clinically to diagnose mood disorders. They also show reductions in the volume of the hippocampus similar to people with clinically diagnosed mood disorders. The sciatic nerve injury model reveals a similarity to the human neuropathic pain presentation presenting an anatomically specific focus for the investigation of the neural mechanisms underpinning the co-morbidity of chronic pain and mood disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Kalman
- School of Medical Sciences (Anatomy & Histology), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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33
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Stress modulation of hippocampal activity – Spotlight on the dentate gyrus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 112:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Peragine D, Simpson J, Mooney S, Lovern M, Holmes M. Social regulation of adult neurogenesis in a eusocial mammal. Neuroscience 2014; 268:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pan Y, Li M, Lieberwirth C, Wang Z, Zhang Z. Social defeat and subsequent isolation housing affect behavior as well as cell proliferation and cell survival in the brains of male greater long-tailed hamsters. Neuroscience 2014; 265:226-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Brus M, Meurisse M, Keller M, Lévy F. Interactions with the young down-regulate adult olfactory neurogenesis and enhance the maturation of olfactory neuroblasts in sheep mothers. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:53. [PMID: 24600367 PMCID: PMC3927075 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
New neurons are continuously added in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the olfactory bulb of mammalian brain. While numerous environmental factors controlling survival of newborn neurons have been extensively studied, regulation by social interactions is less documented. We addressed this question by investigating the influence of parturition and interactions with the young on neurogenesis in sheep mothers. Using Bromodeoxyuridine, a marker of cell division, in combination with markers of neuronal maturation, the percentage of neuroblasts and new mature neurons in the olfactory bulb and the DG was compared between groups of parturient ewes which could interact or not with their lamb, and virgins. In addition, a morphological analysis was performed by measuring the dendritic arbor of neuroblasts in both structures. We showed that the postpartum period was associated with a decrease in olfactory and hippocampal adult neurogenesis. In the olfactory bulb, the suppressive effect on neuroblasts was dependent on interactions with the young whereas in the DG the decrease in new mature neurons was associated with parturition. In addition, dendritic length and number of nodes of neuroblasts were significantly enhanced by interactions with the lamb in the olfactory bulb but not in the DG. Because interactions with the young involved learning of the olfactory signature of the lamb, we hypothesize that this learning is associated with a down-regulation in olfactory neurogenesis and an enhancement of olfactory neuroblast maturation. Our assumption is that fewer new neurons decrease cell competition in the olfactory bulb and enhance maturation of those new neurons selected to participate in the learning of the young odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïna Brus
- INRA, UMR 85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements Nouzilly, France ; CNRS, UMR 7247 Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais Tours, France ; IFCE Nouzilly, France
| | - Maryse Meurisse
- INRA, UMR 85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements Nouzilly, France ; CNRS, UMR 7247 Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais Tours, France ; IFCE Nouzilly, France
| | - Matthieu Keller
- INRA, UMR 85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements Nouzilly, France ; CNRS, UMR 7247 Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais Tours, France ; IFCE Nouzilly, France
| | - Frédéric Lévy
- INRA, UMR 85, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements Nouzilly, France ; CNRS, UMR 7247 Nouzilly, France ; Université François Rabelais Tours, France ; IFCE Nouzilly, France
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Mooney SJ, Peragine DE, Hathaway GA, Holmes MM. A game of thrones: Neural plasticity in mammalian social hierarchies. Soc Neurosci 2014; 9:108-17. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2014.882862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Grégoire CA, Bonenfant D, Le Nguyen A, Aumont A, Fernandes KJL. Untangling the influences of voluntary running, environmental complexity, social housing and stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86237. [PMID: 24465980 PMCID: PMC3900491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) exerts powerful effects on brain physiology, and is widely used as an experimental and therapeutic tool. Typical EE paradigms are multifactorial, incorporating elements of physical exercise, environmental complexity, social interactions and stress, however the specific contributions of these variables have not been separable using conventional housing paradigms. Here, we evaluated the impacts of these individual variables on adult hippocampal neurogenesis by using a novel "Alternating EE" paradigm. For 4 weeks, adult male CD1 mice were alternated daily between two enriched environments; by comparing groups that differed in one of their two environments, the individual and combinatorial effects of EE variables could be resolved. The Alternating EE paradigm revealed that (1) voluntary running for 3 days/week was sufficient to increase both mitotic and post-mitotic stages of hippocampal neurogenesis, confirming the central importance of exercise; (2) a complex environment (comprised of both social interactions and rotated inanimate objects) had no effect on neurogenesis itself, but enhanced depolarization-induced c-Fos expression (attributable to social interactions) and buffered stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels (attributable to inanimate objects); and (3) neither social isolation, group housing, nor chronically increased levels of plasma corticosterone had a prolonged impact on neurogenesis. Mouse strain, handling and type of running apparatus were tested and excluded as potential confounding factors. These findings provide valuable insights into the relative effects of key EE variables on adult neurogenesis, and this "Alternating EE" paradigm represents a useful tool for exploring the contributions of individual EE variables to mechanisms of neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine-Alexandra Grégoire
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), and Center of Excellence in Neuroscience of the Université de Montréal (CENUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - David Bonenfant
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), and Center of Excellence in Neuroscience of the Université de Montréal (CENUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Adalie Le Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), and Center of Excellence in Neuroscience of the Université de Montréal (CENUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne Aumont
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), and Center of Excellence in Neuroscience of the Université de Montréal (CENUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Karl J. L. Fernandes
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central (GRSNC), and Center of Excellence in Neuroscience of the Université de Montréal (CENUM), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Vaidya VA, Fernandes K, Jha S. Regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis: relevance to depression. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 7:853-64. [PMID: 17610392 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.7.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent hypotheses suggest that depression may involve an inability to mount adaptive structural changes in key neuronal networks. In particular, the addition of new neurons within the hippocampus, a limbic region implicated in mood disorders, is compromised in animal models of depression. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is also a target for chronic antidepressant treatments, and an increase in adult hippocampal neurogenesis is implicated in the behavioral effects of antidepressants in animal models. The 'neurogenic' hypothesis of depression raises the intriguing possibility that hippocampal neurogenesis may contribute to the pathogenesis and treatment of depressive disorders. While there remains substantial debate about the precise relevance of hippocampal neurogenesis to mood disorders, this provocative hypothesis has been the focus of many recent studies. In this review, we discuss the pathways that may mediate the effects of depression models and antidepressants on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and the promise of these studies in the development of novel antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidita A Vaidya
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India.
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40
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Ferreira-Vieira TH, Bastos CP, Pereira GS, Moreira FA, Massensini AR. A role for the endocannabinoid system in exercise-induced spatial memory enhancement in mice. Hippocampus 2013; 24:79-88. [PMID: 24115292 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that physical exercise has positive effects on cognitive functions and hippocampal plasticity. However, the underlying mechanisms have remained to be further investigated. Here we investigated the hypothesis that the memory-enhancement promoted by physical exercise relies on facilitation of the endocannabinoid system. We observed that the spatial memory tested in the object location paradigm did not persist in sedentary mice, but could be improved by 1 week of treadmill running. In addition, exercise up-regulated CB1 receptor and BDNF expression in the hippocampus. To verify if these changes required CB1 activation, we treated the mice with the selective antagonist, AM251, before each period of physical activity. In line with our hypothesis, this drug prevented the exercise-induced memory enhancement and BDNF expression. Furthermore, AM251 reduced CB1 expression. To test if facilitating the endocannabinoid system signaling would mimic the alterations observed after exercise, we treated sedentary animals during 1 week with the anandamide-hydrolysis inhibitor, URB597. Mice treated with this drug recognized the object in a new location and have increased levels of CB1 and BDNF expression in the hippocampus, showing that potentiating the endocanabinoid system equally benefits memory. In conclusion, the favorable effects of exercise upon spatial memory and BDNF expression depend on facilitation of CB1 receptor signaling, which can be mimic by inhibition of anandamide hydrolysis in sedentary animals. Our results suggest that, at least in part, the promnesic effect of the exercise is dependent of CB1 receptor activation and is mediated by BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita H Ferreira-Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Pan Y, Li M, Yi X, Zhao Q, Lieberwirth C, Wang Z, Zhang Z. Scatter hoarding and hippocampal cell proliferation in Siberian chipmunks. Neuroscience 2013; 255:76-85. [PMID: 24121131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Food hoarding, especially scatter hoarding and retrieving food caches, requires spatial learning and memory and is an adaptive behavior important for an animal's survival and reproductive success. In the present study, we examined the effects of hoarding behavior on cell proliferation and survival in the hippocampus of male and female Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus). We found that chipmunks in a semi-natural enclosure displayed hoarding behavior with large individual variations. Males ate more scatter-hoarded seeds than females. In addition, the display of hoarding behavior was associated with increased cell proliferation in the hippocampus and this increase occurred in a brain region-specific manner. These data provide further evidence to support the notion that new cells in the adult hippocampus are affected by learning and memory tasks and may play an important role in adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China
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42
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Sørensen C, Johansen IB, Øverli Ø. Neural plasticity and stress coping in teleost fishes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 181:25-34. [PMID: 23274407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physiological and behavioural responses to environmental change are individually variable traits, which manifest phenotypically and are subject to natural selection as correlated trait-clusters (coping styles, behavioural syndromes, or personality traits). Comparative research has revealed a range of neuroendocrine-behavioural associations which are conserved throughout the vertebrate subphylum. Regulatory mechanisms universally mediate a switch between proactive (e.g. active/aggressive) and reactive (e.g. conservation/withdrawal) behaviour in response to unpredictable and uncontrollable events. Thresholds for switching from active coping to behavioural inhibition are individually variable, and depend on experience and genetic factors. Such factors affect physiological stress responses as well as perception, learning, and memory. Here we review the role of an important contributor to neural processing, the set of biochemical, molecular, and structural processes collectively referred to as neural plasticity. We will concentrate on work in teleost fishes, while also elucidating conserved aspects. In fishes, environmental and physiological control of brain cell proliferation and neurogenesis has received recent attention. This work has revealed that the expression of genes involved in CNS plasticity is affected by heritable variation in stress coping style, and is also differentially affected by short- and long-term stress. Chronic stress experienced by subordinate fish in social hierarchies leads to a marked suppression of brain cell proliferation. Interestingly, typically routine dependent and inflexible behaviour in proactive individuals is also associated with low transcription of neurogenesis related genes. The potential for these findings to illuminate stress-related neurobiological disorders in other vertebrates is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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Schoenfeld TJ, Gould E. Differential effects of stress and glucocorticoids on adult neurogenesis. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2013; 15:139-164. [PMID: 23670817 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2012_233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Stress is known to inhibit neuronal growth in the hippocampus. In addition to reducing the size and complexity of the dendritic tree, stress and elevated glucocorticoid levels are known to inhibit adult neurogenesis. Despite the negative effects of stress hormones on progenitor cell proliferation in the hippocampus, some experiences which produce robust increases in glucocorticoid levels actually promote neuronal growth. These experiences, including running, mating, enriched environment living, and intracranial self-stimulation, all share in common a strong hedonic component. Taken together, the findings suggest that rewarding experiences buffer progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus from the negative effects of elevated stress hormones. This chapter considers the evidence that stress and glucocorticoids inhibit neuronal growth along with the paradoxical findings of enhanced neuronal growth under rewarding conditions with a view toward understanding the underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Schoenfeld
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08545, USA
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Lieberwirth C, Wang Z. The social environment and neurogenesis in the adult Mammalian brain. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:118. [PMID: 22586385 PMCID: PMC3347626 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis - the formation of new neurons in adulthood - has been shown to be modulated by a variety of endogenous (e.g., trophic factors, neurotransmitters, and hormones) as well as exogenous (e.g., physical activity and environmental complexity) factors. Research on exogenous regulators of adult neurogenesis has focused primarily on the non-social environment. More recently, however, evidence has emerged suggesting that the social environment can also affect adult neurogenesis. The present review details the effects of adult-adult (e.g., mating and chemosensory interactions) and adult-offspring (e.g., gestation, parenthood, and exposure to offspring) interactions on adult neurogenesis. In addition, the effects of a stressful social environment (e.g., lack of social support and dominant-subordinate interactions) on adult neurogenesis are reviewed. The underlying hormonal mechanisms and potential functional significance of adult-generated neurons in mediating social behaviors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lieberwirth
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Zuoxin Wang
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA
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Vidal J, Buwalda B, Koolhaas JM. Male Wistar rats are more susceptible to lasting social anxiety than Wild-type Groningen rats following social defeat stress during adolescence. Behav Processes 2011; 88:76-80. [PMID: 21854839 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is an important period for the development of adult social competences. Social stress during adolescence may contribute not only to an inadequate social development but also to adult vulnerability to social anxiety. There seems to be a clear individual differentiation, however, in the vulnerability to the long-term negative consequences of social stress. The current study further explores this individual vulnerability and is aimed at the influence of social stress during adolescence on adult social anxiety and its context specificity. Rats from different strains (Wistar and Wild-type Groningen rats) were exposed to the resident-intruder paradigm five times during 10 min each in the period between postnatal day 45 and 58. Three and 7 weeks later, the animals were re-exposed to the context in the presence of either a dominant male or an anestrous female behind a wire mesh screen. Wistar rats that were socially defeated spent less time exploring the social stimulus in comparison with socially defeated Wild-type rats and their non-defeated controls. We conclude that the stressed Wistar rat shows signs of generalized social anxiety indicating that the Wistar rat can be considered as a vulnerable phenotype to effects of adolescent social stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Vidal
- Behavioral Physiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Langenecker SA, Weisenbach SL, Giordani B, Briceño EM, Guidotti Breting LM, Schallmo MP, Leon HM, Noll DC, Zubieta JK, Schteingart DE, Starkman MN. Impact of chronic hypercortisolemia on affective processing. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:217-25. [PMID: 21787793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cushing syndrome (CS) is the classic condition of cortisol dysregulation, and cortisol dysregulation is the prototypic finding in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). We hypothesized that subjects with active CS would show dysfunction in frontal and limbic structures relevant to affective networks, and also manifest poorer facial affect identification accuracy, a finding reported in MDD. Twenty-one patients with confirmed CS (20 ACTH-dependent and 1 ACTH-independent) were compared to 21 healthy control subjects. Identification of affective facial expressions (Facial Emotion Perception Test) was conducted in a 3 Tesla GE fMRI scanner using BOLD fMRI signal. The impact of disease (illness duration, current hormone elevation and degree of disruption of circadian rhythm), performance, and comorbid conditions secondary to hypercortisolemia were evaluated. CS patients made more errors in categorizing facial expressions and had less activation in left anterior superior temporal gyrus, a region important in emotion processing. CS patients showed higher activation in frontal, medial, and subcortical regions relative to controls. Two regions of elevated activation in CS, left middle frontal and lateral posterior/pulvinar areas, were positively correlated with accuracy in emotion identification in the CS group, reflecting compensatory recruitment. In addition, within the CS group, greater activation in left dorsal anterior cingulate was related to greater severity of hormone dysregulation. In conclusion, cortisol dysregulation in CS patients is associated with problems in accuracy of affective discrimination and altered activation of brain structures relevant to emotion perception, processing and regulation, similar to the performance decrements and brain regions shown to be dysfunctional in MDD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2101 Commonwealth Blvd., Suite C., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Immunohistological markers for proliferative events, gliogenesis, and neurogenesis within the adult hippocampus. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:1-19. [PMID: 21647561 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biologists long believed that, once development is completed, no new neurons are produced in the forebrain. However, as is now firmly established, new neurons can be produced at least in two specific forebrain areas: the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal formation. Neurogenesis within the adult DG occurs constitutively throughout postnatal life, and the rate of neurogenesis within the DG can be altered under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The process of adult neurogenesis within the DG is a multi-step process (proliferation, differentiation, migration, targeting, and synaptic integration) that ends with the formation of a post-mitotic functionally integrated new neuron. Various markers are expressed during specific stages of adult neurogenesis. The availability of such markers allows the time-course and fate of newly born cells to be followed within the DG in a detailed and precise fashion. Several of the available markers (e.g., PCNA, Ki-67, PH3, MCM2) are markers for proliferative events, whereas others are more specific for early phases of neurogenesis and gliogenesis within the adult DG (e.g., nestin, GFAP, Sox2, Pax6). In addition, markers are available allowing events to be distinguished that are related to later steps of gliogenesis (e.g., vimentin, BLBP, S100beta) or neurogenesis (e.g., NeuroD, PSA-NCAM, DCX).
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Nunez-Parra A, Pugh V, Araneda RC. Regulation of adult neurogenesis by behavior and age in the accessory olfactory bulb. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:274-85. [PMID: 21600286 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The vomeronasal system (VNS) participates in the detection and processing of pheromonal information related to social and sexual behaviors. Within the VNS, two different populations of sensory neurons, with a distinct pattern of distribution, line the epithelium of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and give rise to segregated sensory projections to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Apical sensory neurons in the VNO project to the anterior AOB (aAOB), while basal neurons project to the posterior AOB (pAOB). In the AOB, the largest population of neurons are inhibitory, the granule and periglomerular cells (GCs and PGs) and remarkably, these neurons are continuously born and functionally integrated in the adult brain, underscoring their role on olfactory function. Here we show that behaviors mediated by the VNS differentially regulate adult neurogenesis across the anterior-posterior axis of the AOB. We used immunohistochemical labeling of newly born cells under different behavioral conditions in mice. Using a resident-intruder aggression paradigm, we found that subordinate mice exhibited increased neurogenesis in the aAOB. In addition, in sexually naive adult females exposed to soiled bedding odorized by adult males, the number of newly born cells was significantly increased in the pAOB; however, neurogenesis was not affected in females exposed to female odors. In addition, we found that at two months of age adult neurogenesis was sexually dimorphic, with male mice exhibiting higher levels of newly born cells than females. Interestingly, adult neurogenesis was greatly reduced with age and this decrease correlated with a decrease in progenitor cells proliferation but not with an increase in cell death in the AOB. These results indicate that the physiological regulation of adult neurogenesis in the AOB by behaviors is both sex and age dependent and suggests an important role of newly born neurons in sex dependent behaviors mediated by the VNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Nunez-Parra
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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van der Heijden KB, Suurland J, Swaab H, de Sonneville LMJ. Relationship between the number of life events and memory capacity in children. Child Neuropsychol 2011; 17:580-98. [PMID: 21452088 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2011.554391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stressful life events can result into declined memory performance at later age. One hypothesis suggests that stress affects the hippocampus, a brain area important for memory functioning. This study explored a potential relationship between the number of negative stressful life events and hippocampus-dependent declarative but not hippocampus-independent procedural memory performance in a community sample of 255 children, aged 6-12 years. The findings revealed that negative stressful life events were negatively related to verbal declarative memory, but not to nonverbal declarative and procedural memory. The memory impairments could not be accounted for by attention and sleep disturbances, and parenting characteristics as perceived by the child did not influence the vulnerability for the stress-related memory impairments. These findings provide further insight into the deleterious effects of negative stressful life events on learning in school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiaan B van der Heijden
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The ability to respond to a wide range of novel touch sensations and to habituate upon repeated exposures is fundamental for effective sensation. In this study we identified adult spinal cord neurogenesis as a potential novel player in the mechanism of tactile sensation. We demonstrate that a single exposure to a novel mechanosensory stimulus induced immediate proliferation of progenitor cells in the spinal dorsal horn, whereas repeated exposures to the same stimulus induced neuronal differentiation and survival. Most of the newly formed neurons differentiated toward a GABAergic fate. This touch-induced neurogenesis reflected the novelty of the stimuli, its diversity, as well as stimulus duration. Introducing adult neurogenesis as a potential mechanism of response to a novel stimulus and for habituation to repeated sensory exposures opens up potential new directions in treating hypersensitivity, pain and other mechanosensory disorders.
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