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Acute Effects of Different Electroacupuncture Point Combinations to Modulate the Gut-Brain Axis in the Minipig Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4384693. [PMID: 36310617 PMCID: PMC9613379 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4384693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the gut-brain axis responses to acute electroacupuncture (EA) at different acupoint combinations in the minipig model. Four adult Yucatan minipigs were subjected twice to four acute EA treatments (25-minute acute sessions) including sham (false acupoints) and control (no EA), during anesthesia and according to a Latin-square design paradigm. Acupoint combinations (4 loci each) are head-abdomen (#70 Dafengmen, #35 Sanwan), back (bilateral #27 Pishu, #28 Weishu), leg (bilateral #79 Hangou, #63 Housanli), and sham (2 bilateral points that are not acupoints). Electrocardiograms were performed to explore heart rate variability (HRV). Infrared thermography was used to measure skin temperature at the stimulation points. Saliva (cortisol) and blood samples (leptin, total/active ghrelin, insulin, and glucose) were collected for further analyses before and after acute EA. All animals were also subjected to BOLD fMRI to investigate the brain responses to EA. Acute EA significantly modulated several physiological and metabolic parameters compared to basal, sham, and/or control conditions, with contrasting effects in terms of BOLD responses in brain regions involved in the hedonic and cognitive control of food intake. The head-abdomen combination appeared to be the most promising combination in terms of brain modulation of the corticostriatal circuit, with upregulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and anterior cingulate cortex. It also induced significantly lower plasma ghrelin levels compared to sham, suggesting anorectic effects, as well as no temperature drop at the stimulation site. This study opens the way to a further preclinical trial aimed at investigating chronic EA in obese minipigs.
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Kolay E, Bykowska-Derda A, Abdulsamad S, Kaluzna M, Samarzewska K, Ruchala M, Czlapka-Matyasik M. Self-Reported Eating Speed Is Associated with Indicators of Obesity in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9111559. [PMID: 34828605 PMCID: PMC8619990 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating speed (ES) as a dietary behaviour has become a widely discussed factor for weight management and obesity. This study analysed the relationship between ES and anthropometric indicators of obesity, including BMI and waist circumference (WC) in adults. A search conducted of PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and Scopus found six longitudinal studies and fifteen cross-sectional studies published for further analysis. A quality assessment was performed with the MINORS checklist. Eight studies were included in the meta-analysis and almost all reviewed studies showed that ES was associated with BMI, and non-fast eaters had significantly lower BMI than fast eaters. Therefore, it was assumed that slowing down the ES may be an effective strategy for weight management and lowering obesity risk. There was also an association between WC and ES. Assessment of eating speed can be included in nutrition surveys to analyse obesity risk. More broadly, research is also needed to establish a validated and standardised methodology to determine eating speed. Further research needs to examine the links between eating speed, obesity, ethnicity, sex, food culture and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Kolay
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznan, Poland; (E.K.); (A.B.-D.); (S.A.)
| | - Aleksandra Bykowska-Derda
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznan, Poland; (E.K.); (A.B.-D.); (S.A.)
| | - Safa Abdulsamad
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznan, Poland; (E.K.); (A.B.-D.); (S.A.)
| | - Malgorzata Kaluzna
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (M.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Karolina Samarzewska
- Department of Clinical Auxiology and Pediatric Nursing, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna, 60-572 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marek Ruchala
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (M.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Magdalena Czlapka-Matyasik
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznan, Poland; (E.K.); (A.B.-D.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-846-62-04
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Zhang X, Chen H, Val-Laillet D. Hypothesis paper: electroacupuncture targeting the gut-brain axis to modulate neurocognitive determinants of eating behavior-toward a proof of concept in the obese minipig model. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:61-74. [PMID: 32100220 PMCID: PMC7895779 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture has thousands of years of history and perspective for the treatment of many health problems and disorders. Beneficial effects of acupuncture on obesity have been demonstrated at various levels in animals and clinical trials, with almost no adverse effect, even when combined with local electrical stimulation, i.e., electroacupuncture (EA), a way to potentiate the effects of acupuncture. However, there is still scattered evidence about the impact of EA on brain functions related to the control of eating behavior, and notably on the gut-brain axis mechanisms involved in these putative central modulations. During the past 10 years, we have described a convincing diet-induced obese minipig model, and successfully implemented brain imaging and neurocognitive approaches to challenge mechanistic hypotheses and innovative therapeutic strategies. In the present article, we propose to confront the current literature on the acupuncture and EA effects on the gut-brain axis and obesity with the latest developments in nutrition and neuroscience research using the minipig model. Our aims are to (a) elaborate functional hypotheses on the gut-brain mechanisms underlying EA effects on obesity, and especially on the role of the vagus nerve, and (b) present the rational for testing these hypotheses in the minipig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Zhang
- Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Guanzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - David Val-Laillet
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, 16 Le Clos, St Gilles, 35590, Rennes, France.
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Liu W, Jin Y, Wilde PJ, Hou Y, Wang Y, Han J. Mechanisms, physiology, and recent research progress of gastric emptying. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2742-2755. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1784841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Liu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangyi Jin
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peter J. Wilde
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Yingying Hou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Han
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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Val-Laillet D. Review: Impact of food, gut-brain signals and metabolic status on brain activity in the pig model: 10 years of nutrition research using in vivo brain imaging. Animal 2019; 13:2699-2713. [PMID: 31354119 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to offer a panorama on 10 years of nutrition research using in vivo brain imaging in the pig model. First, we will review some work describing the brain responses to food signals, including basic tastants such as sweet and bitter at both oral and visceral levels, as well as conditioned preferred and aversive flavours. Second, we will have a look at the impact of weight gain and obesity on brain metabolism and functional responses, drawing the parallel with obese human patients. Third, we will evoke the concept of the developmental origins of health and diseases, and how the pig model can shed light on the importance of maternal nutrition during gestation and lactation for the development of the gut-brain axis and adaptation abilities of the progeny to nutritional environments. Finally, three examples of preventive or therapeutic strategies will be introduced: the use of sensory food ingredients or pre-, pro-, and postbiotics to improve metabolic and cognitive functions; the implementation of chronic vagus nerve stimulation to prevent weight gain and glucose metabolism alterations; and the development of bariatric surgery in the pig model for the understanding of its complex mechanisms at the gut-brain level. A critical conclusion will brush the limitations of neurocognitive studies in the pig model and put in perspective the rationale and ethical concerns underlying the use of pig experimentation in nutrition and neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Val-Laillet
- INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, St Gilles, France
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Chmielewski A, Hubert T, Descamps A, Mazur D, Daoudi M, Ciofi P, Fontaine C, Caiazzo R, Pattou F, Prevot V, Pigeyre M. Preclinical Assessment of Leptin Transport into the Cerebrospinal Fluid in Diet-Induced Obese Minipigs. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:950-956. [PMID: 31006983 PMCID: PMC6593767 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A minipig model was employed to explore the changes in endogenous leptin transport into the central nervous system and in hypothalamic sensitivity to exogenous leptin when individuals are placed on high-fat diet (HFD) compared with standard diet. METHODS Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leptin concentrations during 10 weeks of HFD versus standard diet and exogenous leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in the hypothalamus of minipigs were assessed, and the hypothalamic leptin-sensitive cells were characterized by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The efficiency of the passage of endogenous blood-borne leptin into the CSF (measured as the log [CSF:serum leptin ratio]) decreased over time in minipigs fed a HFD (β = -0.04 ± 0.005 per kilogram of weight gain in HFD; P < 0.0001), while it remained stable in minipigs fed a standard diet. However, the ability of peripherally administered leptin to activate its receptor in hypothalamic neurons was preserved in obese minipigs at 10 weeks of HFD. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data are consistent with the existence of an early-onset tranport deficiency for endogenous circulating leptin into the brain in individuals developing obesity, preceding the acquisition of hypothalamic leptin resistance. Although additional studies are required to identify the underlying mechanisms, our study paves the way for the development of new preclinical pharmacological models targeting the restoration of the shuttling of peripheral leptin into the central nervous system to manage obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Chmielewski
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainJean‐Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm U1172LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Thomas Hubert
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Amandine Descamps
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Daniele Mazur
- Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainJean‐Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm U1172LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Mehdi Daoudi
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- Inserm U862, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux UniversityBordeauxFrance
| | - Christian Fontaine
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- Anatomy DepartmentUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Robert Caiazzo
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - François Pattou
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Vincent Prevot
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainJean‐Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm U1172LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
| | - Marie Pigeyre
- Translational Research Laboratory for DiabetesInserm U1190LilleFrance
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID)LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
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Ménard O, Famelart MH, Deglaire A, Le Gouar Y, Guérin S, Malbert CH, Dupont D. Gastric Emptying and Dynamic In Vitro Digestion of Drinkable Yogurts: Effect of Viscosity and Composition. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1308. [PMID: 30223532 PMCID: PMC6163255 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric emptying of food is mainly driven by the caloric concentration, the rheological properties of the chyme, and the physical state (liquid/solid) of food once in the stomach. The present work investigated: (1) The effect of the composition and the viscosity of drinkable yogurts on gastric emptying in pigs, and (2) the behavior of yogurts during dynamic in vitro digestion. Three isocaloric liquid yogurts were manufactured: Two enriched in protein and fiber showing either a low (LV) or high (HV) viscosity, one control enriched in sugar and starch (CT). They were labelled with 99mTc-sulfur colloid and given to pigs (n = 11) to determine gastric emptying pattern by gamma scintigraphy. Then dynamic in vitro digestion of the yogurts was done using the parameters of gastric emptying determined in vivo. Gastric emptying half-times were significantly longer for LV than CT, whereas HV exhibited an intermediate behavior. In vitro gastric digestion showed a quick hydrolysis of caseins, whereas whey proteins were more resistant in the stomach particularly for LV and HV. During the intestinal phase, both whey proteins and caseins were almost fully hydrolyzed. Viscosity was shown to affect the behavior of yogurt in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Ménard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Famelart
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Amélie Deglaire
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Yann Le Gouar
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
| | - Sylvie Guérin
- Institut Nutrition-Métabolisme-Cancer, INRA, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Rennes 1, Domaine de la prise, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
| | | | - Didier Dupont
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agrocampus Ouest, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf (STLO), 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France.
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Roura E, Fu M. Taste, nutrient sensing and feed intake in pigs (130 years of research: then, now and future). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ochoa M, Malbert CH, Meurice P, Val-Laillet D. Effects of Chronic Consumption of Sugar-Enriched Diets on Brain Metabolism and Insulin Sensitivity in Adult Yucatan Minipigs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161228. [PMID: 27583555 PMCID: PMC5008621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive sugar intake might increase the risk to develop eating disorders via an altered reward circuitry, but it remains unknown whether different sugar sources induce different neural effects and whether these effects are dependent from body weight. Therefore, we compared the effects of three high-fat and isocaloric diets varying only in their carbohydrate sources on brain activity of reward-related regions, and assessed whether brain activity is dependent on insulin sensitivity. Twenty-four minipigs underwent 18FDG PET brain imaging following 7-month intake of high-fat diets of which 20% in dry matter weight (36.3% of metabolisable energy) was provided by starch, glucose or fructose (n = 8 per diet). Animals were then subjected to a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp to determine peripheral insulin sensitivity. After a 7-month diet treatment, all groups had substantial increases in body weight (from 36.02±0.85 to 63.33±0.81 kg; P<0.0001), regardless of the diet. All groups presented similar insulin sensitivity index (ISI = 1.39±0.10 mL·min-1·μUI·kg). Compared to starch, chronic exposure to fructose and glucose induced bilateral brain activations, i.e. increased basal cerebral glucose metabolism, in several reward-related brain regions including the anterior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, the caudate and putamen. The lack of differences in insulin sensitivity index and body weight suggests that the observed differences in basal brain glucose metabolism are not related to differences in peripheral insulin sensitivity and weight gain. The differences in basal brain metabolism in reward-related brain areas suggest the onset of cerebral functional alterations induced by chronic consumption of dietary sugars. Further studies should explore the underlying mechanisms, such as the availability of intestinal and brain sugar transporter, or the appearance of addictive-like behavioral correlates of these brain functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ochoa
- UR1341 ADNC, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Charles-Henri Malbert
- US1395 Ani-Scans, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Paul Meurice
- UR1341 ADNC, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - David Val-Laillet
- UR1341 ADNC, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saint-Gilles, France
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Abstract
The present review examines the pig as a model for physiological studies in human subjects related to nutrient sensing, appetite regulation, gut barrier function, intestinal microbiota and nutritional neuroscience. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms regarding acids (sour), carbohydrates (sweet), glutamic acid (umami) and fatty acids are conserved between humans and pigs. In contrast, pigs show limited perception of high-intensity sweeteners and NaCl and sense a wider array of amino acids than humans. Differences on bitter taste may reflect the adaptation to ecosystems. In relation to appetite regulation, plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 are similar in pigs and humans, while peptide YY in pigs is ten to twenty times higher and ghrelin two to five times lower than in humans. Pigs are an excellent model for human studies for vagal nerve function related to the hormonal regulation of food intake. Similarly, the study of gut barrier functions reveals conserved defence mechanisms between the two species particularly in functional permeability. However, human data are scant for some of the defence systems and nutritional programming. The pig model has been valuable for studying the changes in human microbiota following nutritional interventions. In particular, the use of human flora-associated pigs is a useful model for infants, but the long-term stability of the implanted human microbiota in pigs remains to be investigated. The similarity of the pig and human brain anatomy and development is paradigmatic. Brain explorations and therapies described in pig, when compared with available human data, highlight their value in nutritional neuroscience, particularly regarding functional neuroimaging techniques.
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Abstract
Studies exploring the influence of obesity on septic shock remain limited and controversial. Pigs were chosen as a clinically relevant species, resembling to humans in various functions. We hypothesize obesity may impair porcine acute endotoxic shock. Four groups of five "Yucatan" minipigs were studied: lean and obese control groups, lean lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group receiving Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS) and obese LPS group receiving the same endotoxin dose. We measured hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters, skin microvascular blood flow at rest and during reactive hyperemia, von Willebrand factor, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6. All measurements were performed at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 150, and 300 min. Results were given as median with 25th to 75th interquartile range. Control groups remained stable during the study period. In LPS groups, administration of endotoxin resulted in a typical hypokinetic shock. In obese LPS group at 300 min, we observed a significant impairment of cardiac index (1.2 [1.06-1.45] vs. 1.7 [1.57-1.97] L/min per m, P = 0.008) compared with the lean LPS group; moreover, pulmonary hypertension (mean arterial pressure: 42 [39-47] vs. 32 [28-34] mmHg, P = 0.008), hypoxemia (partial pressure of oxygen: 216 [178-262] vs. 325 [285-414] mmHg, P = 0.02), and lactate levels (5.8 [4.2-6.8] vs. 3.9 [2.2-5.5] mmol/L, P = 0.04) were significantly higher compared with the lean LPS group. Throughout the study, rest flow and peak flow during reactive hyperemia were more decreased in the obese LPS group. Compared with the lean LPS group, tumor necrosis factor α levels at 60 min (269 [178-428] vs. 126 [105-166] ng/mL, P = 0.03) and interleukin 6 levels at 300 min (101 [61-142] vs. 52 [36-64] ng/mL, P = 0.03) were significantly higher in the obese LPS group. In our model of endotoxic shock, obese pigs developed a more severe hemodynamic failure with pronounced microcirculatory dysfunction and proinflammatory response.
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Lin M, Pan L, Tang L, Jiang J, Wang Y, Jin R. Association of eating speed and energy intake of main meals with overweight in Chinese pre-school children. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:2029-36. [PMID: 23953989 PMCID: PMC11108725 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980013002176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between eating behaviours (eating speed and energy intake of main meals) and overweight in pre-school children. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. Data consisted of measurements (height and weight), questionnaire information (eating behaviours of eating speed and overeating) and on-site observation data (meal duration and energy intake of main meals). SETTING Seven kindergartens in Beijing, China. SUBJECTS Pre-school children (n 1138; age range 3·1-6·7 years old) from seven kindergartens participated in the study. RESULTS The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of overweight in participants with parent-reported 'more than needed food intake' was 3·02 (95 % CI 2·06, 4·44) compared with the 'medium food intake' participants, and higher eating speed was associated with childhood overweight. For the two observed eating behaviours, each 418·7 kJ (100 kcal) increase of lunch energy intake significantly increased the likelihood for overweight by a factor of 1·445, and each 5-min increase in meal duration significantly decreased the likelihood for overweight by a factor of 0·861. Increased portions of rice and cooked dishes were significantly associated with overweight status (OR = 2·274; 95 % CI 1·360, 3·804 and OR = 1·378; 95 % CI 1·010, 1·881, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Eating speed and excess energy intake of main meals are associated with overweight in pre-school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lin
- Pediatrics Department of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei – 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Pan
- National Center for Women and Children's Health, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Tang
- Pediatrics Department of Maternal and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxiong Jiang
- National Center for Women and Children's Health, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- National Center for Women and Children's Health, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Runming Jin
- Pediatrics Department of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei – 430022, People's Republic of China
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Clouard C, Meunier-Salaün MC, Meurice P, Malbert CH, Val-Laillet D. Combined compared to dissociated oral and intestinal sucrose stimuli induce different brain hedonic processes. Front Psychol 2014; 5:861. [PMID: 25147536 PMCID: PMC4124794 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of brain networks contributing to the processing of oral and/or intestinal sugar signals in a relevant animal model might help to understand the neural mechanisms related to the control of food intake in humans and suggest potential causes for impaired eating behaviors. This study aimed at comparing the brain responses triggered by oral and/or intestinal sucrose sensing in pigs. Seven animals underwent brain single photon emission computed tomography (99mTc-HMPAO) further to oral stimulation with neutral or sucrose artificial saliva paired with saline or sucrose infusion in the duodenum, the proximal part of the intestine. Oral and/or duodenal sucrose sensing induced differential cerebral blood flow changes in brain regions known to be involved in memory, reward processes and hedonic (i.e., pleasure) evaluation of sensory stimuli, including the dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, insular cortex, hippocampus, and parahippocampal cortex. Sucrose duodenal infusion only and combined sucrose stimulation induced similar activity patterns in the putamen, ventral anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus. Some brain deactivations in the prefrontal and insular cortices were only detected in the presence of oral sucrose stimulation. Finally, activation of the right insular cortex was only induced by combined oral and duodenal sucrose stimulation, while specific activity patterns were detected in the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex with oral sucrose dissociated from caloric load. This study sheds new light on the brain hedonic responses to sugar and has potential implications to unravel the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying food pleasure and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Clouard
- INRA, UR1341 Alimentation et Adaptations Digestives, Nerveuses et Comportementales Saint Gilles, France ; INRA, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Élevage Saint Gilles, France ; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Élevage Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Christine Meunier-Salaün
- INRA, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Élevage Saint Gilles, France ; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Élevage Rennes, France
| | - Paul Meurice
- INRA, UR1341 Alimentation et Adaptations Digestives, Nerveuses et Comportementales Saint Gilles, France
| | | | - David Val-Laillet
- INRA, UR1341 Alimentation et Adaptations Digestives, Nerveuses et Comportementales Saint Gilles, France
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Val-Laillet D, Guerin S, Malbert CH. Using encapsulated freeze-dried lipids to trigger a gastrointestinal vagal reflex: validation in a pig model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:596-601. [PMID: 24418239 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrient-sensing studies in humans frequently use intragastric intubation. A non-invasive alternative would be the use of freeze-dried lipids (FDL) capsules. We proposed to validate this method in pigs by (i) demonstrating that low-dose FDL can increase vagal activity, gastric compliance (GC), and delay gastric emptying time (GET); (ii) evaluating the release kinetics of encapsulated FDL. METHODS Nine conscious pigs fitted with duodenal catheter and gastric cannula were administered FDL (3-mL freeze-dried Intralipid(®) ). Vagal tone was estimated via heart rate variability (HRV) measurements, GC was measured via the barostatic method, and GET after a test meal was evaluated via scintigraphy. FDL vs placebo (methylcellulose [MC]) capsules release kinetics were also evaluated via scintigraphy. KEY RESULTS Duodenal FDL infusion increased GC in 2/8 trials only, but systematically delayed GET compared to saline (96 vs 70 min; p = 0.018). The presence of FDL in the duodenum decreased heart rate, increased vagal tone, and HRV. FDL capsules released their content in the duodenum before MC capsules (41 vs 67 min; p = 0.013), and MC induced ECG data quite similar to FDL except for HRV (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Low-dose FDL was a potent signal to induce vagal reflex and increase GET. FDL capsules released their content in the duodenum and activated the vagal pathway after approximately 40 min, which is an important data for designing future paradigms in humans. MC was not a good placebo because of its stickiness and ability to activate the vagal pathway too.
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Holzgrefe H, Ferber G, Champeroux P, Gill M, Honda M, Greiter-Wilke A, Baird T, Meyer O, Saulnier M. Preclinical QT safety assessment: Cross-species comparisons and human translation from an industry consortium. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 69:61-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Malbert CH. L’axe tube digestif-cerveau : avancées récentes obtenues sur un modèle d’obésité chez le porc. BULLETIN DE L ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4079(19)31389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Food preferences and aversions in human health and nutrition: how can pigs help the biomedical research? Animal 2012; 6:118-36. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111001315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Val-Laillet D, Layec S, Guérin S, Meurice P, Malbert CH. Changes in brain activity after a diet-induced obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:749-56. [PMID: 21212769 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Compared to lean subjects, obese men have less activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a brain area implicated in the inhibition of inappropriate behavior, satiety, and meal termination. Whether this deficit precedes weight gain or is an acquired feature of obesity remains unknown. An adult animal model of obesity may provide insight to this question since brain imaging can be performed in lean vs. obese conditions in a controlled study. Seven diet-induced obese adult minipigs were compared to nine lean adult minipigs housed in the same conditions. Brain activation after an overnight fasting was mapped in lean and obese subjects by single photon emission computed tomography. Cerebral blood flow, a marker of brain activity, was measured in isoflurane-anesthetized animals after the intravenous injection of 99mTc-HMPAO (750 MBq). Statistical analysis was performed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) software and cerebral blood flow differences were determined using co-registered T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological atlases. Deactivations were observed in the dorsolateral and anterior prefrontal cortices in obese compared to lean subjects. They were also observed in several other structures, including the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens, and nucleus pontis. On the contrary, activations were found in four different regions, including the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus and middle temporal gyrus. Moreover, the anterior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices as well as the insular cortex activity was negatively associated with the body weight. We suggested that the reduced activation of prefrontal cortex observed in obese humans is probably an acquired feature of obesity since it is also found in minipigs with a diet-induced obesity.
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