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Kong D, Zhang Y, Li X, Dong Y, Dou Z, Yang Z, Zhang M, Wang H. The material basis of bitter constituents in Carbonized Typhae Pollen, based on the integration strategy of constituent analysis, taste sensing system and molecular docking. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 242:116028. [PMID: 38395002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of bitter constituents is of great significance to the exploration of medicinal substances for they have potential physiological effects. Carbonized Typhae Pollen (CTP), which is a typical example of carbonized Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has a bitter taste and hemostatic effect after carbonized processing. The objective of this study is to elucidate the material basis of bitter constituents in CTP. Firstly, the constituents of CTP extracts with 7 different solvents were characterized by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Then, multivariate statistical analysis was used to visualize the CTP extracts from 7 solvents. A total of 37 constituents were tentatively identified and 17 constituents were considered as the key constituents in differentiating 7 different solvent extracts. Subsequently, the bitter evaluation of extracts from different polar parts was investigated by using an electronic tongue. As a result, the order of bitterness of the extracts was as follows: ethanol > methanol > water > n-butyl alcohol > petroleum ether > butyl acetate > isopropanol. There were statistically significant differences in the bitter degree of extracts. By correlation analysis of bitter information and chemical constituents with partial least squares regression (PLSR), 8 potential bitterness constituents were discovered, including phenylalanine, valine, chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, palmitic acid, citric acid, quercetin-3-O-(2-α-L-rhamnosyl)-rutinoside, and typhaneoside. Additionally, molecular docking analysis was conducted to reveal the interaction of these constituents with the bitter taste receptor. The docking result showed that these constituents could be embedded well into the active pocket of T2R46 and had significant affinity interactions with critical amino acid residues by forming hydrogen bonds. This study provided a reliable theoretical basis for future research on biological activity of bitterness substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derong Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyu Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiying Dou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mixia Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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Baranek E, Heraud C, Larroquet L, Surget A, Lanuque A, Terrier F, Skiba-Cassy S, Jérôme R. Long-term regulation of fat sensing in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a vegetable diet from the first feeding: focus on free fatty acid receptors and their signalling. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1-16. [PMID: 37469170 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Taste plays a fundamental role in an animal’s ability to detect nutrients and transmits key dietary information to the brain, which is crucial for its growth and survival. Providing alternative terrestrial ingredients early in feeding influences the growth of rainbow trout (RT, Oncorhynchus mykiss). Thus, the present study aimed to assess the influence, via long-term feeding (from the first feeding to 8 months), of alternative plant ingredients (V diet for vegetable diet v. C diet for a control diet) in RT on the mechanism of fat sensing at the gustatory level. After the feeding trial, we studied the pathways of the fat-sensing mechanism in tongue tissue and the integrated response in the brain. To this end, we analysed the expression pattern of free fatty acid receptors (ffar) 1 and 2, markers of calcium-signalling pathways (phospholipase Cβ, Orai, Stim or Serca), the serotonin level (a key neurotransmitter in taste buds) and the expression pattern of appetite-regulating neuropeptides in the hypothalamus (central area of appetite regulation). The results revealed that the V diet modified the expression pattern of ffar1 and paralogs of ffar2 genes in tongue tissue, along with differential regulation of calcium-signalling pathways and a defect in serotonin level and brain turnover, without influencing neuropeptide expression. This study is the first to support that changes in feeding behaviour of RT fed a V diet could be due to the difference in nutrient sensing and a decrease in hedonic sensation. We revealed that RT have similar fat-detection mechanisms as mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Baranek
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Cécile Heraud
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Laurence Larroquet
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Anne Surget
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Anthony Lanuque
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Frederic Terrier
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Sandrine Skiba-Cassy
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Roy Jérôme
- INRAE, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition Metabolism and Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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Grădinaru TC, Gilca M, Vlad A, Dragoș D. Relevance of Phytochemical Taste for Anti-Cancer Activity: A Statistical Inquiry. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16227. [PMID: 38003415 PMCID: PMC10671173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting inflammation and the pathways linking inflammation with cancer is an innovative therapeutic strategy. Tastants are potential candidates for this approach, since taste receptors display various biological functions, including anti-inflammatory activity (AIA). The present study aims to explore the power different tastes have to predict a phytochemical's anti-cancer properties. It also investigates whether anti-inflammatory phytocompounds also have anti-cancer effects, and whether there are tastes that can better predict a phytochemical's bivalent biological activity. Data from the PlantMolecularTasteDB, containing a total of 1527 phytochemicals, were used. Out of these, only 624 phytocompounds met the inclusion criterion of having 40 hits in a PubMed search, using the name of the phytochemical as the keyword. Among them, 461 phytochemicals were found to possess anti-cancer activity (ACA). The AIA and ACA of phytochemicals were strongly correlated, irrespective of taste/orosensation or chemical class. Bitter taste was positively correlated with ACA, while sweet taste was negatively correlated. Among chemical classes, only flavonoids (which are most frequently bitter) had a positive association with both AIA and ACA, a finding confirming that taste has predictive primacy over chemical class. Therefore, bitter taste receptor agonists and sweet taste receptor antagonists may have a beneficial effect in slowing down the progression of inflammation to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora-Cristiana Grădinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Adelina Vlad
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Dorin Dragoș
- Department of Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- 1st Internal Medicine Clinic, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
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Zhao S, Zheng H, Lu Y, Zhang N, Soladoye OP, Zhang Y, Fu Y. Sweet Taste Receptors and Associated Sweet Peptides: Insights into Structure and Function. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13950-13964. [PMID: 37698386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term consumption of a high-sugar diet may contribute to the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Sweet peptides derived from a wide range of food sources can enhance sweet taste without compromising the sensory properties. Therefore, the research and application of sweet peptides are promising strategies for reducing sugar consumption. This work first outlined the necessity for global sugar reduction, followed by the introduction of sweet taste receptors and their associated transduction mechanisms. Subsequently, recent research progress in sweet peptides from different protein sources was summarized. Furthermore, the main methods for the preparation and evaluation of sweet peptides were presented. In addition, the current challenges and potential applications are also discussed. Sweet peptides can stimulate sweetness perception by binding sweet taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3 in taste buds, which is an effective strategy for reducing sugar consumption. At present, sweet peptides are mainly prepared artificially by synthesis, hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and bioengineering strategies. Furthermore, sensory evaluation, electronic tongues, and cell models have been used to assess the sweet taste intensity. The present review can provide a theoretical reference for reducing sugar consumption with the aid of sweet peptides in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Westa College, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanyuan Zheng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Westa College, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, People's Republic of China
| | - Olugbenga P Soladoye
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada, 6000 C&E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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Caremoli F, Huynh J, Lagishetty V, Markovic D, Braun J, Dong TS, Jacobs JP, Sternini C. Microbiota-Dependent Upregulation of Bitter Taste Receptor Subtypes in the Mouse Large Intestine in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:4145. [PMID: 37836428 PMCID: PMC10574285 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (Tas2rs in mice) detect bitterness, a warning signal for toxins and poisons, and are expressed in enteroendocrine cells. We tested the hypothesis that Tas2r138 and Tas2r116 mRNAs are modulated by microbiota alterations induced by a long-term high-fat diet (HFD) and antibiotics (ABX) (ampicillin and neomycin) administered in drinking water. Cecum and colon specimens and luminal contents were collected from C57BL/6 female and male mice for qRT-PCR and microbial luminal 16S sequencing. HFD with/without ABX significantly increased body weight and fat mass at 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Tas2r138 and Tas2r116 mRNAs were significantly increased in mice fed HFD for 8 weeks vs. normal diet, and this increase was prevented by ABX. There was a distinct microbiota separation in each experimental group and significant changes in the composition and diversity of microbiome in mice fed a HFD with/without ABX. Tas2r mRNA expression in HFD was associated with several genera, particularly with Akkermansia, a Gram-negative mucus-resident bacterium. These studies indicate that luminal bacterial composition is affected by sex, diet, and ABX and support a microbial dependent upregulation of Tas2rs in HFD-induced obesity, suggesting an adaptive host response to specific diet-induced dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Caremoli
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (F.C.); (J.H.); (V.L.); (T.S.D.); (J.P.J.)
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Jennifer Huynh
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (F.C.); (J.H.); (V.L.); (T.S.D.); (J.P.J.)
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (F.C.); (J.H.); (V.L.); (T.S.D.); (J.P.J.)
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Daniela Markovic
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Tien S. Dong
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (F.C.); (J.H.); (V.L.); (T.S.D.); (J.P.J.)
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Jonathan P. Jacobs
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (F.C.); (J.H.); (V.L.); (T.S.D.); (J.P.J.)
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Catia Sternini
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (F.C.); (J.H.); (V.L.); (T.S.D.); (J.P.J.)
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Clapham D, Belissa E, Inghelbrecht S, Pensé-Lhéritier AM, Ruiz F, Sheehan L, Shine M, Vallet T, Walsh J, Tuleu C. A Guide to Best Practice in Sensory Analysis of Pharmaceutical Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2319. [PMID: 37765288 PMCID: PMC10535428 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that treatment regime compliance is linked to the acceptability of a pharmaceutical formulation, and hence also to therapeutic outcomes. To that end, acceptability must be assessed during the development of all pharmaceutical products and especially for those intended for paediatric patients. Although acceptability is a multifaceted concept, poor sensory characteristics often contribute to poor patient acceptability. In particular, poor taste is often cited as a major reason for many patients, especially children, to refuse to take their medicine. It is thus important to understand and, as far as possible, optimise the sensory characteristics and, in particular, the taste/flavour/mouthfeel of the formulation throughout the development of the product. Sensory analysis has been widely practiced, providing objective data concerning the sensory aspects of food and cosmetic products. In this paper, we present proposals concerning how the well-established principles of sensory analysis can best be applied to pharmaceutical product development, allowing objective, scientifically valid, sensory data to be obtained safely. We briefly discuss methodologies that may be helpful in reducing the number of samples that may need to be assessed by human volunteers. However, it is only possible to be sure whether or not the sensory characteristics of a pharmaceutical product are non-aversive to potential users by undertaking sensory assessments in human volunteers. Testing is also required during formulation assessment and to ensure that the sensory characteristics remain acceptable throughout the product shelf life. We provide a risk assessment procedure to aid developers to define where studies are low risk, the results of a survey of European regulators on their views concerning such studies, and detailed guidance concerning the types of sensory studies that can be undertaken at each phase of product development, along with guidance about the practicalities of performing such sensory studies. We hope that this guidance will also lead to the development of internationally agreed standards between industry and regulators concerning how these aspects should be measured and assessed throughout the development process and when writing and evaluating regulatory submissions. Finally, we hope that the guidance herein will help formulators as they seek to develop better medicines for all patients and, in particular, paediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Clapham
- Independent Researcher, Bishop’s Stortford CM23 4FQ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Fabrice Ruiz
- ClinSearch, 92240 Malakoff, France; (F.R.); (T.V.)
| | - Liz Sheehan
- SRL Pharma, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland; (L.S.); (M.S.)
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Citrus Flavonoids Supplementation as an Alternative to Replace Zinc Oxide in Weanling Pigs’ Diets Minimizing the Use of Antibiotics. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13060967. [PMID: 36978509 PMCID: PMC10044550 DOI: 10.3390/ani13060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since citrus flavonoids have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it was hypothesized that these compounds would become a suitable alternative to the use of therapeutic doses of zinc oxide at weaning. A total of 252 weaned pigs ([LargeWhite × Landrace] × Pietrain) were distributed according to BW (5.7 kg ± 0.76) into 18 pens (6 pens per diet, 14 pigs/pen). Three experimental diets for the prestarter (0–14 d postweaning) and starter (15–35 d postweaning) period were prepared: (i) a nonmedicated (CON) diet, (ii) a CON diet supplemented with zinc oxide at 2500 mg/kg, amoxicillin at 0.3 mg/kg and apramycin at 0.1 mg/kg (ZnO), and (iii) CON diet with the addition of a commercial citrus flavonoid extract at 0.3 mg/kg and amoxicillin at 0.3 mg/kg (FLAV). Pig BW, ADG, ADFI, and FCR were assessed on d7, d14, and d35, and ADFI and FCR were calculated. Samples of intestinal tissue, cecal content, and serum were collected on day seven (18 piglets). FLAV treatment achieved greater BW and ADG during the starter and for the entire experimental period compared with the CON diet (p < 0.05), whereas ZnO pigs evidenced intermediate results. Jejunum tissue analysis showed that pigs fed the FLAV diet overexpressed genes related to barrier function, digestive enzymes, and nutrient transport compared to those pigs fed the CON diet (p < 0.05). An increase in the abundance of bacterial genera such as Succinivibrio, Turicibacter, and Mitsuokella (p < 0.05) was observed in the FLAV compared with the CON and ZnO piglets. ZnO and FLAV increased the expression of TAS2R39, while ZnO pigs also expressed greater TAS2R16 than CON (p < 0.05) in the intestine. FLAV treatment improved the gut function, possibly explaining a higher performance at the end of the nursery period. Consequently, citrus flavonoids supplementation, together with amoxicillin, is a promising alternative to the use of zinc oxide plus amoxicillin and apramycin in weanling pigs, minimizing the use of antibiotics.
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Falà AK, Álvarez-Ordóñez A, Filloux A, Gahan CGM, Cotter PD. Quorum sensing in human gut and food microbiomes: Significance and potential for therapeutic targeting. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1002185. [PMID: 36504831 PMCID: PMC9733432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1002185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gut and food microbiomes interact during digestion. The outcome of these interactions influences the taxonomical composition and functional capacity of the resident human gut microbiome, with potential consequential impacts on health and disease. Microbe-microbe interactions between the resident and introduced microbiomes, which likely influence host colonisation, are orchestrated by environmental conditions, elements of the food matrix, host-associated factors as well as social cues from other microorganisms. Quorum sensing is one example of a social cue that allows bacterial communities to regulate genetic expression based on their respective population density and has emerged as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. By interfering with bacterial quorum sensing, for instance, enzymatic degradation of signalling molecules (quorum quenching) or the application of quorum sensing inhibitory compounds, it may be possible to modulate the microbial composition of communities of interest without incurring negative effects associated with traditional antimicrobial approaches. In this review, we summarise and critically discuss the literature relating to quorum sensing from the perspective of the interactions between the food and human gut microbiome, providing a general overview of the current understanding of the prevalence and influence of quorum sensing in this context, and assessing the potential for therapeutic targeting of quorum sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kate Falà
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Avelino Álvarez-Ordóñez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology and Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Alain Filloux
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cormac G. M. Gahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Food Bioscience Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland,*Correspondence: Paul D. Cotter,
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Dragoș D, Petran M, Gradinaru TC, Gilca M. Phytochemicals and Inflammation: Is Bitter Better? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11212991. [PMID: 36365444 PMCID: PMC9654259 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The taste of a herb influences its use in traditional medicine. A molecular basis for the taste-based patterns ruling the distribution of herbal (ethno) pharmacological activities may not be excluded. This study investigated the potential correlations between the anti-inflammatory activity (AIA) and the phytocompound taste and/or its chemical class. The study relies on information gathered by an extensive literature (articles, books, databases) search and made public as PlantMolecularTasteDB. Out of a total of 1527 phytotastants with reliably documented taste and structure available in PlantMolecularTasteDB, 592 (for each of which at least 40 hits were found on PubMed searches) were included in the statistical analysis. A list of 1836 putative molecular targets of these phytotastants was afterwards generated with SwissTargetPrediction tool. These targets were systematically evaluated for their potential role in inflammation using an international databases search. The correlations between phytochemical taste and AIA, between chemical class and AIA, and between the taste and the number of inflammation related targets were statistically analyzed. Phytochemical taste may be a better predictor of AIA than the chemical class. Bitter phytocompounds have a higher probability of exerting AIA when compared with otherwise phytotastants. Moreover, bitter phytotastants act upon more inflammation related targets than non-bitter tasting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Dragoș
- Department of Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- 1st Internal Medicine Clinic, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Madalina Petran
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodora-Cristiana Gradinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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Giaccherini M, Rizzato C, Gentiluomo M, Lupetti A, Flores-Luna L, Vivas J, Bravo MM, Kasamatsu E, Muñoz N, Canzian F, Kato I, Campa D. TAS2R38 polymorphisms, Helicobacter pylori infection and susceptibility to gastric cancer and premalignant gastric lesions. Eur J Cancer Prev 2022; 31:401-407. [PMID: 34653070 PMCID: PMC8995393 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is worldwide the fourth more common cancer type by incidence, and the third by mortality. We analyzed three missense variants of TAS2R38 gene: rs713598 (A49P), rs1726866 (V262A), and rs10246939 (I296V). These variants and their combination in haplotypes (proline, alanine and valine/tasters or alanine, valine and isoleucine/nontasters) and diplotypes are responsible for individual differences in bitter perception. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms and the related phenotypes are known to be associated with susceptibility to Gram-negative bacterial infections, such as Helicobacter pylori , and with risk of various cancer types. An association between intermediate tasters (as defined by TAS2R38 diplotypes) and increased risk of gastric cancer was reported in a Korean population. METHODS We analyzed 2616 individuals of Latin American origin, representing the whole spectrum of lesions from gastritis to gastric cancer. RESULTS Comparing cancer cases vs. noncancers we observed a decrease in risk associated with heterozygous carriers of rs10246939 ( P = 0.006) and rs1726866 ( P = 0.003) when compared with homozygotes of the more common allele. Also, the analysis of diplotypes/phenotypes reflected the same association, with super-tasters showing a borderline increased risk of developing gastric cancer compared to medium-tasters [odds ratio (OR) = 1.63; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-2.56; P = 0.033]. Also, nontasters showed an increased risk when compared to medium-tasters although not reaching statistical significance (OR = 1.58; 95% CI, 0.80-2.87; P = 0.203). We also tested the interactions between the TAS2R38 genotypes and H. pylori cagA status in a subset of samples and found no interaction. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results suggest only a modest contribution of TAS2R38 gene genetic variability in gastric cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Giaccherini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cosmeri Rizzato
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Lupetti
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lourdes Flores-Luna
- Center for Public Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jorge Vivas
- Cancer Control Center of the Tachira State, San Cristobal, Venezuela
| | - Maria Mercedes Bravo
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elena Kasamatsu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, National University of Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Nubia Muñoz
- Cancer Institute of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniele Campa
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Gradinaru TC, Petran M, Dragos D, Gilca M. PlantMolecularTasteDB: A Database of Taste Active Phytochemicals. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:751712. [PMID: 35095484 PMCID: PMC8789873 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.751712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teodora-Cristiana Gradinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Petran
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dorin Dragos
- Department of Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,1st Internal Medicine Clinic, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Zheng X, Zhu J, Liu J, Wang H, Qin Y, Jiang P, Xiao L, Gong T, Li Y, Peng X, Xu X, Cheng L, Huang L, Chen Q, Zhou X, Margolskee RF. Sweet taste perception in mice is blunted by PTBP1-regulated skipping of Tas1r2 exon 4. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6884719. [PMID: 36484118 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste perception, initiated by activation of taste receptors in taste bud cells, is crucial for regulating nutrient intake. Genetic polymorphisms in taste receptor genes cannot fully explain the wide individual variations of taste sensitivity. Alternative splicing (AS) is a ubiquitous posttranscriptional mode of gene regulation that enriches the functional diversity of proteins. Here, we report the identification of a novel splicing variant of sweet taste receptor gene Tas1r2 (Tas1r2_∆e4) in mouse taste buds and the mechanism by which it diminishes sweet taste responses in vitro and in vivo. Skipping of Tas1r2 exon 4 in Tas1r2_∆e4 led to loss of amino acids in the extracellular Venus flytrap domain, and the truncated isoform reduced the response of sweet taste receptors (STRs) to all sweet compounds tested by generating nonfunctional T1R2/T1R3 STR heterodimers. The splicing factor PTBP1 (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1) promoted Tas1r2_∆e4 generation through binding to a polypyrimidine-rich splicing silencer in Tas1r2 exon 4, thus decreasing STR function and sweet taste perception in mice. Taken together, these data reveal the existence of a regulated AS event in Tas1r2 expression and its effect on sweet taste perception, providing a novel mechanism for modulating taste sensitivity at the posttranscriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yumei Qin
- School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310006, P. R. China
| | - Peihua Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Tao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Liquan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, P. R. China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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13
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Jalševac F, Terra X, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Beltran-Debón R, Blay MT, Pinent M, Ardévol A. The Hidden One: What We Know About Bitter Taste Receptor 39. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:854718. [PMID: 35345470 PMCID: PMC8957101 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.854718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over thousands of years of evolution, animals have developed many ways to protect themselves. One of the most protective ways to avoid disease is to prevent the absorption of harmful components. This protective function is a basic role of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), a G protein-coupled receptor family, whose presence in extraoral tissues has intrigued many researchers. In humans, there are 25 TAS2Rs, and although we know a great deal about some of them, others are still shrouded in mystery. One in this latter category is bitter taste receptor 39 (TAS2R39). Besides the oral cavity, it has also been found in the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory, nervous and reproductive systems. TAS2R39 is a relatively non-selective receptor, which means that it can be activated by a range of mostly plant-derived compounds such as theaflavins, catechins and isoflavones. On the other hand, few antagonists for this receptor are available, since only some flavones have antagonistic properties (all of them detailed in the document). The primary role of TAS2R39 is to sense the bitter components of food and protect the organism from harmful compounds. There is also some indication that this bitter taste receptor regulates enterohormones and in turn, regulates food intake. In the respiratory system, it may be involved in the congestion process of allergic rhinitis and may stimulate inflammatory cytokines. However, more thorough research is needed to determine the precise role of TAS2R39 in these and other tissues.
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14
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Zehentner S, Reiner AT, Grimm C, Somoza V. The Role of Bitter Taste Receptors in Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5891. [PMID: 34885005 PMCID: PMC8656863 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since it is known that bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are expressed and functionally active in various extra-oral cells, their genetic variability and functional response initiated by their activation have become of broader interest, including in the context of cancer. METHODS A systematic research was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar to identify relevant publications concerning the role of TAS2Rs in cancer. RESULTS While the findings on variations of TAS2R genotypes and phenotypes and their association to the risk of developing cancer are still inconclusive, gene expression analyses revealed that TAS2Rs are expressed and some of them are predominately downregulated in cancerous compared to non-cancerous cell lines and tissue samples. Additionally, receptor-specific, agonist-mediated activation induced various anti-cancer effects, such as decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as increased apoptosis. Furthermore, the overexpression of TAS2Rs resulted in a decreased tumour incidence in an in vivo study and TAS2R activation could even enhance the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutics in vitro. Finally, higher expression levels of TAS2Rs in primary cancerous cells and tissues were associated with an improved prognosis in humans. CONCLUSION Since current evidence demonstrates a functional role of TAS2Rs in carcinogenesis, further studies should exploit their potential as (co-)targets of chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Zehentner
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.Z.); (A.T.R.)
| | - Agnes T. Reiner
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.Z.); (A.T.R.)
| | - Christoph Grimm
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Department of General Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (S.Z.); (A.T.R.)
- Leibniz Institute of Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Chair of Nutritional Systems Biology, School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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15
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D'Urso O, Drago F. Pharmacological significance of extra-oral taste receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174480. [PMID: 34496302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that taste receptors, in addition to being present in the oral cavity, exist in various extra-oral organs and tissues such as the thyroid, lungs, skin, stomach, intestines, and pancreas. Although their physiological function is not yet fully understood, it appears that they can help regulate the body's homeostasis and provide an additional defense function against pathogens. Since the vast majority of drugs are bitter, the greatest pharmacological interest is in the bitter taste receptors. In this review, we describe how bitter taste 2 receptors (TAS2Rs) induce bronchodilation and mucociliary clearance in the airways, muscle relaxation in various tissues, inhibition of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in thyrocytes, and release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and ghrelin in the digestive system. In fact, substances such as dextromethorphan, chloroquine, methimazole and probably glimepiride, being agonists of TAS2Rs, lead to these effects. TAS2Rs and taste 1 receptors (TAS1R2/3) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). TAS1R2/3 are responsible for sweet taste perception and may induce GLP-1 release and insulin secretion. Umami taste receptors, belonging to the same superfamily of receptors, perform a similar function with regard to insulin. The sour and salty taste receptors work in a similar way, both being channel receptors sensitive to amiloride. Finally, gene-protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) and GPR120 for fatty taste perception are also protein-coupled receptors and may induce GLP-1 secretion and insulin release, similar to those of other receptors belonging to the same superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavio D'Urso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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16
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Gutierrez R, Simon SA. Physiology of Taste Processing in the Tongue, Gut, and Brain. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2489-2523. [PMID: 34558667 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gustatory system detects and informs us about the nature of various chemicals we put in our mouth. Some of these have nutritive value (sugars, amino acids, salts, and fats) and are appetitive and avidly ingested, whereas others (atropine, quinine, nicotine) are aversive and rapidly rejected. However, the gustatory system is mainly responsible for evoking the perception of a limited number of qualities that humans taste as sweet, umami, bitter, sour, salty, and perhaps fat [free fatty acids (FFA)] and starch (malto-oligosaccharides). The complex flavors and mouthfeel that we experience while eating food result from the integration of taste, odor, texture, pungency, and temperature. The latter three arise primarily from the somatosensory (trigeminal) system. The sensory organs used for detecting and transducing many chemicals are found in taste buds (TBs) located throughout the tongue, soft palate esophagus, and epiglottis. In parallel with the taste system, the trigeminal nerve innervates the peri-gemmal epithelium to transmit temperature, mechanical stimuli, and painful or cooling sensations such as those produced by changes in temperature as well as from chemicals like capsaicin and menthol, respectively. This article gives an overview of the current knowledge about these TB cells' anatomy and physiology and their trigeminal induced sensations. We then discuss how taste is represented across gustatory cortices using an intermingled and spatially distributed population code. Finally, we review postingestion processing (interoception) and central integration of the tongue-gut-brain interaction, ultimately determining our sensations as well as preferences toward the wholesomeness of nutritious foods. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-35, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranier Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, Department of Pharmacology, CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sidney A Simon
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Morini G, Winnig M, Vennegeerts T, Borgonovo G, Bassoli A. Vanillin Activates Human Bitter Taste Receptors TAS2R14, TAS2R20, and TAS2R39. Front Nutr 2021; 8:683627. [PMID: 34307435 PMCID: PMC8298857 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.683627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanilla is widely used in food preparation worldwide for its sensory properties, mainly related to its fragrance, being vanillin the major compound present in the processed vanilla. Vanillin is also known to elicit bitterness as a secondary sensory sensation, but the molecular mechanism of its bitterness has never been reported. Assay buffers of vanillin were tested in vitro on all known 25 human bitter taste receptors TAS2Rs. Three receptors, TAS2R14, TAS2R20, and TAS2R39, were activated, showing that these receptors are mediating the bitterness of vanillin. The result could be useful to improve the overall sensory profile of this broadly used food ingredient, but even more could represent the starting point for further studies to investigate the potential of vanillin in sensory nutrition and other pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel Winnig
- IMAX Discovery GmbH, Dortmund, Germany.,Axxam S.p.A. Bresso, Italy
| | - Timo Vennegeerts
- IMAX Discovery GmbH, Dortmund, Germany.,Axxam S.p.A. Bresso, Italy
| | - Gigliola Borgonovo
- DeFENS - Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bassoli
- DeFENS - Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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18
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Sung WW, Tu JH, Yu JS, Ulfa MZ, Chang JH, Cheng HL. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens exopolysaccharide preparation induces glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion through the activation of bitter taste receptors. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:562-571. [PMID: 34216658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide preparation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens amy-1 (EPS) regulates glycemic levels and promotes glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion in vivo and in vitro. This study aimed to identify the molecular mechanism underlying EPS-induced GLP-1 secretion. HEK293T cells stably expressing human Gα-gustducin were used as a heterologous system for expressing the genes of human bitter taste receptor (T2R) 10, 14, 30, 38 (PAV), 38 (AVI), 43, and 46, which were expressed as recombinant proteins with an N-terminal tag composed of a Lucy peptide and a human somatostatin receptor subtype 3 fragment for membrane targeting and a C-terminal red fluorescent protein for expression monitoring. EPS induced a dose-dependent calcium response from the human NCI-H716 enteroendocrine cell line revealed by fluorescent calcium imaging, but inhibitors of the G protein-coupled receptor pathway suppressed the response. EPS activated heterologously expressed T2R14 and T2R38 (PAV). shRNAs of T2R14 effectively inhibited EPS-induced calcium response and GLP-1 secretion in NCI-H716 cells, suggesting the involvement of T2R14 in these effects. The involvement of T2R38 was not characterized because NCI-H716 cells express T2R38 (AVI). In conclusion, the activation of T2Rs mediates EPS-induced GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine cells, and T2R14 is a critical target activated by EPS in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Sung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Hong Tu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Sian Yu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Marisa Zakiya Ulfa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan; Department of Agroindustrial Biotechnology, Brawijaya University, Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Jia-Hong Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ling Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuehfu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan.
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Alfonso-Prieto M. Bitter Taste and Olfactory Receptors: Beyond Chemical Sensing in the Tongue and the Nose. J Membr Biol 2021; 254:343-352. [PMID: 34173018 PMCID: PMC8231087 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The Up-and-Coming-Scientist section of the current issue of the Journal of Membrane Biology features the invited essay by Dr. Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto, Assistant Professor at the Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Germany, and the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Vogt Institute for Brain Research.
Dr. Alfonso-Prieto completed her doctoral degree in chemistry at the Barcelona Science Park, Spain, in 2009, pursued post-doctoral research in computational molecular sciences at Temple University, USA, and then, as a Marie Curie post-doctoral fellow at the University of Barcelona, worked on computations of enzyme reactions and modeling of photoswitchable ligands targeting neuronal receptors. In 2016, she joined the Institute for Advanced Science and the Institute for Computational Biomedicine at the FZJ, where she pursues research on modeling and simulation of chemical senses.
The invited essay by Dr. Alfonso-Prieto discusses state-of-the-art modeling of molecular receptors involved in chemical sensing – the senses of taste and smell. These receptors, and computational methods to study them, are the focus of Dr. Alfonso-Prieto’s research. Recently, Dr. Alfonso-Prieto and colleagues have presented a new methodology to predict ligand binding poses for GPCRs, and extensive computations that deciphered the ligand selectivity determinants of bitter taste receptors. These developments inform our current understanding of how taste occurs at the molecular level. Graphic Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5/Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany. .,Medical Faculty, Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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20
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Harmon CP, Deng D, Breslin PA. Bitter Taste Receptors (T2Rs) are Sentinels that Coordinate Metabolic and Immunological Defense Responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 20:70-76. [PMID: 33738371 PMCID: PMC7963268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being responsible for bitter taste, type 2 taste receptors (T2Rs) regulate endocrine, behavioral, and immunological responses. T2R agonists include indicators of incoming threats to metabolic homeostasis, pathogens, and irritants. This review will provide an overview of T2R-regulated processes throughout the body that function defensively. We propose a broader definition of T2Rs as chemosensory sentinels that monitor toxic, metabolic, and infectious threats and initiate defensive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P. Harmon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Daiyong Deng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Paul A.S. Breslin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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21
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Ziegler F, Behrens M. Bitter taste receptors of the common vampire bat are functional and show conserved responses to metal ions in vitro. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210418. [PMID: 33784867 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bitter taste sensation is important to warn mammals of the ingestion of potentially toxic food compounds. For mammals, whose nutrition relies on highly specific food sources, such as blood in the case of vampire bats, it is unknown if bitter sensing is involved in prey selection. By contrast to other bat species, vampire bats exhibit numerous bitter taste receptor pseudogenes, which could point to a decreased importance of bitter taste. However, electrophysiological and behavioural studies suggest the existence of functional bitter taste transmission. To determine the agonist spectra of the three bitter taste receptors that are conserved in all three vampire bat species, we investigated the in vitro activation of Desmodus rotundus T2R1, T2R4 and T2R7. Using a set of 57 natural and synthetic bitter compounds, we were able to identify agonists for all three receptors. Hence, we confirmed a persisting functionality and, consequently, a putative biological role of bitter taste receptors in vampire bats. Furthermore, the activation of the human TAS2R7 by metal ions is shown to be conserved in D. rotundus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ziegler
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Bitter taste in silico: A review on virtual ligand screening and characterization methods for TAS2R-bitterant interactions. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120486. [PMID: 33744445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The growing pharmaceutical interest in the human bitter taste receptors (hTAS2Rs) has two dimensions; i) evaluation of the bitterness of active pharmaceutical compounds, in order to develop strategies for improving patients' adherence to medication, and ii) application of ligands for extra-cellular hTAS2Rs for potential preventive therapeutic achievements. The result is an increasing demand on robust tools for bitterness assessment and screening the receptor-ligand affinity. In silico tools are useful for aiding experimental-screening, as well as to elucide ligand-receptor interactions. In this review, the ligand-based and structure-based approaches are described as the two main in silico tools for bitter taste analysis. The strengths and weaknesses of each approach are discussed. Both approaches provide key tools for understanding and exploiting bitter taste for human health applications.
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23
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Hayashi M, Inaba A, Hakukawa M, Iwatsuki K, Imai H, Masuda K. Expression of TAS2R14 in the intestinal endocrine cells of non-human primates. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:259-267. [PMID: 33609226 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that genes related to bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) on various chromosomes are expressed in extra-oral organs of various animals. The bitter taste receptor TAS2R14 is conserved among primate species and shows broad ligand sensitivity. Mice have a number of orthologues to primate TAS2R14 located in tandem on chromosome 16; however, their expression patterns are not unique. OBJECTIVE We characterized the expression of TAS2R14 in various cell types in the intestines of the rhesus macaque and evaluated its role in hormone production in the gut. METHODS TAS2R14 expression was examined in the intestines of rhesus macaques, a common non-human primate model, by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Mean expression levels of TAS2R14 in the duodenum, ileum, and colon were similar to each other and were lower than those in circumvallate papillae. An immunohistochemical analysis revealed TAS2R14 immunoreactivity in enteroendocrine cells positive for cholecystokinin, serotonin, and the G protein GNAT3. CONCLUSION These results suggest that primate TAS2R14 is broadly expressed in the intestine, mainly in enteroendocrine cells, and promotes gut hormone secretion in response to bitter stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Hayashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Akihiko Inaba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Miho Hakukawa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Ken Iwatsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, 1568502, Japan
| | - Hiroo Imai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Katsuyoshi Masuda
- Structural Bioscience for Taste Molecular Recognition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan.
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24
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Chang CI, Cheng SY, Nurlatifah AO, Sung WW, Tu JH, Lee LL, Cheng HL. Bitter Melon Extract Yields Multiple Effects on Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Likely Contributes to Anti-diabetic Functions. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1848-1856. [PMID: 33746602 PMCID: PMC7976585 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.55866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestines have been recognized as important tissues for metabolic regulation, including glycemic control, but their vital role in promoting the anti-diabetic effects of bitter melon, the fruit of Momordica charantia L, has seldom been characterized, nor acknowledged. Evidence suggests that bitter melon constituents can have substantial interactions with the intestinal epithelial cells before circulating to other tissues. We therefore characterized the effects of bitter melon extract (BME) on intestinal epithelial cells. BME was found to contain substantial amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, and triterpenoids. TNF-α induced insulin resistance in an enterocyte cell line of IEC-18 cells, and BME promoted glucose utilization of the insulin-resistant cells. Further analysis suggested that the increased glucose consumption was a result of the combined effects of insulin sensitizing and insulin substitution functions of BME. The functions of insulin substitution were likely generated due to the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Meanwhile, BME acted as a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretagogue on enteroendocrine cells, which may be mediated by the activation of bitter-taste receptors. Therefore, BME possesses insulin sensitizing, insulin substitution, and GLP-1 secretagogue functions upon intestinal cells. These effects of BME on intestinal cells likely play a significant part in the anti-diabetic action of bitter melon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-I Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Yie Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Annisa Oktafianti Nurlatifah
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.,Department of Agroindustrial Biotechnology, Brawijaya University, Jalan, Veteran Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Wei-Wen Sung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Hong Tu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Lee Lee
- Department of English, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 80201, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ling Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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25
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Ahmad R, Dalziel JE. G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Taste Physiology and Pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:587664. [PMID: 33390961 PMCID: PMC7774309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.587664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest receptor family in mammals and are responsible for the regulation of most physiological functions. Besides mediating the sensory modalities of olfaction and vision, GPCRs also transduce signals for three basic taste qualities of sweet, umami (savory taste), and bitter, as well as the flavor sensation kokumi. Taste GPCRs reside in specialised taste receptor cells (TRCs) within taste buds. Type I taste GPCRs (TAS1R) form heterodimeric complexes that function as sweet (TAS1R2/TAS1R3) or umami (TAS1R1/TAS1R3) taste receptors, whereas Type II are monomeric bitter taste receptors or kokumi/calcium-sensing receptors. Sweet, umami and kokumi receptors share structural similarities in containing multiple agonist binding sites with pronounced selectivity while most bitter receptors contain a single binding site that is broadly tuned to a diverse array of bitter ligands in a non-selective manner. Tastant binding to the receptor activates downstream secondary messenger pathways leading to depolarization and increased intracellular calcium in TRCs, that in turn innervate the gustatory cortex in the brain. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between agonist binding and the conformational changes required for receptor activation, several major challenges and questions remain in taste GPCR biology that are discussed in the present review. In recent years, intensive integrative approaches combining heterologous expression, mutagenesis and homology modeling have together provided insight regarding agonist binding site locations and molecular mechanisms of orthosteric and allosteric modulation. In addition, studies based on transgenic mice, utilizing either global or conditional knock out strategies have provided insights to taste receptor signal transduction mechanisms and their roles in physiology. However, the need for more functional studies in a physiological context is apparent and would be enhanced by a crystallized structure of taste receptors for a more complete picture of their pharmacological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raise Ahmad
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Julie E Dalziel
- Food Nutrition and Health Team, Food and Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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26
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Giuliani C, Franceschi C, Luiselli D, Garagnani P, Ulijaszek S. Ecological Sensing Through Taste and Chemosensation Mediates Inflammation: A Biological Anthropological Approach. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1671-1685. [PMID: 32647890 PMCID: PMC7666896 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological sensing and inflammation have evolved to ensure optima between organism survival and reproductive success in different and changing environments. At the molecular level, ecological sensing consists of many types of receptors located in different tissues that orchestrate integrated responses (immune, neuroendocrine systems) to external and internal stimuli. This review describes emerging data on taste and chemosensory receptors, proposing them as broad ecological sensors and providing evidence that taste perception is shaped not only according to sense epitopes from nutrients but also in response to highly diverse external and internal stimuli. We apply a biological anthropological approach to examine how ecological sensing has been shaped by these stimuli through human evolution for complex interkingdom communication between a host and pathological and symbiotic bacteria, focusing on population-specific genetic diversity. We then focus on how these sensory receptors play a major role in inflammatory processes that form the basis of many modern common metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and aging. The impacts of human niche construction and cultural evolution in shaping environments are described with emphasis on consequent biological responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giuliani
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging and Department of Applied Mathematics, Lobachevsky University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Cultural Heritage (DBC), Laboratory of Ancient DNA (aDNALab), Campus of Ravenna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stanley Ulijaszek
- School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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27
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Gutierrez R, Fonseca E, Simon SA. The neuroscience of sugars in taste, gut-reward, feeding circuits, and obesity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3469-3502. [PMID: 32006052 PMCID: PMC11105013 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom sucrose is one of the most palatable and preferred tastants. From an evolutionary perspective, this is not surprising as it is a primary source of energy. However, its overconsumption can result in obesity and an associated cornucopia of maladies, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Here we describe three physiological levels of processing sucrose that are involved in the decision to ingest it: the tongue, gut, and brain. The first section describes the peripheral cellular and molecular mechanisms of sweet taste identification that project to higher brain centers. We argue that stimulation of the tongue with sucrose triggers the formation of three distinct pathways that convey sensory attributes about its quality, palatability, and intensity that results in a perception of sweet taste. We also discuss the coding of sucrose throughout the gustatory pathway. The second section reviews how sucrose, and other palatable foods, interact with the gut-brain axis either through the hepatoportal system and/or vagal pathways in a manner that encodes both the rewarding and of nutritional value of foods. The third section reviews the homeostatic, hedonic, and aversive brain circuits involved in the control of food intake. Finally, we discuss evidence that overconsumption of sugars (or high fat diets) blunts taste perception, the post-ingestive nutritional reward value, and the circuits that control feeding in a manner that can lead to the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranier Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, Department of Pharmacology, CINVESTAV, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Esmeralda Fonseca
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, Department of Pharmacology, CINVESTAV, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sidney A Simon
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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28
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Coquant G, Grill JP, Seksik P. Impact of N-Acyl-Homoserine Lactones, Quorum Sensing Molecules, on Gut Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1827. [PMID: 32983093 PMCID: PMC7484616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Among numerous molecules found in the gut ecosystem, quorum sensing (QS) molecules represent an overlooked part that warrants highlighting. QS relies on the release of small molecules (auto-inducers) by bacteria that accumulate in the environment depending on bacterial cell density. These molecules not only are sensed by the microbial community but also interact with host cells and contribute to gut homeostasis. It therefore appears entirely appropriate to highlight the role of these molecules on the immune system in dysbiosis-associated inflammatory conditions where the bacterial populations are imbalanced. Here, we intent to focus on one of the most studied QS molecule family, namely, the type I auto-inducers represented by N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL). First described in pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, these molecules have also been found in commensals and have been recently described within the complex microbial communities of the mammalian intestinal tract. In this mini-review, we will expound on this emergent field of research. We will first recall evidence on AHL structure, synthesis, receptors, and functions regarding interbacterial communication. Then, we will discuss their interactions with the host and particularly with agents of the innate and adaptive gut mucosa immunity. This will reveal how this new set of molecules, driven by microbial imbalance, can interact with inflammation pathways and could be a potential target in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The discovery of the general impact of these compounds on the detection of the bacterial quorum and on the dynamic and immune responses of eukaryotic cells opens up a new field of pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garance Coquant
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Grill
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Seksik
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
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29
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Polyphenols and taste 2 receptors. Physiological, pathophysiological and pharmacological implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Baldwin MW, Ko MC. Functional evolution of vertebrate sensory receptors. Horm Behav 2020; 124:104771. [PMID: 32437717 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sensory receptors enable animals to perceive their external world, and functional properties of receptors evolve to detect the specific cues relevant for an organism's survival. Changes in sensory receptor function or tuning can directly impact an organism's behavior. Functional tests of receptors from multiple species and the generation of chimeric receptors between orthologs with different properties allow for the dissection of the molecular basis of receptor function and identification of the key residues that impart functional changes in different species. Knowledge of these functionally important sites facilitates investigation into questions regarding the role of epistasis and the extent of convergence, as well as the timing of sensory shifts relative to other phenotypic changes. However, as receptors can also play roles in non-sensory tissues, and receptor responses can be modulated by numerous other factors including varying expression levels, alternative splicing, and morphological features of the sensory cell, behavioral validation can be instrumental in confirming that responses observed in heterologous systems play a sensory role. Expression profiling of sensory cells and comparative genomics approaches can shed light on cell-type specific modifications and identify other proteins that may affect receptor function and can provide insight into the correlated evolution of complex suites of traits. Here we review the evolutionary history and diversity of functional responses of the major classes of sensory receptors in vertebrates, including opsins, chemosensory receptors, and ion channels involved in temperature-sensing, mechanosensation and electroreception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng-Ching Ko
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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31
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Fan W, Saito S, Matsumura S. Expression of the Tas1r3 and Pept1 genes in the digestive tract of wagyu cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa019. [PMID: 32705019 PMCID: PMC7201161 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals have precise recognition systems for amino acids and peptides that regulate their feeding behavior as well as metabolic responses. Because of their particular gastrointestinal structure, ruminants are expected to have unique mechanisms of amino acid regulation in the digestive tract. To better understand these mechanisms in the ruminant digestive tract, the expression of Tas1r3 and Pept1 was studied along the gastrointestinal tract of Japanese Black cattle through quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Tas1r3 mRNA was detected ubiquitously along the gastrointestinal tract, and the most predominant expression was observed in the reticulum. In addition, the presence of Tas1r3 receptor was confirmed in the rumen through immunohistochemistry. The expression level of Pept1 mRNA was higher in the forestomach (rumen, reticulum, and omasum) and small intestine (duodenum) than that in the tongue, and predominant expression was observed in the rumen. By contrast, a negligible amount of Pept1 mRNA was detected in the abomasum and large intestine. Further studies on the roles of Tas1r3 and Pept1 in the digestive tract, in particular, in the four components of the stomach, will help us to understand the mechanisms of amino acids regulation in ruminants and provide the basis for formulating cattle diets to improve the health and productivity of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Fan
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Saito
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsumura
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan
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32
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Dagan-Wiener A, Di Pizio A, Nissim I, Bahia MS, Dubovski N, Margulis E, Niv MY. BitterDB: taste ligands and receptors database in 2019. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:D1179-D1185. [PMID: 30357384 PMCID: PMC6323989 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BitterDB (http://bitterdb.agri.huji.ac.il) was introduced in 2012 as a central resource for information on bitter-tasting molecules and their receptors. The information in BitterDB is frequently used for choosing suitable ligands for experimental studies, for developing bitterness predictors, for analysis of receptors promiscuity and more. Here, we describe a major upgrade of the database, including significant increase in content as well as new features. BitterDB now holds over 1000 bitter molecules, up from the initial 550. When available, quantitative sensory data on bitterness intensity as well as toxicity information were added. For 270 molecules, at least one associated bitter taste receptor (T2R) is reported. The overall number of ligand-T2R associations is now close to 800. BitterDB was extended to several species: in addition to human, it now holds information on mouse, cat and chicken T2Rs, and the compounds that activate them. BitterDB now provides a unique platform for structure-based studies with high-quality homology models, known ligands, and for the human receptors also data from mutagenesis experiments, information on frequently occurring single nucleotide polymorphisms and links to expression levels in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Dagan-Wiener
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food and Nutrition, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food and Nutrition, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ido Nissim
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food and Nutrition, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Malkeet S Bahia
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food and Nutrition, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Nitzan Dubovski
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food and Nutrition, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Eitan Margulis
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food and Nutrition, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Masha Y Niv
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food and Nutrition, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Jiang J, Liu S, Jamal T, Ding T, Qi L, Lv Z, Yu D, Shi F. Effects of dietary sweeteners supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemicals, and jejunal physiological functions of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3948-3958. [PMID: 32731982 PMCID: PMC7597925 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary 3 kinds of sweeteners supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemicals, and jejunal physiological functions of broiler chickens for 21 D. A total of one hundred ninety-two 1-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 6 replicates for each treatment. The treatments were basal diet (CON), a basal diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg stevioside (STE), a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg sucralose (SUC), and a basal diet supplemented with 600 mg/kg saccharin sodium (SAC). All birds were housed in 3-level battery cages. The results showed that dietary STE supplementation increased (P < 0.05) growth performance, serum total protein, serum albumin, and jejunal antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens. Both SUC and SAC supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) serum total protein and albumin. Dietary SAC supplementation impaired the intestinal integrity, permeability, and mucus layer of the jejunum in broiler chickens. In addition, SAC supplementation elevated (P < 0.05) the transcription expression level of jejunal bitter taste receptors and induced excessive jejunal apoptosis. Our data suggest that STE could be potentially applied as a growth-promoting and antioxidant feed additive in broiler chickens. Whereas, dietary supplementation with high level SAC has side-effects on the jejunal physiological functions of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingle Jiang
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyi Liu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuniyaz Jamal
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengxin Ding
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Qi
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Debing Yu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Widmayer P, Partsch V, Pospiech J, Kusumakshi S, Boehm U, Breer H. Distinct Cell Types With the Bitter Receptor Tas2r126 in Different Compartments of the Stomach. Front Physiol 2020; 11:32. [PMID: 32116750 PMCID: PMC7019106 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells expressing bitter taste receptors (T2Rs or Tas2rs) in extraoral tissues are considered to be chemosensory cells mediating protective responses to potentially harmful or even antiinflammatory or antimicrobial compounds. In a previous study the activity of the Tas2R143/Tas2R135/Tas2r126 cluster promoter in the stomach was monitored using a Cre-reporter mouse line. Reporter gene expression and Tas2r126 mRNA were found in brush cells located at the distal wall of the gastric groove. In this study, we explored whether brush cells and epithelial cells of the stomach in fact contain the Tas2r126 receptor protein. Using immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate the presence of Tas2r126 immunoreactivity in different cell populations in the glandular stomach, in a subset of brush cells at the gastric groove and in unique glandular units as well as in certain enteroendocrine cells. In brush cells at the gastric groove, a strong immunofluorescence signal for the Tas2r126 receptor was observed at the most apical region of the cells, i.e., the microvillar tuft. In addition, we found a high density of Tas2r126-positive brush cells in the unique glandular units. These invaginations are located distally to the groove, open directly into the furrow and are enwrapped by smoothelin-immunoreactive muscles. In the corpus, Tas2r126 immunoreactivity was found in histamine-producing ECL cells and in ghrelin-producing X/A-like cells, the main enteroendcrine cells of this compartment. In the antrum, Tas2r126 labeling was observed in serotonin-storing EC cells and ghrelin cells, both representing only minor populations of enteroendocrine cells in this compartment. In conclusion, our data provide evidence for the presence of the Tas2r126 receptor protein in distinct cell types in the epithelium lining the mouse stomach which render the stomach responsive to agonists for bitter receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Widmayer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vanessa Partsch
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jonas Pospiech
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Soumya Kusumakshi
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Breer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Exopolysaccharides of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens modulate glycemic level in mice and promote glucose uptake of cells through the activation of Akt. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:202-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Imai H, Hakukawa M, Hayashi M, Iwatsuki K, Masuda K. Expression of Bitter Taste Receptors in the Intestinal Cells of Non-Human Primates. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030902. [PMID: 32019181 PMCID: PMC7037741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Recent studies have investigated the expression of taste-related genes in the organs of various animals, including humans; however, data for additional taxa are needed to facilitate comparative analyses within and among species. (2) Methods: We investigated the expression of taste-related genes in the intestines of rhesus macaques, the non-human primates most commonly used in experimental models. (3) Results: Based on RNAseq and qRT-PCR, genes encoding bitter taste receptors and the G-protein gustducin were expressed in the gut of rhesus macaques. RNAscope analysis showed that one of the bitter receptors, TAS2R38, was expressed in some cells in the small intestine, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of T2R38-positive cells in the villi of the intestines. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that bitter receptors are expressed in the gut of rhesus macaques, supporting the use of macaques as a model for studies of human taste, including gut analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Imai
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi 4848506, Japan; (M.H.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.I.); (K.M.); Tel.: +81-568-63-0577 (H.I.)
| | - Miho Hakukawa
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi 4848506, Japan; (M.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Misa Hayashi
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi 4848506, Japan; (M.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Ken Iwatsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 1568502, Japan;
| | - Katsuyoshi Masuda
- Structural Bioscience for Taste Molecular Recognition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.I.); (K.M.); Tel.: +81-568-63-0577 (H.I.)
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Gentiluomo M, Lu Y, Canzian F, Campa D. Genetic variants in taste-related genes and risk of pancreatic cancer. Mutagenesis 2019; 34:391-394. [PMID: 31606007 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive and relatively rare cancer with a dismal 5-year survival rate and a clear genetic background. Genetic variants in taste receptors and taste-related genes have been associated with a variety of human traits and phenotypes among which several cancer types and pancreatic cancer risk factors. In this study, we analysed 2854 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 50 taste-related genes, including 37 taste receptors. To cover all the genetic variability of the selected genes and to include also regulatory elements, we added 5000 nucleotides to both ends of each gene. We used a two-phase approach, with the PanScan data set (3314 cases and 3431 controls) as the discovery phase and PanC4 (3893 cases and 3632 controls) as validation phase, for a total of 7207 cases and 7063 controls. The datasets were downloaded from the NCBI database of genotypes and phenotypes (dbGaP). We observed that the taste 1 receptor member 2 (TAS1R2)-rs11261087 variant was associated with pancreatic cancer risk in both phases independently, with a consistent association of the T allele with decreased risk of developing the disease [phase 1 odds ratio (OR) = 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80-0.98; phase 2 OR = 0.91, 95% CI 0.83-0.99; all subjects together OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.96, P = 0.002]. However, neither the association observed in the validation phase nor those observed in the joint analysis were statistically significant considering multiple testing. Functional studies are warranted to better understand the impact of the genetic variability of TAS1R2 on PDAC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ye Lu
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniele Campa
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Paniagua M, Crespo J, Arís A, Devant M. Citrus aurantium flavonoid extract improves concentrate efficiency, animal behavior, and reduces rumen inflammation of Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hunter SR, Reister EJ, Cheon E, Mattes RD. Low Calorie Sweeteners Differ in Their Physiological Effects in Humans. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2717. [PMID: 31717525 PMCID: PMC6893706 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low calorie sweeteners (LCS) are prevalent in the food supply for their primary functional property of providing sweetness with little or no energy. Though tested for safety individually, there has been extremely limited work on the efficacy of each LCS. It is commonly assumed all LCS act similarly in their behavioral and physiological effects. However, each LCS has its own chemical structure that influences its metabolism, making each LCS unique in its potential effects on body weight, energy intake, and appetite. LCS may have different behavioral and physiological effects mediated at the sweet taste receptor, in brain activation, with gut hormones, at the microbiota and on appetitive responses. Further elucidation of the unique effects of the different commercially available LCS may hold important implications for recommendations about their use for different health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard D. Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.R.H.); (E.J.R.); (E.C.)
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Cho H, Kim K, Jang DJ, Kim HY. Effect of six Korean plants on glucagon like peptide-1 release. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1571-1576. [PMID: 31695957 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a major role in the regulation of energy homeostasis as it causes satiety and suppresses appetite. Angelica dahurica, Coreanomecon hylomeconoides, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Portulaca oleracea, Stellaria alsine, and Stellaria media have traditionally been used as famine relief foods in Korea. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the aqueous ethanolic extracts of the six plants stimulate GLP-1 secretion. The results demonstrated that each extract of the plants stimulated GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells, respectively. Among the extracts examined, the extract of Portulaca oleracea showed the highest activity on GLP-1 release. The results may suggest that the GLP-1 secretion induced by the six plants is a possible mechanism for the six plants exerting effects on satiety increase and appetite suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunnho Cho
- Division of Food Function Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Kim
- Division of Food Function Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Ja Jang
- Division of Food Function Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Division of Food Function Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
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Presence of carbohydrate binding modules in extracellular region of class C G-protein coupled receptors (C GPCR): An in silico investigation on sweet taste receptor. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Raka F, Farr S, Kelly J, Stoianov A, Adeli K. Metabolic control via nutrient-sensing mechanisms: role of taste receptors and the gut-brain neuroendocrine axis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E559-E572. [PMID: 31310579 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00036.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing plays an important role in ensuring that appropriate digestive or hormonal responses are elicited following the ingestion of fuel substrates. Mechanisms of nutrient sensing in the oral cavity have been fairly well characterized and involve lingual taste receptors. These include heterodimers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the taste receptor type 1 (T1R) family for sensing sweet (T1R2-T1R3) and umami (T1R1-T1R3) stimuli, the T2R family for sensing bitter stimuli, and ion channels for conferring sour and salty tastes. In recent years, several studies have revealed the existence of additional nutrient-sensing mechanisms along the gastrointestinal tract. Glucose sensing is achieved by the T1R2-T1R3 heterodimer on enteroendocrine cells, which plays a role in triggering the secretion of incretin hormones for improved glycemic and lipemic control. Protein hydrolysates are detected by Ca2+-sensing receptor, the T1R1-T1R3 heterodimer, and G protein-coupled receptor 92/93 (GPR92/93), which leads to the release of the gut-derived satiety factor cholecystokinin. Furthermore, several GPCRs have been implicated in fatty acid sensing: GPR40 and GPR120 respond to medium- and long-chain fatty acids, GPR41 and GPR43 to short-chain fatty acids, and GPR119 to endogenous lipid derivatives. Aside from the recognition of fuel substrates, both the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract also possess T2R-mediated mechanisms of recognizing nonnutrients such as environmental contaminants, bacterial toxins, and secondary plant metabolites that evoke a bitter taste. These gastrointestinal sensing mechanisms result in the transmission of neuronal signals to the brain through the release of gastrointestinal hormones that act on vagal and enteric afferents to modulate the physiological response to nutrients, particularly satiety and energy homeostasis. Modulating these orally accessible nutrient-sensing pathways using particular foods, dietary supplements, or pharmaceutical compounds may have therapeutic potential for treating obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitore Raka
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Farr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacalyn Kelly
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Stoianov
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ngekure M X K, Jiang J, Enayatullah H, Ennab W, Mustafa S, Rodeni S, Wei Q, Shi F. Sweet taste receptor agonists alter ovarian functions and ovarian cycles in aged mice. Reprod Biol 2019; 19:230-236. [PMID: 31399370 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Saccharine sodium and rebaudioside A are low-calorie sweeteners, and the biologic effects of these sweeteners in rat ovaries are related to the activity of sweet taste receptors. Data on the impact and regulatory mechanisms underlying such sweeteners on the reproduction of aged animals are currently lacking. In the present study we assessed how the consumption of sweeteners affects the ovarian cycle, ovulation, biochemical indices, and other biologic functions. Thirty-six 1-year-old mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control (C) group receiving regular water, a saccharin sodium group receiving a 7.5 mM solution, and the rebaudioside A group receiving a 2.5 mM solution for 30 days. We observed no significant changes in body weights in any group. However, uterine weight in the rebaudioside A group significantly increased in diestrus, and we recorded a significant increase in the percentage of abnormal estrous cycles and the number of corpora lutea in the treatment groups. TUNEL staining and Immunoreactivity for the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) confirmed apoptosis in granulosa cells, oocyte, and corpus luteum. Serum glucose increased significantly in both treatment groups and there was a significant increase in cholesterol in the rebaudioside A group. Furthermore, the saccharin sodium-treated group exhibited elevated serum progesterone levels compared with the other groups. In conclusion, sweeteners manifested deleterious effects on reproductive indices in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Ngekure M X
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jingle Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hamdard Enayatullah
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wael Ennab
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sheeraz Mustafa
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Saif Rodeni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Quanwei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Hamdard E, Lv Z, Jiang J, Wei Q, Shi Z, Malyar RM, Yu D, Shi F. Responsiveness Expressions of Bitter Taste Receptors Against Denatonium Benzoate and Genistein in the Heart, Spleen, Lung, Kidney, and Bursa Fabricius of Chinese Fast Yellow Chicken. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E532. [PMID: 31390726 PMCID: PMC6719124 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the responsiveness expressions of ggTas2Rs against denatonium benzoate (DB) and genistein (GEN) in several organs of the Chinese Fast Yellow Chicken. A total of 300 one-day-old chicks that weighed an average of 32 g were randomly allocated into five groups with five replicates for 56 consecutive days. The dietary treatments consisted of basal diet, denatonium benzoate (5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg), and genistein 25 mg/kg. The results of qRT-PCR indicated significantly (p < 0.05) high-level expressions in the heart, spleen, and lungs in the starter and grower stages except for in bursa Fabricius. The responsiveness expressions of ggTas2Rs against DB 100 mg/kg and GEN 25 mg/kg were highly dose-dependent in the heart, spleen, lungs, and kidneys in the starter and grower stages, but dose-independent in the bursa Fabricius in the finisher stage. The ggTas2Rs were highly expressed in lungs and the spleen, but lower in the bursa Fabricius among the organs. However, the organ growth performance significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the groups administered DB 5 mg/kg and GEN 25 mg/kg; meanwhile, the DB 20 mg/kg and DB 100 mg/kg treatments significantly reduced the growth of all the organs, respectively. These findings indicate that responsiveness expressions are dose-dependent, and bitterness sensitivity consequently decreases in aged chickens. Therefore, these findings may improve the production of new feedstuffs for chickens according to their growing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayatullah Hamdard
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingle Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Quanwei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhicheng Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rahmani Mohammad Malyar
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Debing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Talmon M, Rossi S, Lim D, Pollastro F, Palattella G, Ruffinatti FA, Marotta P, Boldorini R, Genazzani AA, Fresu LG. Absinthin, an agonist of the bitter taste receptor hTAS2R46, uncovers an ER-to-mitochondria Ca 2+-shuttling event. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12472-12482. [PMID: 31248983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 taste receptors (TAS2R) are G protein-coupled receptors first described in the gustatory system, but have also been shown to have extraoral localizations, including airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, in which TAS2R have been reported to induce relaxation. TAS2R46 is an unexplored subtype that responds to its highly specific agonist absinthin. Here, we first demonstrate that, unlike other bitter-taste receptor agonists, absinthin alone (1 μm) in ASM cells does not induce Ca2+ signals but reduces histamine-induced cytosolic Ca2+ increases. To investigate this mechanism, we introduced into ASM cells aequorin-based Ca2+ probes targeted to the cytosol, subplasma membrane domain, or the mitochondrial matrix. We show that absinthin reduces cytosolic histamine-induced Ca2+ rises and simultaneously increases Ca2+ influx into mitochondria. We found that this effect is inhibited by the potent human TAS2R46 (hTAS2R46) antagonist 3β-hydroxydihydrocostunolide and is no longer evident in hTAS2R46-silenced ASM cells, indicating that it is hTAS2R46-dependent. Furthermore, these changes were sensitive to the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl-hydrazone (FCCP); the mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor KB-R7943 (carbamimidothioic acid); the cytoskeletal disrupter latrunculin; and an inhibitor of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC), ESI-09. Similarly, the β2 agonist salbutamol also could induce Ca2+ shuttling from cytoplasm to mitochondria, suggesting that this new mechanism might be generalizable. Moreover, forskolin and an EPAC activator mimicked this effect in HeLa cells. Our findings support the hypothesis that plasma membrane receptors can positively regulate mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, adding a further facet to the ability of cells to encode complex Ca2+ signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Dmitry Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio, 6-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio, 6-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gioele Palattella
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federico A Ruffinatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio, 6-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Patrizia Marotta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio, 6-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Armando A Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Bovio, 6-28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Luigia G Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy.
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Sigoillot M, Brockhoff A, Neiers F, Poirier N, Belloir C, Legrand P, Charron C, Roblin P, Meyerhof W, Briand L. The Crystal Structure of Gurmarin, a Sweet Taste-Suppressing Protein: Identification of the Amino Acid Residues Essential for Inhibition. Chem Senses 2019; 43:635-643. [PMID: 30137256 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gurmarin is a highly specific sweet taste-suppressing protein in rodents that is isolated from the Indian plant Gymnema sylvestre. Gurmarin consists of 35 amino acid residues containing 3 intramolecular disulfide bridges that form a cystine knot. Here, we report the crystal structure of gurmarin at a 1.45 Å resolution and compare it with previously reported nuclear magnetic resonance solution structures. The atomic structure at this resolution allowed us to identify a very flexible region consisting of hydrophobic residues. Some of these amino acid residues had been identified as a putative binding site for the rat sweet taste receptor in a previous study. By combining alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the gurmarin molecule and a functional cell-based receptor assay, we confirmed that some single point mutations in these positions drastically affect sweet taste receptor inhibition by gurmarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Sigoillot
- INRA, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Brockhoff
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- INRA, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Poirier
- INRA, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Belloir
- INRA, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Legrand
- SOLEIL Synchrotron, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Charron
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7365, Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Roblin
- SOLEIL Synchrotron, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Loïc Briand
- INRA, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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Fierro F, Giorgetti A, Carloni P, Meyerhof W, Alfonso-Prieto M. Dual binding mode of "bitter sugars" to their human bitter taste receptor target. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8437. [PMID: 31186454 PMCID: PMC6560132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 25 human bitter taste receptors (hTAS2Rs) are responsible for detecting bitter molecules present in food, and they also play several physiological and pathological roles in extraoral compartments. Therefore, understanding their ligand specificity is important both for food research and for pharmacological applications. Here we provide a molecular insight into the exquisite molecular recognition of bitter β-glycopyranosides by one of the members of this receptor subclass, hTAS2R16. Most of its agonists have in common the presence of a β-glycopyranose unit along with an extremely structurally diverse aglycon moiety. This poses the question of how hTAS2R16 can recognize such a large number of "bitter sugars". By means of hybrid molecular mechanics/coarse grained molecular dynamics simulations, here we show that the three hTAS2R16 agonists salicin, arbutin and phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside interact with the receptor through a previously unrecognized dual binding mode. Such mechanism may offer a seamless way to fit different aglycons inside the binding cavity, while maintaining the sugar bound, similar to the strategy used by several carbohydrate-binding lectins. Our prediction is validated a posteriori by comparison with mutagenesis data and also rationalizes a wealth of structure-activity relationship data. Therefore, our findings not only provide a deeper molecular characterization of the binding determinants for the three ligands studied here, but also give insights applicable to other hTAS2R16 agonists. Together with our results for other hTAS2Rs, this study paves the way to improve our overall understanding of the structural determinants of ligand specificity in bitter taste receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fierro
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alejandro Giorgetti
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- JARA-HPC, IAS-5/INM-9 Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA-HPC, IAS-5/INM-9 Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
- Department of Physics, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- VNU Key Laboratory "Multiscale Simulation of Complex Systems", VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- JARA-HPC, IAS-5/INM-9 Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany.
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Casteleijn D, Steel A, Bowman D, Lauche R, Wardle J. A naturalistic study of herbal medicine for self-reported depression and/or anxiety a protocol. Integr Med Res 2019; 8:123-128. [PMID: 31193603 PMCID: PMC6536771 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health conditions including anxiety and depression account for around 8% of the global disease burden. Anxiety and depression often coexist and impose a high individual and social burden. Patients with mental and behavioural conditions may be at increased risk of co-morbidities and are often high health-care utilisers. Herbal medicine is estimated to be used by up to 80% of the worlds population, and by 22% of Australian women seeking care for depression. The holistic and tailored treatment approach offered by practitioners of herbal medicine is difficult to capture in randomised controlled trials and as such there is a paucity of research demonstrating the outcomes of real-life practice. This project aims to address this gap with a whole practice, observational model. METHODS/DESIGN The study will employ a naturalistic observational design. Two-hundred patient participants will be recruited to be treated by 15 clinician participants from different naturopathic clinics. The observed changes in anxiety and depression symptoms of patients will be documented across three consultations using validated patient-reported outcome measures (SF-36, DASS-21, GHQ-28 and POMS-2). CONCLUSION Clinical studies investigating the efficacy of individualised herbal medicine treatment as prescribed by a naturopath are rare. Our study attempts to fill this gap with a longitudinal observation of individualised care as practiced by naturopaths in Australia; to offer valuable insights into the effectiveness of individualised herbal medicine practice and provide contextualisation of data currently focused on individual herbal medicines in specific conditions.Trial Registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12616000010493.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amie Steel
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Diana Bowman
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Romy Lauche
- Klinik für Integrative Medizin und Naturheilkunde, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Jon Wardle
- University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Wang Y, Zajac AL, Lei W, Christensen CM, Margolskee RF, Bouysset C, Golebiowski J, Zhao H, Fiorucci S, Jiang P. Metal Ions Activate the Human Taste Receptor TAS2R7. Chem Senses 2019; 44:339-347. [PMID: 31066447 PMCID: PMC6538953 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Divalent and trivalent salts exhibit a complex taste profile. They are perceived as being astringent/drying, sour, bitter, and metallic. We hypothesized that human bitter-taste receptors may mediate some taste attributes of these salts. Using a cell-based functional assay, we found that TAS2R7 responds to a broad range of divalent and trivalent salts, including zinc, calcium, magnesium, copper, manganese, and aluminum, but not to potassium, suggesting TAS2R7 may act as a metal cation receptor mediating bitterness of divalent and trivalent salts. Molecular modeling and mutagenesis analysis identified 2 residues, H943.37 and E2647.32, in TAS2R7 that appear to be responsible for the interaction of TAS2R7 with metallic ions. Taste receptors are found in both oral and extraoral tissues. The responsiveness of TAS2R7 to various mineral salts suggests it may act as a broad sensor, similar to the calcium-sensing receptor, for biologically relevant metal cations in both oral and extraoral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Ecology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Weiwei Lei
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Cédric Bouysset
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, Nice, France
| | - Jérôme Golebiowski
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, Nice, France
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Huabin Zhao
- Department of Ecology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sébastien Fiorucci
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, Nice, France
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Consumers' Perceptions and Preferences for Bitterness in Vegetable Foods: The Case of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil and Brassicaceae-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051164. [PMID: 31137645 PMCID: PMC6566267 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of some healthy phytochemicals in food can be paired with high bitterness, and consumers have a widespread avoidance toward bitter-tasting food. This causes a gap between preferences and healthy needs of consumers. Therefore, this review collected insights from literature belonging to different discipline domains in order to have a broad view of the current state-of-the-art about biochemical aspects and consumers’ perceptions and preferences toward foods with an enhanced bitter taste. In detail, we focused on two core products of the Mediterranean diet: Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) and Brassicaceae, both characterized by specific phytochemicals having strong healthy properties and bitter-pungent taste. Results suggested that, although bitter taste is a general driver of dislike, some exceptions can be represented by: niches of consumers (e.g., innovators and organic buyers), foods consumed with specific purposes (e.g., coffee, chocolate, and alcoholic beverages). The level of bitterness perceived by the consumers can be modulated through exposure, information on benefits, and elements within the environment (e.g., music). Thus, these insights can be used to develop specific campaigns aimed at promoting bitter (healthy) food, considering also the key role that could be played by food pairings.
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