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Hawkins C, Foster G, Glaberman S. Chemical prioritization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in an urban tributary of the Potomac River. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163514. [PMID: 37068687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are incredibly diverse in terms of chemical structures, physicochemical properties, and modes of action, making their environmental impacts challenging to assess. New chemical prioritization methodologies have emerged that compare contaminant monitoring concentrations to multiple toxicity data sources, including whole organism and high-throughput data, to develop a list of "high priority" chemicals requiring further study. We applied such an approach to assess PPCPs in Hunting Creek, an urban tributary of the Potomac River near Washington, DC, which has experienced extensive human population growth. We estimated potential risks of 99 PPCPs from surface water and sediment collected upstream and downstream of a major wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), nearby combined sewer overflows (CSO), and in the adjacent Potomac River. The greatest potential risks to the aquatic ecosystem occurred near WWTP and CSO outfalls, but risk levels rapidly dropped below thresholds of concern - established by previous chemical prioritization studies - in the Potomac mainstem. These results suggest that urban tributaries, rather than larger rivers, are important to monitor because their lower or intermittent flow may not adequately dilute contaminants of concern. Common psychotropics, such as fluoxetine and venlafaxine, presented the highest potential risks, with toxicity quotients often > 10 in surface water and > 1000 in sediment, indicating the need for further field studies. Several ubiquitous chemicals such as caffeine and carbamazepine also exceeded thresholds of concern throughout our study area and point to specific neurotoxic and endocrine modes of action that warrant further investigation. Since many "high priority" chemicals in our analysis have also triggered concerns in other areas around the world, better coordination is needed among environmental monitoring programs to improve global chemical prioritization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne Hawkins
- George Mason University, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Gregory Foster
- George Mason University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Scott Glaberman
- George Mason University, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Fairfax, VA, USA.
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2
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Ferreira CSS, Soares SC, Kille P, Oliveira M. Identifying knowledge gaps in understanding the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on fish behaviour. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 335:139124. [PMID: 37285976 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of antidepressants increasingly prescribed to treat patients with clinical depression. As a result of the significant negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the population's mental health, its consumption is expected to increase even more. The high consumption of these substances leads to their environmental dissemination, with evidence of their ability to compromise molecular, biochemical, physiological, and behavioural endpoints in non-target organisms. This study aimed to provide a critical review of the current knowledge regarding the effects of SSRI antidepressants on fish ecologically relevant behaviours and personality-dependent traits. A literature review shows limited data concerning the impact of fish personality on their responses to contaminants and how such responses could be influenced by SSRIs. This lack of information may be attributable to a lack of widely adopted standardized protocols for evaluating behavioural responses in fish. The existing studies examining the effects of SSRIs across various biological levels overlook the intra-specific variations in behaviour and physiology associated with different personality patterns or coping styles. Consequently, some effects may remain undetected, such as variations in coping styles and the capacity to handle environmental stressors. This oversight could potentially result in long-term effects with ecological implications. Data support the need for more studies to understand the impact of SSRIs on personality-dependent traits and how they may impair fitness-related behaviours. Given the considerable cross-species similarity in the personality dimensions, the collected data may allow new insights into the correlation between personality and animal fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S S Ferreira
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sandra C Soares
- William James Center for Research (WJRC), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Peter Kille
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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3
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Słoczyńska K, Orzeł J, Murzyn A, Popiół J, Gunia-Krzyżak A, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Pękala E. Antidepressant pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems, individual-level ecotoxicological effects: growth, survival and behavior. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106554. [PMID: 37167880 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing consumption of antidepressant pharmaceuticals has resulted in their widespread occurrence in the environment, particularly in waterways with a typical concentration range from ng L-1 to μg L-1. An increasing number of studies have confirmed the ecotoxic potency of antidepressants, not only at high concentrations but also at environmentally relevant levels. The present review covers literature from the last decade on the individual-level ecotoxicological effects of the most commonly used antidepressants, including their impact on behavior, growth, and survival. We focus on the relationship between antidepressants physico-chemical properties and dynamics in the environment. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages of considering behavioral changes as sensitive endpoints in ecotoxicology, as well as some current methodological shortcomings in the field, including low standardization, reproducibility and context-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Justyna Orzeł
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Murzyn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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4
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Pravdová M, Kolářová J, Grabicová K, Janáč M, Randák T, Ondračková M. Response of Parasite Community Composition to Aquatic Pollution in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.): A Semi-Experimental Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091464. [PMID: 37174501 PMCID: PMC10177495 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of parasite communities to aquatic contamination has been shown to vary with both type of pollutant and parasite lifestyle. In this semi-experimental study, we examined uptake of pharmaceutical compounds in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) restocked from a control pond to a treatment pond fed with organic pollution from a sewage treatment plant and assessed changes in parasite community composition and fish biometric parameters. The parasite community of restocked fish changed over the six-month exposure period, and the composition of pharmaceutical compounds in the liver and brain was almost the same as that in fish living in the treatment pond their whole life. While fish size and weight were significantly higher in both treatment groups compared to the control, condition indices, including condition factor, hepatosomatic index, and splenosomatic index, were significantly higher in control fish. Parasite diversity and species richness decreased at the polluted site, alongside a significant increase in the abundance of a single parasite species, Gyrodactylus sprostonae. Oviparous monogeneans of the Dactylogyridae and Diplozoidae families and parasitic crustaceans responded to pollution with a significant decrease in abundance, the reduction in numbers most likely related to the sensitivity of their free-living stages to pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Pravdová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Kolářová
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Janáč
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Randák
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Ondračková
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Květná 8, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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de Moura LA, Pyterson MP, Pimentel AFN, Araújo F, de Souza LVXB, Mendes CHM, Costa BPD, de Siqueira-Silva DH, Lima-Maximino M, Maximino C. Roles of the 5-HT2C receptor on zebrafish sociality. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 125:110769. [PMID: 37068544 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) receptors have been implicated in social behavior in vertebrates. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been increasingly being used behavioral neuroscience to study the neurobiological correlates of behavior, including sociality. Nonetheless, the role of 5-HT2C receptors in different social functions were not yet studied in this species. Zebrafish were treated with the agonist MK-212 (2 mg/kg) or the antagonist RS-102221 (2 mg/kg) and tested in the social interaction and social novelty tests, conditional approach test, or mirror-induced aggressive displays. MK-212 increased preference for an unknown conspecific in the social investigation test, but also increased preference for the known conspecific in the social novelty test; RS-102221, on the other hand, decreased preference in the social investigation test but increased preference for the novel conspecific in the social novelty test. MK-212 also decreased predator inspection in the conditional approach test. While RS-102221 decreased time in the display zone in the mirror-induced aggressive display test, it increased display duration. Overall, these results demonstrate the complex role of 5-HT2C receptors in different social contexts in zebrafish, revealing a participation in social plasticity in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layana Aquino de Moura
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Faculdade de Psicologia, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá,PA, Brazil
| | - Maryana Pereira Pyterson
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Faculdade de Psicologia, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá,PA, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Nogueira Pimentel
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Faculdade de Psicologia, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá,PA, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Araújo
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Faculdade de Psicologia, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá,PA, Brazil; Núcleo Emergente de Fisiologia e Farmacologia de Peixes Teleósteos do Sudeste do Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Loanne Valéria Xavier Bruce de Souza
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Faculdade de Psicologia, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá,PA, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Núcleo Emergente de Fisiologia e Farmacologia de Peixes Teleósteos do Sudeste do Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio Henrique Moura Mendes
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Faculdade de Psicologia, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá,PA, Brazil; Núcleo Emergente de Fisiologia e Farmacologia de Peixes Teleósteos do Sudeste do Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Bruna Patrícia Dutra Costa
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Faculdade de Psicologia, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá,PA, Brazil; Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, Brazil
| | - Diógenes Henrique de Siqueira-Silva
- Grupo de Estudos da Reprodução de Peixes Amazônicos, Faculdade de Biologia, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil; Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, Brazil; Núcleo Emergente de Fisiologia e Farmacologia de Peixes Teleósteos do Sudeste do Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Monica Lima-Maximino
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia e Biofísica, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Campus VIII, Marabá, PA, Brazil; Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, Brazil; Núcleo Emergente de Fisiologia e Farmacologia de Peixes Teleósteos do Sudeste do Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Caio Maximino
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Faculdade de Psicologia, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá,PA, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal, Brazil; Núcleo Emergente de Fisiologia e Farmacologia de Peixes Teleósteos do Sudeste do Pará, Marabá, PA, Brazil.
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6
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Correia D, Domingues I, Faria M, Oliveira M. Effects of fluoxetine on fish: What do we know and where should we focus our efforts in the future? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159486. [PMID: 36257440 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is one of the most studied and detected selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the aquatic environment, found at concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L. Its presence in this environment can induce effects on aquatic organisms that may compromise their fitness. Several experimental studies have demonstrated that fluoxetine can induce neurotoxicity, genetic and biochemical changes, and cause behavioral dysfunction in a wide range of fish species. However, contradictory results can be found. There is thus the need for a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on the effects of fluoxetine on fish at different levels of biological organization, highlighting inclusive patterns and discussing the potential causes for the contradictory results, that can be found in the available literature. This review also aims to explore and identify the main gaps in knowledge and areas for future research. We conclude that environmentally relevant concentrations of fluoxetine (e.g., from 0.00345 μg/L) produced adverse effects and often this concentration range is not addressed in conventional environmental risk assessment strategies. Its environmental persistence and ionizable properties reinforce the need for standardized testing with representative aquatic models, targeting endpoints sensitive to the specific mode of action of fluoxetine, in order to assess and rank its actual environmental risk to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Correia
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Inês Domingues
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel Oliveira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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7
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Frese L, Braunbeck T. Adapting classic paradigms to analyze alterations of shoal-wide behavior in early-life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) - A case study with fluoxetine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 95:107136. [PMID: 36423854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Given the strong increase in prescription of neuroactive pharmaceuticals, neurotoxicity has received growing concern in science and the public. Regulatory requirements stimulated the development of new methods to evaluate the risk of neurotoxic substances for humans and the environment, and, with respect to potential damage to aquatic ecosystems, a variety of behavior-based assays have been proposed for neurotoxicity testing, most of which, however, are restricted to changes in the behavior of individual fish. Since many fish species form shoals under natural conditions, this may cause important aspects of behavior to be overlooked and there is a need for behavior assays integrating individual behavior with behavior of the entire swarm. In order to combine more environmentally realistic sub-chronic exposure scenarios with undistorted social behavior and animal welfare considerations, two behavioral assays are proposed that might be integrated into early-life stage toxicity studies according to OECD TG 210, which are commonly run for a multitude of regulations: To this end, protocols for a novel tank test and a predator response assay were adapted to also record the behavior of free-swimming zebrafish (Danio rerio) juveniles within shoals. Comparisons of the diving response (novel tank) or the shoal's coherence and position relative to the stimulus (predator) with control groups allow conclusions about the anxiety state of the fish, which might well have an impact on survival chances in the wild. As a model substance, the antidepressant fluoxetine ((RS)-N-Methyl-3-phenyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)propylamine) produced adverse effects down to concentrations three orders of magnitude below the EC10 from acute fish embryo toxicity tests according to OECD TG 236. With the integration of such behavior tests into OECD TG 210, important population-relevant information on potential neurotoxicity can be collected without increasing the number of experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Frese
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Salahinejad A, Attaran A, Meuthen D, Chivers DP, Niyogi S. Proximate causes and ultimate effects of common antidepressants, fluoxetine and venlafaxine, on fish behavior. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150846. [PMID: 34626640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressant (AD) drugs are widely prescribed for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety disorders. The continuous use of ADs causes significant quantities of these bioactive chemicals to enter the aquatic ecosystems mainly through wastewater effluent discharge. This may result in many aquatic organisms being inadvertently affected by these drugs. Fluoxetine (FLX) and venlafaxine (VEN) are currently among the most widely detected ADs in aquatic systems. A growing body of experimental evidence demonstrates that FLX and VEN have a substantial capacity to induce neurotoxicity and cause behavioral dysfunctions in a wide range of teleost species. At the same time, these studies often report seemingly contradictory results that are confounding in nature. Hence, we clearly require comprehensive reviews that attempt to find overarching patterns and establish possible causes for these variable results. This review aims to explore the current state of knowledge regarding the neurobehavioral effects of FLX and VEN on fishes. This study also discusses the potential mechanistic linkage between the neurotoxicity of ADs and behavioral dysfunction and identifies key knowledge gaps and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Salahinejad
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Anoosha Attaran
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Denis Meuthen
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Douglas P Chivers
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Som Niyogi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
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9
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Aulsebrook LC, Wong BBM, Hall MD. Warmer temperatures limit the effects of antidepressant pollution on life-history traits. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212701. [PMID: 35135347 PMCID: PMC8825998 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical pollutants pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Yet, few studies have considered the interaction between pharmaceuticals and other chronic stressors contemporaneously, even though the environmental challenges confronting animals in the wild seldom, if ever, occur in isolation. Thermal stress is one such environmental challenge that may modify the threat of pharmaceutical pollutants. Accordingly, we investigated how fluoxetine (Prozac), a common psychotherapeutic and widespread pollutant, interacts with temperature to affect life-history traits in the water flea, Daphnia magna. We chronically exposed two genotypes of Daphnia to two ecological relevant concentrations of fluoxetine (30 ng l-1 and 300 ng l-1) and a concentration representing levels used in acute toxicity tests (3000 ng l-1) and quantified the change in phenotypic trajectories at two temperatures (20°C and 25°C). Across multiple life-history traits, we found that fluoxetine exposure impacted the fecundity, body size and intrinsic growth rate of Daphnia in a non-monotonic manner at 20°C, and often in genotypic-specific ways. At 25°C, however, the life-history phenotypes of individuals converged under the widely varying levels of fluoxetine, irrespective of genotype. Our study underscores the importance of considering the complexity of interactions that can occur in the wild when assessing the effects of chemical pollutants on life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda C Aulsebrook
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew D Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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10
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Pan C, Zhu F, Wu M, Jiang L, Zhao X, Yang M. Degradation and toxicity of the antidepressant fluoxetine in an aqueous system by UV irradiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132434. [PMID: 34606890 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine (FLU), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is commonly found in aquatic environments. Ultraviolet (UV) photolysis is widely used to remove certain pharmaceuticals from water and wastewater. The present study aimed to investigate the toxicity of FLU and its transformed products formed during UV photolysis by using zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) as a model. The degradation rates of FLU for five days were approximately 63.6% ± 2.14%, 84.6% ± 0.99%, and 97.5% ± 0.25% after 15, 30, and 60 min of UV irradiation, respectively. Furthermore, the degradation mechanism was explored using LC-MS measurements and density flooding theory (DFT) theoretical calculations. Comprehensive toxicity preassessment of FLU and its degradation products was carried out using the T.E.S.T. software. The effects of physiological and biochemical parameters and neuron- and apoptosis-related gene expression were examined in zebrafish embryos exposed to non-irradiated (0-min) and irradiated (15, 30- and 60-min) solutions from 4 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 120 hpf. The hatching time of zebrafish embryos exposed to the non-irradiated solution (0-min) and irradiated solution (60-min) was delayed, their heart rate at 48 and 72 hpf increased, and their body length at 120 hpf decreased. Significant differences were found between the non-irradiated (0-min) and UV-irradiated (15- or 30-min) groups. A dynamic response involving acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was also observed in the non-irradiated and UV-irradiated groups. During the UV treatment experiments, the expression levels of neuron-related and apoptosis-related genes were significantly reduced over time alongside the formation of FLU degradation products. Overall, this study provides new concepts to remove and assess the toxicity of emerging contaminants in aquatic environments and highlights the need to consider the formation and persistence of toxic transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Feng Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Minghong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Lihui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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11
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Hubená P, Horký P, Grabic R, Grabicová K, Douda K, Slavík O, Randák T. Prescribed aggression of fishes: Pharmaceuticals modify aggression in environmentally relevant concentrations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112944. [PMID: 34715502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traces of psychoactive substances have been found in freshwaters globally. Fish are chronically exposed to pollution at low concentrations. The changes of aggressive behaviour of chub (Squalius cephalus) were determined under the exposure to four psychoactive compounds (sertraline, citalopram, tramadol, methamphetamine) at environmentally relevant concentrations of 1 μg/L for 42 days. We tested whether (A) the behavioural effect of compounds varies within a single species; (B) there is a correlation between the individual brain concentration of the tested pollutants and fish aggression using the novel analysis of pollutants in brain; and (C) there is detectable threshold to effective pollutant concentration in brain. Behaviour and pollutant concentrations in brain were determined repeatedly (1st, 7th, 21st, 42nd and 56th days), including a two-week-long depuration period. The effect of particular compounds varied. Citalopram and methamphetamine generally increased the fish aggression, while no such effect was found after exposure to tramadol or sertraline. The longitudinal analysis showed an aggression increase after depuration, indicating the presence of withdrawal effects in methamphetamine- and tramadol-exposed fish. The analysis of pollutant concentration in brain revealed a positive linear relationship of citalopram concentration and aggression, while no such effect was detected for other compounds and/or their metabolites. Structural break analyses detected concentration thresholds of citalopram (1 and 3 ng/g) and sertraline (1000 ng/g) in brain tissue, from which a significant effect on behaviour was manifested. While the effect of sertraline was not detected using traditional approaches, there was a reduction in aggression after considering its threshold concentration in the brain. Our results suggest that pursuing the concentration threshold of psychoactive compounds can help to reduce false negative results and provide more realistic predictions on behavioural outcomes in freshwater environments, especially in the case of compounds with bioaccumulation potential such as sertraline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Hubená
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Horký
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 398 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 398 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Douda
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Slavík
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Randák
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 398 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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12
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Greene SM, Szalda-Petree AD. Fins of Fury or Fainéant: Fluoxetine impacts the aggressive behavior of fighting fish (Betta splendens). Behav Processes 2021; 194:104544. [PMID: 34800605 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
While an extensive literature has demonstrated that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant fluoxetine, disrupts aggressive behavior in male Betta splendens the behavioral mechanisms underlying this disruption remain unknown. To elucidate the behavioral mechanism underlying fluoxetine, male fish were acutely exposed to a 10 μmol (0.0034578 μg/L) concentration of fluoxetine for 25 days using an ABA design. Male Betta splendens are naturally aggressive fish with well-studied and patterned behavioral responses. Importantly, aggressive behavior in this species can be conditionally primed allowing for examination of motivational components of behavior in addition to motor performance. The present study focused on using female fish as an ecologically relevant prime for eliciting aggressive behavior as a means of examining the motivational and motoric effects of fluoxetine. We found that male courtship with a female was strongly correlated with aggressive responding against a mirror. However, despite the strong correlation male fish were not found to have different levels of aggression or changes in aggressive responding when compared to males not primed with a female. Also, latency was not different between the no female prime and female prime males for either the excitatory mirror condition or inhibitory white wall condition, of which the fish had no preference. However, fluoxetine was found to have profound effects on all males in the study regardless of prime type, with increases in latency for the mirror and white wall and decreases in aggressive responding to the mirror. These results support the hypothesis that fluoxetine impairs aggressive motivation and movement in Betta splendens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Greene
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
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13
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Swank A, Wang L, Ward J, Schoenfuss H. Multigenerational effects of a complex urban contaminant mixture on the behavior of larval and adult fish in multiple fitness contexts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148095. [PMID: 34139491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural and urban storm water runoffs can introduce chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) into waterways. These chemicals can be continually released, persist, or even accumulate over time, with adverse effects on the physiology and behavior of aquatic species. Most studies aimed at evaluating the intergenerational effects of CECs have focused exclusively on single chemicals. By comparison, little is known about the effects of complex CEC mixtures on the behavior of organisms, or how these effects might manifest in subsequent generations. In this study, we exposed three generations of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to environmentally relevant concentrations of a complex CEC mixture representative of urban-impacted waterways and assessed the growth and behavior of larval and adult fish in life-stage-relevant fitness contexts (foraging, boldness, courtship). We found that (i) multigenerational exposure to a complex mixture of CECs altered the behavior of both larvae and adults in different fitness contexts; (ii) concentration-dependent patterns of behavioral impairment were consistent across fitness contexts and life stages; and (iii) the effects of exposure were magnified in the F1 and F2 generations. These results highlight the need for long-term, multigenerational assessments of CECs in affected waterways to robustly inform conservation practices aimed at managing aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ally Swank
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, United States of America
| | - Lina Wang
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, United States of America
| | - Jessica Ward
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, United States of America.
| | - Heiko Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, United States of America
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14
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Mason RT, Martin JM, Tan H, Brand JA, Bertram MG, Tingley R, Todd-Weckmann A, Wong BBM. Context is Key: Social Environment Mediates the Impacts of a Psychoactive Pollutant on Shoaling Behavior in Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13024-13032. [PMID: 34544238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Behavior-modifying drugs, such as antidepressants, are increasingly being detected in waterways and aquatic wildlife around the globe. Typically, behavioral effects of these contaminants are assessed using animals tested in social isolation. However, for group-living species, effects seen in isolation may not reflect those occurring in realistic social settings. Furthermore, interactions between chemical pollution and other stressors, such as predation risk, are seldom considered. This is true even though animals in the wild are rarely, if ever, confronted by chemical pollution as a single stressor. Here, in a 2 year multigenerational experiment, we tested for effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine (measured concentrations [±SD]: 42.27 ± 36.14 and 359.06 ± 262.65 ng/L) on shoaling behavior in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) across different social contexts and under varying levels of perceived predation risk. Shoaling propensity and shoal choice (choice of groups with different densities) were assessed in a Y-maze under the presence of a predatory or nonpredatory heterospecific, with guppies tested individually and in male-female pairs. When tested individually, no effect of fluoxetine was seen on shoaling behavior. However, in paired trials, high-fluoxetine-exposed fish exhibited a significantly greater shoaling propensity. Hence, effects of fluoxetine were mediated by social context, highlighting the importance of this fundamental but rarely considered factor when evaluating impacts of environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel T Mason
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3152, Australia
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hung Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jack A Brand
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael G Bertram
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Västerbotten 907 36, Sweden
| | - Reid Tingley
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew Todd-Weckmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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15
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De Novo Transcriptomic Characterization Enables Novel Microsatellite Identification and Marker Development in Betta splendens. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080803. [PMID: 34440547 PMCID: PMC8400612 DOI: 10.3390/life11080803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The wild populations of the commercially valuable ornamental fish species, Betta splendens, and its germplasm resources have long been threatened by habitat degradation and contamination with artificially bred fish. Because of the lack of effective marker resources, population genetics research projects are severely hampered. To generate genetic data for developing polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and identifying functional genes, transcriptomic analysis was performed. Illumina paired-end sequencing yielded 105,505,486 clean reads, which were then de novo assembled into 69,836 unigenes. Of these, 35,751 were annotated in the non-redundant, EuKaryotic Orthologous Group, Swiss-Prot, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology databases. A total of 12,751 SSR loci were identified from the transcripts and 7970 primer pairs were designed. One hundred primer pairs were randomly selected for PCR validation and 53 successfully generated target amplification products. Further validation demonstrated that 36% (n = 19) of the 53 amplified loci were polymorphic. These data could not only enrich the genetic information for the identification of functional genes but also effectively facilitate the development of SSR markers. Such knowledge would accelerate further studies on the genetic variation and evolution, comparative genomics, linkage mapping and molecular breeding in B. splendens.
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16
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Thoré ESJ, Philippe C, Brendonck L, Pinceel T. Towards improved fish tests in ecotoxicology - Efficient chronic and multi-generational testing with the killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129697. [PMID: 33517116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As many freshwaters are chemically polluted, one of the challenges for policy makers is to determine the potential impact of these pollutants on ecosystems and to define safe concentrations. Common practice is the use of ecotoxicological assays to assess the response of model organisms from different trophic levels such as algae, invertebrates and fish during exposure to dilutions of a specific compound. Ideally, ecotoxicological assessments of (pseudo-)persistent chemicals should be performed across the life-cycle or even multiple generations for an accurate risk assessment. Multigenerational tests with fish are, however, impractical and costly given the long lifespan and generation time of classic model species. Here, we suggest a framework for more relevant, time- and cost-efficient fish-based testing in ecotoxicology and align it with accredited test guidelines. Next, we introduce an upcoming fish model, the turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri, and show how it facilitates such research agendas due to a short lifespan and generation time. Through a review of fish-based exposure studies with a set of reference toxicants, we position N. furzeri as a sensitive species, suitable for screening effects of different pollutant types. Ultimately, we perform a cost-benefit analysis and propose a plan of action for the introduction of N. furzeri into accredited test guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli S J Thoré
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Philippe
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Brendonck
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Tom Pinceel
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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17
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Chen H, Liang X, Gu X, Zeng Q, Mao Z, Martyniuk CJ. Environmentally relevant concentrations of sertraline disrupts behavior and the brain and liver transcriptome of juvenile yellow catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco): Implications for the feeding and growth axis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124974. [PMID: 33450510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sertraline (SER) is one of the most prevalent antidepressants detected in aquatic environments, but its impact on fish behavior and growth remain poorly understood. As such, behavior and growth were assessed in yellow catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco) following SER exposure. SER induced shoaling, reduced food consumption and growth, and increased cannibalism at environmentally relevant concentrations. To ascertain toxicity mechanisms, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and transcripts related to growth and feeding were measured. AChE activity was increased in fish exposed to 10 and 100 μg/L SER. Transcript levels of neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, growth hormone, and insulin growth factor 1 were reduced in the brain following SER exposure. RNA-seq conducted in brain and liver revealed that gene networks associated with feeding and growth (i.e. leptin expression networks in the brain and insulin signaling pathways in the liver) were altered, proposed to be associated with the decreased food intake and growth. The brain also accumulated SER, which may relate to neurobehavioral responses. Lastly, the main metabolite of SER, norsertraline, was detected in the liver, and may also relate to toxicity. This study uncovers mechanisms and key events proposed to lead to impaired behavior and growth after exposure to some antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Xuefang Liang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xiaohong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
| | - Qingfei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhigang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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18
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High-Throughput Screening of Psychotropic Compounds: Impacts on Swimming Behaviours in Artemia franciscana. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9030064. [PMID: 33803064 PMCID: PMC8003060 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal behaviour is becoming increasingly popular as an endpoint in ecotoxicology due to its increased sensitivity and speed compared to traditional endpoints. However, the widespread use of animal behaviours in environmental risk assessment is currently hindered by a lack of optimisation and standardisation of behavioural assays for model species. In this study, assays to assess swimming speed were developed for a model crustacean species, the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Preliminary works were performed to determine optimal arena size for this species, and weather lux used in the experiments had an impact on the animals phototactic response. Swimming speed was significantly lower in the smallest arena, whilst no difference was observed between the two larger arenas, suggesting that the small arena was limiting swimming ability. No significant difference was observed in attraction to light between high and low light intensities. Arena size had a significant impact on phototaxis behaviours. Large arenas resulted in animals spending more time in the light side of the arena compared to medium and small, irrespective of light intensity. The swimming speed assay was then used to expose specimens to a range of psychotropic compounds with varying modes of action. Results indicate that swimming speed provides a valid measure of the impacts of behaviour modulating compounds on A. franciscana. The psychotropic compounds tested varied in their impacts on animal behaviour. Fluoxetine resulted in increased swimming speed as has been found in other crustacean species, whilst oxazepam, venlafaxine and amitriptyline had no significant impacts on the behaviours measured. The results from this study suggest a simple, fast, high throughput assay for A. franciscana and gains insight on the impacts of a range of psychotropic compounds on the swimming behaviours of a model crustacean species used in ecotoxicology studies.
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19
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Thompson WA, Vijayan MM. Environmental levels of venlafaxine impact larval behavioural performance in fathead minnows. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127437. [PMID: 32593824 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Venlafaxine, a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is one of the most abundant antidepressants in municipal wastewater effluents (MWWE). The early life stages are particularly sensitive to contaminant exposure, but few studies have examined whether persistent exposure to venlafaxine impart adverse developmental outcomes. The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is a widely used model for ecotoxicological studies, and this fish is native to Alberta, Canada. We tested the hypothesis that environmental levels of venlafaxine compromises early developmental behavioural performances in fathead minnows. Embryos were exposed to waterborne venlafaxine at either 0, 0.06, 0.33, 0.66, 1.37 or 3 μg L-1 concentration for 7 days. Environmental levels of venlafaxine did not impact the survival, hatch rate or heart rate of fathead minnow embryos and larvae but reduced the growth of larvae even at concentrations as low as 0.06 μg L-1. We validated thigmotaxis as a screen for anxiolytic and anxiogenic behaviour in fathead minnow larvae by exposing them to concentrations of ethanol and caffeine, respectively. Behavioural analyses revealed that early developmental exposure to venlafaxine does not alter thigmotaxis but reduced the activity of fathead minnows. The larval behavioural assays reported here for fathead minnow have the potential to be used as screening tools for the risk assessment of neurotoxic contaminants in MWWE. Overall, we demonstrate for the first time that exposure to environmental levels of venlafaxine during the critical early developmental window does not elicit an anxiogenic response but may adversely affect the larval growth performance of fathead minnows.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Andrew Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mathilakath M Vijayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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20
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Kellner M, Olsén KH. Divergent Response to the SSRI Citalopram in Male and Female Three-Spine Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:478-487. [PMID: 33151376 PMCID: PMC7688600 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are psychotropic pharmaceuticals used as antidepressants. SSRIs are commonly found in surface waters in populated areas across the globe. They exert their effect by blocking the serotonin re-uptake transporter in the presynaptic nerve ending. The present study examined whether behavioural effects to exposure to SSRI citalopram depend on personality and sex in the stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Three aspects of stickleback behaviour are examined: feeding behaviour, aggression, and boldness. We exposed sticklebacks to 350-380 ng/l citalopram for 3 weeks. Feeding and aggressive behaviour were recorded before and after exposure, whereas scototaxis behaviour was tested after exposure. The results show treatment effects in feeding and aggressive behaviour. Feeding is suppressed only in the male group (χ2 = 20.4, P < 0.001) but not in the females (χ2 = 0.91, P = 0.339). Aggressive behaviour was significantly affected by treatment (χ2 = 161.9, P < 0.001), sex (χ2 = 86.3, P < 0.001), and baseline value (χ2 = 58.8, P < 0.001). Aggressiveness was suppressed by citalopram treatment. In addition, the fish showed no change in aggression and feeding behaviour over time regardless of sex and treatment, which indicate personality traits. Only females are affected by treatment in the scototaxis test. The exposed females spent significantly (χ2 = 5.02, P = 0.050) less time in the white zone than the female controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kellner
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Alfred Nobels allé 7, 141 89, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - K Håkan Olsén
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Alfred Nobels allé 7, 141 89, Huddinge, Sweden.
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21
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de Farias NO, Oliveira R, Moretti PNS, E Pinto JM, Oliveira AC, Santos VL, Rocha PS, Andrade TS, Grisolia CK. Fluoxetine chronic exposure affects growth, behavior and tissue structure of zebrafish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 237:108836. [PMID: 32585365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine (FLX) is among the top 100 pharmaceutical prescribed annually worldwide and consequently is often detected in wastewater treatment plant effluent and surface waters, in concentrations up to 2.7 and 0.33 μg/L, respectively. Despite the presence of FLX in surface waters, little is known about its chronic effects in fish. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the chronic toxicity of FLX to Danio rerio adults. Rate of weight gain, behavior (feeding and swimming activity) and tissue organization (liver and intestine) were evaluated, after 30 days exposure. A lower rate of weight gain was observed at 100 μg/L FLX. The food intake time decreased, showing a decrease in fish appetite. The preference for the upper aquarium layer was observed at 10 and 100 μg/L of FLX, indicating an inhibition of the stress level (anxiolytic effect). Mild to moderate damage of hepatic tissue and a decrease epithelium height and increase in villus height of intestine were observed in fish exposed to concentrations as low as 0.01 μg/L. Based on obtained results, chronic exposure of fish to FLX could affect swimming and feeding behavior and alter morphological structure of liver and intestine tissues at environmental levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Oliveira de Farias
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13484-332 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IB - UNICAMP, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rhaul Oliveira
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13484-332 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Natália Silva Moretti
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | - Joana Mona E Pinto
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Viviani Lara Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Paula Suares Rocha
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13484-332 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cesar Koppe Grisolia
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
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22
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Thoré ESJ, Philippe C, Brendonck L, Pinceel T. Antidepressant exposure reduces body size, increases fecundity and alters social behavior in the short-lived killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115068. [PMID: 32806394 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Social and mating behavior are fundamental fitness determinants in fish. Although fish are increasingly exposed to pharmaceutical compounds that may alter expression of such behavior, potential effects are understudied. Here, we examine the impact of lifelong exposure to two concentrations (0.7 and 5.3 μg/L) of the antidepressant fluoxetine on fecundity and social behavior (i.e. sociability and male-male aggression) in the turquoise killifish, Nothobranchius furzeri. When exposed to the highest concentration of fluoxetine (5.3 μg/L), fish were smaller at maturation but they more frequently engaged in mating. In addition, in both fluoxetine treatments females roughly doubled their overall fecundity while egg fertilization rates were the same for exposed and unexposed fish. Although aggression of male fish was not impacted by fluoxetine exposure, exposed male fish (5.3 μg/L) spent more time in the proximity of a group of conspecifics, which implies an increased sociability in these individuals. Overall, the results of this study indicate that exposure to fluoxetine may result in disrupted male sociability, increased mating frequency and an increased reproductive output in fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli S J Thoré
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Philippe
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Brendonck
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Tom Pinceel
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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23
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Tan H, Polverino G, Martin JM, Bertram MG, Wiles SC, Palacios MM, Bywater CL, White CR, Wong BBM. Chronic exposure to a pervasive pharmaceutical pollutant erodes among-individual phenotypic variation in a fish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114450. [PMID: 32283454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical pollution is now recognised as a major emerging agent of global change. Increasingly, pharmaceutical pollutants are documented to disrupt ecologically important physiological and behavioural traits in exposed wildlife. However, little is known about potential impacts of pharmaceutical exposure on among-individual variation in these traits, despite phenotypic diversity being critical for population resilience to environmental change. Furthermore, although wildlife commonly experience multiple stressors contemporaneously, potential interactive effects between pharmaceuticals and biological stressors-such as predation threat-remain poorly understood. To redress this, we investigated the impacts of long-term exposure to the pervasive pharmaceutical pollutant fluoxetine (Prozac®) on among-individual variation in metabolic and behavioural traits, and the combined impacts of fluoxetine exposure and predation threat on mean metabolic and behavioural traits in a freshwater fish, the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Using a mesocosm system, guppy populations were exposed for 15 months to one of two field-realistic levels of fluoxetine (nominal concentrations: 30 and 300 ng/L) or a solvent control. Fish from these populations were then tested for metabolic rate (oxygen uptake) and behaviour (activity), both before and after experiencing one of three levels of a predation treatment: an empty tank, a non-predatory fish (Melanotaenia splendida) or a predatory fish (Leiopotherapon unicolor). Guppies from both fluoxetine treatments had ∼70% lower among-individual variation in their activity levels, compared to unexposed fish. Similarly, fluoxetine exposure at the higher dosage was associated with a significant (26%) reduction in individual-level variation in oxygen uptake relative to unexposed fish. In addition, mean baseline metabolic rate was disrupted in low-fluoxetine exposed fish, although mean metabolic and behavioural responses to predation threat were not affected. Overall, our study demonstrates that long-term exposure to a pervasive pharmaceutical pollutant alters ecologically relevant traits in fish and erodes among-individual variability, which may be detrimental to the stability of contaminated populations globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Giovanni Polverino
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sarah C Wiles
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maria M Palacios
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Candice L Bywater
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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24
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Wiles SC, Bertram MG, Martin JM, Tan H, Lehtonen TK, Wong BBM. Long-Term Pharmaceutical Contamination and Temperature Stress Disrupt Fish Behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8072-8082. [PMID: 32551542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural environments are subject to a range of anthropogenic stressors, with pharmaceutical pollution being among the fastest-growing agents of global change. However, despite wild animals living in complex multi-stressor environments, interactions between pharmaceutical exposure and other stressors remain poorly understood. Accordingly, we investigated effects of long-term exposure to the pervasive pharmaceutical contaminant fluoxetine (Prozac) and acute temperature stress on reproductive behaviors and activity levels in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Fish were exposed to environmentally realistic fluoxetine concentrations (measured average: 38 or 312 ng/L) or a solvent control for 15 months using a mesocosm system. Additionally, fish were subjected to one of three acute (24 h) temperature treatments: cold stress (18 °C), heat stress (32 °C), or a control (24 °C). We found no evidence for interactive effects of fluoxetine exposure and temperature stress on guppy behavior. However, both stressors had independent impacts. Fluoxetine exposure resulted in increased male coercive copulatory behavior, while fish activity levels were unaffected. Under cold-temperature stress, both sexes were less active and males exhibited less frequent reproductive behaviors. Our results demonstrate that long-term exposure to a common pharmaceutical pollutant and acute temperature stress alter fundamental fitness-related behaviors in fish, potentially shifting population dynamics in contaminated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Wiles
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901 83, Sweden
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hung Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Topi K Lehtonen
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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25
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Gauthier PT, Vijayan MM. Municipal wastewater effluent exposure disrupts early development, larval behavior, and stress response in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113757. [PMID: 31896476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While wastewater treatment standards have been progressively increasing, emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals can nonetheless pass through treatment and end up in our watersheds. Pharmaceuticals in the parts-per-billion range can impact fish behavior, survival, and recruitment in the wild. However, the ecological risk posed by whole municipal wastewater effluents (MWWE), a complex mixture, is not clear. This knowledge gap is particularly evident for early lifestages (ELS) of fish, and because effluent discharge events are typically short, the effects of short-term MWWE exposures to ELS fish are particularly important from an environmental perspective. Here we tested the effects of rapid 30-min exposures, and short-term 24- and 72-h exposures to MWWE on development, behaviors, and stress response in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, larvae, and juveniles. We obtained 24-h composite samples of tertiary-treated MWWE that contained a mixture of chemicals with affinities for serotonergic, adrenergic, dopaminergic, and ion-channel receptors. Embryos exposed to 5%, 10%, and 50% MWWE experienced developmental delays in somitogenesis and hatching rate, although there was no effect on survival. Embryonic photomotor responses were affected following 30-min and 24-h exposures to 10% and 50% MWWE, and larval visual motor responses were reduced from 24-h exposure to 10% MWWE. Exposure to 10% MWWE dulled the juvenile cortisol and lactate response following an acute air-exposure. Compromised behavioral and stress performances demonstrate the capacity of MWWE to impact phenotypes critical to the survival of fish in the environment. Taken together, we found that zebrafish were sensitive to toxic effects of MWWE at multiple life-stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Gauthier
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mathilakath M Vijayan
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, T2N 1N4, Alberta, Canada.
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26
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Portrais KB, Stevens MA, Trask CN, Mundy SN, Szetela JM, Bleakley BH, Dzieweczynski TL. Exposure to the ultraviolet filter benzophenone-3 (BP3) interferes with social behaviour in male Siamese fighting fish. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Martin JM, Saaristo M, Tan H, Bertram MG, Nagarajan-Radha V, Dowling DK, Wong BBM. Field-realistic antidepressant exposure disrupts group foraging dynamics in mosquitofish. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190615. [PMID: 31718515 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychoactive pollutants, such as antidepressants, are increasingly detected in the environment. Mounting evidence suggests that such pollutants can disrupt the behaviour of non-target species. Despite this, few studies have considered how the response of exposed organisms might be mediated by social context. To redress this, we investigated the impacts of two environmentally realistic concentrations of a pervasive antidepressant pollutant, fluoxetine, on foraging behaviour in fish (Gambusia holbrooki), tested individually or in a group. Fluoxetine did not alter behaviour of solitary fish. However, in a group setting, fluoxetine exposure disrupted the frequency of aggressive interactions and food consumption, with observed effects being contingent on both the mean weight of group members and the level of within-group variation in weight. Our results suggest that behavioural tests in social isolation may not accurately predict the environmental risk of chemical pollutants for group-living species and highlight the potential for social context to mediate the effects of psychoactive pollutants in exposed wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hung Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Damian K Dowling
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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28
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Tudor MS, Lopez-Anido RN, Yocius CA, Conlin SM, Hamlin HJ. Ecologically relevant arsenic exposure alters female mate preference and anxiety-like behavior in Betta splendens. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02646. [PMID: 31687501 PMCID: PMC6820098 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid pollutant that is commonly found in surface and groundwater worldwide. Toxicological effects of arsenic are relatively well-known, but much less studied are its effects on behavioral endpoints, which may have considerable evolutionary and population-level consequences. Here we investigated the effects of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of arsenic (0, 10 and 100 μg/L) for 96-hours on female preference for male color (i.e. red versus blue) in Betta splendens, an increasingly popular fish model for contaminant-induced behavioral dysfunction. Further, we examined whether arsenic exposure altered anxiety-like behaviors using a standard scototaxis test (preference for light or dark), as well as measured tissue cortisol concentrations to increase our understanding of possible mechanisms driving behavioral responses. We found exposure to 100 μg/L arsenic results in a loss of female preference for red males, and arsenic exposed females showed increased anxiety-like behavior. The loss in preference for male coloration may have been driven by anxiety, as preference for red was negatively correlated with anxiety-like behavior for all fish. Interestingly, increase in anxiety-like behavior occurred without a parallel increase in cortisol. Female preference for red colored males may confer fitness benefits, and this study highlights important arsenic-induced behavioral changes that could have population level consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scarlett Tudor
- University of Maine Cooperative Extension Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, 17 Godfrey Drive, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04473 USA.,Aquaculture Research Institute, Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center, York Complex #4, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Rebecca N Lopez-Anido
- School of Marine Sciences, 5751 Murray Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Charly A Yocius
- School of Marine Sciences, 5751 Murray Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Sarah M Conlin
- School of Marine Sciences, 5751 Murray Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Heather J Hamlin
- School of Marine Sciences, 5751 Murray Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA.,Aquaculture Research Institute, Margaret Chase Smith Policy Center, York Complex #4, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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29
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Deegan AM, Steinhauer RB, Feinn RS, Moeller MC, Pylypiw HM, Nabel M, Kovelowski CJ, Kaplan LAE. Modulation of brain serotonin by benzyl butyl phthalate in Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:1038-1045. [PMID: 31489593 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been known to alter important animal behaviors by modulating serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and dopamine. F. heteroclitus (mummichog) brain serotonin and dopamine levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following a 28-day exposure regimen involving daily doses of either 0.1 mg l-1 benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) dissolved in acetone or acetone alone (0.1 mg l-1). No differences in mean brain mass or total protein homogenate were induced by exposure to the acetone vehicle or BBP in acetone. The acetone vehicle had no effect on dopamine, serotonin, or tyrosine hydroxylase levels, but acetone did decrease tryptophan hydroxylase levels (p = 0.011). Exposure to BBP in acetone decreased dopamine (p = 0.024), increased serotonin (p < 0.001), reduced tryptophan hydroxylase as compared to the acetone vehicle alone (p < 0.001), and had no significant effect on tyrosine hydroxylase levels. This study is the first to report modulation of F. heteroclitus brain serotonin and its enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase following sub-lethal exposure to BBP in an acetone vehicle. In addition, modulation of brain dopamine in F. heteroclitus, sans simultaneous modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase, was also observed. These findings support the use of F. heteroclitus for assessing sub-lethal BBP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Deegan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mt. Carmel Ave., Hamden, CT, 06518, USA
| | - R B Steinhauer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mt. Carmel Ave., Hamden, CT, 06518, USA
| | - Richard S Feinn
- Frank H. Netter, MD - School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, 370 Bassett Road, North Haven, CT, 06473, USA
| | - Matthew C Moeller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mt. Carmel Ave., Hamden, CT, 06518, USA
| | - H M Pylypiw
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mt. Carmel Ave., Hamden, CT, 06518, USA
| | - M Nabel
- Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mt. Carmel Ave., Hamden, CT, 06518, USA
| | - C J Kovelowski
- Frank H. Netter, MD - School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, 370 Bassett Road, North Haven, CT, 06473, USA
| | - L A E Kaplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mt. Carmel Ave., Hamden, CT, 06518, USA.
- Frank H. Netter, MD - School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, 370 Bassett Road, North Haven, CT, 06473, USA.
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30
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Javanshir Khoei A, Forsatkar MN, Brown C. Behavioral and immunotoxic effects of Prograf® (tacrolimus) in the male Siamese fighting fish. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:1032-1037. [PMID: 31489591 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) has been extensively exploited in the behavioral and physiological toxicology studies of drugs. Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant drug largely used in liver and renal transplantations. Here we found that a 7-day exposure of male B. splendens to concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 µg/mL Prograf® (tacrolimus) caused alterations in aggression and immunity indexes. Tacrolimus exposed fish presented lower opercular display in a mirror test which is indicative of reduced aggression. In addition, serum levels of lysozyme, IgM, alternative complement, and bactericidal activity of subjects exposed to 0.1 µg/mL tacrolimus were lower than those from the control treatment. These results showed the behavioral impairment and immunotoxic impacts of tacrolimus in a model of aquatic toxicology. The results suggest fishes provide a possible model for better understanding of the drug action in vertebrates, and possible consequences for the environment via its effects on non-target organisms in an ecotoxicology context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Javanshir Khoei
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Culum Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Eastern Road, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Rodrigues A, Borges FO, Pissarra V, Luísa Maulvault A, Paula JR, Bispo R, Rosa R. First indication of deleterious impacts in white-seabream larvae (Diplodus sargus) survival and behaviour following acute venlafaxine exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:612-618. [PMID: 31154538 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater effluents are teeming with organisms, nutrients and chemical substances which water treatment processes fail to remove. Among these substances, pharmaceuticals such as antidepressants are a frequent occurrence, and have been reported to lead to severe effects in the physiology and behaviour of non-target marine species across taxa. Venlafaxine (VFX) is one of the most consistently prescribed substances for the treatment of human depressive disorders, acting as a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. In the present study, the potential effects of this antidepressant on the survival and key behaviours (i.e. movement, aggression and foraging) of white seabream (Diplodus sargus) larvae were addressed. Larvae were submitted to an acute exposure of two different VFX treatments (low concentration, 10 µg L-1; and high concentration, 100 µg L-1) for a total of 48 h. Sampling took place after 24 and 48 h of exposure. Overall, results showed a significant effect of a two-day exposure to VFX in larvae of D. sargus. Survival was significantly reduced by exposure to a high concentration, but behavioural effects of antidepressant exposure were subtle: i.e. increased attack frequency and temporary modulation of capture success. Further research efforts should be directed towards evaluating the potential chronic effects of antidepressants in marine species, if we are to anticipate possible pressures on natural populations, and effectively advice policymakers towards the investment in new and more efficient methods of wastewater treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodrigues
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Francisco O Borges
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal.
| | - Vasco Pissarra
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Maulvault
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
- Division of Aquaculture and Seafood Upgrading, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisboa, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - José R Paula
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Regina Bispo
- Departamento de Matemática & Centro de Matemática e Aplicações (CMA), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374, Cascais, Portugal
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Tisler S, Zindler F, Freeling F, Nödler K, Toelgyesi L, Braunbeck T, Zwiener C. Transformation Products of Fluoxetine Formed by Photodegradation in Water and Biodegradation in Zebrafish Embryos ( Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7400-7409. [PMID: 31136157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the transformation of the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX) by photo- and biodegradation and shows similarities and differences in transformation products (TPs). TPs were identified using LC-high-resolution mass spectrometry with positive and negative electrospray ionization. In a sunlight simulator, photodegradation was carried out using ultrapure water (pH 6, 8, and 10) and surface water (pH 8) to study the effect of direct and indirect photolysis, respectively. The well-known metabolite norfluoxetine (NFLX) proved to be a minor TP in photolysis (≤2% of degraded FLX). In addition, 26 TPs were detected, which were formed by cleavage of the phenolether bond ( O-dealkylation) which primarily formed 3-(methylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol (TP 166) and 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenol, by hydroxylation of the benzyl moiety, by CF3 substitution to benzoic aldehyde/acid, and by adduct formation at the amine group ( N-acylation with aldehydes and carboxylic acids). Higher pH favors the neutral species of FLX and the neutral/anionic species of primary TPs and, therefore, photodegradation. In zebrafish embryos, the bioconcentration factor of FLX was found to be 110, and about 1% of FLX taken up by the embryos was transformed to NFLX. Seven metabolites known from photodegradation and formed by hydrolysis, hydroxylation, and N-acylation as well as three new metabolites formed by N-hydroxylation, N-methylation, and attachment of an amine group were identified in zebrafish embryos. The study highlights the importance of considering a broad range of TPs of FLX in fresh water systems and in ecotoxicity tests and to include TP formation in both environmental processes and metabolism in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Tisler
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, ZAG , University of Tübingen , Hölderlinstrasse 12 , 72074 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Florian Zindler
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology , Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg 69120 , Germany
| | | | - Karsten Nödler
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser , 76139 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | | | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology , Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, Heidelberg 69120 , Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, ZAG , University of Tübingen , Hölderlinstrasse 12 , 72074 Tübingen , Germany
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USE OF ORAL FLUOXETINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL AGGRESSION IN TWO RED-NECKED WALLABIES (MACROPUS RUFOGRISEUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 48:922-924. [PMID: 28920807 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0023.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
: Abnormal inter- and intraspecies aggression, perceived to be anxiety related, was identified in two male red-necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus) housed within a zoo. Aggressive episodes were directed at conspecifics, other exhibit animals, and, in one case, human caretakers. The clinical use of oral fluoxetine (0.5 mg/kg po bid) for a period of approximately 4 mo was effective in eliminating aggression towards humans and other animals in these two individuals. There was no evidence of recrudescence of aggression in either case following discontinuation of therapy for up to 3 yr posttreatment. Other than a period of mild transient sedation in one animal, side effects were not noted with fluoxetine treatment in these cases. Additional studies on the pharmacokinetics and side effects of fluoxetine treatment for anxiety behaviors are warranted in wallabies.
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Bertram MG, Martin JM, Saaristo M, Ecker TE, Michelangeli M, Deal NDS, Lim SL, O'Bryan MK, Wong BBM. Context-specific behavioural changes induced by exposure to an androgenic endocrine disruptor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:177-187. [PMID: 30743111 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical contaminants are being detected with increased frequency in organisms and ecosystems worldwide. This represents a major environmental concern given that various pharmaceuticals act on drug targets that are evolutionarily conserved across diverse taxa, are often persistent in the environment, and can bioconcentrate in organisms and bioaccumulate in food chains. Despite this, relatively little is known about the potential for pharmaceutical contaminants to affect animal behaviour, especially across multiple fitness-related contexts. Here, we investigated impacts of 21-day exposure of wild-caught male eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) to a field-realistic level of the veterinary pharmaceutical 17β-trenbolone-a growth-promoting steroid used extensively in beef production worldwide and a potent androgenic endocrine disruptor repeatedly detected in surface waters affected by livestock effluent run-off. First, we examined male boldness, activity, and exploratory behaviour in a novel environment (maze arena) and found no significant effect of 17β-trenbolone exposure. Second, the same males were tested in a reproductive assay for their tendency to associate with a stimulus (unexposed) female behind a partition. Exposed males exhibited reduced association behaviour, taking longer to first associate with, and spending less time within close proximity to, a female. Third, all males were assayed for sperm function (computer-assisted sperm analysis, sperm viability) or quantity (total sperm count) and, although no significant main effects of 17β-trenbolone were seen on sperm traits, exposure altered the relationship between male morphology and sperm function. Lastly, morphological traits were assessed and exposed males were found to have, on average, increased mass relative to length. In combination, these results demonstrate that exposure to a field-realistic level of 17β-trenbolone can produce subtle but important trait alterations in male fish-including context-specific behavioural changes, disruption of key sperm function trade-offs, and altered morphology-with potential impacts on exposed wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiarne E Ecker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcus Michelangeli
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Nicholas D S Deal
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shu Ly Lim
- The Development and Stem Cells Program of Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; The Development and Stem Cells Program of Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Martin JM, Bertram MG, Saaristo M, Ecker TE, Hannington SL, Tanner JL, Michelangeli M, O'Bryan MK, Wong BBM. Impact of the widespread pharmaceutical pollutant fluoxetine on behaviour and sperm traits in a freshwater fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1771-1778. [PMID: 30278421 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical pollutants are detected in aquatic habitats and wildlife tissues globally. One widespread contaminant of major concern is the antidepressant fluoxetine, which can affect behavioural and physiological processes in non-target species. Despite this, effects of fluoxetine on wildlife behaviour have seldom been investigated across multiple fitness-related contexts, especially at environmentally realistic concentrations. Accordingly, we examined impacts of 35-day fluoxetine exposure at two environmentally relevant concentrations (31 and 374 ng/L) across a suite of fitness-related contexts in wild-caught male mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). First, we investigated anxiety-related behaviours (boldness, exploration and activity) in a novel environment (maze arena) and found no significant impacts of exposure. Second, we tested effects of fluoxetine in a reproductive context, including mating behaviour and sperm quality. We found that, relative to controls, fluoxetine exposure resulted in males spending a greater amount of time pursuing females. Further, low-exposed males were more likely to attempt copulation than unexposed males. Lastly, we investigated across-context behavioural correlations, and how fluoxetine exposure might affect such relationships. A significant positive correlation was detected in control fish between activity levels in the maze and time spent pursuing females in the reproductive assay. This relationship was disrupted by fluoxetine at both exposure levels. This is the first evidence that field-detected concentrations of a pharmaceutical pollutant can disturb across-context behavioural correlations in wildlife. Our findings provide clear evidence that fluoxetine can produce context-specific behavioural effects in fish and underscore how pharmaceutical exposure at field-detected concentrations can induce important shifts in wildlife behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Martin
- Monash University, School of Biological Sciences, Melbourne 3800, Australia.
| | - Michael G Bertram
- Monash University, School of Biological Sciences, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Minna Saaristo
- Monash University, School of Biological Sciences, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Tiarne E Ecker
- Monash University, School of Biological Sciences, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | | | - James L Tanner
- Monash University, School of Biological Sciences, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | | | - Moira K O'Bryan
- Monash University, School of Biological Sciences, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- Monash University, School of Biological Sciences, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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Fursdon JB, Martin JM, Bertram MG, Lehtonen TK, Wong BBM. The pharmaceutical pollutant fluoxetine alters reproductive behaviour in a fish independent of predation risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:642-652. [PMID: 30212693 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical pollutants constitute a major threat to wildlife because of their capacity to induce biological effects at low doses. One such pollutant is the antidepressant fluoxetine, which has been detected in surface waters globally at levels that recent studies suggest can alter physiology and behaviour in aquatic organisms. However, wildlife exposed to pharmaceutical contaminants are typically confronted with multiple stressors simultaneously, including predation risk, which is a particularly important natural stressor that can have direct (e.g. mortality) and indirect (e.g. changed prey behaviour) fitness effects. Accordingly, we investigated potential impacts of environmentally realistic fluoxetine exposure on reproductive behaviour in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) under predation risk. Specifically, we tested whether fluoxetine exposure altered mating behaviour in male and female guppies in the presence of either a predatory spangled perch (Leiopotherapon unicolor) or a non-predatory rainbowfish (Melanotaenia splendida) control. We found that fluoxetine and the presence of a predatory spangled perch did not interact to affect reproductive behaviour. We also found that, independent of a predatory threat, fluoxetine exposure altered male mating strategy, with males in the high treatment conducting significantly more coercive 'sneak' copulations, whereas the number of courtship displays performed was not significantly affected. Moreover, while fluoxetine exposure did not significantly affect the amount of time that males and females spent following one another, we found that females, but not males, followed a potential partner less when in the presence of the predatory fish. Finally, both sexes reacted to the risk of predation by spending less time in close proximity to a predator than a non-predator. In combination, our findings highlight the capacity of fluoxetine to influence processes of sexual selection at field-realistic concentrations and emphasise the importance of considering multiple stressors when assessing impacts of pharmaceutical pollutants on the behaviour of wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack B Fursdon
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Topi K Lehtonen
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Thoré ESJ, Steenaerts L, Philippe C, Grégoir AF, Brendonck L, Pinceel T. Improving the reliability and ecological validity of pharmaceutical risk assessment: Turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) as a model in behavioral ecotoxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:262-270. [PMID: 30357889 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are essential for human well-being, but their increasing and continuous use pollutes the environment. Although behavioral ecotoxicology is increasingly advocated to assess the effects of pharmaceutical pollution on wildlife and ecosystems, a consensus on the actual environmental risks is lacking for most compounds. The main limitation is the lack of standardized reproducible tests that are based on sensitive behavioral endpoints and that accommodate a high ecological relevance. In the present study, we assessed the impact of a 3-wk exposure to the antidepressant fluoxetine on multiple behavioral traits in the promising new model organism Nothobranchius furzeri (turquoise killifish). Overall, our study shows that fluoxetine can impact feeding behavior, habitat choice in a novel environment, and antipredator response of N. furzeri individuals; effects on spontaneous activity and exploration tendency were less pronounced. However, effects became only apparent when individuals were exposed to fluoxetine concentrations that were 10 times higher than typical concentrations in natural aquatic environments. Ecotoxicologists are challenged to maximize both the reliability and ecological validity of risk assessments of pollutants. Our study contributes to the development of a time- and cost-efficient, standardized ecotoxicological test based on sensitive, ecologically relevant behavioral endpoints in N. furzeri. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:262-270. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli S J Thoré
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laure Steenaerts
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Philippe
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Arnout F Grégoir
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Brendonck
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Tom Pinceel
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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38
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Barbosa HP, Lima-Maximino MG, Maximino C. Acute fluoxetine differently affects aggressive display in zebrafish phenotypes. Aggress Behav 2019; 45:62-69. [PMID: 30255506 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish have been introduced as a model organism in behavioral neuroscience and biological psychiatry, increasing the breadth of findings using fish to study the neurobiology of aggression. Phenotypic differences between leopard and longfin zebrafish were exploited in order to elucidate the role of phasic serotonin in aggressive displays on this species. The present study, revealed differences in aggressive display between leopard and longfin zebrafish, and a discrepant effect of acute fluoxetine in both populations. In mirror-induced aggression, leopard animals showed higher display latencies than longfin, as well as lower display duration and frequency (Experiment 1). Moreover, 2.5 mg/kg fluoxetine decreased the duration and frequency of display in longfin, but not leopard; and 5 mg/kg fluoxetine increased display frequency in leopard, but not longfin (Experiment 2). It is suggested that zebrafish from the longfin phenotype show more aggressive motivation and readiness in the mirror-induced aggression test than leopard, and that acute fluoxetine increases aggression in leopard and decreased it in longfin zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen P Barbosa
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Campus VIII/Marabá, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
| | - Monica G Lima-Maximino
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento "Frederico Guilherme Graeff", Departamento de Morfologia e Ciências Fisiológicas, Campus VIII/Marabá, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia-Rede BIONORTE, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
| | - Caio Maximino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia-Rede BIONORTE, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurociências e Comportamento, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
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39
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Venkatasubramanian H, Selvaraj V, Ramasamy M, Santhakumar K. Effect of Fadrozole Exposure on Socioreproductive Behaviors and Neurochemical Parameters in Betta splendens. Zebrafish 2018; 16:139-151. [PMID: 30523744 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2018.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of all-male population in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, has potential application in ornamental fish trade. In addition, the sexually dimorphic nature of aggressive behavior exhibited by this species has made it into an emerging model for behavioral studies. Fadrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, which has been used widely in masculinization, has captivated us to use it in this study. Twenty one days postfertilization (dpf), B. splendens fry were subjected to discrete immersion treatment with various concentrations of fadrozole, and eventually, analyses of various socioreproductive behaviors and analyses of stress markers such as dopamine in brain samples, sex hormones, cortisol, and glucose in plasma samples were performed. We observed that 91% of 50 μg/L fadrozole treated fish developed as males. Interestingly, reproductive analyses of these males gave rise to two subgroups (A and B). Subsequent sociobehavioral analyses demonstrated a timid and subdued behavior in subgroup B males. Furthermore, estimation of stress markers such as dopamine levels in the brain tissue, cortisol, and glucose levels in blood plasma and sex hormone levels in blood plasma exhibited an endocrine disruption-mediated stress leading to altered behavior in these males. These findings will help in understanding the fadrozole-mediated masculinization and behavioral alterations following endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemagowri Venkatasubramanian
- 1 Zebrafish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Velanganni Selvaraj
- 1 Zebrafish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Mohankumar Ramasamy
- 2 Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Kirankumar Santhakumar
- 1 Zebrafish Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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40
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Meijide FJ, Da Cuña RH, Prieto JP, Dorelle LS, Babay PA, Lo Nostro FL. Effects of waterborne exposure to the antidepressant fluoxetine on swimming, shoaling and anxiety behaviours of the mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:646-655. [PMID: 30096666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution from pharmaceuticals is increasingly recognized as a major hazard to the aquatic biota. Among the wide variety of pharmaceuticals, fluoxetine (FLX) is one of the most widely prescribed antidepressants, and therefore, it is frequently identified in the aquatic environment. As FLX is designed to alter human behaviour and many physiological pathways are conserved across vertebrates, this drug may affect the behaviour of fish living in FLX-polluted environments. Here, we exposed groups of female mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki to waterborne FLX for 14 days, under semi-static conditions with daily renewal of test solutions. Following exposure, we conducted a set of behavioural assays in individual fish, aimed at assessing the effects of FLX on their locomotor activity and behavioural responses. We found that FLX impaired swimming behaviour at high concentrations (25 μg/L and 50 μg/L) but not at low concentrations close to environmental levels (1 μg/L and 5 μg/L). When swimming activity was assessed 5 min after transfer of the focal fish to the testing tank, 50 μg/L FLX was the only concentration showing significant effects. However, when the same trials were performed 24 h later, 25 μg/L FLX turned out to be an effect concentration in addition to 50 μg/L. Interestingly, these concentrations would elicit fish plasma concentrations comprised within the range of human therapeutic doses. When subjected to a light/dark preference test, fish showed tendency to remain less time in the dark area at high FLX concentrations, thus suggesting an anti-anxiety response. Shoaling behaviour was not affected by FLX exposure. Our study contributes to the growing body of literature evaluating the effects of FLX on animal behaviour. Regarding the experimental design used in behavioural testing, our findings suggest that focal fish should be subjected to long habituation periods, namely of at least a few hours, in order to better assess the effects of drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Meijide
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Rodrigo H Da Cuña
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José P Prieto
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luciana S Dorelle
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola A Babay
- Gerencia Química, Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabiana L Lo Nostro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, CONICET-UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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41
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Whitlock SE, Pereira MG, Shore RF, Lane J, Arnold KE. Environmentally relevant exposure to an antidepressant alters courtship behaviours in a songbird. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:17-24. [PMID: 30071429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in the environment are a recently identified global threat to wildlife, including birds. Like other human pharmaceuticals, the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac) enters the environment via sewage and has been detected at wastewater treatment plants. Birds foraging on invertebrates at these sites can be exposed to pharmaceuticals, although the implications of exposure are poorly understood. We conducted experiments to test whether chronic exposure to a maximally environmentally relevant concentration of fluoxetine (2.7 μg day-1) altered courtship behaviour and female reproductive physiology in wild-caught starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), a species commonly found foraging on invertebrates at wastewater treatment plants. When paired with a female over two days, males sang less and were more aggressive towards fluoxetine-treated females than controls. Fluoxetine-treated females were initially aggressive towards males, becoming significantly less aggressive by the second day. In contrast, control females expressed intermediate levels of aggression throughout. We found no effect of female treatment on female courtship behaviour. Female body condition, circulating testosterone and circulating oestradiol were unaffected by treatment and did not account for male preference. Our findings suggest that exposure to an antidepressant reduced female attractiveness, adding to growing evidence that environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals can alter important traits related to individual fitness and population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia E Whitlock
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - M Glória Pereira
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Richard F Shore
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Julie Lane
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Kathryn E Arnold
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
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42
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Pan C, Yang M, Xu H, Xu B, Jiang L, Wu M. Tissue bioconcentration and effects of fluoxetine in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and red crucian cap (Carassius auratus) after short-term and long-term exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:8-14. [PMID: 29679789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetion (FLU) is an antidepressant pharmaceutical most commonly detected in the aquatic environment. The present study aims to elucidate the tissue accumulation and effects of FLU using two different fish models. First, the multiple effects and the FLU levels in fish, were examined in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to FLU concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000 μg/L) from 4 h post-fertilization (hpf) until 120 hpf. Exposure to FLU accelerated heart rates, postponed hatching time, and increased swimming speed of fish. A dynamic response of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was also displayed in the fish. Second, a 30-day exposure experiment using red crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was performed, and it found that the concentration of FLU in fish organs increased with increasing water concentrations, but the highest FLU bioconcentration was present in the lowest FLU exposure group (0.1 μg/L). Finally, 6 days of exposure to 0.1 μg/L of FLU followed by a 6-day clearance experiment was performed with both adult zebrafish and red crucian carp. The FLU levels in different fish organs increased as exposure time increased, but they sharply declined following the 6-day clearance. Correspondingly, the changes in brain AChE activity and in antioxidant parameters in the liver were consistent with the FLU levels in the fish organs. Our study provides fundamental data on the tissue accumulation and concentration-dependent effects in fish exposed to fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 China; Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 China.
| | - Hai Xu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Bentuo Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 China.
| | - Lihui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 China.
| | - Minghong Wu
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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43
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Bertram MG, Ecker TE, Wong BBM, O'Bryan MK, Baumgartner JB, Martin JM, Saaristo M. The antidepressant fluoxetine alters mechanisms of pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection in the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:238-247. [PMID: 29567445 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of aquatic habitats with pharmaceuticals is a major environmental concern. Recent studies have detected pharmaceutical pollutants in a wide array of ecosystems and organisms, with many of these contaminants being highly resistant to biodegradation and capable of eliciting sub-lethal effects in non-target species. One such pollutant is fluoxetine, a widely prescribed antidepressant, which is frequently detected in surface waters globally and can alter physiology and behaviour in aquatic organisms. Despite this, relatively little is known about the potential for fluoxetine to disrupt mechanisms of sexual selection. Here, we investigate the impacts of 30-day exposure to two environmentally realistic levels of fluoxetine (low and high) on mechanisms of pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection in the eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). We tested 1) male mating behaviour in the absence or presence of a competitor male, and 2) sperm quality and quantity. We found that high-fluoxetine exposure increased male copulatory behaviour in the absence of a competitor, while no effect was detected under male-male competition. Further, fluoxetine exposure at both concentrations increased total sperm count relative to males from the control group, while no significant change in sperm quality was observed. Lastly, low-fluoxetine males showed a significant reduction in condition index (mass relative to length). Our study is the first to show altered mechanisms of both pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection in an aquatic species resulting from environmentally realistic fluoxetine exposure, highlighting the capacity of pharmaceutical pollution to interfere with sensitive reproductive processes in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tiarne E Ecker
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Moira K O'Bryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; The Development and Stem Cells Program of Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B Baumgartner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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44
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MacLaren RD, Wisniewski K, MacLaren C. Environmental concentrations of metformin exposure affect aggressive behavior in the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197259. [PMID: 29763426 PMCID: PMC5953473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, the medicine most commonly prescribed for treatment of Type II diabetes, is among the most abundant pharmaceuticals being introduced into the environment. Pharmaceuticals are increasingly found in wastewater and surface waters around the world, often due to incomplete metabolism in humans and subsequent excretion in human waste. Risk analyses and exposure studies have raised concerns about potential negative impacts of pharmaceuticals at current environmental levels. Results of the present study indicate that metformin at concentrations in the range of what has been documented in freshwater systems and waste-water effluent (40 μg/L) affects aggressive behavior in adult male Betta splendens. Subjects exhibited less aggression toward a male dummy stimulus after four weeks exposure to metformin-treated water when compared to behavior measured immediately prior to their exposure, and in comparison to a separate cohort of un-exposed control fish. This effect persisted after 20 weeks exposure as well. Subjects exposed to metformin at a concentration twice that currently observed in nature (80 μg/L) exhibited an even more substantial reduction in aggressive behaviors compared to controls and pre-exposure measurements than those observed in the low-dose treatment group. Such changes in behavior have the potential to affect male fitness and possibly impact the health of natural populations of aquatic organisms exposed to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald David MacLaren
- Merrimack College Department of Biology, North Andover, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathryn Wisniewski
- Merrimack College Department of Biology, North Andover, MA, United States of America
| | - Christina MacLaren
- Merrimack College Department of Biology, North Andover, MA, United States of America
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David A, Lange A, Tyler CR, Hill EM. Concentrating mixtures of neuroactive pharmaceuticals and altered neurotransmitter levels in the brain of fish exposed to a wastewater effluent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:782-790. [PMID: 29202289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish can be exposed to a variety of neuroactive pharmaceuticals via the effluent discharges from wastewater treatment plants and concerns have arisen regarding their potential impacts on fish behaviour and ecology. In this study, we investigated the uptake of 14 neuroactive pharmaceuticals from a treated wastewater effluent into blood plasma and brain regions of roach (Rutilus rutilus) after exposure for 15days. We show that a complex mixture of pharmaceuticals including, 6 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, a serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, 3 atypical antipsychotics, 2 tricyclic antidepressants and a benzodiazepine, concentrate in different regions of the brain including the telencephalon, hypothalamus, optic tectum and hindbrain of effluent-exposed fish. Pharmaceuticals, with the exception of nordiazepam, were between 3-40 fold higher in brain compared with blood plasma, showing these neuroactive drugs are readily uptaken, into brain tissues in fish. To assess for the potential for any adverse ecotoxicological effects, the effect ratio was calculated from human therapeutic plasma concentrations (HtPCs) and the measured or predicted fish plasma concentrations of pharmaceuticals. After accounting for a safety factor of 1000, the effect ratios indicated that fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, sertraline, and amitriptyline warrant prioritisation for risk assessment studies. Furthermore, although plasma concentrations of all the pharmaceuticals were between 33 and 5714-fold below HtPCs, alterations in serotonin, glutamate, acetylcholine and tryptophan concentrations were observed in different brain regions of effluent-exposed fish. This study highlights the importance of determining the potential health effects arising from the concentration of complex environmental mixtures in risk assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur David
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Anke Lange
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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Dzieweczynski TL, Portrais KB, Stevens MA, Kane JL, Lawrence JM. Risky business: Changes in boldness behavior in male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, following exposure to an antiandrogen. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:1015-1021. [PMID: 29366512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Components of boldness, such as activity level and locomotion, influence an individual's ability to avoid predators and acquire resources, generating fitness consequences. The presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the aquatic environment may affect fitness by changing morphology or altering behaviors like courtship and exploration. Most research on EDC-generated behavioral effects has focused on estrogen mimics and reproductive endpoints. Far fewer studies have examined the effects of other types of EDCs or measured non-reproductive behaviors. EDCs with antiandrogenic properties are present in waterways yet we know little about their effects on exposed individuals although they may produce effects similar to those caused by estrogen mimics because they act on the same hormonal pathway. To examine the effects of antiandrogens on boldness, this study exposed male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, to a high or low dose of one of two antiandrogens, vinclozolin or flutamide, and observed behavior in three boldness assays, both before and after exposure. Overall, antiandrogen exposure increased boldness behavior, especially following exposure to the higher dose. Whether or not antiandrogen exposure influenced boldness, as well as the nature and intensity of the effect, was assay-dependent. This demonstrates the importance of studying EDC effects in a range of contexts and, at least within this species, suggests that antiandrogenic compounds may generate distinct physiological effects in different situations. How and why the behavioral effects differ from those caused by exposure to an estrogen mimic, as well as the potential consequences of increased activity levels, are discussed. Exposure to an antiandrogen, regardless of dose, produced elevated activity levels and altered shoaling and exploration in male Siamese fighting fish. These modifications may have fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Dzieweczynski
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA.
| | - Kelley B Portrais
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Megan A Stevens
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Jessica L Kane
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
| | - Jaslynn M Lawrence
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA
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Parrott JL, Metcalfe CD. Nest-defense behaviors in fathead minnows after lifecycle exposure to the antidepressant venlafaxine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:223-230. [PMID: 29175686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Venlafaxine is an antidepressant and anti-anxiety drug that has been detected in municipal wastewater at low μg/L concentrations. In this study, the nest-defense behavior of adult male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) was observed in fish exposed for a full lifecycle to venlafaxine nominal concentrations of 0.88, 8.8, and 88 μg/L (i.e. 1, 9.3, 75 μg/L mean measured concentrations). Nest-defense behaviors quantified were the time taken to contact a dummy intruder fish (on a flexible stick, held near each nest) and the number of contacts made during a 1 min period. In male fathead minnows exposed to venlafaxine over a full lifecycle at environmentally relevant nominal concentrations (i.e. 0.88 and 8.8 μg/L) no significant effects were observed in behavior. However, in males exposed over a full lifecycle to the highest concentration of venlafaxine (i.e. 88 μg/L), nest-defense behaviors were increased in males with empty nests, as shown by the significantly elevated percentage of empty-nest males that made contact with the dummy intruder fish (89%) relative to the lower percentage of contacts (65%) among the Control males (p = 0.046). Lifecycle exposure to high venlafaxine (88 μg/L) caused males to over-protect their empty nests. Environmental venlafaxine concentrations are approximately 70 x lower than this, so it is unlikely that behavioral changes from venlafaxine exposure would occur in the environment. Normal nest defense behaviours in control males varied, depending on whether they were protecting empty nests or nests with eggs. Compared to Control males with empty nests, more Control males with eggs in their nests made contact with the dummy intruder fish (p = 0.014), contact was faster (i.e. <10 s, p = 0.011), and they hit the dummy intruder fish more times in 1 min (p = 0.031) This study is the first to assess reproductive behaviors in fish exposed to an antidepressant over a full lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Chris D Metcalfe
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada
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Kellner M, Porseryd T, Porsch-Hällström I, Borg B, Roufidou C, Olsén KH. Developmental exposure to the SSRI citalopram causes long-lasting behavioural effects in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:12-22. [PMID: 29058178 PMCID: PMC5758650 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Selective Serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of psychotropic drugs used to treat depression in both adolescents and pregnant or breast-feeding mothers as well as in the general population. Recent research on rodents points to long-lasting behavioural effects of pre- and perinatal exposure to SSRIs which last into adulthood. In fish however, studies on effects of developmental exposure to SSRIs appears to be non-existent. In order to study effects of developmental SSRI exposure in fish, three-spine sticklebacks were exposed to 1.5 µg/l of the SSRI citalopram in the ambient water for 30 days, starting two days post-fertilisation. After approximately 100 days of remediation in clean water the fish were put through an extensive battery of behavioural tests. Feeding behaviour was tested as the number of bites against a piece of food and found to be increased in the exposed fish. Aggression levels were measured as the number of bites against a mirror image during 10 min and was also found to be significantly increased in the exposed fish. Novel tank behaviour and locomotor activity was tested in an aquarium that had a horizontal line drawn half-way between the bottom and the surface. Neither the latency to the first transition to the upper half, nor the number of transitions or the total time spent in the upper half was affected by treatment. Locomotor activity was significantly reduced in the exposed fish. The light/dark preference was tested in an aquarium where the bottom and walls were black on one side and white on the other. The number of transitions to the white side was significantly reduced in the exposed fish but there was no effect on the latency to the first transition or the total time spent in the white half. The results in the current study indicate that developmental SSRI exposure causes long-lasting behavioural effects in fish and contribute to the existing knowledge about SSRIs as environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kellner
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Alfred Nobels allé 7, SE-141 89, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - T Porseryd
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Alfred Nobels allé 7, SE-141 89, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - I Porsch-Hällström
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Alfred Nobels allé 7, SE-141 89, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - B Borg
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18 B, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Roufidou
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18 B, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K H Olsén
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Alfred Nobels allé 7, SE-141 89, Huddinge, Sweden
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Klimaszyk P, Rzymski P. Water and Aquatic Fauna on Drugs: What are the Impacts of Pharmaceutical Pollution? WATER MANAGEMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT: CASE STUDIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-79014-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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50
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McCallum ES, Krutzelmann E, Brodin T, Fick J, Sundelin A, Balshine S. Exposure to wastewater effluent affects fish behaviour and tissue-specific uptake of pharmaceuticals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:578-588. [PMID: 28672246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are increasingly being reported in wastewater effluents and surface waters around the world. The presence of these products, designed to modulate human physiology and behaviour, has created concern over whether PhACs similarly affect aquatic organisms. Though laboratory studies are beginning to address the effects of individual PhACs on fish behaviour, few studies have assessed the effects of exposure to complex, realistic wastewater effluents on fish behaviour. In this study, we exposed a wild, invasive fish species-the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus)-to treated wastewater effluent (0%, 50% or 100% effluent dilutions) for 28days. We then determined the impact of exposure on fish aggression, an important behaviour for territory acquisition and defense. We found that exposure to 100% wastewater effluent reduced the number of aggressive acts that round goby performed. We complimented our behavioural assay with measures of pharmaceutical uptake in fish tissues. We detected 11 of 93 pharmaceutical compounds that we tested for in round goby tissues, and we found that concentration was greatest in the brain followed by plasma, then gonads, then liver, and muscle. Fish exposed to 50% and 100% effluent had higher tissue concentrations of pharmaceuticals and concentrated a greater number of pharmaceutical compounds compare to control fish exposed to no (0%) effluent. Exposed fish also showed increased ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in liver tissue, suggesting that fish were exposed to planar halogenated/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHHs/PAHs) in the wastewater effluent. Our findings suggest that fish in effluent-dominated systems may have altered behaviours and greater tissue concentration of PhACs. Moreover, our results underscore the importance of characterizing exposure to multiple pollutants, and support using behaviour as a sensitive tool for assessing animal responses to complex contaminant mixtures, like wastewater effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S McCallum
- Department of Psychology Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Emily Krutzelmann
- Department of Psychology Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Sundelin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sigal Balshine
- Department of Psychology Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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