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Gozdzik J, Busta L, Jetter R. Leaf cuticular waxes of wild-type Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) and a wax-deficient mutant: Compounds with terminal and mid-chain functionalities. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107679. [PMID: 37121165 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticles cover aerial organs to limit non-stomatal water loss and protect against insects and pathogens. Cuticles contain complex mixtures of fatty acid-derived waxes, with various chain lengths and diverse functional groups. To further our understanding of the chemical diversity and biosynthesis of these compounds, this study investigated leaf cuticular waxes of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) wild type and a wax-deficient mutant. Leaf waxes were extracted with chloroform, separated using thin layer chromatography (TLC), and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extracts contained typical wax compound classes found in nearly all plant lineages but also two uncommon compound classes. Analyses of characteristic MS fragmentation patterns followed by comparisons with synthetic standards identified the latter as very-long-chain ketones and primary ketols. The ketols were minor compounds, with chain lengths ranging from C28 to C32 and carbonyls mainly on C-18 and C-20 in wild type wax, and a C28 chain with C-16 carbonyl in the mutant. The ketones made up 70% of total wax in the wild type, consisting mainly of C31 isomers with carbonyl group on C-14 or C-16. In contrast, the mutant wax comprised only 4% ketones, with chain lengths C27 and C29 and carbonyls predominantly on C-12 and C-14, respectively. A two-carbon homolog shift between wild type and mutant was also observed in the primary alcohols (a major wax compound class), whilst alkanes exhibited a four-carbon shift. Overall, the compositional data shed light on possible biosynthetic pathways to wax ketones that can be tested in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedrzej Gozdzik
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Remy P, Sarrazin E, Pérès C, Dugay J, David N, Vial J. Identification of novel compounds in rose absolute with gas chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐Alain Remy
- Chanel, Laboratoire Recherche et Analyses France
- LSABM, UMR CBI 8231 ESPCI Paris‐PSL Research University‐CNRS Paris France
| | | | | | - José Dugay
- LSABM, UMR CBI 8231 ESPCI Paris‐PSL Research University‐CNRS Paris France
| | | | - Jérôme Vial
- LSABM, UMR CBI 8231 ESPCI Paris‐PSL Research University‐CNRS Paris France
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Živković Stošić MZ, Radulović NS, Genčić MS, Ranđelović VN. Very-Long-Chain Wax Constituents from Primula veris and P. acaulis: Does the Paradigm of Non-Branched vs. Branched Chain Dominance Universally Hold in all Plant Taxa? Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100285. [PMID: 34028186 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein n-, iso- and anteiso-series of very-long-chained (VLC) alkanes (C21 -C35 ), fatty acid benzyl esters (FABEs; C20 -C32 ), and 2-alkanones (C23 -C35 ) were identified in the wax of Primula veris L. and P. acaulis (L.) L. (Primulaceae). For the very first time in a sample of natural origin, the presence of iso- and anteiso-VLC FABEs and 2-alkanones was unequivocally confirmed by synthetic work, derivatization, and NMR. It should be noted that the studied species produced unusually high amounts of branched wax constituents (e. g., >50 % of 2-alkanones were branched isomers). The domination of iso-isomers, probably biosynthesized from leucine-derived starters, is a unique feature in the Plant Kingdom. The plant organ distribution of these VLC compounds in P. acaulis samples (different habitats and phenological phases) pointed to their possible ecological value. This was supported by a eutectic behavior of binary blends of FABEs and alkanes, as well as by high UV-C absorption by FABEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Z Živković Stošić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Niko S Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Marija S Genčić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
| | - Vladimir N Ranđelović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000, Niš, Serbia
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Kaiser N, Manrique-Carpintero NC, DiFonzo C, Coombs J, Douches D. Mapping Solanum chacoense mediated Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) resistance in a self-compatible F 2 diploid population. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:2583-2603. [PMID: 32474611 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A major QTL on chromosome 2 associated with leptine biosynthesis and Colorado potato beetle resistance was identified in a diploid S. chacoense F2 population using linkage mapping and bulk-segregant analysis. We examined the genetic features underlying leptine glycoalkaloid mediated Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) host plant resistance in a diploid F2 mapping population of 233 individuals derived from Solanum chacoense lines USDA8380-1 and M6. The presence of foliar leptine glycoalkaloids in this population segregated as a single dominant gene and displayed continuous distribution of accumulated quantity in those individuals producing the compound. Using biparental linkage mapping, a major overlapping QTL region with partial dominance effects was identified on chromosome 2 explaining 49.3% and 34.1% of the variance in Colorado potato beetle field resistance and leptine accumulation, respectively. Association of this putative resistance region on chromosome 2 was further studied in an expanded F2 population in a subsequent field season. Loci significantly associated with leptine synthesis colocalized to chromosome 2. Significant correlation between increased leptine content and decreased Colorado potato beetle defoliation suggests a single QTL on chromosome 2. Additionally, a minor QTL with overdominance effects explaining 6.2% associated with Colorado potato beetle resistance donated by susceptible parent M6 was identified on chromosome 7. Bulk segregant whole genome sequencing of the same F2 population detected QTL associated with Colorado potato beetle resistance on chromosomes 2, 4, 6, 7, and 12. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis of parental lines and resistant and susceptible F2 individuals identified a tetratricopeptide repeat containing protein with a putative regulatory function and a previously uncharacterized acetyltransferase within the QTL region on chromosome 2, possibly under the control of a regulatory Tap46 subunit within the minor QTL on chromosome 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kaiser
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, 1130 C Molecular Plant Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | | | - Christina DiFonzo
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Joseph Coombs
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, 1130 C Molecular Plant Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David Douches
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, 1130 C Molecular Plant Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Papierowska E, Szatyłowicz J, Samborski S, Szewińska J, Różańska E. The Leaf Wettability of Various Potato Cultivars. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9040504. [PMID: 32295290 PMCID: PMC7238215 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf wettability has an impact on a plant's ability to retain water on its leaf surface, which in turn has many environmental consequences. In the case of the potato leaf (Solanum tuberosum L.), water on the leaf surface may contribute to the development of a fungal disease. If fungal disease is caused, this may reduce the size of potato harvests, which contribute significantly to meeting global food demand. The aim of this study was to assess the leaf wettability of five potato cultivars (i.e., Bryza, Lady Claire, Rudawa, Russet Burbank, Sweet Caroline) in the context of its direct and indirect impact on potato yield. Leaf wettability was assessed on the basis of contact angle measurements using a sessile drop method with an optical goniometer. For Bryza and Rudawa cultivars, which showed, respectively, the highest and the lowest contact angle values, light microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed. The results of the contact angle measurements and microscopic image analyses of the potato leaf surfaces indicated that the level of wettability was closely related to the type of trichomes on the leaf and their density. Therefore, higher resistance of the Rudawa cultivar to biotic stress conditions could be the result of the presence of two glandular trichome types (VI and VII), which produce and secrete metabolites containing various sticky and/or toxic chemicals that may poison or repel herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Papierowska
- Water Centre, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Jana Ciszewskiego 6, 02-766 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Szatyłowicz
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Stanisław Samborski
- Institute of Agriculture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Szewińska
- Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (E.R.)
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Analysis of the cuticular wax composition and ecophysiological studies in an arid plant - Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 27:318-323. [PMID: 31889853 PMCID: PMC6933168 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants in arid regions are exposed to various abiotic stresses and the presence of the waxy cuticular layer acts as a defensive barrier, which consists mainly of long chain fatty acids, hydrocarbons and other derived compounds. Studies on the chemical composition and properties of cuticles of arid plants are scanty. The present study deals with the analysis of cuticular wax composition and effect of temperature on some ecophysiological parameters of an important arid plant Ziziphus nummularia. A total of 59 different wax compounds were detected from the leaf cuticle by capillary GC-MS. 4-Hydroxycyclohexanone, Heptacosane and 2,7-Dimethyloctane-3,5-dione were the dominant wax compounds in Z. nummularia. The variation of photosynthetic rate varied from 0.70 to 7.70 µmol CO2 m-2s-1 against the studied temperature range of 15-55 °C. The transpiration rate varies from 1.80 to 8.40 mmol H2O m-2s-1 within the temperature range of 15-55 °C. The quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) also exhibited much variation due to the variation of temperature. The results clearly shows that Z. nummularia is highly adapted to restrict water loss and can tolerate high temperatures and can be considered as an appropriate species for vegetating the arid areas.
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Chemical and Transcriptomic Analysis of Cuticle Lipids under Cold Stress in Thellungiella salsuginea. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184519. [PMID: 31547275 PMCID: PMC6770325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cuticle lipids form outer protective layers to resist environmental stresses; however, the relationship between cuticle properties and cold tolerance is unclear. Here, the extremophyte Thellungiella salsuginea was stressed under cold conditions (4 °C) and the cuticle of rosette leaves was examined in terms of epicuticular wax crystal morphology, chemical composition, and cuticle-associated gene expression. The results show that cold induced formation of distinct lamellas within the cuticle ultrastructure. Cold stress caused 14.58% and 12.04% increases in the amount of total waxes and cutin monomer per unit of leaf area, respectively, probably associated with the increase in total fatty acids. The transcriptomic analysis was performed on rosette leaves of Thellungiella exposed to cold for 24 h. We analyzed the expression of 72 genes putatively involved in cuticle lipid metabolism, some of which were validated by qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) after both 24 h and one week of cold exposure. Most cuticle-associated genes exhibited higher expression levels under cold conditions, and some key genes increased more dramatically over the one week than after just 24 h, which could be associated with increased amounts of some cuticle components. These results demonstrate that the cuticle provides some aspects of cold adaptation in T. salsuginea.
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Guo Y, Li JJ, Busta L, Jetter R. Coverage and composition of cuticular waxes on the fronds of the temperate ferns Pteridium aquilinum, Cryptogramma crispa, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Polystichum munitum and Gymnocarpium dryopteris. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:555-568. [PMID: 30252045 PMCID: PMC6153475 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cuticular waxes sealing plant surfaces against excessive water loss are complex mixtures of very-long-chain aliphatics, with compositions that vary widely between plant species. To help fill the gap in our knowledge about waxes of non-flowering plant taxa, and thus about the cuticle of ancestral land plants, this study provides comprehensive analyses of waxes on temperate fern species from five different families. METHODS The wax mixtures on fronds of Pteridium aquilinum, Cryptogramma crispa, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Polystichum munitum and Gymnocarpium dryopteris were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for identification, and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection for quantification. KEY RESULTS The wax mixtures from all five fern species contained large amounts of C36-C54 alkyl esters, with species-specific homologue distributions. They were accompanied by minor amounts of fatty acids, primary alcohols, aldehydes and/or alkanes, whose chain length profiles also varied widely between species. In the frond wax of G. dryopteris, C27-C33 secondary alcohols and C27-C35 ketones with functional groups exclusively on even-numbered carbons (C-10 to C-16) were identified; these are characteristic structures similar to secondary alcohols and ketones in moss, gymnosperm and basal angiosperm waxes. The ferns had total wax amounts varying from 3.9 μg cm-2 on P. glycyrrhiza to 16.9 μg cm-2 on G. dryopteris, thus spanning a range comparable with that on leaves of flowering plants. CONCLUSIONS The characteristic compound class compositions indicate that all five fern species contain the full complement of wax biosynthesis enzymes previously described for the angiosperm arabidopsis. Based on the isomer profiles, we predict that each fern species, in contrast to arabidopsis, has multiple ester synthase enzymes, each with unique substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jia Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Present address: Center for Plant Science Innovation, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Rodríguez-Pérez C, Gómez-Caravaca AM, Guerra-Hernández E, Cerretani L, García-Villanova B, Verardo V. Comprehensive metabolite profiling of Solanum tuberosum L. (potato) leaves by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS. Food Res Int 2018; 112:390-399. [PMID: 30131151 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the non-targeted metabolite profiling of potato leaves using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS). The mass accuracy, true isotopic pattern in both MS and MS/MS spectra provided by QTOF-MS made possible the tentative identification of 109 compounds present in potato leaves, including organic acids, amino acids and derivatives, phenolic acids, flavonoids, iridoids, oxylipins and other polar and semi-polar compounds. Among them, 32 compounds have been found for the first time in potato leaf and in the Solanaceae family. Quinic acid and its derivatives represented more than 45% of the bioactive compounds quantified in the extract. Derivatives of hydroxybenzoic acid and gentisic acid were also founded at considerable concentrations. This study shed light on the composition of potato leaf extract and will serve as a base for further research into activities of the various compounds found in this matrix which has demonstrated a potential use as functional ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana María Gómez-Caravaca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Guerra-Hernández
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Belen García-Villanova
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Vito Verardo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology 'José Mataix', Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Sun H, Guo S, Nan Y, Ma R. Direct determination of surfactant effects on the uptake of gaseous parent and alkylated PAHs by crop leaf surfaces. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 154:206-213. [PMID: 29476969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The partitioning of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into crop systems raises concerns about their potential harm to ecosystem and human health. To assess parent and alkylated PAHs accumulation accurately, the uptake of individual 7-isopropyl-1-methylphenanthrene (Retene), 3-methyl-phenanthrene (3-MP) and phenanthrene (Phe) by living maize, soybean and potato leaf surfaces, as well as the effects of cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) and anionic sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), were examined in situ using fiber-optic fluorimetry. For each of three PAH chemicals, the uptake achieved equilibrium between the air and living crop leaf surfaces within the 120-h monitoring period. There is inter-chemical and inter-species variability in terms of both the time required reaching equilibrium, the equilibrated adsorption concentration (EAC) and the overall air-surfaces mass transfer coefficient (kAS). The EAC of the three PAHs for each of the three crops' leaf surfaces increased with the number of alkyl substitutions on the aromatic ring. For any given PAHs, the EAC values followed the sequence of potato > soybean > maize, which was dominantly controlled by their leaf surface polarity index ((O+N)/C). The presence of CTMAB and SDBS increased the EAC of PAHs in the three crops' leaf surfaces by 6.5-17.1%, due to the plasticizing effect induced by the surface-sorbed surfactants, and the enhancement degree was closely associated with leaf-wax content and lg KOW values of PAHs. In addition, the two surfactants promoted the kAS values of the three chemicals by 7.7-23.3%. These results demonstrated that surfactants promoted the uptake of PAHs onto the crop leaf surfaces, potentially threatening the agricultural product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Sun
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Shuai Guo
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yanli Nan
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ruiyao Ma
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Busta L, Jetter R. Structure and Biosynthesis of Branched Wax Compounds on Wild Type and Wax Biosynthesis Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1059-1074. [PMID: 28407124 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a waxy composite that protects the aerial organs of land plans from non-stomatal water loss. The chemical make-up of the cuticular wax mixture plays a central role in defining the water barrier, but structure-function relationships have not been established so far, in part due to gaps in our understanding of wax structures and biosynthesis. While wax compounds with saturated, linear hydrocarbon tails have been investigated in detail, very little is known about compounds with modified aliphatic tails, which comprise substantial portions of some plant wax mixtures. This study aimed to investigate the structures, abundances and biosynthesis of branched compounds on the species for which wax biosynthesis is best understood: Arabidopsis thaliana. Microscale derivatization, mass spectral interpretation and organic synthesis identified homologous series of iso-alkanes and iso-alcohols on flowers and leaves, respectively. These comprised approximately 10-15% of wild type wax mixtures. The abundances of both branched wax constituents and accompanying unbranched compounds were reduced on the cer6, cer3 and cer1 mutants but not cer4, indicating that branched compounds are in part synthesized by the same machinery as unbranched compounds. In contrast, the abundances of unbranched, but not branched, wax constituents were reduced on the cer2 and cer26 mutants, suggesting that the pathways to both types of compounds deviate in later steps of chain elongation. Finally, the abundances of branched, but not unbranched, wax compounds were reduced on the cer16 mutant, and the (uncharacterized) CER16 protein may therefore be controlling the relative abundances of iso-alkanes and iso-alcohols on Arabidopsis surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Guo Y, Jetter R. Comparative Analyses of Cuticular Waxes on Various Organs of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3926-3933. [PMID: 28467851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of cuticular waxes coat plant surfaces to seal them against environmental stresses, with compositions greatly varying between species and possibly organs. This paper reports comprehensive analyses of the waxes on both above- and below-ground organs of potato, where total wax coverages varied between petals (2.6 μg/cm2), leaves, stems, and tubers (1.8-1.9 μg/cm2), and rhizomes (1.1 μg/cm2). The wax mixtures on above-ground organs were dominated by alkanes, occurring in homologous series of isomeric C25-C35 n-alkanes, C25-C35 2-methylalkanes, and C26-C34 3-methylalkanes. In contrast, below-ground organs had waxes rich in monoacylglycerols (C22-C28 acyls) and C18-C30 alkyl ferulates, together with fatty acids (rhizomes) or primary alcohols (tubers). The organ-specific wax coverages, compound class distribution, and chain length profiles suggest highly regulated activities of wax biosynthesis enzymes, likely related to organ-specific ecophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University , Chongqing 400716, China
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia , 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia , 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Xu X, Xiao L, Feng J, Chen N, Chen Y, Song B, Xue K, Shi S, Zhou Y, Jenks MA. Cuticle lipids on heteromorphic leaves of Populus euphratica Oliv. growing in riparian habitats differing in available soil moisture. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 158:318-330. [PMID: 27184005 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Populus euphratica is an important native tree found in arid regions from North Africa and South Europe to China, and is known to tolerate many forms of environmental stress, including drought. We describe cuticle waxes, cutin and cuticle permeability for the heteromorphic leaves of P. euphratica growing in two riparian habitats that differ in available soil moisture. Scanning electron microscopy revealed variation in epicuticular wax crystallization associated with leaf type and site. P. euphratica leaves are dominated by cuticular wax alkanes, primary-alcohols and fatty acids. The major cutin monomers were 10,16-diOH C16:0 acids. Broad-ovate leaves (associated with adult phase growth) produced 1.3- and 1.6-fold more waxes, and 2.1- and 0.9-fold more cutin monomers, than lanceolate leaves (associated with juvenile phase growth) at the wetter site and drier site, respectively. The alkane-synthesis-associated ECERIFERUM1 (CER1), as well as ABC transporter- and elongase-associated genes, were expressed at much higher levels at the drier than wetter sites, indicating their potential function in elevating leaf cuticle lipids in the dry site conditions. Higher cuticle lipid amounts were closely associated with lower cuticle permeability (both chlorophyll efflux and water loss). Our results implicate cuticle lipids as among the xeromorphic traits associated with P. euphratica adult-phase broad-ovate leaves. Results here provide useful information for protecting natural populations of P. euphratica and their associated ecosystems, and shed new light on the functional interaction of cuticle and leaf heterophylly in adaptation to more arid, limited-moisture environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Jinchao Feng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China.
| | - Ningmei Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Buerbatu Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Kun Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Sha Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 27 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
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Racovita RC, Hen-Avivi S, Fernandez-Moreno JP, Granell A, Aharoni A, Jetter R. Composition of cuticular waxes coating flag leaf blades and peduncles of Triticum aestivum cv. Bethlehem. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 130:182-92. [PMID: 27264640 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The work herein presents comprehensive analyses of the cuticular wax mixtures covering the flag leaf blade and peduncle of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Bethlehem. Overall, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Flame Ionization Detection revealed a wax coverage of flag leaf blades (16 μg/cm(2)) a third that of peduncles (49 μg/cm(2)). Flag leaf blade wax was dominated by 1-alkanols, while peduncle wax contained primarily β-diketone and hydroxy-β-diketones, thus suggesting differential regulation of the acyl reduction and β-diketone biosynthetic pathways in the two analyzed organs. The characteristic chain length distributions of the various wax compound classes are discussed in light of their individual biosynthetic pathways and biosynthetic relationships between classes. Along with previously reported wheat wax compound classes (fatty acids, 1-alkanols, 1-alkanol esters, aldehydes, alkanes, β-diketone, hydroxy-β-diketones, alkylresorcinols and methyl alkylresorcinols), esters of 2-alkanols and three types of aromatic esters (benzyl, phenethyl and p-hydroxyphenethyl) are also reported. In particular, 2-heptanol esters were identified. Detailed analyses of the isomer distributions within 1-alkanol and 2-alkanol ester homologs revealed distinct patterns of esterified acids and alcohols, suggesting several wax ester synthases with very different substrate preferences in both wheat organs. Terpenoids, including two terpenoid esters, were present only in peduncle wax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu C Racovita
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Shelly Hen-Avivi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | | | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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15
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Busta L, Budke JM, Jetter R. The moss Funaria hygrometrica has cuticular wax similar to vascular plants, with distinct composition on leafy gametophyte, calyptra and sporophyte capsule surfaces. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:511-22. [PMID: 27489161 PMCID: PMC4998987 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aerial surfaces of land plants are covered with a waxy cuticle to protect against water loss. The amount and composition of cuticular waxes on moss surfaces had rarely been investigated. Accordingly, the degree of similarity between moss and vascular plant waxes, and between maternal and offspring moss structure waxes is unknown. To resolve these issues, this study aimed at providing a comprehensive analysis of the waxes on the leafy gametophyte, gametophyte calyptra and sporophyte capsule of the moss Funaria hygrometrica METHODS Waxes were extracted from the surfaces of leafy gametophytes, gametophyte calyptrae and sporophyte capsules, separated by gas chromatography, identified qualitatively with mass spectrometry, and quantified with flame ionization detection. Diagnostic mass spectral peaks were used to determine the isomer composition of wax esters. KEY RESULTS The surfaces of the leafy gametophyte, calyptra and sporophyte capsule of F. hygrometrica were covered with 0·94, 2·0 and 0·44 μg cm(-2) wax, respectively. While each wax mixture was composed of mainly fatty acid alkyl esters, the waxes from maternal and offspring structures had unique compositional markers. β-Hydroxy fatty acid alkyl esters were limited to the leafy gametophyte and calyptra, while alkanes, aldehydes and diol esters were restricted to the sporophyte capsule. Ubiquitous fatty acids, alcohols, fatty acid alkyl esters, aldehydes and alkanes were all found on at least one surface. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to determine wax coverage (μg cm(-2)) on a moss surface, enabling direct comparisons with vascular plants, which were shown to have an equal amount or more wax than F. hygrometrica Wax ester biosynthesis is of particular importance in this species, and the ester-forming enzyme(s) in different parts of the moss may have different substrate preferences. Furthermore, the alkane-forming wax biosynthesis pathway, found widely in vascular plants, is active in the sporophyte capsule, but not in the leafy gametophyte or calyptra. Overall, wax composition and coverage on F. hygrometrica were similar to those reported for some vascular plant species, suggesting that the underlying biosynthetic processes in plants of both lineages were inherited from a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jessica M Budke
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California - Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Haliński Ł, Stepnowski P. Fractionation of Cuticular Waxes from the Leaves of Solanaceae Plant Species Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.27.2015.4.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Racovita RC, Peng C, Awakawa T, Abe I, Jetter R. Very-long-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids, 3-hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters and 2-alkanols from cuticular waxes of Aloe arborescens leaves. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 113:183-94. [PMID: 25200334 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed at a comprehensive chemical characterization of the cuticular wax mixtures covering leaves of the monocot species Aloe arborescens. The wax mixtures were found to contain typical aliphatic compound classes in characteristic chain length distributions, including alkanes (predominantly C31), primary alcohols (predominantly C28), aldehydes (predominantly C32), fatty acid methyl esters (predominantly C28) and fatty acids (bimodal distribution around C32 and C28). Alkyl esters ranging from C42 to C52 were identified, and found to mainly contain C28 alcohol linked to C16-C20 acids. Three other homologous series were identified as 3-hydroxy fatty acids (predominantly C28), their methyl esters (predominantly C28), and 2-alkanols (predominantly C31). Based on structural similarities and homolog distributions, the biosynthetic pathways leading to these novel wax constituents can be hypothesized. Further detailed analyses showed that the A. arborescens leaf was covered with 15 μg/cm(2) wax on its adaxial side and 36 μg/cm(2) on the abaxial side, with 3:2 and 1:1 ratios between epicuticular and intracuticular wax layers on each side, respectively. Terpenoids were found mainly in the intracuticular waxes, whereas very-long-chain alkanes and fatty acids accumulated to relatively high concentrations in the epicuticular wax, hence near the true surface of the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu C Racovita
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chen Peng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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18
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The chemical composition of cuticular waxes from leaves of the gboma eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon L.). J Food Compost Anal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Host Sex Discrimination by an Egg Parasitoid on Brassica Leaves. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:622-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-9957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Zhang LX, Yun YF, Liang YZ, Cao DS. Discovery of mass spectral characteristics and automatic identification of wax esters from gas chromatography mass spectrometry data. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3695-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Ganapaty S, Rao DV, Pannakal ST. A Phenethyl bromo ester from Citharexylum fruticosum. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new compound, (2 S)- p-hydroxyphenethyl 2-bromo-2-methyldodeconate (1) and 7,3′-dimethoxy-5,4′-dihydroxy flavone, together with lupeol and stigmasterol were isolated from the stem bark of Citharexylum fruticosum (Verbenaceae). The structures of the compounds were established on the basis of the interpretation of NMR (1H, 13C, COSY and HMBC) spectra, as well as low and high-resolution mass spectrometric data. In this paper, we report on the structure elucidation of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seru Ganapaty
- Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Division, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Desaraju Venkata Rao
- Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Division, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Steve Thomas Pannakal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Madhav nagar, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka-576 104, India
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22
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Řezanka T, Sigler K. Odd-numbered very-long-chain fatty acids from the microbial, animal and plant kingdoms. Prog Lipid Res 2009; 48:206-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Haliński ŁP, Szafranek J, Szafranek BM, Gołębiowski M, Stepnowski P. Chromatographic fractionation and analysis of the main components of eggplant (Solanum melongenaL.) leaf cuticular waxes. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.21.2009.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kim KS, Park SH, Jenks MA. Changes in leaf cuticular waxes of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plants exposed to water deficit. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 164:1134-43. [PMID: 16904233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops, having seeds and oil that are highly valued as a traditional health food. The objective of this study was to evaluate leaf cuticular wax constituents across a diverse selection of sesame cultivars, and the responses of these waxes to drought-induced wilting. Water-deficit was imposed on 18 sesame cultivars by withholding irrigation for 15d during the post-flowering stage, and the effect on seed yield and leaf waxes compared with a well-watered control. Leaf cuticular waxes were dominated by alkanes (59% of total wax), with aldehydes being the next-most abundant class. Compared to well-irrigated plants, drought treatment caused an increase in wax amount on most cultivars, with only three cultivars having a notable reduction. When expressed as an average across all cultivars, drought treatment caused a 30% increase in total wax amount, with a 34% increase in total alkanes, a 13% increase in aldehydes, and a 28% increase in the total of unknowns. In all cultivars, the major alkane constituents were the C27, C29, C31, C33, and C35 homologs, whereas the major aldehydes were the C30, C32, and C34 homologs, and drought exposure had only minor effects on the chain length distribution within these and other wax classes. Drought treatments caused a large decrease in seed yield per plant, but did not affect the mean weight of individual seeds, showing that sesame responds to post-flowering drought by reducing seed numbers, but not seed size. Seed yield was inversely correlated with the total wax amount (-0.466*), indicating that drought induction of leaf wax deposition does not contribute directly to seed set. Further studies are needed to elucidate the ecological role for induction of the alkane metabolic pathway by drought in regulating sesame plant survival and seed development in water-limiting environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Su Kim
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea
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Interaction of Plant Epicuticular Waxes and Extracellular Esterases of Curvularia eragrostidis during Infection of Digitaria sanguinalis and Festuca arundinacea by the Fungus. Int J Mol Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.3390/i7090346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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