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Kaulfürst-Soboll H, Mertens-Beer M, Brehler R, Albert M, von Schaewen A. Complex N-Glycans Are Important for Normal Fruit Ripening and Seed Development in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:635962. [PMID: 33767719 PMCID: PMC7985349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.635962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Complex N-glycan modification of secretory glycoproteins in plants is still not well understood. Essential in animals, where a lack of complex N-glycans is embryo-lethal, their presence in plants seemed less relevant for a long time mostly because Arabidopsis thaliana cgl1 mutants lacking N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase I (GNTI, the enzyme initiating complex N-glycan maturation in the Golgi apparatus) are viable and showed only minor impairments regarding stress tolerance or development. A different picture emerged when a rice (Oryza sativa) gntI T-DNA mutant was found to be unable to reach the reproductive stage. Here, we report on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) lines that showed severe impairments upon two RNA interference (RNAi) approaches. Originally created to shed light on the role of core α1,3-fucose and β1,2-xylose residues in food allergy, plants with strongly reduced GNTI activity developed necrotic fruit-attached stalks and early fruit drop combined with patchy incomplete ripening. Correspondingly, semiquantitative RT-PCR of the abscission zone (az) revealed an increase of abscission markers. Also, GNTI-RNA interference (RNAi) plants were more susceptible to sporadic infection. To obtain vital tomatoes with comparable low allergenic potential, Golgi α-mannosidase II (MANII) was chosen as the second target. The resulting phenotypes were oppositional: MANII-reduced plants carried normal-looking fruits that remained attached for extended time without signs of necrosis. Fruits contained no or only few, but enlarged, seeds. Furthermore, leaves developed rolled-up rims simultaneously during the reproductive stage. Trials to cross MANII-reduced plants failed, while GNTI-reduced plants could be (back-)crossed, retaining their characteristic phenotype. This phenotype could not be overcome by ethephon or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) application, but the latter was able to mimic patchy fruit ripening in wild-type. Phytohormones measured in leaves and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) contents in fruits showed no significant differences. Together, the findings hint at altered liberation/perception of protein-bound N-glycans, known to trigger auxin-like effects. Concomitantly, semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed differences in auxin-responsive genes, indicating the importance of complex N-glycan modification for hormone signaling/crosstalk. Another possible role of altered glycoprotein life span seems subordinate, as concluded from transient expression of Arabidopsis KORRIGAN KOR1-GFP fusion proteins in RNAi plants of Nicotiana benthamiana. In summary, our analyses stress the importance of complex N-glycan maturation for normal plant responses, especially in fruit-bearing crops like tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Randolf Brehler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Antje von Schaewen, ;
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Okada T, Ihara H, Ikeda Y. Characterization of MiFUT11 from Mangifera indica L.: A functional core α1,3-fucosyltransferase potentially involved in the biosynthesis of immunogenic carbohydrates in mango fruit. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 165:112050. [PMID: 31252202 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, asparagine-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) in glycoproteins carry unique carbohydrate epitopes, namely, a core α1,3-fucose and/or a β1,2-xylose, which are common determinants responsible for the cross-reactivity of plant glycoproteins due to their strong immunogenicity. While these determinants and the relevant genes have been well characterized for herbaceous plants, information concerning whether many food plants cross-react with airborne pollens is not available. In this paper, we report on the characterization of a novel core α1,3-fucosyltransferase gene identified from Mangifera indica L., one of the major plants potentially related to food allergy. Based on sequence information of plant homologues, we amplified a candidate cDNA (MiFUT11) from pericarp tissue. An in vitro assay demonstrated that the recombinant MiFUT11 protein transfers a fucose unit onto both non-fucosylated and core α1,6-fucosylated oligosaccharides. A glycoform analysis using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry showed that the introduction of the MiFUT11 cDNA increased the production of a core α1,3- and α1,6-fucosylated pauci-mannosidic oligosaccharide in Spodoptera Sf21 cells. Our findings suggest that MiFUT11 is a functional core α1,3-fucosyltransferase gene that is involved in the assembly of cross-reactive N-glycans in mango fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Okada
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Ihara
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
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Nagashima Y, von Schaewen A, Koiwa H. Function of N-glycosylation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:70-79. [PMID: 30080642 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation is one of the major post-translational modifications in eukaryotic cells. In lower unicellular eukaryotes, the known functions of N-glycans are predominantly in protein folding and quality control within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In multicellular organisms, complex N-glycans are important for developmental programs and immune responses. However, little is known about the functions of complex N-glycans in plants. Formed in the Golgi apparatus, plant complex N-glycans have structures distinct from their animal counterparts due to a set of glycosyltransferases unique to plants. Severe basal underglycosylation in the ER lumen induces misfolding of newly synthesized proteins, which elicits the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER protein quality control (ERQC) pathways. The former promotes higher capacity of proper protein folding and the latter degradation of misfolded proteins to clear the ER. Although our knowledge on plant complex N-glycan functions is limited, genetic studies revealed the importance of complex N-glycans in cellulose biosynthesis and growth under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nagashima
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Molekulare Physiologie der Pflanzen, Institut für Biologie & Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Kaneko K, Takamatsu T, Inomata T, Oikawa K, Itoh K, Hirose K, Amano M, Nishimura SI, Toyooka K, Matsuoka K, Pozueta-Romero J, Mitsui T. N-Glycomic and Microscopic Subcellular Localization Analyses of NPP1, 2 and 6 Strongly Indicate that trans-Golgi Compartments Participate in the Golgi to Plastid Traffic of Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterases in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1610-28. [PMID: 27335351 PMCID: PMC4970613 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPs) are widely distributed N-glycosylated enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic breakdown of numerous nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. In many plant species, NPPs are encoded by a small multigene family, which in rice are referred to NPP1-NPP6 Although recent investigations showed that N-glycosylated NPP1 is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi system to the chloroplast through the secretory pathway in rice cells, information on N-glycan composition and subcellular localization of other NPPs is still lacking. Computer-assisted analyses of the amino acid sequences deduced from different Oryza sativa NPP-encoding cDNAs predicted all NPPs to be secretory glycoproteins. Confocal fluorescence microscopy observation of cells expressing NPP2 and NPP6 fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) revealed that NPP2 and NPP6 are plastidial proteins. Plastid targeting of NPP2-GFP and NPP6-GFP was prevented by brefeldin A and by the expression of ARF1(Q71L), a dominant negative mutant of ADP-ribosylation factor 1 that arrests the ER to Golgi traffic, indicating that NPP2 and NPP6 are transported from the ER-Golgi to the plastidial compartment. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted electron microscopy analyses of transgenic rice cells ectopically expressing the trans-Golgi marker sialyltransferase fused with GFP showed the occurrence of contact of Golgi-derived membrane vesicles with cargo and subsequent absorption into plastids. Sensitive and high-throughput glycoblotting/mass spectrometric analyses showed that complex-type and paucimannosidic-type glycans with fucose and xylose residues occupy approximately 80% of total glycans of NPP1, NPP2 and NPP6. The overall data strongly indicate that the trans-Golgi compartments participate in the Golgi to plastid trafficking and targeting mechanism of NPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kaneko
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Takeshi Takamatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Takuya Inomata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Kimiko Itoh
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Kazuko Hirose
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-genomic Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021 Japan
| | - Maho Amano
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-genomic Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021 Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nishimura
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-genomic Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021 Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC, UPNA, Gobierno de Navarra), Mutiloako etorbidea zenbaki gabe, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
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Castilho A, Gruber C, Thader A, Oostenbrink C, Pechlaner M, Steinkellner H, Altmann F. Processing of complex N-glycans in IgG Fc-region is affected by core fucosylation. MAbs 2016; 7:863-70. [PMID: 26067753 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1053683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated N-glycan processing of immunoglobulin G1 using the monoclonal antibody cetuximab (CxMab), which has a glycosite in the Fab domain in addition to the conserved Fc glycosylation, as a reporter. Three GlcNAc (Gn) terminating bi-antennary glycoforms of CxMab differing in core fucosylation (α1,3- and α1,6-linkage) were generated in a plant-based expression platform. These GnGn, GnGnF(3), and GnGnF(6) CxMab variants were subjected in vivo to further processing toward sialylation and GlcNAc diversification (bisected and branching structures). Mass spectrometry-based glycan analyses revealed efficient processing of Fab glycans toward envisaged structures. By contrast, Fc glycan processing largely depend on the presence of core fucose. A particularly strong support of glycan processing in the presence of plant-specific core α1,3-fucose was observed. Consistently, molecular modeling suggests changes in the interactions of the Fc carbohydrate chain depending on the presence of core fucose, possibly changing the accessibility. Here, we provide data that reveal molecular mechanisms of glycan processing of IgG antibodies, which may have implications for the generation of glycan-engineered therapeutic antibodies with improved efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Castilho
- a Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology ; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ; Vienna , Austria
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Minagawa S, Sekiguchi S, Nakaso Y, Tomita M, Takahisa M, Yasuda H. Identification of Core Alpha 1,3-Fucosyltransferase Gene From Silkworm: An Insect Popularly Used to Express Mammalian Proteins. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:110. [PMID: 26223947 PMCID: PMC4675719 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm has great potential as production system of recombinant mammalian proteins. When the protein products are used for medical purpose, it is required to reduce the risk of an allergy, the content of core alpha 1,3-fucosyl residue attached to the N-glycan of proteins, for example. We isolated the gene of an enzyme responsible for the transfer of core alpha 1,3-fucosyl residue, core alpha 1,3-fucosyltransferase (Fuc-T C3), from silkworm. A candidate cDNA for silkworm Fuc-T C3 was isolated as a homolog of the fruit fly enzyme gene fucTA. The gene was located on chromosome 7 of the silkworm genome and was composed of seven exons, which spanned approximately 10 kb on the genome. The coding region of the gene was 1,350 bp and encoded a 450-amino acid protein with a molecular mass of 52.2 kDa. Deduced amino acid sequence of the coding region showed one transmembrane domain in its N-terminal and typical motifs common to fucosyltransferases including Fuc-T C3s of other organisms in its C-terminal. The extract of CHO cells transfected with the cDNA showed Fuc-T C3 activity using GDP-fucose and DABS-GnGn peptide as substrates. These results showed this cDNA clone actually encodes silkworm Fuc-T C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Minagawa
- Central Laboratory, Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0041, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Sekiguchi
- Central Laboratory, Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0041, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Nakaso
- Central Laboratory, Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0041, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tomita
- Transgenic Silkworm Department, Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd., 1091-1, Naka, Fujioka, Gunma, 375-0005, Japan
| | - Manabu Takahisa
- Central Laboratory, Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0041, Japan
| | - Hideyo Yasuda
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Takano S, Matsuda S, Funabiki A, Furukawa JI, Yamauchi T, Tokuji Y, Nakazono M, Shinohara Y, Takamure I, Kato K. The rice RCN11 gene encodes β1,2-xylosyltransferase and is required for plant responses to abiotic stresses and phytohormones. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:75-88. [PMID: 26025522 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination rates and plant development and growth under abiotic stress are important aspects of crop productivity. Here, our characterization of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant reduced culm number11 (rcn11) showed that RCN11 controls growth of plants exposed to abnormal temperature, salinity and drought conditions. RCN11 also mediates root aerenchyma formation under oxygen-deficient conditions and ABA sensitivity during seed germination. Molecular studies showed that the rcn11 mutation resulted from a 966-bp deletion that caused loss of function of β1,2-xylosyltransferase (OsXylT). This enzyme is located in the Golgi apparatus where it catalyzes the transfer of xylose from UDP-xylose to the core β-linked mannose of N-glycans. RCN11/OsXylT promoter activity was observed in the basal part of the shoot containing the shoot and axillary meristems and in the base of crown roots. The level of RCN11/OsXylT expression was regulated by multiple phytohormones and various abiotic stresses suggesting that plant specific N-glycosylation is regulated by multiple signals in rice plants. The present study is the first to demonstrate that rice β1,2-linked xylose residues on N-glycans are critical for seed germination and plant development and growth under conditions of abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Takano
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Funabiki
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Furukawa
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Biology, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tokuji
- Department of Food Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuro Shinohara
- Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Biology, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Itsuro Takamure
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Kato
- Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Nishi, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Kirienko DR, Luo A, Sylvester AW. Reliable transient transformation of intact maize leaf cells for functional genomics and experimental study. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1309-18. [PMID: 22706447 PMCID: PMC3425180 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) transformation routinely produces stable transgenic lines essential for functional genomics; however, transient expression of target proteins in maize cells is not yet routine. Such techniques are critical for rapid testing of transgene constructs and for experimental studies. Here, we report bombardment methods that depend on leaf developmental stage and result in successful expression with broad applications. Fluorescent marker genes were constructed and bombarded into five developmental regions in a growing maize leaf. Expression efficiency was highest in the basal-most 3 cm above the ligule of an approximately 50-cm growing adult leaf. Straightforward dissection procedures provide access to the receptive leaf regions, increasing efficiency from less than one transformant per cm(2) to over 21 transformants per cm(2). Successful expression was routine for proteins from full genomic sequences driven by native regulatory regions and from complementary DNA sequences driven by the constitutive maize polyubiquitin promoter and a heterologous terminator. Four tested fusion proteins, maize PROTEIN DISULFIDE ISOMERASE-Yellow Fluorescent Protein, GLOSSY8a-monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein and maize XYLOSYLTRANSFERASE, and maize Rho-of-Plants7-monomeric Teal Fluorescent Protein, localized as predicted in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and plasma membrane, respectively. Localization patterns were similar between transient and stable modes of expression, and cotransformation was equally successful. Coexpression was also demonstrated by transiently transforming cells in a stable line expressing a second marker protein, thus increasing the utility of a single stable transformant. Given the ease of dissection procedures, this method replaces heterologous expression assays with a more direct, native, and informative system, and the techniques will be useful for localization, colocalization, and functional studies.
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Kajiura H, Okamoto T, Misaki R, Matsuura Y, Fujiyama K. Arabidopsis β1,2-xylosyltransferase: Substrate specificity and participation in the plant-specific N-glycosylation pathway. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 113:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Kajiura H, Koiwa H, Nakazawa Y, Okazawa A, Kobayashi A, Seki T, Fujiyama K. Two Arabidopsis thaliana Golgi alpha-mannosidase I enzymes are responsible for plant N-glycan maturation. Glycobiology 2009; 20:235-47. [PMID: 19914916 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification that occurs in many secreted and membrane proteins in eukaryotic cells. Golgi alpha-mannosidase I hydrolases (MANI) are key enzymes that play a role in the early N-glycan modification pathway in the Golgi apparatus. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two putative MANI genes, AtMANIa (At3g21160) and AtMANIb (At1g51590), were identified. Biochemical analysis using bacterially produced recombinant AtMANI isoforms revealed that both AtMANI isoforms encode 1-deoxymannojirimycin-sensitive alpha-mannosidase I and act on Man(8)GlcNAc(2) and Man(9)GlcNAc(2) structures to yield Man(5)GlcNAc(2). Structures of hydrolytic intermediates accumulated in the AtMANI reactions indicate that AtMANIs employ hydrolytic pathways distinct from those of mammalian MANIs. In planta, AtMANI-GFP/DsRed fusion proteins were detected in the Golgi stacks. Arabidopsis mutant lines manIa-1, manIa-2, manIb-1, and manIb-2 showed N-glycan profiles similar to that of wild type. On the other hand, the manIa manIb double mutant lines produced Man(8)GlcNAc(2) as the predominant N-glycan and lacked plant-specific complex and hybrid N-glycans. These data indicate that either AtMANIa or AtMANIb can function as the Golgi alpha-mannosidase I that produces the Man(5)GlcNAc(2) N-glycan structure necessary for complex N-glycan synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Karg SR, Kallio PT. The production of biopharmaceuticals in plant systems. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:879-894. [PMID: 19647060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals present the fastest growing segment in the pharmaceutical industry, with an ever widening scope of applications. Whole plants as well as contained plant cell culture systems are being explored for their potential as cheap, safe, and scalable production hosts. The first plant-derived biopharmaceuticals have now reached the clinic. Many biopharmaceuticals are glycoproteins; as the Golgi N-glycosylation machinery of plants differs from the mammalian machinery, the N-glycoforms introduced on plant-produced proteins need to be taken into consideration. Potent systems have been developed to change the plant N-glycoforms to a desired or even superior form compared to the native mammalian N-glycoforms. This review describes the current status of biopharmaceutical production in plants for industrial applications. The recent advances and tools which have been utilized to generate glycoengineered plants are also summarized and compared with the relevant mammalian systems whenever applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia R Karg
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Pauli T Kallio
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Léonard R, Strasser R, Altmann F. Plant glycosidases acting on protein-linked oligosaccharides. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:318-24. [PMID: 19200565 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosidases have been used as invaluable tools in glycobiology research for decades, and their role in glycoprotein maturation has been amply studied. The molecular biological coverage of this large group of enzymes has only recently reached an appreciable level. In this review, we present an overview of plant glycosidases, whose DNA/protein sequence has been identified and for which recombinant enzymes have been characterized. The physiological role in the maturation of glycoproteins is discussed as well as the biotechnological prospects arising from knowing the enzymes responsible for the removal of terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues. The current knowledge on plant fucosidases and of the first bits of information on glycosidases acting on arabinogalactan proteins is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Léonard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Strasser R, Stadlmann J, Schähs M, Stiegler G, Quendler H, Mach L, Glössl J, Weterings K, Pabst M, Steinkellner H. Generation of glyco-engineered Nicotiana benthamiana for the production of monoclonal antibodies with a homogeneous human-like N-glycan structure. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2008; 6:392-402. [PMID: 18346095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A common argument against using plants as a production system for therapeutic proteins is their inability to perform authentic human N-glycosylation (i.e. the presence of beta1,2-xylosylation and core alpha1,3-fucosylation). In this study, RNA interference (RNAi) technology was used to obtain a targeted down-regulation of the endogenous beta1,2-xylosyltransferase (XylT) and alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase (FucT) genes in Nicotiana benthamiana, a tobacco-related plant species widely used for recombinant protein expression. Three glyco-engineered lines with significantly reduced xylosylated and/or core alpha1,3-fucosylated glycan structures were generated. The human anti HIV monoclonal antibody 2G12 was transiently expressed in these glycosylation mutants as well as in wild-type plants. Four glycoforms of 2G12 differing in the presence/absence of xylose and core alpha1,3-fucose residues in their N-glycans were produced. Notably, 2G12 produced in XylT/FucT-RNAi plants was found to contain an almost homogeneous N-glycan species without detectable xylose and alpha1,3-fucose residues. Plant-derived glycoforms were indistinguishable from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-derived 2G12 with respect to electrophoretic properties, and exhibited functional properties (i.e. antigen binding and HIV neutralization activity) at least equivalent to those of the CHO counterpart. The generated RNAi lines were stable, viable and did not show any obvious phenotype, thus providing a robust tool for the production of therapeutically relevant glycoproteins in plants with a humanized N-glycan structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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