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Protein Fractions from Flaxseed: The Effect of Subsequent Extractions on Composition and Antioxidant Capacity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030675. [PMID: 36978922 PMCID: PMC10045795 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaxseed proteins exhibit functionalities interesting for the food industry, including antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant activity depends on the protein composition and the presence of phenolic compounds extracted with them from the matrix. The research focused on the effect of subsequent protein extractions (water, salt and alkaline) of flaxseed meals (of three cultivars) on the protein fraction composition and its relations to antioxidant capacity. The protein and phenolic profiles and antioxidant functionalities (in antiradical ORAC and emulsion assays) were analysed. Spectroscopic characteristics of the fractions (fluorometric and FT-IR analysis) were also included. Our study has shown the effect of fractionation on the share of proteins at MW from 56–38 kDa (globulin-like) and <15 kDa (albumin-like) in the protein profiles. The highest globulin share was in the alkaline-extracted fractions (AEF) and albumin in the salt-extracted (SEF) ones. SDG (secoisolariciresinol diglucosides) and phenolic acids (p-coumaric and ferulic) were extracted with flaxseed proteins. Their contents were fraction-dependent and the highest in AEF. The concentration of phenolics in AEF corresponded with the highest antiradical capacity (ORAC) compared with the other fractions. However, the SEF showed a higher ability to inhibit oxidation in emulsions than AEF, which could be associated with the higher content of the low MW proteins.
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Karami Z, Akbari‐adergani B, Duangmal K. Recent development on recovering bioactive peptides and phenolic compounds from under‐utilised by‐products during production of certain edible oil plants: current situation and future perspectives. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Karami
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
| | - Behrouz Akbari‐adergani
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization Ministry of Health and Medical Education Tehran 11136‐15911 Iran
| | - Kiattisak Duangmal
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
- Emerging Processes for Food Functionality Design Research Unit Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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3
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Consonni R, Ottolina G. NMR Characterization of Lignans. Molecules 2022; 27:2340. [PMID: 35408739 PMCID: PMC9000441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignans are particularly interesting secondary metabolites belonging to the phenyl-propanoid biosynthetic pathway. From the structural point of view, these molecules could belong to the aryltetralin, arylnaphtalene, or dibenzylbutyrolactone molecular skeleton. Lignans are present in different tissues of plants but are mainly accumulated in seeds. Extracts from plant tissues could be characterized by using the NMR-based approach, which provides a profile of aromatic molecules and detailed structural information for their elucidation. In order to improve the production of these secondary metabolites, elicitors could effectively stimulate lignan production. Several plant species are considered in this review with a particular focus on Linum species, well recognized as the main producer of lignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Consonni
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta”, National Research Council, Via Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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Zhao SS, Li S, Luo ZH, Zhou ZQ, Li N, Wang Y, Yao XS, Gao H. Bioactive phenylpropanoid derivatives from the fruits of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105307. [PMID: 34482167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Eight new (1-7 and 15) and 18 known (8-14 and 16-26) phenylpropanoid derivatives were isolated from the fruits of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. (black wolfberry). Their structures were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, chemical methods, and comparisons of spectroscopic data. Four known compounds (16, 17, 24, and 26) were firstly isolated from the genus Lycium. Interestingly, compounds 1/2 and 4/5 were isolated as two pairs of inseparable anomers owing to the tautomerism of the free hemiacetal at C-1'' in solution. The antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of compounds 1-26 were evaluated. Some compounds possessed DPPH radical scavenging activity, and all compounds (1-26) exhibited different levels of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). One compound displayed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with potency close to that of the positive control (acarbose).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Sen Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hui Luo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Qun Zhou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy / Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China; College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Yang X, Guo Y, Tse TJ, Purdy SK, Mustafa R, Shen J, Alcorn J, Reaney MJT. Oral Pharmacokinetics of Enriched Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and Its Polymer in Rats. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1816-1822. [PMID: 34043363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is the principal lignan of flaxseed and precursor of its aglycone, secoisolariciresinol (SECO), and the mammalian lignans enterolactone (EL) and enterodiol (ED), the putative bioactive forms of oral administration of SDG. SDG is present in the seed hull as an ester-linked polymer. Although extraction and purification of SDG monomer is costly, the use of naturally occurring SDG in polymer form may offer a more economical approach for delivery of this precursor. The extent of SDG release from the polymer and subsequent bioavailability of SDG metabolites are unknown. To understand the relative bioavailability of SDG polymer, this study examined the comparative bioavailability of enriched SDG and SDG polymer in rats after a single oral SDG equivalent dose (40 mg/kg). A validated LC-MS/MS method quantified SDG and its metabolites in rat plasma following serial blood collections. SDG remained undetectable in rat plasma samples. Unconjugated SECO was detected in plasma after 0.25 h. Unconjugated ED was observed after 8 h (3.4 ± 3.3 ng/mL) and 12 h (6.2 ± 3.3 ng/mL) for enriched SDG and SDG polymer, respectively. Total (conjugated and unconjugated) ED and EL resulting from enriched SDG and SDG polymer reached similar maximal concentrations between 11 and 12 h and demonstrated similar total body exposures (AUC values). These data suggest a similar pharmacokinetic profile between the enriched and polymer form of SDG, providing support for the use of SDG polymer as a more economical precursor for SECO, ED, and EL in applications of chronic disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Yajia Guo
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Timothy J Tse
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Sarah K Purdy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Rana Mustafa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jianheng Shen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jane Alcorn
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, SK S7J 0R1, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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Kelly SM, Munoz-Munoz J, van Sinderen D. Plant Glycan Metabolism by Bifidobacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:609418. [PMID: 33613480 PMCID: PMC7889515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.609418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Bifidobacterium, of which the majority have been isolated as gut commensals, are Gram-positive, non-motile, saccharolytic, non-sporulating, anaerobic bacteria. Many bifidobacterial strains are considered probiotic and therefore are thought to bestow health benefits upon their host. Bifidobacteria are highly abundant among the gut microbiota of healthy, full term, breast-fed infants, yet the relative average abundance of bifidobacteria tends to decrease as the human host ages. Because of the inverse correlation between bifidobacterial abundance/prevalence and health, there has been an increasing interest in maintaining, increasing or restoring bifidobacterial populations in the infant, adult and elderly gut. In order to colonize and persist in the gastrointestinal environment, bifidobacteria must be able to metabolise complex dietary and/or host-derived carbohydrates, and be resistant to various environmental challenges of the gut. This is not only important for the autochthonous bifidobacterial species colonising the gut, but also for allochthonous bifidobacteria provided as probiotic supplements in functional foods. For example, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum is a taxon associated with the metabolism of plant-derived poly/oligosaccharides in the adult diet, being capable of metabolising hemicellulose and various pectin-associated glycans. Many of these plant glycans are believed to stimulate the metabolism and growth of specific bifidobacterial species and are for this reason classified as prebiotics. In this review, bifidobacterial carbohydrate metabolism, with a focus on plant poly-/oligosaccharide degradation and uptake, as well as its associated regulation, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Kelly
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jose Munoz-Munoz
- Microbial Enzymology Group, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Dubois F, Musa C, Duponchel B, Tidahy L, Sécordel X, Mallard I, Delattre F. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2654. [PMID: 33187145 PMCID: PMC7697610 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We discussed about the influence of extraction mode on the flaxseed gums composition and their thermal stabilities. In order to do so, flaxseed gum was extracted by both classical magnetic stirring method and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution correspond to a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives. It is found that the protein and gum contents increase with the extraction duration for both the ultrasonic assisted and the traditional extraction while the pH decreases at the same time. As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. The variation of pH is correlated to the increase of lignan molecules in the extracted samples. For thermic methods, SEM experiments showed that lignan derivatives which ester-bonded to polysaccharides associated to proteins are responsible to the formation of globular aggregates. Supplementary rod-like molecular organization were obtained from UAE and questions on the nature of the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dubois
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4492, UCEIV, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; (F.D.); (C.M.); (L.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Corentin Musa
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4492, UCEIV, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; (F.D.); (C.M.); (L.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Benoit Duponchel
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4476, UDSMM, Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France;
| | - Lucette Tidahy
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4492, UCEIV, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; (F.D.); (C.M.); (L.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Xavier Sécordel
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4493, LPCA, IRenE, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France;
| | - Isabelle Mallard
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4492, UCEIV, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; (F.D.); (C.M.); (L.T.); (I.M.)
| | - François Delattre
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4492, UCEIV, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; (F.D.); (C.M.); (L.T.); (I.M.)
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8
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Thiombiano B, Gontier E, Molinié R, Marcelo P, Mesnard F, Dauwe R. An untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based workflow for the structural characterization of plant polyesters. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:1323-1339. [PMID: 31943449 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall localized heterogeneous polyesters are widespread in land plants. The composition of these polyesters, such as cutin, suberin, or more plant-specific forms such as the flax seed coat lignan macromolecule, can be determined after total hydrolysis of the ester linkages. The main bottleneck in the structural characterization of these macromolecules, however, resides in the determination of the higher order monomer sequences. Partial hydrolysates of the polyesters release a complex mixture of fragments of different lengths, each present in low abundance and therefore are challenging to structurally characterize. Here, a method is presented by which liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) profiles of such partial hydrolysates are searched for pairs of related fragments. LC-MS peaks that show a mass difference corresponding to the addition of one or more macromolecule monomers were connected in a network. Starting from the lowest molecular weight peaks in the network, the annotation of the connections as the addition of one or more polyester monomers allows the prediction of consecutive and increasingly complex adjacent peaks. Multi-stage MS (MSn) experiments further helped to reject, corroborate, and sometimes refine the structures predicted by the network. As a proof of concept, this procedure was applied to partial hydrolysates of the flax seed coat lignan macromolecule, and allowed to characterize 120 distinct oligo-esters, consisting of up to six monomers, and containing monomers and linkages for which incorporation in the lignan macromolecule had not been described before. These results showed the capacity of the approach to advance the structural elucidation of complex plant polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Thiombiano
- Unité de Recherche BIOPI, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Eric Gontier
- Unité de Recherche BIOPI, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Roland Molinié
- Unité de Recherche BIOPI, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Paulo Marcelo
- Plateforme Ingénierie Cellulaire et Analyses des Protéines, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - François Mesnard
- Unité de Recherche BIOPI, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Rebecca Dauwe
- Unité de Recherche BIOPI, UMR Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
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De Silva SF, Alcorn J. Flaxseed Lignans as Important Dietary Polyphenols for Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E68. [PMID: 31060335 PMCID: PMC6630319 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer causes considerable morbidity and mortality across the world. Socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to the increasing cancer prevalence, bespeaking a need for effective prevention and treatment strategies. Phytochemicals like plant polyphenols are generally considered to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects, which explain their promotion for human health. The past several decades have contributed to a growing evidence base in the literature that demonstrate ability of polyphenols to modulate multiple targets of carcinogenesis linking models of cancer characteristics (i.e., hallmarks and nutraceutical-based targeting of cancer) via direct or indirect interaction or modulation of cellular and molecular targets. This evidence is particularly relevant for the lignans, an ubiquitous, important class of dietary polyphenols present in high levels in food sources such as flaxseed. Literature evidence on lignans suggests potential benefit in cancer prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the relevant chemical and pharmacokinetic properties of dietary polyphenols and specifically focuses on the biological targets of flaxseed lignans. The consolidation of the considerable body of data on the diverse targets of the lignans will aid continued research into their potential for use in combination with other cancer chemotherapies, utilizing flaxseed lignan-enriched natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Franklyn De Silva
- Drug Discovery & Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 104 Clinic Place, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (SK), S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Jane Alcorn
- Drug Discovery & Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 104 Clinic Place, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (SK), S7N 2Z4, Canada.
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Abstract
Interest in the content of natural antioxidants in plant-based foods can be from the human health perspective, in terms of how these compounds might help promote one's health and wellness, or from the storage point-of-view, as the endogenous antioxidant constituents aid to extend a foodstuff's shelf-life. This chapter reports essential information about the mechanism of antioxidant action and methods employed for determination of their activity, classes of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, lignans, stilbenes, tannins), sources of plant antioxidants (oil seeds, cereals, legumes, plants of the Lamiaceae family, tea and coffee, tree nuts, fruits, and berries), extraction strategies of phenolic compounds from plant material, and the influence of processing and storage on the content of natural antioxidants in foods and their antioxidant activity. Thermal processing, if not releasing bound phenolics from the structural matrices of the food, tends to decrease the antioxidant potential or, in the best case scenario, has no significant negative impact. Gentler sterilization processes such as high-pressure processing tend to better retain the antioxidant potential of a foodstuff than thermal treatments such as steaming, boiling, or frying. The impact of processing can be assessed by determining the antioxidant potential of foodstuffs either at the point of formulation or after different periods of storage under specified conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Amarowicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ronald B Pegg
- Department of Food Science & Technology, The University of Georgia, Athens, United States
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Huang XX, Yan ZY, Liu S, Wang XB, Song SJ. Investigation of chemical constituents of safflower and their tyrosinase inhibitory activity. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:248-256. [PMID: 29376407 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1430775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigation on bioactive chemical constituents of safflower led to the isolation of 10 compounds from the aqueous extract, including a new alkaloid (1), a new glucopyranoside (2), and 8 known compounds (3-10). The structures of two new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectral analyses, including 1D, 2D-NMR and HRESIMS. Biological research on the isolates indicated that compounds 3, 4 and 9 remarkably inhibited tyrosinase with IC50 at 0.11, 0.20 and 0.11 mM, respectively, compared with the positive control arbutin (0.26 mM). To investigate the interaction between enzyme and isolated compounds, an in silico docking study was carried out. The research provided valuable experience for phytochemistry and biological investigation on safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Huang
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
- b Chinese People's Liberation Army , Dalian 116021 , China
| | - Zhi-Yang Yan
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Sen Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- b Chinese People's Liberation Army , Dalian 116021 , China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- a Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica , Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
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Garros L, Drouet S, Corbin C, Decourtil C, Fidel T, Lebas de Lacour J, Leclerc EA, Renouard S, Tungmunnithum D, Doussot J, Abassi BH, Maunit B, Lainé É, Fliniaux O, Mesnard F, Hano C. Insight into the Influence of Cultivar Type, Cultivation Year, and Site on the Lignans and Related Phenolic Profiles, and the Health-Promoting Antioxidant Potential of Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Seeds. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102636. [PMID: 30322184 PMCID: PMC6222607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaxseeds are a functional food representing, by far, the richest natural grain source of lignans, and accumulate substantial amounts of other health beneficial phenolic compounds (i.e., flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids). This specific accumulation pattern is related to their numerous beneficial effects on human health. However, to date, little data is available concerning the relative impact of genetic and geographic parameters on the phytochemical yield and composition. Here, the major influence of the cultivar over geographic parameters on the flaxseed phytochemical accumulation yield and composition is evidenced. The importance of genetic parameters on the lignan accumulation was further confirmed by gene expression analysis monitored by RT-qPCR. The corresponding antioxidant activity of these flaxseed extracts was evaluated, both in vitro, using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and iron chelating assays, as well as in vivo, by monitoring the impact of UV-induced oxidative stress on the lipid membrane peroxidation of yeast cells. Our results, both the in vitro and in vivo studies, confirm that flaxseed extracts are an effective protector against oxidative stress. The results point out that secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, caffeic acid glucoside, and p-coumaric acid glucoside are the main contributors to the antioxidant capacity. Considering the health benefits of these compounds, the present study demonstrates that the flaxseed cultivar type could greatly influence the phytochemical intakes and, therefore, the associated biological activities. We recommend that this crucial parameter be considered in epidemiological studies dealing with flaxseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine Garros
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA) UMR7311, Université d'Orléans-CNRS, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Cédric Decourtil
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Thibaud Fidel
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Julie Lebas de Lacour
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Emilie A Leclerc
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Sullivan Renouard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Duangjai Tungmunnithum
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Joël Doussot
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
- Le CNAM, Ecole Sciences Industrielles et Technologies de l'Information (SITI), Chimie Alimentation Santé Environnement Risque (CASER), 75141 Paris Cedex 3, France.
| | - Bilal Haider Abassi
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Benoit Maunit
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA) UMR7311, Université d'Orléans-CNRS, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
| | - Éric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Ophélie Fliniaux
- Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI) EA 3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France.
| | - François Mesnard
- Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI) EA 3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France.
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
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Guimarães Drummond E Silva F, Miralles B, Hernández-Ledesma B, Amigo L, Iglesias AH, Reyes Reyes FG, Netto FM. Influence of Protein-Phenolic Complex on the Antioxidant Capacity of Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:800-809. [PMID: 28064494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the naturally present phenolic compounds and/or proteins on the antioxidant capacity of flaxseed products (phenolic fraction, protein concentrates, and hydrolysates) before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion was studied. For that, whole and phenolic reduced products were assessed. Four glycosylated phenolic compounds (secoisolariciresinol and ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids) were identified in flaxseed products. Phenolic fraction exerts the highest antioxidant capacity that increased by alkaline hydrolysis and by simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The action of Alcalase and digestive enzymes resulted in an increase of the antioxidant capacity of whole and phenolic reduced products. Principal component analysis showed that proteinaceous samples act as antioxidant is by H+ transfer, while those samples containing phenolic compounds exert their effects by both electron donation and H+ transfer mechanisms. Protein/peptide-phenolic complexation, confirmed by fluorescence spectra, exerted a positive effect on the antioxidant capacity, mainly in protein concentrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Miralles
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC) , Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Hernández-Ledesma
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC) , Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Amigo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM, CEI UAM+CSIC) , Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amadeu Hoshi Iglesias
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP , Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
- Apex Science Analytical Consulting , Av. Marechal Rondon 2148, 13070-175, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP , Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Flavia Maria Netto
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP , Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
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Kinetics of the incorporation of the main phenolic compounds into the lignan macromolecule during flaxseed development. Food Chem 2017; 217:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Zhou ZQ, Xiao J, Fan HX, Yu Y, He RR, Feng XL, Kurihara H, So KF, Yao XS, Gao H. Polyphenols from wolfberry and their bioactivities. Food Chem 2016; 214:644-654. [PMID: 27507521 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nine new phenylpropanoids, one new coumarin, and 43 known polyphenols were isolated from wolfberry. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses, chemical methods, and comparison of NMR data. Polyphenols, an important type of natural products, are notable constituents in wolfberry. 53 polyphenols, including 28 phenylpropanoids, four coumarins, eight lignans, five flavonoids, three isoflavonoids, two chlorogenic acid derivatives, and three other constituents, were identified from wolfberry. Lignans and isoflavonoids were firstly reported from wolfberry. 22 known polyphenols were the first isolates from the genus Lycium. This research presents a systematic study on wolfberry polyphenols, including their bioactivities. All these compounds exhibited oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and some compounds displayed DPPH radical scavenging activity. One compound had acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The discovery of new polyphenols and their bioactivities is beneficial for understanding the scientific basis of the effects of wolfberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Qun Zhou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xiao
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xia Fan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lin Feng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong Medical Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, GMH Institute of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Pei K, Ou J, Huang J, Ou S. p-Coumaric acid and its conjugates: dietary sources, pharmacokinetic properties and biological activities. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2952-62. [PMID: 26692250 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
p-Coumaric acid (4-hydroxycinnamic acid) is a phenolic acid that has low toxicity in mice (LD50 = 2850 mg kg(-1) body weight), serves as a precursor of other phenolic compounds, and exists either in free or conjugated form in plants. Conjugates of p-coumaric acid have been extensively studied in recent years due to their bioactivities. In this review, the occurrence, bioavailability and bioaccessibility of p-coumaric acid and its conjugates with mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides, alkyl alcohols, organic acids, amine and lignin are discussed. Their biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, antivirus, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet aggregation, anxiolytic, antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-arthritis activities, and their mitigatory effects against diabetes, obesity, hyperlipaemia and gout are compared. Cumulative evidence from multiple studies indicates that conjugation of p-coumaric acid greatly strengthens its biological activities; however, the high biological activity but low absorption of its conjugates remains a puzzle. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Pei
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Juanying Ou
- Food and Nutritional Science Program, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junqing Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
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17
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Slavova-Kazakova A, Karamać M, Kancheva V, Amarowicz R. Antioxidant Activity of Flaxseed Extracts in Lipid Systems. Molecules 2015; 21:E17. [PMID: 26703558 PMCID: PMC6273640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare the antioxidant activity of the extract of flaxseed and its alkaline hydrolysate in two model systems: lipid autoxidation of triacylglycerols of sunflower oil (TGSO)-in a homogeneous lipid media and during β-carotene-linoleate emulsion system. In addition, pure lignans were tested. The material was defatted with hexane and then phenolic compounds were extracted using dioxane-ethanol (50:50, v/v) mixture. Carbohydrates were removed from the crude extract using an Amberlite XAD-16 column chromatography. The content of total phenolic compounds in the crude extract and after alkaline hydrolysis was determined using a Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Individual phenolic compounds were determined by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (RP-HPLC) method in gradient system. The alkaline hydrolysis increased the content of total phenolics in the extract approximately by 10%. In the extracts of flaxseed, phenolic compounds were present in the form of macromolecular complex. In the alkaline hydrolysate, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) was found as the main phenolic compound. Small amounts of p-coumaric and ferulic acids were also determined. SDG and both extracts were not able to inhibit effectively lipid autoxidation. The kinetics of TGSO autoxidation at 80 °C in absence and in presence of the extract before hydrolysis (EBH) and after hydrolysis (EAH) was monitored and compared with known standard antioxidants. Ferulic acid (FA) and butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) showed much higher antioxidant efficiency and reactivity than that of both extracts. Secoisolariciresinol (SECO) showed a higher activity in both model systems than SDG. However, the activity of SECO was much lower than that of nordihydroquaiaretic acid (NDGA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Slavova-Kazakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 9, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Magdalena Karamać
- Department of Chemical and Physical Properties of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Tuwima 10, Poland.
| | - Vessela Kancheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 9, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria.
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Department of Chemical and Physical Properties of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Tuwima 10, Poland.
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18
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Efficiency of a SDG-β-glucosidase from Bacillus altitudinis HK02 for the deglycation of glycosides from flaxseeds. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Yang QY, Song L, Zhang JF, Shen ZF, Liu Q, Liu SN, Zheng WS, Yao CS. Cyanogenetic glycosides and simple glycosides from the linseed meal. Fitoterapia 2015; 106:78-83. [PMID: 26307006 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three new cyanogenetic triglycosides linustatins A-C (1-3), and two new simple glycosides linustatins D and E (4 and 5) were isolated from the 70% ethanol extract of flaxseed meal (Linum usitatissimum L.). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. All of the isolates showed moderate activities against aldose reductase and weak activities against α-glucosidase, DPP-IV, and FBPase at the same concentrations as the positive control drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ji-Fa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhu-Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuai-Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Chun-Suo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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20
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Flax mucilage and barley beta-glucan aerogels obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide: Application as flax lignan carriers. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Renouard S, Tribalatc MA, Lamblin F, Mongelard G, Fliniaux O, Corbin C, Marosevic D, Pilard S, Demailly H, Gutierrez L, Hano C, Mesnard F, Lainé E. RNAi-mediated pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase gene silencing in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed coat: consequences on lignans and neolignans accumulation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1372-7. [PMID: 25046758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RNAi technology was applied to down regulate LuPLR1 gene expression in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds. This gene encodes a pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase responsible for the synthesis of (+)-secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), the major lignan accumulated in the seed coat. If flax lignans biological properties and health benefits are well documented their roles in planta remain unclear. This loss of function strategy was developed to better understand the implication of the PLR1 enzyme in the lignan biosynthetic pathway and to provide new insights on the functions of these compounds. RNAi plants generated exhibited LuPLR1 gene silencing as demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR experiments and the failed to accumulate SDG. The accumulation of pinoresinol the substrate of the PLR1 enzyme under its diglucosylated form (PDG) was increased in transgenic seeds but did not compensate the overall loss of SDG. The monolignol flux was also deviated through the synthesis of 8-5' linked neolignans dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside (DCG) and dihydro-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside (DDCG) which were observed for the first time in flax seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sullivan Renouard
- Laboratoire LBLGC EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres Univ Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France.
| | - Marie-Aude Tribalatc
- Laboratoire BIOPI EA 3900, UFR de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Frederic Lamblin
- Laboratoire LBLGC EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres Univ Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Gaëlle Mongelard
- CRRBM, Univ Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Ophélie Fliniaux
- Laboratoire BIOPI EA 3900, UFR de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire LBLGC EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres Univ Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Djurdjica Marosevic
- Laboratoire LBLGC EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres Univ Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme analytique, UFR Sciences, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Hervé Demailly
- CRRBM, Univ Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Gutierrez
- CRRBM, Univ Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire LBLGC EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres Univ Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - François Mesnard
- Laboratoire BIOPI EA 3900, UFR de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Eric Lainé
- Laboratoire LBLGC EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres Univ Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
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22
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Song L, Wang XF, Wu Y, He WY, Yao CS, Shi JG. Chemical constituents from the linseed meal. Fitoterapia 2014; 97:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Herchi W, Arr^|^aacute;ez-Rom^|^aacute;n D, Trabelsi H, Bouali I, Boukhchina S, Kallel H, Segura-Carretero A, Fern^|^aacute;ndez-Gutierrez A. Phenolic Compounds in Flaxseed: a Review of Their Properties and Analytical Methods. An Overview of the Last Decade. J Oleo Sci 2014; 63:7-14. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Krimer Malešević V, Vaštag Ž, Popović L, Popović S, Peričin-Starčevič I. Characterisation of black cumin, pomegranate and flaxseed meals as sources of phenolic acids. Int J Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Žužana Vaštag
- Faculty of Technology; University of Novi Sad; 1 Cara Lazara Blvd 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Popović
- Faculty of Technology; University of Novi Sad; 1 Cara Lazara Blvd 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Senka Popović
- Faculty of Technology; University of Novi Sad; 1 Cara Lazara Blvd 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Ivana Peričin-Starčevič
- Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina; 10 Hajduk Veljkova St. 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
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25
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Tatsis EC, Böhm H, Schneider B. Occurrence of nudicaulin structural variants in flowers of papaveraceous species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 92:105-12. [PMID: 23684236 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The intense color of yellow Papaver nudicaule flowers is conferred by the presence of nudicaulins, a group of alkaloids with a unique pentacyclic skeleton composed of an indole ring and a polyphenolic moiety. Petals from eight different Papaveraceae species composed of different color varieties were probed for the presence of nudicaulins. In addition to their occurrence in yellow P. nudicaule flowers, nudicaulins I-VIII were detected and quantified in orange flowers of P. nudicaule, and in yellow and orange Papaver alpinum flowers. Meconopsis cambrica petals showed a divergent nudicaulin spectrum, with compounds having an attached 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl group (HMG) instead of a malonyl unit at one of the glucose units. Flavonols and anthocyanins that accompany nudicaulins were identified. The taxonomical significance of the occurrence of nudicaulins is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos C Tatsis
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Beutenberg Campus, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Hano C, Renouard S, Molinié R, Corbin C, Barakzoy E, Doussot J, Lamblin F, Lainé E. Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) extract as well as (+)-secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and its mammalian derivatives are potent inhibitors of α-amylase activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3007-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hao M, Beta T. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major phenolic compounds as antioxidants in barley and flaxseed hulls using HPLC/MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:2062-2068. [PMID: 22278383 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the major phenolic compounds in barley and flaxseed hulls were conducted using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS Ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid and vanillin were identified and quantified in four barley hull samples. Four ferulate dehydrodimers were also detected. The phenolic compounds of flaxseed hull were distinct from those of barley hull. Three flaxseed hull samples varied significantly (P < 0.05) in their contents of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (16.38-33.92 g kg(-1) ), coumaric acid glucoside (35.68-49.22 g kg(-1) ) and ferulic acid glucoside (5.07-15.23 g kg(-1) ). The phytochemical profiles of co-extracts featured the major phenolic compounds from both barley and flaxseed hulls. The total phenolic content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging capacity varied significantly (P < 0.05) among different varieties of flaxseed and barley hulls. CONCLUSION As agricultural by-products, barley and flaxseed hulls may be utilised as potential sources of functional food ingredients through extraction and concentration of the phytochemicals identified above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Hao
- Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Kosińska A, Penkacik K, Wiczkowski W, Amarowicz R. Presence of caffeic acid in flaxseed lignan macromolecule. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 66:270-4. [PMID: 21766213 PMCID: PMC3156902 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-011-0245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds were extracted from defatted flaxseeds using ethanol-dioxane (1:1, v/v). The crude extract obtained was purified using Amberlite XAD-16 column chromatography with water and methanol as mobile phases. RP-HPLC and SE-HPLC showed a lignan macromolecule (LM) as a dominant phenolic compound in the purified extract. After the alkaline hydrolysis of LM caffeic acid glucoside (CaAG) was isolated using a semi-preparative HPLC and its structure was confirmed by LC-ESI-MS. In LM of the investigated flaxseed, one molecule of caffeic acid corresponded with five molecules of p-coumaric acid and two molecules of ferulic acid. The presence of caffeic acid in the lignan molecule might be very beneficial due to its high antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kosińska
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Evaluation of a Microwave-Assisted Extraction Method for Lignan Quantification in Flaxseed Cultivars and Selected Oil Seeds. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Peterson J, Dwyer J, Adlercreutz H, Scalbert A, Jacques P, McCullough ML. Dietary lignans: physiology and potential for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Nutr Rev 2010; 68:571-603. [PMID: 20883417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review of the literature on lignan physiology and lignan intervention and epidemiological studies was conducted to determine if lignans decrease the risks of cardiovascular disease in Western populations. Five intervention studies using flaxseed lignan supplements indicated beneficial associations with C-reactive protein, and a meta-analysis that included these studies also suggested lignans have a lowering effect on plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Three intervention studies using sesamin supplements indicated possible lipid- and blood pressure-lowering associations. Eleven human observational epidemiological studies examined dietary intakes of lignans in relation to cardiovascular disease risk. Five showed decreased risk with either increasing dietary intakes of lignans or increased levels of serum enterolactone (an enterolignan used as a biomarker of lignan intake), five studies were of borderline significance, and one was null. The associations between lignans and decreased risk of cardiovascular disease are promising, but they are yet not well established, perhaps due to low lignan intakes in habitual Western diets. At the higher doses used in intervention studies, associations were more evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Peterson
- Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachussets, USA
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Xia Y, Wen Y. Synthesis of Threo-(±)-9,9-Dibenzoylsecoisolariciresinol and its Isomer. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.3184/030823410x12869011963454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of threo-(±)-9,9-dibenzoylsecoisolariciresinol and its isomer based on two Stobbe reactions as C–C bond-forming steps used a protected vanillin and diethyl; succinate to give the skeleton of lignan, followed by reduction to afford threo- and meso-(±)-secoisolariciresinol Both were treated with benzoyl chloride to obtain the natural product threo-(±)-9,9-dibenzoylsecoisolariciresinol and Its isomer meso-(±)-9,9-dibenzoylsecoisolariciresinol for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamu Xia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Wen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
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Struijs K, Vincken JP, Doeswijk TG, Voragen AGJ, Gruppen H. The chain length of lignan macromolecule from flaxseed hulls is determined by the incorporation of coumaric acid glucosides and ferulic acid glucosides. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:262-9. [PMID: 19155025 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 12/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignan macromolecule from flaxseed hulls is composed of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and herbacetin diglucoside (HDG) moieties ester-linked by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMGA), and of p-coumaric acid glucoside (CouAG) and ferulic acid glucoside (FeAG) moieties ester-linked directly to SDG. The linker molecule HMGA was found to account for 11% (w/w) of the lignan macromolecule. Based on the extinction coefficients and RP-HPLC data, it was determined that SDG contributes for 62.0% (w/w) to the lignan macromolecule, while CouAG, FeAG, and HDG contribute for 12.2, 9.0, and 5.7% (w/w), respectively. Analysis of fractions of lignan macromolecule showed that the higher the molecular mass, the higher the proportion of SDG was. An inverse relation between the molecular mass and the proportion (%) CouAG+FeAG was found. Together with the structural information of oligomers of lignan macromolecule obtained after partial saponification, it is hypothesized that the amount of CouAG+FeAG present during biosynthesis determines the chain length of lignan macromolecule. Furthermore, the chain length was estimated from a model describing lignan macromolecule based on structural and compositional data. The average chain length of the lignan macromolceule was calculated to be three SDG moieties with CouAG or FeAG at each of the terminal positions, with a variation between one and seven SDG moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Struijs
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Yuan JP, Li X, Xu SP, Wang JH, Liu X. Hydrolysis kinetics of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside oligomers from flaxseed. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10041-10047. [PMID: 18925741 DOI: 10.1021/jf8020656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed is the richest dietary source of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and contains the largest amount of SDG oligomers, which are often hydrolyzed to break the ester linkages for the release of SDG and the glycosidic bonds for the release of secoisolariciresinol (SECO). The alkaline hydrolysis reaction kinetics of SDG oligomers from flaxseed and the acid hydrolysis process of SDG and other glucosides were investigated. For the kinetic modeling, a pseudo-first-order reaction was assumed. The results showed that the alkaline hydrolysis of SDG oligomers followed first-order reaction kinetics under mild alkaline hydrolytic conditions and that the concentration of sodium hydroxide had a strong influence on the activation energy of the alkaline hydrolysis of SDG oligomers. The results also indicated that the main acid hydrolysates of SDG included secoisolariciresinol monoglucoside (SMG), SECO, and anhydrosecoisolariciresinol (anhydro-SECO) and that the extent and the main hydrolysates of the acid hydrolysis reaction depended on the acid concentration, hydrolysis temperature, and time. In addition, the production and change of p-coumaric acid glucoside, ferulic acid glucoside and their methyl esters and p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and their methyl esters during the process of hydrolysis was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Food Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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Struijs K, Vincken JP, Gruppen H. Comparison of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of lignans from sesame seeds. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3615-3623. [PMID: 18946863 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In sesame seeds, high concentrations of lignans are present. When these lignans are fermented in the human colon, a range of structurally different lignans is formed. A good liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) protocol for the analysis of lignans in complex mixtures is lacking. In order to develop such a protocol, electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS, both in the positive and negative ionization mode, were compared. An extract from defatted sesame meal was analyzed by APCI-MS and ESI-MS, before and after deglucosylation. APCI-MS was found to be a more generic method than ESI-MS because lignans, especially sesamolin, sesamin and pinoresinol, were better detected by APCI-MS than by ESI-MS. Positive and negative ionization modes had to be combined in order to detect all lignans in a bacterial culture grown on aglyconic, acid-treated lignans from sesame oil and defatted sesame meal. Lignans with methylenedioxy-bridged furanofuran structures mostly lack phenolic hydroxyl groups and were, therefore, optimally detected in positive ionization mode. Dibenzylbutadiene lignans, which were formed during fermentation, carry hydroxyl groups and were better detected in negative ionization mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Struijs
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Coran SA, Bartolucci G, Bambagiotti-Alberti M. Validation of a reversed phase high performance thin layer chromatographic-densitometric method for secoisolariciresinol diglucoside determination in flaxseed. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1207:155-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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