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Gámez-Arcas S, Baroja-Fernández E, García-Gómez P, Muñoz FJ, Almagro G, Bahaji A, Sánchez-López ÁM, Pozueta-Romero J. Action mechanisms of small microbial volatile compounds in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:498-510. [PMID: 34687197 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms communicate with plants by exchanging chemical signals throughout the phytosphere. Before direct contact with plants occurs, beneficial microorganisms emit a plethora of volatile compounds that promote plant growth and photosynthesis as well as developmental, metabolic, transcriptional, and proteomic changes in plants. These compounds can also induce systemic drought tolerance and improve water and nutrient acquisition. Recent studies have shown that this capacity is not restricted to beneficial microbes; it also extends to phytopathogens. Plant responses to microbial volatile compounds have frequently been associated with volatile organic compounds with molecular masses ranging between ~ 45Da and 300Da. However, microorganisms also release a limited number of volatile compounds with molecular masses of less than ~45Da that react with proteins and/or act as signaling molecules. Some of these compounds promote photosynthesis and growth when exogenously applied in low concentrations. Recently, evidence has shown that small volatile compounds are important determinants of plant responses to microbial volatile emissions. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in these responses remain poorly understood. This review summarizes current knowledge of biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in plant growth, development, and metabolic responses to small microbial volatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Gámez-Arcas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Gómez
- Plant Nutrition Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Avda. Louis Pasteur, 49, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Ameztoy K, Sánchez-López ÁM, Muñoz FJ, Bahaji A, Almagro G, Baroja-Fernández E, Gámez-Arcas S, De Diego N, Doležal K, Novák O, Pěnčík A, Alpízar A, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Pozueta-Romero J. Proteostatic Regulation of MEP and Shikimate Pathways by Redox-Activated Photosynthesis Signaling in Plants Exposed to Small Fungal Volatiles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:637976. [PMID: 33747018 PMCID: PMC7973468 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.637976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms produce volatile compounds (VCs) with molecular masses of less than 300 Da that promote plant growth and photosynthesis. Recently, we have shown that small VCs of less than 45 Da other than CO2 are major determinants of plant responses to fungal volatile emissions. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in the plants' responses to small microbial VCs remain unclear. In Arabidopsis thaliana plants exposed to small fungal VCs, growth promotion is accompanied by reduction of the thiol redox of Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) enzymes and changes in the levels of shikimate and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway-related compounds. We hypothesized that plants' responses to small microbial VCs involve post-translational modulation of enzymes of the MEP and shikimate pathways via mechanisms involving redox-activated photosynthesis signaling. To test this hypothesis, we compared the responses of wild-type (WT) plants and a cfbp1 mutant defective in a redox-regulated isoform of the CBC enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase to small VCs emitted by the fungal phytopathogen Alternaria alternata. Fungal VC-promoted growth and photosynthesis, as well as metabolic and proteomic changes, were substantially weaker in cfbp1 plants than in WT plants. In WT plants, but not in cfbp1 plants, small fungal VCs reduced the levels of both transcripts and proteins of the stromal Clp protease system and enhanced those of plastidial chaperonins and co-chaperonins. Consistently, small fungal VCs promoted the accumulation of putative Clp protease clients including MEP and shikimate pathway enzymes. clpr1-2 and clpc1 mutants with disrupted plastidial protein homeostasis responded weakly to small fungal VCs, strongly indicating that plant responses to microbial volatile emissions require a finely regulated plastidial protein quality control system. Our findings provide strong evidence that plant responses to fungal VCs involve chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling of redox-activated photosynthesis leading to proteostatic regulation of the MEP and shikimate pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinia Ameztoy
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, Spain
| | - Samuel Gámez-Arcas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palackı University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palackı University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ales Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palackı University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Adán Alpízar
- Unidad de Proteómica Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra), Mutilva, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC) Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Javier Pozueta-Romero,
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Aponso M, Patti A, Bennett LE. Dose-related effects of inhaled essential oils on behavioural measures of anxiety and depression and biomarkers of oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112469. [PMID: 31843574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Essential oils (EOs) are extracts of organic, volatile metabolites of plants that are typically oily liquids at ambient temperatures. Inhalation of EOs can regulate brain health and functions associated with mood and neurodegeneration, reflecting their bioavailability to brain. The aim was to identify physicochemical properties that influenced EO volatility and pathways of brain uptake by inhalation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dose-dependency of effects, determined as: total EO intake (μg/g bodyweight-BW), and rate of EO intake (μg/hr/g-BW), was determined by meta-analysis of data from animal studies (10 studies, 12 EOs), measuring effects on anxiety, depression and selected biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation (OSI). RESULTS Results demonstrated benefits on animal behavior at EO intakes of 1-100 μg/g BW and 1-10 μg/hr/g BW (Elevated Plus Maze and Forced Swimming tests) and <100 μg/g BW and 10-100 g/hr/g BW (Marble Burying). EOs regulated OSI biomarkers at intakes of 10-100 μg/g BW and 1-10 μg/h/g BW, and a dose-dependent elevation of dopamine at >1000 μg/g BW and 100-1000 μg/hr/g BW. CONCLUSION The results support that EO 'aromatherapy' can promote dose-dependent regulation of anxiety, depression and OSI and that efficacy requires optimization of dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoli Aponso
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Antonio Patti
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Louise E Bennett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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Jud W, Winkler JB, Niederbacher B, Niederbacher S, Schnitzler JP. Volatilomics: a non-invasive technique for screening plant phenotypic traits. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:109. [PMID: 30568721 PMCID: PMC6297985 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0378-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change represents a grand challenge for agricultural productivity. Understanding complex plant traits such as stress tolerance, disease resistance or crop yield is thus essential for breeding and the development of sustainable agriculture strategies. When screening for the most robust plant phenotypes, fast, high-throughput phenotyping represents the means of choice. RESULTS We have developed a plant phenotyping platform to measure the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), photosynthetic gas exchange and transpiration under ambient, or abiotic and biotic stress conditions. These parameters are highly suitable markers to non-invasively and dynamically study plant growth and plant stress status, making them perfect test variables for long-term, online plant monitoring. Here we introduce the new phenotyping platform, termed VOC-SCREEN, and present results of a first case study with three barley cultivars, demonstrating that the plant's volatilome can be successfully applied to discriminate different barley varieties. CONCLUSION Volatilomics is a promising technique to non-invasively screen for plant phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Jud
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J. Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bishu Niederbacher
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Ionicon Analytic GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Niederbacher
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Present Address: Ionicon Analytic GmbH, Eduard-Bodem-Gasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute for Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Jadaun JS, Sangwan NS, Narnoliya LK, Singh N, Bansal S, Mishra B, Sangwan RS. Over-expression of DXS gene enhances terpenoidal secondary metabolite accumulation in rose-scented geranium and Withania somnifera: active involvement of plastid isoprenogenic pathway in their biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:381-400. [PMID: 27580641 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) is one of the most important aromatic plants and is well known for its diverse perfumery uses. Its economic importance is due to presence of fragrance rich essential oil in its foliage. The essential oil is a mixture of various volatile phytochemicals which are mainly terpenes (isoprenoids) in nature. In this study, on the geranium foliage genes related to isoprenoid biosynthesis (DXS, DXR and HMGR) were isolated, cloned and confirmed by sequencing. Further, the first gene of 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (GrDXS), was made full length by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends strategy. GrDXS contained a 2157 bp open reading frame that encoded a polypeptide of 792 amino acids having calculated molecular weight 77.5 kDa. This study is first report on heterologous expression and kinetic characterization of any gene from this economically important plant. Expression analysis of these genes was performed in different tissues as well as at different developmental stages of leaves. In response to external elicitors, such as methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, light and wounding, all the three genes showed differential expression profiles. Further GrDXS was over expressed in the homologous (rose-scented geranium) as well as in heterologous (Withania somnifera) plant systems through genetic transformation approach. The over-expression of GrDXS led to enhanced secondary metabolites production (i.e. essential oil in rose-scented geranium and withanolides in W. somnifera). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the expression profile of the three genes related to isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways operated in rose-scented geranium as well as functional characterization study of any gene from rose-scented geranium through a genetic transformation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh Jadaun
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Lokesh K Narnoliya
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Shilpi Bansal
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Bhawana Mishra
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow 226015, India
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), C-127, Phase-8, Industrial Area, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali - 160071, Punjab, India
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Jud W, Vanzo E, Li Z, Ghirardo A, Zimmer I, Sharkey TD, Hansel A, Schnitzler JP. Effects of heat and drought stress on post-illumination bursts of volatile organic compounds in isoprene-emitting and non-emitting poplar. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1204-15. [PMID: 26390316 PMCID: PMC4982041 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, post-illumination bursts (PIBs) of isoprene, acetaldehyde and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) following rapid light-to-dark transitions have been reported for a variety of different plant species. However, the mechanisms triggering their release still remain unclear. Here we measured PIBs of isoprene-emitting (IE) and isoprene non-emitting (NE) grey poplar plants grown under different climate scenarios (ambient control and three scenarios with elevated CO2 concentrations: elevated control, periodic heat and temperature stress, chronic heat and temperature stress, followed by recovery periods). PIBs of isoprene were unaffected by elevated CO2 and heat and drought stress in IE, while they were absent in NE plants. On the other hand, PIBs of acetaldehyde and also GLVs were strongly reduced in stress-affected plants of all genotypes. After recovery from stress, distinct differences in PIB emissions in both genotypes confirmed different precursor pools for acetaldehyde and GLV emissions. Changes in PIBs of GLVs, almost absent in stressed plants and enhanced after recovery, could be mainly attributed to changes in lipoxygenase activity. Our results indicate that acetaldehyde PIBs, which recovered only partly, derive from a new mechanism in which acetaldehyde is produced from methylerythritol phosphate pathway intermediates, driven by deoxyxylulose phosphate synthase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Jud
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisa Vanzo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ziru Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan, 48823, USA
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan, 48823, USA
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute of Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (BIOP), Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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Pokhilko A, Bou-Torrent J, Pulido P, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Ebenhöh O. Mathematical modelling of the diurnal regulation of the MEP pathway in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1075-1085. [PMID: 25598499 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoid molecules are essential elements of plant metabolism. Many important plant isoprenoids, such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, tocopherols, prenylated quinones and hormones are synthesised in chloroplasts via the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Here we develop a mathematical model of diurnal regulation of the MEP pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. We used both experimental and theoretical approaches to integrate mechanisms potentially involved in the diurnal control of the pathway. Our data show that flux through the MEP pathway is accelerated in light due to the photosynthesis-dependent supply of metabolic substrates of the pathway and the transcriptional regulation of key biosynthetic genes by the circadian clock. We also demonstrate that feedback regulation of both the activity and the abundance of the first enzyme of the MEP pathway (1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, DXS) by pathway products stabilizes the flux against changes in substrate supply and adjusts the flux according to product demand under normal growth conditions. These data illustrate the central relevance of photosynthesis, the circadian clock and feedback control of DXS for the diurnal regulation of the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pokhilko
- Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
| | - Jordi Bou-Torrent
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Pulido
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, King's College, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, UK
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Ghirardo A, Wright LP, Bi Z, Rosenkranz M, Pulido P, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Niinemets Ü, Brüggemann N, Gershenzon J, Schnitzler JP. Metabolic flux analysis of plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis in poplar leaves emitting and nonemitting isoprene. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:37-51. [PMID: 24590857 PMCID: PMC4012595 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.236018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is one of the most important pathways in plants and produces a large variety of essential isoprenoids. Its regulation, however, is still not well understood. Using the stable isotope 13C-labeling technique, we analyzed the carbon fluxes through the MEP pathway and into the major plastidic isoprenoid products in isoprene-emitting and transgenic isoprene-nonemitting (NE) gray poplar (Populus×canescens). We assessed the dependence on temperature, light intensity, and atmospheric [CO2]. Isoprene biosynthesis was by far (99%) the main carbon sink of MEP pathway intermediates in mature gray poplar leaves, and its production required severalfold higher carbon fluxes compared with NE leaves with almost zero isoprene emission. To compensate for the much lower demand for carbon, NE leaves drastically reduced the overall carbon flux within the MEP pathway. Feedback inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity by accumulated plastidic dimethylallyl diphosphate almost completely explained this reduction in carbon flux. Our data demonstrate that short-term biochemical feedback regulation of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity by plastidic dimethylallyl diphosphate is an important regulatory mechanism of the MEP pathway. Despite being relieved from the large carbon demand of isoprene biosynthesis, NE plants redirected only approximately 0.5% of this saved carbon toward essential nonvolatile isoprenoids, i.e. β-carotene and lutein, most probably to compensate for the absence of isoprene and its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Louwrance Peter Wright
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Zhen Bi
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Pablo Pulido
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
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9
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Rasulov B, Bichele I, Laisk A, Niinemets Ü. Competition between isoprene emission and pigment synthesis during leaf development in aspen. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:724-41. [PMID: 24033429 PMCID: PMC4411569 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In growing leaves, lack of isoprene synthase (IspS) is considered responsible for delayed isoprene emission, but competition for dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP), the substrate for both isoprene synthesis and prenyltransferase reactions in photosynthetic pigment and phytohormone synthesis, can also play a role. We used a kinetic approach based on post-illumination isoprene decay and modelling DMADP consumption to estimate in vivo kinetic characteristics of IspS and prenyltransferase reactions, and to determine the share of DMADP use by different processes through leaf development in Populus tremula. Pigment synthesis rate was also estimated from pigment accumulation data and distribution of DMADP use from isoprene emission changes due to alendronate, a selective inhibitor of prenyltransferases. Development of photosynthetic activity and pigment synthesis occurred with the greatest rate in 1- to 5-day-old leaves when isoprene emission was absent. Isoprene emission commenced on days 5 and 6 and increased simultaneously with slowing down of pigment synthesis. In vivo Michaelis-Menten constant (Km ) values obtained were 265 nmol m(-2) (20 μm) for DMADP-consuming prenyltransferase reactions and 2560 nmol m(-2) (190 μm) for IspS. Thus, despite decelerating pigment synthesis reactions in maturing leaves, isoprene emission in young leaves was limited by both IspS activity and competition for DMADP by prenyltransferase reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahtijor Rasulov
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23 Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Irina Bichele
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23 Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Agu Laisk
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23 Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
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10
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Wright LP, Phillips MA. Measuring the activity of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, the first enzyme in the MEP pathway, in plant extracts. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1153:9-20. [PMID: 24777787 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0606-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The first enzyme in the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) synthase (DXS). As such this enzyme is considered to be important in the control of plastidial isoprenoid production. Measuring the activity of DXS in plant extracts is therefore crucial to understanding the regulation of the MEP pathway. Due to the relatively low amounts of DXS, the activity of this enzyme can only be measured using highly sensitive analytical equipment. Here, a method is described to determine the DXS enzyme activity in a crude plant extract, by measuring DXP production directly using high performance liquid chromatography linked to a tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detector (LC-MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louwrance P Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany,
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11
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Way DA, Ghirardo A, Kanawati B, Esperschütz J, Monson RK, Jackson RB, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Schnitzler JP. Increasing atmospheric CO2 reduces metabolic and physiological differences between isoprene- and non-isoprene-emitting poplars. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:534-546. [PMID: 23822651 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene, a volatile organic compound produced by some plant species, enhances abiotic stress tolerance under current atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but its biosynthesis is negatively correlated with CO2 concentrations. We hypothesized that losing the capacity to produce isoprene would require stronger up-regulation of other stress tolerance mechanisms at low CO2 than at higher CO2 concentrations. We compared metabolite profiles and physiological performance in poplars (Populus × canescens) with either wild-type or RNAi-suppressed isoprene emission capacity grown at pre-industrial low, current atmospheric, and future high CO2 concentrations (190, 390 and 590 ppm CO2 , respectively). Suppression of isoprene biosynthesis led to significant rearrangement of the leaf metabolome, increasing stress tolerance responses such as xanthophyll cycle pigment de-epoxidation and antioxidant levels, as well as altering lipid, carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Metabolic and physiological differences between isoprene-emitting and suppressed lines diminished as growth CO2 concentrations rose. The CO2 dependence of our results indicates that the effects of isoprene biosynthesis are strongest at pre-industrial CO2 concentrations. Rising CO2 may reduce the beneficial effects of biogenic isoprene emission, with implications for species competition. This has potential consequences for future climate warming, as isoprene emitted from vegetation has strong effects on global atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Way
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Basem Kanawati
- Research Unit Biogeochemistry and Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Esperschütz
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Soil Ecology, Technische Universität München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Russell K Monson
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment and Laboratory for Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Biogeochemistry and Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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12
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Hemmerlin A. Post-translational events and modifications regulating plant enzymes involved in isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 203-204:41-54. [PMID: 23415327 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Identification of regulatory enzymes is fundamental for engineering metabolic pathways such as the isoprenoid one. All too often, investigation of gene expression remains the major trend in unraveling regulation mechanisms of the isoprenoid cytosolic mevalonate and the plastid-localized methylerythritol phosphate metabolic pathways. But such metabolic regulatory enzymes are frequently multilevel-regulated, especially at a post-translational level. A prominent example is the endoplasmic reticulum-bound 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase catalyzing the synthesis of mevalonic acid. Despite the discovery and the intense efforts made to understand regulation of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway, this enzyme remains a leading player in the regulation of the whole isoprenoid pathway. Strict correlation between this enzyme's gene expression, protein level and enzyme activity is not observed, thus confirming multilevel-regulation. In this context, besides post-translational modifications of proteins, we have to consider feedback of metabolic flow and allosteric regulation, alternative protein structures, targeted proteolysis and/or redox regulation. Such multilevel-regulation processes deliver a range of benefits including rapid response to environmental and physiological challenges or metabolic fluctuations. This review specially emphasizes essential functions of these post-translational events that permit the close regulation of key enzymes involved in plant isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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13
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Behnke K, Kaiser A, Zimmer I, Brüggemann N, Janz D, Polle A, Hampp R, Hänsch R, Popko J, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Ehlting B, Rennenberg H, Barta C, Loreto F, Schnitzler JP. RNAi-mediated suppression of isoprene emission in poplar transiently impacts phenolic metabolism under high temperature and high light intensities: a transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 74:61-75. [PMID: 20526857 PMCID: PMC3128716 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, isoprene plays a dual role: (a) as thermo-protective agent proposed to prevent degradation of enzymes/membrane structures involved in photosynthesis, and (b) as reactive molecule reducing abiotic oxidative stress. The present work addresses the question whether suppression of isoprene emission interferes with genome wide transcription rates and metabolite fluxes in grey poplar (Populus x canescens) throughout the growing season. Gene expression and metabolite profiles of isoprene emitting wild type plants and RNAi-mediated non-isoprene emitting poplars were compared by using poplar Affymetrix microarrays and non-targeted FT-ICR-MS (Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry). We observed a transcriptional down-regulation of genes encoding enzymes of phenylpropanoid regulatory and biosynthetic pathways, as well as distinct metabolic down-regulation of condensed tannins and anthocyanins, in non-isoprene emitting genotypes during July, when high temperature and light intensities possibly caused transient drought stress, as indicated by stomatal closure. Under these conditions leaves of non-isoprene emitting plants accumulated hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), a signaling molecule in stress response and negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The absence of isoprene emission under high temperature and light stress resulted transiently in a new chemo(pheno)type with suppressed production of phenolic compounds. This may compromise inducible defenses and may render non-isoprene emitting poplars more susceptible to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Behnke
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kaiser
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hampp
- Physiological Ecology of Plants, Botanical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institute for Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, 38206 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Popko
- Institute for Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, 38206 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Ehlting
- Institute for Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute for Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Csengele Barta
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale (IBAF)—Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015, Monterotondo, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Area della Ricerca del CNR di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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