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Liu M, Li S. Nitrile biosynthesis in nature: how and why? Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:649-671. [PMID: 38193577 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2023Natural nitriles comprise a small set of secondary metabolites which however show intriguing chemical and functional diversity. Various patterns of nitrile biosynthesis can be seen in animals, plants, and microorganisms with the characteristics of both evolutionary divergence and convergence. These specialized compounds play important roles in nitrogen metabolism, chemical defense against herbivores, predators and pathogens, and inter- and/or intraspecies communications. Here we review the naturally occurring nitrile-forming pathways from a biochemical perspective and discuss the biological and ecological functions conferred by diversified nitrile biosyntheses in different organisms. Elucidation of the mechanisms and evolutionary trajectories of nitrile biosynthesis underpins better understandings of nitrile-related biology, chemistry, and ecology and will ultimately benefit the development of desirable nitrile-forming biocatalysts for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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2
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Etesami H, Glick BR. Bacterial indole-3-acetic acid: A key regulator for plant growth, plant-microbe interactions, and agricultural adaptive resilience. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127602. [PMID: 38228017 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a fundamental phytohormone categorized under auxins, not only influences plant growth and development but also plays a critical role in plant-microbe interactions. This study reviews the role of IAA in bacteria-plant communication, with a focus on its biosynthesis, regulation, and the subsequent effects on host plants. Bacteria synthesize IAA through multiple pathways, which include the indole-3-acetamide (IAM), indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA), and several other routes, whose full mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. The production of bacterial IAA affects root architecture, nutrient uptake, and resistance to various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity, enhancing plant resilience and thus offering promising routes to sustainable agriculture. Bacterial IAA synthesis is regulated through complex gene networks responsive to environmental cues, impacting plant hormonal balances and symbiotic relationships. Pathogenic bacteria have adapted mechanisms to manipulate the host's IAA dynamics, influencing disease outcomes. On the other hand, beneficial bacteria utilize IAA to promote plant growth and mitigate abiotic stresses, thereby enhancing nutrient use efficiency and reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers. Advancements in analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, have improved the quantification of bacterial IAA, enabling accurate measurement and analysis. Future research focusing on molecular interactions between IAA-producing bacteria and host plants could facilitate the development of biotechnological applications that integrate beneficial bacteria to improve crop performance, which is essential for addressing the challenges posed by climate change and ensuring global food security. This integration of bacterial IAA producers into agricultural practice promises to revolutionize crop management strategies by enhancing growth, fostering resilience, and reducing environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Etesami
- Soil Science Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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3
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Yamaguchi T, Asano Y. Nitrile-synthesizing enzymes and biocatalytic synthesis of volatile nitrile compounds: A review. J Biotechnol 2024; 384:20-28. [PMID: 38395363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Nitriles (R-CN) comprise a broad group of chemicals industrially produced and used in fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and bulk applications, polymer chemistry, solvents, etc. Nitriles are important starting materials for producing carboxylic acids, amides, amines, and several other compounds. In addition, some volatile nitriles have been evaluated for their potential as ingredients in fragrance and flavor formulations. However, many nitrile synthesis methods have drawbacks, such as drastic reaction conditions, limited substrate scope, lack of readily available reagents, poor yields, and long reaction times. In contrast to chemical synthesis, biocatalytic approaches using enzymes can produce nitriles without harsh conditions, such as high temperatures and pressures, or toxic compounds. In this review, we summarize the nitrile-synthesizing enzymes from microorganisms, plants, and animals. Furthermore, we introduce several examples of biocatalytic synthesis of volatile nitrile compounds, particularly those using aldoxime dehydratase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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4
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Tang J, Li Y, Zhang L, Mu J, Jiang Y, Fu H, Zhang Y, Cui H, Yu X, Ye Z. Biosynthetic Pathways and Functions of Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2077. [PMID: 37630637 PMCID: PMC10459833 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) belongs to the family of auxin indole derivatives. IAA regulates almost all aspects of plant growth and development, and is one of the most important plant hormones. In microorganisms too, IAA plays an important role in growth, development, and even plant interaction. Therefore, mechanism studies on the biosynthesis and functions of IAA in microorganisms can promote the production and utilization of IAA in agriculture. This mini-review mainly summarizes the biosynthesis pathways that have been reported in microorganisms, including the indole-3-acetamide pathway, indole-3-pyruvate pathway, tryptamine pathway, indole-3-acetonitrile pathway, tryptophan side chain oxidase pathway, and non-tryptophan dependent pathway. Some pathways interact with each other through common key genes to constitute a network of IAA biosynthesis. In addition, functional studies of IAA in microorganisms, divided into three categories, have also been summarized: the effects on microorganisms, the virulence on plants, and the beneficial impacts on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zihong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.T.); (L.Z.)
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5
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Křístková B, Rädisch R, Kulik N, Horvat M, Rucká L, Grulich M, Rudroff F, Kádek A, Pátek M, Winkler M, Martínková L. Scanning aldoxime dehydratase sequence space and characterization of a new aldoxime dehydratase from Fusarium vanettenii. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 164:110187. [PMID: 36610228 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to map the sequence space of aldoxime dehydratases (Oxds) as enzymes with great potential for nitrile synthesis. Microbes contain an abundance of putative Oxds but fewer than ten Oxds were characterized in total and only two in fungi. In this work, we prepared and characterized a new Oxd (protein gb|EEU37245.1 named OxdFv) from Fusarium vanettenii 77-13-4. OxdFv is distant from the characterized Oxds with a maximum of 36% identity. Moreover, the canonical Oxd catalytic triad RSH is replaced by R141-E187-E303 in OxdFv. R141A and E187A mutants did not show significant activities, but mutant E303A showed a comparable activity as the wild-type enzyme. According to native mass spectrometry, OxdFv contained almost 1 mol of heme per 1 mol of protein, and was composed of approximately 88% monomer (41.8 kDa) and 12% dimer. A major advantage of this enzyme is its considerable activity under aerobic conditions (25.0 ± 4.3 U/mg for E,Z-phenylacetaldoxime at pH 9.0 and 55 °C). Addition of sodium dithionite (reducing agent) and Fe2+ was required for this activity. OxdFv favored (aryl)aliphatic aldoximes over aromatic aldoximes. Substrate docking in the homology model of OxdFv showed a similar substrate specificity. We conclude that OxdFv is the first characterized Oxd of the REE type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Křístková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Rädisch
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 136, CZ-373 33 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Melissa Horvat
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Chemical and Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lenka Rucká
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Grulich
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/OC-163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alan Kádek
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Cell Signaling, BIOCEV - Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průmyslová 595, CZ-252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Martinistraße 52, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany; European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Miroslav Pátek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Chemical and Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Krenngasse 37, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Plaszkó T, Szűcs Z, Vasas G, Gonda S. Interactions of fungi with non-isothiocyanate products of the plant glucosinolate pathway: A review on product formation, antifungal activity, mode of action and biotransformation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113245. [PMID: 35623473 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolate pathway, which is present in the order Brassicales, is one of the most researched defensive natural product biosynthesis pathways. Its core molecules, the glucosinolates are broken down upon pathogen challenge or tissue damage to yield an array of natural products that may help plants defend against the stressor. Though the most widely known glucosinolate decomposition products are the antimicrobial isothiocyanates, there is a wide range of other volatile and non-volatile natural products that arise from this biosynthetic pathway. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the interaction of these much less examined, non-isothiocyanate products with fungi. It deals with compounds including (1) glucosinolates and their biosynthesis precursors; (2) glucosinolate-derived nitriles (e.g. derivatives of 1H-indole-3-acetonitrile), thiocyanates, epithionitriles and oxazolidine-2-thiones; (3) putative isothiocyanate downstream products such as raphanusamic acid, 1H-indole-3-methanol (= indole-3-carbinol) and its oligomers, 1H-indol-3-ylmethanamine and ascorbigen; (4) 1H-indole-3-acetonitrile downstream products such as 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (indole-3-carboxaldehyde), 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid and their derivatives; and (5) indole phytoalexins including brassinin, cyclobrassinin and brassilexin. Herein, a literature review on the following aspects is provided: their direct antifungal activity and the proposed mechanisms of antifungal action, increased biosynthesis after fungal challenge, as well as data on their biotransformation/detoxification by fungi, including but not limited to fungal myrosinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Plaszkó
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Szűcs
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Healthcare Industry Institute, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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7
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Rädisch R, Pátek M, Křístková B, Winkler M, Křen V, Martínková L. Metabolism of Aldoximes and Nitriles in Plant-Associated Bacteria and Its Potential in Plant-Bacteria Interactions. Microorganisms 2022; 10:549. [PMID: 35336124 PMCID: PMC8955678 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, aldoximes per se act as defense compounds and are precursors of complex defense compounds such as cyanogenic glucosides and glucosinolates. Bacteria rarely produce aldoximes, but some are able to transform them by aldoxime dehydratase (Oxd), followed by nitrilase (NLase) or nitrile hydratase (NHase) catalyzed transformations. Oxds are often encoded together with NLases or NHases in a single operon, forming the aldoxime-nitrile pathway. Previous reviews have largely focused on the use of Oxds and NLases or NHases in organic synthesis. In contrast, the focus of this review is on the contribution of these enzymes to plant-bacteria interactions. Therefore, we summarize the substrate specificities of the enzymes for plant compounds. We also analyze the taxonomic and ecological distribution of the enzymes. In addition, we discuss their importance in selected plant symbionts. The data show that Oxds, NLases, and NHases are abundant in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. The enzymes seem to be important for breaking through plant defenses and utilizing oximes or nitriles as nutrients. They may also contribute, e.g., to the synthesis of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid. We conclude that the bacterial and plant metabolism of aldoximes and nitriles may interfere in several ways. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to better understand this underexplored aspect of plant-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rädisch
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Pátek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Křístková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Chemical and Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Krenngasse 37, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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Horvat M, Weilch V, Rädisch R, Hecko S, Schiefer A, Rudroff F, Wilding B, Klempier N, Pátek M, Martínková L, Winkler M. Chemoenzymatic one-pot reaction from carboxylic acid to nitrile via oxime. Catal Sci Technol 2022; 12:62-66. [PMID: 35126993 PMCID: PMC8725990 DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01694f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a new chemoenzymatic cascade starting with aldehyde synthesis by carboxylic acid reductase (CAR) followed by chemical in situ oxime formation. The final step to the nitrile is catalyzed by aldoxime dehydratase (Oxd). Full conversions of phenylacetic acid and hexanoic acid were achieved in a two-phase mode. We report a new chemoenzymatic cascade starting with aldehyde synthesis by carboxylic acid reductase (CAR) followed by chemical in situ oxime formation and enzymatic dehydration by aldoxime dehydratase (Oxd).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Horvat
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Victoria Weilch
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Robert Rädisch
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-142 20 Prague Czech Republic .,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Viničná 5 CZ-12844 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Hecko
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/OC-163 A-1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Astrid Schiefer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/OC-163 A-1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/OC-163 A-1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Birgit Wilding
- Acib GmbH Krenngasse 37 A-8010 Graz Austria.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Norbert Klempier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - Miroslav Pátek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-142 20 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-142 20 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Margit Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 A-8010 Graz Austria .,Acib GmbH Krenngasse 37 A-8010 Graz Austria
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9
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Chowdhury R, Mendoza A. N-Hydroxyphthalimidyl diazoacetate (NHPI-DA): a modular methylene linchpin for the C-H alkylation of indoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4532-4535. [PMID: 33956022 PMCID: PMC8101283 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01026c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the extensive studies on the reactions between conventional diazocompounds and indoles, these are still limited by the independent synthesis of the carbene precursors, the specific catalysts, and the required multi-step manipulation of the products. In this work, we explore redox-active carbenes in the expedited and divergent synthesis of functionalized indoles. NHPI-DA displays unusual efficiency and selectivity to yield insertion products that can be swiftly elaborated into boron and carbon substituents that are particularly problematic in carbene-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdip Chowdhury
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Abraham Mendoza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Chen K, Wang Z, Ding K, Chen Y, Asano Y. Recent progress on discovery and research of aldoxime dehydratases. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Jahn L, Hofmann U, Ludwig-Müller J. Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Synthesized by the Endophyte Cyanodermella asteris via a Tryptophan-Dependent and -Independent Way and Mediates the Interaction with a Non-Host Plant. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2651. [PMID: 33800748 PMCID: PMC7961953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the main signals playing a role in the communication between host and endophytes. Endophytes can synthesize IAA de novo to influence the IAA homeostasis in plants. Although much is known about IAA biosynthesis in microorganisms, there is still less known about the pathway by which IAA is synthesized in fungal endophytes. The aim of this study is to examine a possible IAA biosynthesis pathway in Cyanodermella asteris. In vitro cultures of C. asteris were incubated with the IAA precursors tryptophan (Trp) and indole, as well as possible intermediates, and they were additionally treated with IAA biosynthesis inhibitors (2-mercaptobenzimidazole and yucasin DF) to elucidate possible IAA biosynthesis pathways. It was shown that (a) C. asteris synthesized IAA without adding precursors; (b) indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN), indole-3-acetamide (IAM), and indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAD) increased IAA biosynthesis; and (c) C. asteris synthesized IAA also by a Trp-independent pathway. Together with the genome information of C. asteris, the possible IAA biosynthesis pathways found can improve the understanding of IAA biosynthesis in fungal endophytes. The uptake of fungal IAA into Arabidopsis thaliana is necessary for the induction of lateral roots and other fungus-related growth phenotypes, since the application of the influx inhibitor 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA) but not the efflux inhibitor N-1-naphtylphthalamic acid (NPA) were altering these parameters. In addition, the root phenotype of the mutation in an influx carrier, aux1, was partially rescued by C. asteris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; (L.J.); (U.H.)
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12
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Xu ZY, Xi YF, Zhou WY, Lou LL, Wang XB, Huang XX, Song SJ. Alkaloids and monoterpenes from the leaves of Isatis tinctoria Linnaeus and their chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2020.104089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Sulzbach M, Kunjapur AM. The Pathway Less Traveled: Engineering Biosynthesis of Nonstandard Functional Groups. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:532-545. [PMID: 31954529 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The field of metabolic engineering has achieved biochemical routes for conversion of renewable inputs to structurally diverse chemicals, but these products contain a limited number of chemical functional groups. In this review, we provide an overview of the progression of uncommon or 'nonstandard' functional groups from the elucidation of their biosynthetic machinery to the pathway optimization framework of metabolic engineering. We highlight exemplary efforts from primarily the last 5 years for biosynthesis of aldehyde, ester, terminal alkyne, terminal alkene, fluoro, epoxide, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, and hydrazine functional groups. These representative nonstandard functional groups vary in development stage and showcase the pipeline of chemical diversity that could soon appear within customized, biologically produced molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Sulzbach
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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14
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Martínková L. Nitrile metabolism in fungi: A review of its key enzymes nitrilases with focus on their biotechnological impact. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Overproduction and characterization of the first enzyme of a new aldoxime dehydratase family in Bradyrhizobium sp. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:746-753. [PMID: 29698761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Almost 100 genes within the genus Bradyrhizobium are known to potentially encode aldoxime dehydratases (Oxds), but none of the corresponding proteins have been characterized yet. Aldoximes are natural substances involved in plant defense and auxin synthesis, and Oxds are components of enzymatic cascades enabling bacteria to transform, utilize and detoxify them. The aim of this work was to characterize a representative of the highly conserved Oxds in Bradyrhizobium spp. which include both plant symbionts and members of the soil communities. The selected oxd gene from Bradyrhizobium sp. LTSPM299 was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the corresponding gene product (OxdBr1; GenBank: WP_044589203) was obtained as an N-His6-tagged protein (monomer, 40.7 kDa) with 30-47% identity to Oxds characterized previously. OxdBr1 was most stable at pH ca. 7.0-8.0 and at up to 30 °C. As substrates, the enzyme acted on (aryl)aliphatic aldoximes such as E/Z-phenylacetaldoxime, E/Z-2-phenylpropionaldoxime, E/Z-3-phenylpropionaldoxime, E/Z-indole-3-acetaldoxime, E/Z-propionaldoxime, E/Z-butyraldoxime, E/Z-valeraldoxime and E/Z-isovaleraldoxime. Some of the reaction products of OxdBr1 are substrates of nitrilases occurring in the same genus. Regions upstream of the oxd gene contained genes encoding a putative aliphatic nitrilase and its transcriptional activator, indicating the participation of OxdBr1 in the metabolic route from aldoximes to carboxylic acids.
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Yu S, Chen H, Xu X, Yuan W, Zhang X. Enatioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydrocarbazoles via
Chiral Phosphoric Acid Promoted Domino Friedel-Crafts-type Reaction of Indole-3-butanal with Indoles. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuowen Yu
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis & Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis & Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis & Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Weicheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis & Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis & Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province; Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
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Nibbs AE, Montgomery TD, Zhu Y, Rawal VH. Access to Spirocyclized Oxindoles and Indolenines via Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of Propargyl Carbonates with 2-Oxotryptamines and Tryptamines. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4928-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette E. Nibbs
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Thomas D. Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Viresh H. Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Pedras MSC, Abdoli A. Metabolism of the phytoalexins camalexins, their bioisosteres and analogues in the plant pathogenic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4541-9. [PMID: 23773956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of the phytoalexins camalexin (1), 1-methylcamalexin (10) and 6-methoxycamalexin (11) by Alternaria brassicicola and their antifungal activity is reported. This work establishes that camalexins are slowly biotransformed (ca. six days) to the corresponding indole-3-thiocarboxamides, which are further transformed to the indole-3-carboxylic acids. These metabolites are substantially less inhibitory to A. brassicicola than the parent camalexins, indicating that these enzyme-mediated transformations are detoxifications. In addition, analyses of the metabolism of synthetic isomers and bioisosteres of camalexin (1) indicate that isomers of camalexin in the thiazole ring are not metabolized. Based on these results, the potential intermediates that lead to formation of indole-3-thiocarboxamides are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledade C Pedras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
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Liao RZ, Thiel W. Why Is the Oxidation State of Iron Crucial for the Activity of Heme-Dependent Aldoxime Dehydratase? A QM/MM Study. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9396-408. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305510c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Zhen Liao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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20
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Pedras MSC, Yaya EE, Glawischnig E. The phytoalexins from cultivated and wild crucifers: chemistry and biology. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1381-405. [PMID: 21681321 DOI: 10.1039/c1np00020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phytoalexins are antimicrobial secondary metabolites produced de novo by plants in response to stress, including microbial attack. In general, phytoalexins are important components of plant defenses against fungal and bacterial pathogens. The phytoalexins of crucifers are indole alkaloids derived from (S)-tryptophan, most of which contain a sulfur atom derived from cysteine. Beside their antimicrobial activity against different plant pathogenic species, cruciferous phytoalexins have shown anticarcinogenic effects on various human cell lines. This review focuses on the phytoalexins produced by cruciferous plants reported to date, with particular emphasis on their chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, metabolism by plant fungal pathogens and biological activities. A summary table containing all phytoalexins, their cultivated and wild cruciferous sources, their synthetic starting materials, biotransformation products and biological activities is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledade C Pedras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
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