1
|
Liu H, Liu Y, Han H, Lu C, Chen H, Chai Y. Identification and characterization of phenolamides in tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/Q-Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2023; 424:136402. [PMID: 37216782 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phenolamides (PAs) are important secondary metabolites present in plants with multiple bioactivities. This study aims to comprehensively identify and characterize PAs in tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/Q-Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry based on a lab-developed in-silico accurate-mass database. The PAs found in tea flowers were conjugates of Z/E-hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids) with polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and agmatine). The positional and Z/E isomers were distinguished through characteristic MS2 fragmentation rules and chromatographic retention behavior summarized from some synthetic PAs. 21 types of PAs consisting of over 80 isomers were identified, and the majority of them were found in tea flowers for the first time. Among 12 tea flower varieties studied, they all possessed tris-(p-coumaroyl)-spermidine with the highest relative content, and C. sinensis 'Huangjinya' had the highest total relative contents of PAs. This study shows the richness and structural diversity of PAs in tea flowers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haolei Han
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh DP, Bisen MS, Prabha R, Maurya S, Yerasu SR, Shukla R, Tiwari JK, Chaturvedi KK, Farooqi MS, Srivastava S, Rai A, Sarma BK, Rai N, Singh PM, Behera TK, Farag MA. Untargeted Metabolomics of Alternaria solani-Challenged Wild Tomato Species Solanum cheesmaniae Revealed Key Metabolite Biomarkers and Insight into Altered Metabolic Pathways. Metabolites 2023; 13:585. [PMID: 37233626 PMCID: PMC10220610 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics of moderately resistant wild tomato species Solanum cheesmaniae revealed an altered metabolite profile in plant leaves in response to Alternaria solani pathogen. Leaf metabolites were significantly differentiated in non-stressed versus stressed plants. The samples were discriminated not only by the presence/absence of specific metabolites as distinguished markers of infection, but also on the basis of their relative abundance as important concluding factors. Annotation of metabolite features using the Arabidopsis thaliana (KEGG) database revealed 3371 compounds with KEGG identifiers belonging to biosynthetic pathways including secondary metabolites, cofactors, steroids, brassinosteroids, terpernoids, and fatty acids. Annotation using the Solanum lycopersicum database in PLANTCYC PMN revealed significantly upregulated (541) and downregulated (485) features distributed in metabolite classes that appeared to play a crucial role in defense, infection prevention, signaling, plant growth, and plant homeostasis to survive under stress conditions. The orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), comprising a significant fold change (≥2.0) with VIP score (≥1.0), showed 34 upregulated biomarker metabolites including 5-phosphoribosylamine, kaur-16-en-18-oic acid, pantothenate, and O-acetyl-L-homoserine, along with 41 downregulated biomarkers. Downregulated metabolite biomarkers were mapped with pathways specifically known for plant defense, suggesting their prominent role in pathogen resistance. These results hold promise for identifying key biomarker metabolites that contribute to disease resistive metabolic traits/biosynthetic routes. This approach can assist in mQTL development for the stress breeding program in tomato against pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ratna Prabha
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sudarshan Maurya
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi 221305, India
| | | | - Renu Shukla
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | | | - Md. Samir Farooqi
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sudhir Srivastava
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Anil Rai
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Birinchi Kumar Sarma
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nagendra Rai
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi 221305, India
| | | | | | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Valletta A, Iozia LM, Fattorini L, Leonelli F. Rice Phytoalexins: Half a Century of Amazing Discoveries; Part I: Distribution, Biosynthesis, Chemical Synthesis, and Biological Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:260. [PMID: 36678973 PMCID: PMC9862927 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated rice is a staple food for more than half of the world's population, providing approximately 20% of the world's food energy needs. A broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms causes rice diseases leading to huge yield losses worldwide. Wild and cultivated rice species are known to possess a wide variety of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, known as phytoalexins, which are part of their active defense mechanisms. These compounds are biosynthesized transiently by rice in response to pathogens and certain abiotic stresses. Rice phytoalexins have been intensively studied for over half a century, both for their biological role and their potential application in agronomic and pharmaceutical fields. In recent decades, the growing interest of the research community, combined with advances in chemical, biological, and biomolecular investigation methods, has led to a notable acceleration in the growth of knowledge on rice phytoalexins. This review provides an overview of the knowledge gained in recent decades on the diversity, distribution, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, and bioactivity of rice phytoalexins, with particular attention to the most recent advances in this research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Valletta
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maria Iozia
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fattorini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Leonelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
García-Valle KM, Ruíz-Herrera LF, Ravelo-Ortega G, López-Bucio JS, Guevara-García ÁA, López-Bucio J. MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE PHOSPHATASE 1 mediates root sensing of serotonin through jasmonic acid signaling and modulating reactive oxygen species. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111396. [PMID: 35878696 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) acts as a neurotransmitter in mammals and is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, where it influences root growth and defense. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) play critical functions in decoding hormonal signalling, but their possible roles in mediating serotonin responses await investigation. In this report, we unveiled positive roles for the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE PHOSPHATASE1 (MKP1) in the inhibition of the primary root growth, cell division, meristem structure, and differentiation events in Arabidopsis seedlings. mkp1 mutants were less sensitive to jasmonic acid applications that halted primary root growth in wild-type (WT) plants, and consistently, the neurotransmitter activated the expression of the JASMONATE ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins JAZ1 and JAZ10, two critical proteins orchestrating jasmonic acid signalling. This effect correlated with exacerbated production of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the WT, a process constitutively manifested in mkp1 mutants. These data help to clarify the relationship between serotonin and growth/defense trade-offs, and reveal the importance of the MAPK pathway in root development through ROS production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Monserrat García-Valle
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - León Francisco Ruíz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Gustavo Ravelo-Ortega
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Jesús Salvador López-Bucio
- Investigador de Cátedras CONACYT, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Ángel Arturo Guevara-García
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, CP 58030 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dangol A, Shavit R, Yaakov B, Strickler SR, Jander G, Tzin V. Characterizing serotonin biosynthesis in Setaria viridis leaves and its effect on aphids. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:533-549. [PMID: 35020104 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A combined transcriptomic and metabolic analysis of Setaria viridis leaves responding to aphid infestation was used to identify genes related to serotonin biosynthesis. Setaria viridis (green foxtail), a short life-cycle C4 plant in the Poaceae family, is the wild ancestor of Setaria italica (foxtail millet), a resilient crop that provides good yields in dry and marginal land. Although S. viridis has been studied extensively in the last decade, the molecular mechanisms of insect resistance in this species remain under-investigated. To address this issue, we performed a metabolic analysis of S. viridis and discovered that these plants accumulate the tryptophan-derived compounds tryptamine and serotonin. To elucidate the defensive functions of serotonin, Rhophalosiphum padi (bird cherry-oat aphids) were exposed to this compound, either by exogenous application to the plant medium or with artificial diet bioassays. In both cases, exposure to serotonin increased aphid mortality. To identify genes that are involved in serotonin biosynthesis, we conducted a transcriptome analysis and identified several predicted S. viridis tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) and tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H) genes. Two candidate genes were ectopically expressed in Nicotiana tabacum, where SvTDC1 (Sevir.6G066200) had tryptophan decarboxylase activity, and SvT5H1 (Sevir.8G219600) had tryptamine hydroxylase activity. Moreover, the function of the SvTDC1 gene was validated using virus-induced gene silencing in S. italica, which caused a reduction in serotonin levels. This study provides the first evidence of serotonin biosynthesis in Setaria leaves. The biosynthesis of serotonin may play an important role in defense responses and could prove to be useful for developing more pest-tolerant Setaria italica cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuma Dangol
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Reut Shavit
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | - Beery Yaakov
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel
| | | | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Vered Tzin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 8499000, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun Y, Wang B, Ren J, Zhou Y, Han Y, Niu S, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Zhou J, Yang C, Ma X, Liu X, Luo Y, Jin C, Luo J. OsbZIP18, a Positive Regulator of Serotonin Biosynthesis, Negatively Controls the UV-B Tolerance in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063215. [PMID: 35328636 PMCID: PMC8949417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) plays an important role in many developmental processes and biotic/abiotic stress responses in plants. Although serotonin biosynthetic pathways in plants have been uncovered, knowledge of the mechanisms of serotonin accumulation is still limited, and no regulators have been identified to date. Here, we identified the basic leucine zipper transcription factor OsbZIP18 as a positive regulator of serotonin biosynthesis in rice. Overexpression of OsbZIP18 strongly induced the levels of serotonin and its early precursors (tryptophan and tryptamine), resulting in stunted growth and dark-brown phenotypes. A function analysis showed that OsbZIP18 activated serotonin biosynthesis genes (including tryptophan decarboxylase 1 (OsTDC1), tryptophan decarboxylase 3 (OsTDC3), and tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (OsT5H)) by directly binding to the ACE-containing or G-box cis-elements in their promoters. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OsbZIP18 is induced by UV-B stress, and experiments using UV-B radiation showed that transgenic plants overexpressing OsbZIP18 exhibited UV-B stress-sensitive phenotypes. Besides, exogenous serotonin significantly exacerbates UV-B stress of OsbZIP18_OE plants, suggesting that the excessive accumulation of serotonin may be responsible for the sensitivity of OsbZIP18_OE plants to UV-B stress. Overall, we identified a positive regulator of serotonin biosynthesis and demonstrated that UV-B-stress induced serotonin accumulation, partly in an OsbZIP18-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Sun
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Bi Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Junxia Ren
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yutong Zhou
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Shuying Niu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yuheng Shi
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Chenkun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Xuemin Ma
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Xianqing Liu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yuehua Luo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Correspondence: (C.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.S.); (B.W.); (J.R.); (Y.Z.); (Y.H.); (S.N.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (J.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Correspondence: (C.J.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Promotion of the Hypocrellin Yield by a Co-Culture of Shiraia bambusicola (GDMCC 60438) with Arthrinium sp. AF-5 Fungus. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7040316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypocrellin is a natural 3,10-xylene-4,9-anthracene derivative compound that originates from the stroma of Shiraia bambusicola (S. bambusicola) and Hypocrella bambusae with excellent photobiological activities. Submerged fermentation with the mycelia of S. bambusicola is generally regarded as an ideal technology for hypocrellin production. This study developed a co-cultivation strategy for an obvious promotion of the hypocrellin yield by incubating S. bambusicola (GDMCC 60438) with the endophyte fungus Arthrinium sp. AF-5 isolated from the bamboo tissue. The results indicated that the yield of hypocrellin A (HA) reached a 66.75 mg/g carbon source after an 84-h co-cultivation of the two strains, which was a four-time increase of that by the fermentation only with the S. bambusicola. The microscope observation found that the mycelia of the two strains were intertwined with each other to form the mycelium pellets during the co-cultivation. Moreover, the mycelium pellets of the co-culture showed a contracted and slightly damaged morphology. The addition of H2O2 in the fermentation media could further increase the HA production by 18.31%.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei Y, Bai Y, Cheng X, Reiter RJ, Yin X, Shi H. Lighting the way: advances in transcriptional regulation and integrative crosstalk of melatonin biosynthetic enzymes in cassava. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:161-166. [PMID: 33075132 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of melatonin biosynthetic enzymes has been well studied. However, the transcriptional regulation of melatonin biosynthetic enzymes and their integrative crosstalk with other signaling pathways remain elusive. Here, we summarize recent progress in the functional analysis of melatonin biosynthetic enzymes and the major sites of melatonin synthesis in plants. We focus on the dual roles of melatonin biosynthetic enzymes in melatonin biosynthesis and in the crosstalk between melatonin and autophagy, antioxidant signaling, and stress responses in cassava. We highlight the transcriptional regulation and integrative protein complex of melatonin biosynthetic enzymes, and then raise the challenge of uncovering their precise regulation and crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaojian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Application of UPLC-QTOF-MS Based Untargeted Metabolomics in Identification of Metabolites Induced in Pathogen-Infected Rice. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020213. [PMID: 33499273 PMCID: PMC7910874 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a useful tool for comparing metabolite changes in plants. Because of its high sensitivity, metabolomics combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) is the most widely accepted metabolomics tools. In this study, we compared the metabolites of pathogen-infected rice (Oryza sativa) with control rice using an untargeted metabolomics approach. We profiled the mass features of two rice groups using a liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) system. Twelve of the most differentially induced metabolites in infected rice were selected through multivariate data analysis and identified through a mass spectral database search. The role of these compounds in metabolic pathways was finally investigated using pathway analysis. Our study showed that the most frequently induced secondary metabolites are prostanoids, a subclass of eicosanoids, which are associated with plant defense metabolism against pathogen infection. Herein, we propose a new untargeted metabolomics approach for understanding plant defense system at the metabolic level.
Collapse
|
10
|
Jadaun JS, Kushwaha AK, Sangwan NS, Narnoliya LK, Mishra S, Sangwan RS. WRKY1-mediated regulation of tryptophan decarboxylase in tryptamine generation for withanamide production in Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1443-1465. [PMID: 32789542 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
WsWRKY1-mediated transcriptional modulation of Withania somnifera tryptophan decarboxylase gene (WsTDC) helps to regulate fruit-specific tryptamine generation for production of withanamides. Withania somnifera is a highly valued medicinal plant. Recent demonstration of novel indolyl metabolites called withanamides in its fruits (berries) prompted us to investigate its tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), as tryptophan is invariably a precursor for indole moiety. TDC catalyzes conversion of tryptophan into tryptamine, and the catalytic reaction constitutes a committed metabolic step for synthesis of an array of indolyl metabolites. The TDC gene (WsTDC) was cloned from berries of the plant and expressed in E. coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified and characterized for its catalytic attributes. Catalytic and structural aspects of the enzyme indicated its regulatory/rate-limiting significance in generation of the indolyl metabolites. Novel tissue-wise and developmentally differential abundance of WsTDC transcripts reflected its preeminent role in withanamide biogenesis in the fruits. Transgenic lines overexpressing WsTDC gene showed accumulation of tryptamine at significantly higher levels, while lines silenced for WsTDC exhibited considerably depleted levels of tryptamine. Cloning and sequence analysis of promoter of WsTDC revealed the presence of W-box in it. Follow-up studies on isolation of WsWRKY1 transcription factor and its overexpression in W. somnifera revealed that WsTDC expression was substantially induced by WsWRKY1 resulting in overproduction of tryptamine. The study invokes a key role of TDC in regulating the indolyl secondary metabolites through enabling elevated flux/supply of tryptamine at multiple levels from gene expression to catalytic attributes overall coordinated by WsWRKY1. This is the first biochemical, molecular, structural, physiological and regulatory description of a fruit-functional TDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh Jadaun
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Amit Kumar Kushwaha
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031, India.
| | - Lokesh Kumar Narnoliya
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Smrati Mishra
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hanik N, Best M, Schueller MJ, Tappero R, Ferrieri RA. Defense Priming in Nicotiana tabacum Accelerates and Amplifies 'New' C/N Fluxes in Key Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E851. [PMID: 32640641 PMCID: PMC7411752 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the struggle to survive herbivory by leaf-feeding insects, plants employ multiple strategies to defend themselves. One mechanism by which plants increase resistance is by intensifying their responsiveness in the production of certain defense agents to create a rapid response. Known as defense priming, this action can accelerate and amplify responses of metabolic pathways, providing plants with long-lasting resistance, especially when faced with waves of attack. In the work presented, short-lived radiotracers of carbon administered as 11CO2 and nitrogen administered as 13NH3 were applied in Nicotiana tabacum, to examine the temporal changes in 'new' C/N utilization in the biosynthesis of key amino acids (AAs). Responses were induced by using topical application of the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA). After a single treatment, metabolic partitioning of recently fixed carbon (designated 'new' carbon and reflected as 11C) increased through the shikimate pathway, giving rise to tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan. Amplification in 'new' carbon fluxes preceded changes in the endogenous (12C) pools of these AAs. Testing after serial JA treatments revealed that fluxes of 'new' carbon were accelerated, amplified and sustained over time at this higher rate, suggesting a priming effect. Similar results were observed with recently assimilated nitrogen (designated 'new' nitrogen reflected as 13N) with its partitioning into serine, glycine and glutamine, which play important roles supporting the shikimate pathway and downstream secondary metabolism. Finally, X-ray fluorescence imaging revealed that levels of the element Mn, an important co-factor for enzyme regulation in the shikimate pathway, increased within JA treated tissues, suggesting a link between plant metal ion regulation and C/N metabolic priming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hanik
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcel Best
- Fachbereich Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, 55099 Mainz, Germany; (N.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael J. Schueller
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, National Synchrotron Light Source Division, Upton, NY 11973, USA;
| | - Richard A. Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Chemistry Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Division of Plant Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang W, Snooks HD, Sang S. The Chemistry and Health Benefits of Dietary Phenolamides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6248-6267. [PMID: 32422049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenolamides, also known as hydroxycinnamic acid amides or phenylamides, have been reported throughout the plant kingdom, while a few of these amine-conjugated hydroxycinnamic acids are unique in foods. The current knowledge of their specific functions in plant development and defense is readily available as is their biosynthesis; however, their functionality in humans is still largely unknown. Of the currently known phenolamides, the most common are avenanthramides, which are unique in oats and similar to the well-known drug Tranilast, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-itch, and antiatherogenic activities. While recent data have brought to light more information regarding the other known phenolamides, such as hordatines, dimers of agmatine conjugated to hydroxycinnamic acid, and kukoamines, spermine-derived phenolamides, the information is still severely limited, leaving their potential health benefits to speculation. Herein, to highlight the importance of dietary phenolamides to human health, we review and summarize the four major subgroups of phenolamides, including their chemical structures, dietary sources, and reported health benefits. We believe that the studies on phenolamides are still in the infancy stage and additional health benefits of these phenolamides may yet be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Wang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Hunter D Snooks
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Murata K, Kitano T, Yoshimoto R, Takata R, Ube N, Ueno K, Ueno M, Yabuta Y, Teraishi M, Holland CK, Jander G, Okumoto Y, Mori N, Ishihara A. Natural variation in the expression and catalytic activity of a naringenin 7-O-methyltransferase influences antifungal defenses in diverse rice cultivars. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:1103-1117. [PMID: 31630460 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytoalexins play a pivotal role in plant-pathogen interactions. Whereas leaves of rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar Nipponbare predominantly accumulated the phytoalexin sakuranetin after jasmonic acid induction, only very low amounts accumulated in the Kasalath cultivar. Sakuranetin is synthesized from naringenin by naringenin 7-O-methyltransferase (NOMT). Analysis of chromosome segment substitution lines and backcrossed inbred lines suggested that NOMT is the underlying cause of differential phytoalexin accumulation between Nipponbare and Kasalath. Indeed, both NOMT expression and NOMT enzymatic activity are lower in Kasalath than in Nipponbare. We identified a proline to threonine substitution in Kasalath relative to Nipponbare NOMT as the main cause of the lower enzymatic activity. Expanding this analysis to rice cultivars with varying amounts of sakuranetin collected from around the world showed that NOMT induction is correlated with sakuranetin accumulation. In bioassays with Pyricularia oryzae, Gibberella fujikuroi, Bipolaris oryzae, Burkholderia glumae, Xanthomonas oryzae, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Pseudomonas syringae, and Acidovorax avenae, naringenin was more effective against bacterial pathogens and sakuranetin was more effective against fungal pathogens. Therefore, the relative amounts of naringenin and sakuranetin may provide protection against specific pathogen profiles in different rice-growing environments. In a dendrogram of NOMT genes, those from low-sakuranetin-accumulating cultivars formed at least two clusters, only one of which involves the proline to threonine mutation, suggesting that the low sakuranetin chemotype was acquired more than once in cultivated rice. Strains of the wild rice species Oryza rufipogon also exhibited differential sakuranetin accumulation, indicating that this metabolic diversity predates rice domestication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Murata
- Graduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takashige Kitano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Riko Yoshimoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Ryo Takata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Ube
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Makoto Ueno
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Nishikawatsu 1060, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Yukinori Yabuta
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Teraishi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yutaka Okumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Azizi P, Osman M, Hanafi MM, Sahebi M, Yusop MR, Taheri S. Adaptation of the metabolomics profile of rice after Pyricularia oryzae infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 144:466-479. [PMID: 31655345 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pyricularia oryzae (P. oryzae), one of the most devastating fungal pathogens, is the cause of blast disease in rice. Infection with a blast fungus induces biological responses in the host plant that lead to its survival through the termination or suppression of pathogen growth, and metabolite compounds play vital roles in plant interactions with a wide variety of other organisms. Numerous studies have indicated that rice has a multi-layered plant immune system that includes pre-developed (e.g., cell wall and phytoanticipins), constitutive and inducible (phytoalexins) defence barriers against stresses. Significant progress towards understanding the basis of the molecular mechanisms underlying the defence responses of rice to P. oryzae has been achieved. Nonetheless, even though the important metabolites in the responses of rice to pathogens have been identified, their exact mechanisms and their contributions to plant immunity against blast fungi have not been elucidated. The purpose of this review is to summarize and discuss recent advances towards the understanding of the integrated metabolite variations in rice after P. oryzae invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Azizi
- Laboratory of Plantation Science and Technology, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamad Osman
- Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology (MIGHT), Prime Minister's Department, MIGHT Partnership Hub, Jalan Impact, 63000, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Musa Hanafi
- Laboratory of Plantation Science and Technology, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mahbod Sahebi
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafii Yusop
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sima Taheri
- Centre of Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Du W, Sun C, Wang B, Wang Y, Dong B, Liu J, Xia J, Xie W, Wang J, Sun J, Liu X, Wang H. Response mechanism of hypocrellin colorants biosynthesis by Shiraia bambusicola to elicitor PB90. AMB Express 2019; 9:146. [PMID: 31522304 PMCID: PMC6745040 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The valuable medicine Shiraia bambusicola P. Henn. and its major active substance hypocrellin exert unique curative effects on skin diseases, diabetes, and cancers. The wild S. bambusicola is endangered due to its harsh breeding conditions and long growth cycle. It is one of the effective ways to utilize the resources sustainably to produce hypocrellin by fermentation of S. bambusicola. PB90 is a protein elicitor isolated from Phytophthora boehmeriae to induce the useful metabolites production in fungi. In this work, PB90 was selected to promote the synthesis hypocrellin by S. bambusicola. To evaluate the effect of PB90 on S. bambusicola, it was found that the induced cells showed decreased biomass, increased cell wall permeability, rapid induction of secondary metabolites, and significant increase of some enzyme activities, which confirmed a strong activation of phenylalanine/flavonoid pathways. Studies on signal molecules and gene expression level in S. bambusicola treated with PB90 have found that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) are necessary signal molecules involved in the synthesis of hypocrellin in elicited cells, and increased their signal levels through mutual reaction. We have showed for the first time, the response mechanism of hypocrellin biosynthesis from S. bambusicola to PB90, which may be not only establish a theoretical foundation for the application of PB90 to the mass production of S. bambusicola, but can also motivate further research on the application of PB90 to the conservation and sustainable utilization of other medical fungi.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ruan B, Hua Z, Zhao J, Zhang B, Ren D, Liu C, Yang S, Zhang A, Jiang H, Yu H, Hu J, Zhu L, Chen G, Shen L, Dong G, Zhang G, Zeng D, Guo L, Qian Q, Gao Z. OsACL-A2 negatively regulates cell death and disease resistance in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1344-1356. [PMID: 30582769 PMCID: PMC6576086 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ATP-citrate lyases (ACL) play critical roles in tumour cell propagation, foetal development and growth, and histone acetylation in human and animals. Here, we report a novel function of ACL in cell death-mediated pathogen defence responses in rice. Using ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) mutagenesis and map-based cloning, we identified an Oryza sativa ACL-A2 mutant allele, termed spotted leaf 30-1 (spl30-1), in which an A-to-T transversion converts an Asn at position 343 to a Tyr (N343Y), causing a recessive mutation that led to a lesion mimic phenotype. Compared to wild-type plants, spl30-1 significantly reduces ACL enzymatic activity, accumulates high reactive oxygen species and increases degradation rate of nuclear deoxyribonucleic acids. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated insertion/deletion mutation analysis and complementation assay confirmed that the phenotype of spl30-1 resulted from the defective function of OsACL-A2 protein. We further biochemically identified that the N343Y mutation caused a significant degradation of SPL30N343Y in a ubiquitin-26S proteasome system (UPS)-dependent manner without alteration in transcripts of OsACL-A2 in spl30-1. Transcriptome analysis identified a number of up-regulated genes associated with pathogen defence responses in recessive mutants of OsACL-A2, implying its role in innate immunity. Suppressor mutant screen suggested that OsSL, which encodes a P450 monooxygenase protein, acted as a downstream key regulator in spl30-1-mediated pathogen defence responses. Taken together, our study discovered a novel role of OsACL-A2 in negatively regulating innate immune responses in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banpu Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Zhihua Hua
- Department of Environmental and Plant BiologyInterdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular BiologyOhio UniversityAthensOHUSA
| | - Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Deyong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Chaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Shenglong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Anpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Hongzhen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Haiping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Lan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouZhejiangChina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee K, Hwang OJ, Reiter RJ, Back K. Flavonoids inhibit both rice and sheep serotonin N-acetyltransferases and reduce melatonin levels in plants. J Pineal Res 2018; 65:e12512. [PMID: 29851162 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The plant melatonin biosynthetic pathway has been well characterized, but inhibitors of melatonin synthesis have not been well studied. Here, we found that flavonoids potently inhibited plant melatonin synthesis. For example, flavonoids including morin and myricetin significantly inhibited purified, recombinant sheep serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT). Flavonoids also dose-dependently and potently inhibited purified rice SNAT1 and SNAT2. Thus, myricetin (100 μmol/L) reduced rice SNAT1 and SNAT2 activity 7- and 10-fold, respectively, and also strongly inhibited the N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase activity of purified, recombinant rice caffeic acid O-methyltransferase. To explore the in vivo effects, rice leaves were treated with flavonoids and then cadmium. Flavonoid-treated leaves had lower melatonin levels than the untreated control. To explore the direct roles of flavonoids in melatonin biosynthesis, we first functionally characterized a putative rice flavonol synthase (FLS) in vitro and generated flavonoid-rich transgenic rice plants that overexpressed FLS. Such plants produced more flavonoids but less melatonin than the wild-type, which suggests that flavonoids indeed inhibit plant melatonin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjin Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ok Jin Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kyoungwhan Back
- Department of Biotechnology, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang Q, Li L, Zheng M, Chen F, Long H, Deng G, Pan Z, Liang J, Li Q, Yu M, Zhang H. The Tryptophan decarboxylase 1 Gene From Aegilops variabilis No.1 Regulate the Resistance Against Cereal Cyst Nematode by Altering the Downstream Secondary Metabolite Contents Rather Than Auxin Synthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1297. [PMID: 30233630 PMCID: PMC6132075 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cereal cyst nematode (CCN, Heterodera avenae) is a most important pathogen of wheat and causes tremendous yield loss annually over the world. Since the lack of resistance materials among wheat cultivars, identification and characterization of the resistance-related genes from the relatives of wheat is a necessary and efficient way. As a close relative of wheat with high resistance against CCN, Aegilops variabilis No.1 is believed to be a valuable source for wheat breeding against this devastating disease. However so far, very few resistance-associated genes have been characterized from this species. In this study, we present that the tryptophan decarboxylase genes from Ae. variabilis No.1 (AeVTDC1 and AeVTDC2) were both induced by CCN juveniles at the early stage of resistance response (30 h post-inoculation), with AeVTDC1 more sensitive to CCN infection than AeVTDC2. Silencing of AeVTDC1 led to compromised immunity to CCN with more CCN intrusion into roots; while overexpression AeVTDC1 in Nicotiana tabacum dramatically enhanced the resistance of plants by reducing the knots formed on roots. Metabolism analysis showed that the contents of secondary metabolites with activity of resistance to varied pathogens correlated with the expression level of AeVTDC1 in both Ae. variabilis No.1 and the transgenic tobacco plants. In addition, the content of IAA was not affected by either silencing or overexpressing of AeVTDC1. Hence, our research provided AeVTDC1 a valuable target that mediates resistance to CCN and root knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne naasi) without influencing the auxin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiulan Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai Long
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangbing Deng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhifen Pan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjun Liang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Maoqun Yu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Morimoto N, Ueno K, Teraishi M, Okumoto Y, Mori N, Ishihara A. Induced phenylamide accumulation in response to pathogen infection and hormone treatment in rice (Oryza sativa). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:407-416. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1429889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rice plants accumulate various specialized metabolites, including phenylamides, in response to pathogen attack. We prepared 25 phenylamides, and developed a method of analyzing them by multiple reaction monitoring with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We analyzed phenylamides in rice leaves infected with Cochliobolus miyabeanus and Xanthomonas oryzae. The phenylamides induced included benzoyltryptamine, cinnamoyl-, p-coumaroyl-, feruloyl-, and benzoylserotonins, cinnamoyl and benzoyltyramines, feruloylagmatine, and feruloylputrescine. Some of the phenylamides exhibited antimicrobial activity against C. miyabeanus and X. oryzae, indicating that they are phytoalexins. Treatment with jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine, and ethephone also induced phenylamide accumulation. The compositions of the induced amides varied depending on the plant hormone used, and cinnamoyltryptamine, cinnamoylserotonin, and cinnamoyltyramine were not induced by the plant hormones. These findings suggest that several plant hormones and additional factors are involved in phenylamide accumulation in response to pathogen infection in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Morimoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Yutaka Okumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Ishihara A, Kumeda R, Hayashi N, Yagi Y, Sakaguchi N, Kokubo Y, Ube N, Tebayashi SI, Ueno K. Induced accumulation of tyramine, serotonin, and related amines in response to Bipolaris sorokiniana infection in barley. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1090-1098. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1290520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The inducible metabolites were analyzed in barley leaves inoculated with Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal agent of spot blotch of barley. HPLC analysis revealed that B. sorokiniana-infected leaves accumulated 4 hydrophilic compounds. They were purified by ODS column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that they were tyramine (1), 3-(2-aminoethyl)-3-hydroxyindolin-2-one (2), serotonin (3), and 5,5′-dihydroxy-2,4′-bitryptamine (4). Among these, 2 and 4 have not been reported as natural products. They showed antifungal activity in an assay of inhibition of B. sorokiniana conidia germination, suggesting that they play a role in the chemical defense of barley as phytoalexins. The accumulation of 1–4 was examined also in the leaves of rice and foxtail millet. Rice leaves accumulated 2, 3, and 4, whereas foxtail millet leaves accumulated 3 and 4 in response to pathogen attack, suggesting the generality of accumulation of 3 and 4 in the Poaceae species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rie Kumeda
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Noriko Hayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukari Yagi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Yu Kokubo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Naoki Ube
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Experimental Evidence and In Silico Identification of Tryptophan Decarboxylase in Citrus Genus. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020272. [PMID: 28208655 PMCID: PMC6155898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) converts tryptophan into tryptamine, precursor of indolealkylamine alkaloids. The recent finding of tryptamine metabolites in Citrus plants leads to hypothesize the existence of TDC activity in this genus. Here, we report for the first time that, in Citrus x limon seedlings, deuterium labeled tryptophan is decarboxylated into tryptamine, from which successively deuterated N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine is formed. These results give an evidence of the occurrence of the TDC activity and the successive methylation pathway of the tryptamine produced from the tryptophan decarboxylation. In addition, with the aim to identify the genetic basis for the presence of TDC, we carried out a sequence similarity search for TDC in the Citrus genomes using as a probe the TDC sequence reported for the plant Catharanthus roseus. We analyzed the genomes of both Citrus clementina and Citrus sinensis, available in public database, and identified putative protein sequences of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase. Similarly, 42 aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase sequences from 23 plant species were extracted from public databases. Potential sequence signatures for functional TDC were then identified. With this research, we propose for the first time a putative protein sequence for TDC in the genus Citrus.
Collapse
|
23
|
Park HL, Bhoo SH, Kwon M, Lee SW, Cho MH. Biochemical and Expression Analyses of the Rice Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase Gene Family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2099. [PMID: 29312373 PMCID: PMC5732984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) is the first committed enzyme in the monolignol pathway for lignin biosynthesis and catalyzes the conversion of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoAs into hydroxycinnamaldehydes. In the rice genome, 33 genes are annotated as CCR and CCR-like genes, collectively called OsCCRs. To elucidate the functions of OsCCRs, their phylogenetic relationships, expression patterns at the transcription levels and biochemical characteristics were thoroughly analyzed. Of the 33 OsCCRs, 24 of them encoded polypeptides of lengths similar to those of previously identified plant CCRs. The other nine OsCCRs had much shorter peptide lengths. Phylogenetic tree and sequence similarities suggested OsCCR4, 5, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 as likely candidates for functional CCRs in rice. To elucidate biochemical functions, OsCCR1, 5, 17, 19, 20, 21, and 26 were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting recombinant OsCCRs were purified to apparent homogeneity. Activity assays of the recombinant OsCCRs with hydroxycinnamoyl-CoAs revealed that OsCCR17, 19, 20, and 21 were biochemically active CCRs, in which the NAD(P)-binding and NADP-specificity motifs as well as the CCR signature motif were fully conserved. The kinetic parameters of enzyme reactions revealed that feruloyl-CoA, a precursor for the guaiacyl (G)-unit of lignin, is the most preferred substrate of OsCCR20 and 21. This result is consistent with a high content (about 70%) of G-units in rice lignins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that OsCCR19 and 20 were grouped with other plant CCRs involved in developmental lignification, whereas OsCCR17 and 21 were closely related to stress-responsible CCRs identified from other plant species. In agreement with the phylogenetic analysis, expression analysis demonstrated that OsCCR20 was constitutively expressed throughout the developmental stages of rice, showing particularly high expression levels in actively lignifying tissues, such as roots and stems. These results suggest that OsCCR20 is primarily involved in developmental deposition of lignins in secondary cell walls. As expected, the expressions of OsCCR17 and 21 were induced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as Magnaporthe grisea and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infections, UV-irradiation and high salinity, suggesting that these genes play a role in defense-related processes in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Lin Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Seong Hee Bhoo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Mi Kwon
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang-Won Lee
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- Man-Ho Cho
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Erland LAE, Turi CE, Saxena PK. Serotonin: An ancient molecule and an important regulator of plant processes. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1347-1361. [PMID: 27742596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is an ancient indoleamine that was presumably part of the life cycle of the first prokaryotic life forms on Earth millions of years ago where it functioned as a powerful antioxidant to combat the increasingly oxygen rich atmosphere. First identified as a neurotransmitter signaling molecule in mammals, it is ubiquitous across all forms of life. Serotonin was discovered in plants many years after its discovery in mammals; however, it has now been confirmed in almost all plant families, where it plays important roles in plant growth and development, including functions in energy acquisition, seasonal cycles, modulation of reproductive development, control of root and shoot organogenesis, maintenance of plant tissues, delay of senescence, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite its widespread presence and activity, there are many questions which remain unanswered about the role of serotonin in plants including the mode of signaling and receptor identity as well as the mechanisms of action of this important molecule. This review provides an overview of the role of serotonin in plant life and their ability to adapt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A E Erland
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Christina E Turi
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Praveen K Saxena
- Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pelagio-Flores R, Ruiz-Herrera LF, López-Bucio J. Serotonin modulates Arabidopsis root growth via changes in reactive oxygen species and jasmonic acid-ethylene signaling. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 158:92-105. [PMID: 26864878 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a bioactive indoleamine with neurotransmitter function in vertebrates, which represents an emerging signaling molecule in plants, playing key roles in the development and defense. In this study, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and jasmonic acid (JA)-ethylene (Et) signaling in root developmental alterations induced by serotonin was investigated. An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant defective at the RADICAL-INDUCED CELL DEATH1 (RCD1) locus was resistant to paraquat-induced ROS accumulation in primary roots and showed decreased inhibition or root growth in response to serotonin. A suite of JA- and Et-related mutants including coronatine insensitive1, jasmonic acid resistant1 (jar1), etr1, ein2 and ein3 showed tolerance to serotonin in the inhibition of primary root growth and ROS redistribution within the root tip when compared with wild-type (WT) seedlings. Competence assays between serotonin and AgNO3 , a well-known blocker of Et action, showed that primary root growth in medium supplemented with serotonin was normalized by AgNO3 , whereas roots of eto3, an Et overproducer mutant, were oversensitive to serotonin. Comparison of ROS levels in WT, etr1, jar1 and rcd1 primary root tips using the ROS-specific probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and confocal imaging showed that serotonin inhibition of primary root growth likely occurs independently of its conversion into melatonin. Our results provide compelling evidence that serotonin affects ROS distribution in roots, involving RCD1 and components of the JA-Et signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Pelagio-Flores
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - León Francisco Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cho MH, Lee SW. Phenolic Phytoalexins in Rice: Biological Functions and Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29120-33. [PMID: 26690131 PMCID: PMC4691099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoalexins are inducible secondary metabolites possessing antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. Rice produces a wide array of phytoalexins in response to pathogen attacks and environmental stresses. With few exceptions, most phytoalexins identified in rice are diterpenoid compounds. Until very recently, flavonoid sakuranetin was the only known phenolic phytoalexin in rice. However, recent studies have shown that phenylamides are involved in defense against pathogen attacks in rice. Phenylamides are amine-conjugated phenolic acids that are induced by pathogen infections and abiotic stresses including ultra violet (UV) radiation in rice. Stress-induced phenylamides, such as N-trans-cinnamoyltryptamine, N-p-coumaroylserotonin and N-cinnamoyltyramine, have been reported to possess antimicrobial activities against rice bacterial and fungal pathogens, an indication of their direct inhibitory roles against invading pathogens. This finding suggests that phenylamides act as phytoalexins in rice and belong to phenolic phytoalexins along with sakuranetin. Phenylamides also have been implicated in cell wall reinforcement for disease resistance and allelopathy of rice. Synthesis of phenolic phytoalexins is stimulated by phytopathogen attacks and abiotic challenges including UV radiation. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that biosynthetic pathways including the shikimate, phenylpropanoid and arylmonoamine pathways are coordinately activated for phenolic phytoalexin synthesis, and related genes are induced by biotic and abiotic stresses in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ho Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
- Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Servillo L, Giovane A, Casale R, D'Onofrio N, Ferrari G, Cautela D, Balestrieri ML, Castaldo D. Serotonin 5-O-β-Glucoside and Its N-Methylated Forms in Citrus Genus Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4220-4227. [PMID: 25893818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Citrus genus is characterized by a specific presence of indole metabolites deriving from the N-methylation of tryptamine and its hydroxylated form, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), which are likely involved in plant defense mechanisms. In this study, we identified for the first time the occurrence in Citrus plants of serotonin 5-O-β-glucoside and all its N-methylated derivatives, that is, N-methylserotonin 5-O-β-glucoside, N,N-dimethylserotonin (bufotenine) 5-O-β-glucoside, and N,N,N-trimethylserotonin (bufotenidine) 5-O-β-glucoside. The identification of the glucosylated compounds was based on mass spectrometric studies, hydrolysis by glucosidase, and in some cases, comparison to authentic compounds. Beside leaves, the distribution of the glucosylated forms and their aglycones in some Citrus species was evaluated in flavedo, albedo, juice, and seeds. The simultaneous presence of serotonin and its N-methylated derivatives, together with the corresponding glucosylated forms, is consistent with the occurrence of a metabolic pathway, specific for Citrus, aimed at potentiating the defensive response to biotic stress through the optimization of the production and use of the most toxic of such metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Servillo
- †Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Giovane
- †Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosario Casale
- †Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nunzia D'Onofrio
- †Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ferrari
- ‡Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e ProdAL scarl, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Domenico Cautela
- §Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei derivati dagli Agrumi (SSEA), Azienda Speciale della Camera di Commercio di Reggio Calabria, Via Tommaso Campanella 12, 89127 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- †Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Domenico Castaldo
- §Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei derivati dagli Agrumi (SSEA), Azienda Speciale della Camera di Commercio di Reggio Calabria, Via Tommaso Campanella 12, 89127 Reggio Calabria, Italy
- #Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico (MiSE), Via Molise 2, 00187 Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jin B, Zhou X, Jiang B, Gu Z, Zhang P, Qian Q, Chen X, Ma B. Transcriptome profiling of the spl5 mutant reveals that SPL5 has a negative role in the biosynthesis of serotonin for rice disease resistance. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 8:18. [PMID: 26029330 PMCID: PMC4449350 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-015-0052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice mutant, spl5 (spotted leaf 5), has spontaneous hypersensitive-like lesions on its leaves and shows enhanced resistance to pathogens, indicating that SPL5 plays a role in programmed cell death (PCD) and disease resistance. To understand the molecular mechanism of SPL5 gene, we investigated the transcriptome profiles of the spl5 mutant leaves with few lesions (FL) and leaves with many lesions (ML) compared to the wild-type (WT) leaves respectively by microarray. RESULTS The data from microarray revealed that 243 and 896 candidate genes (Fold change ≥ 3.0) were up- or down-regulated in the spl5-FL and spl5-ML, respectively, and a large number of these genes involved in biotic defense responses or reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. Interestingly, according to our microarray and real-time PCR assays, the expressions of a transcription factor OsWRKY14 and genes responsible for the biosynthesis of serotonin, anthranilate synthase (AS), indole-3-glycerolphosphate synthase (IGPS), tryptophan synthase (TS) and tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) were significantly up-regulated in the spl5 mutant. It has been reported previously that TS and TDC expressions are regulated by OsWRKY14 in rice, which raises the possibility that OsWRKY14 regulates serotonin production through the up-regulation of TS and TDC. Our HPLC analysis further confirmed that serotonin levels were higher in the leaves of spl5 mutant than that in WT. CONCLUSIONS Since the serotonin plays a critical role in inducing disease-resistance, the increased serotonin level may contribute, at least partly, to the disease resistance in spl5. The SPL5 gene may act as a negative regulatory factor activating the serotonin metabolic pathway, and these results might provide a new insight into the spl5-induced defense response mechanisms in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jin
- />College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| | - Xinru Zhou
- />College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| | - Baolin Jiang
- />College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| | - Zhimin Gu
- />College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| | - Pinghua Zhang
- />College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| | - Qian Qian
- />China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Xifeng Chen
- />College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| | - Bojun Ma
- />College of Chemistry & Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004 China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Häusler RE, Ludewig F, Krueger S. Amino acids--a life between metabolism and signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:225-237. [PMID: 25443849 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids serve as constituents of proteins, precursors for anabolism, and, in some cases, as signaling molecules in mammalians and plants. This review is focused on new insights, or speculations, on signaling functions of serine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and phenylalanine-derived phenylpropanoids. Serine acts as signal in brain tissue and mammalian cancer cells. In plants, de novo serine biosynthesis is also highly active in fast growing tissues such as meristems, suggesting a similar role of serine as in mammalians. GABA functions as inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. In plants, GABA is also abundant and seems to be involved in sexual reproduction, cell elongation, patterning and cell identity. The aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are precursors for the production of secondary plant products. Besides their pharmaceutical value, lignans, neolignans and hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAA) deriving from phenylpropanoid metabolism and, in the case of HCAA, also from arginine have been shown to fulfill signaling functions or are involved in the response to biotic and abiotic stress. Although some basics on phenylpropanoid-derived signaling have been described, little is known on recognition- or signal transduction mechanisms. In general, mutant- and transgenic approaches will be helpful to elucidate the mechanistic basis of metabolite signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer E Häusler
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicherstr. 47B, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Frank Ludewig
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicherstr. 47B, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Krueger
- Department of Botany II, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicherstr. 47B, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Antimicrobial activity of UV-induced phenylamides from rice leaves. Molecules 2014; 19:18139-51. [PMID: 25383752 PMCID: PMC6271653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice produces a wide array of phytoalexins in response to pathogen attacks and UV-irradiation. Except for the flavonoid sakuranetin, most phytoalexins identified in rice are diterpenoid compounds. Analysis of phenolic-enriched fractions from UV-treated rice leaves showed that several phenolic compounds in addition to sakuranetin accumulated remarkably in rice leaves. We isolated two compounds from UV-treated rice leaves using silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The isolated phenolic compounds were identified as phenylamide compounds: N-trans-cinnamoyltryptamine and N-p-coumaroylserotonin. Expression analysis of biosynthetic genes demonstrated that genes for arylamine biosynthesis were upregulated by UV irradiation. This result suggested that phenylamide biosynthetic pathways are activated in rice leaves by UV treatment. To unravel the role of UV-induced phenylamides as phytoalexins, we examined their antimicrobial activity against rice fungal and bacterial pathogens. N-trans-Cinnamoyltryptamine inhibited the growth of rice brown spot fungus (Bipolaris oryzae). In addition to the known antifungal activity to the blast fungus, sakuranetin had antimicrobial activity toward B. oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani (rice sheath blight fungus). UV-induced phenylamides and sakuranetin also had antimicrobial activity against rice bacterial pathogens for grain rot (Burkholderia glumae), blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) and leaf streak (X. oryzae pv. oryzicola) diseases. These findings suggested that the UV-induced phenylamides in rice are phytoalexins against a diverse array of pathogens.
Collapse
|
31
|
Discovery and characterization of gut microbiota decarboxylases that can produce the neurotransmitter tryptamine. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16:495-503. [PMID: 25263219 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies describe the influence of the gut microbiota on host brain and behavior. However, the mechanisms responsible for microbiota-nervous system interactions are largely unknown. Using a combination of genetics, biochemistry, and crystallography, we identify and characterize two phylogenetically distinct enzymes found in the human microbiome that decarboxylate tryptophan to form the β-arylamine neurotransmitter tryptamine. Although this enzymatic activity is exceedingly rare among bacteria more broadly, analysis of the Human Microbiome Project data demonstrate that at least 10% of the human population harbors at least one bacterium encoding a tryptophan decarboxylase in their gut community. Our results uncover a previously unrecognized enzymatic activity that can give rise to host-modulatory compounds and suggests a potential direct mechanism by which gut microbiota can influence host physiology, including behavior.
Collapse
|
32
|
Differential gene expression and metabolomic analyses of Brachypodium distachyon infected by deoxynivalenol producing and non-producing strains of Fusarium graminearum. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:629. [PMID: 25063396 PMCID: PMC4124148 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum (Fg) is one of the major diseases of small-grain cereals including bread wheat. This disease both reduces yields and causes quality losses due to the production of deoxynivalenol (DON), the major type B trichothecene mycotoxin. DON has been described as a virulence factor enabling efficient colonization of spikes by the fungus in wheat, but its precise role during the infection process is still elusive. Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) is a model cereal species which has been shown to be susceptible to FHB. Here, a functional genomics approach was performed in order to characterize the responses of Bd to Fg infection using a global transcriptional and metabolomic profiling of B. distachyon plants infected by two strains of F. graminearum: a wild-type strain producing DON (Fgdon+) and a mutant strain impaired in the production of the mycotoxin (Fgdon-). RESULTS Histological analysis of the interaction of the Bd21 ecotype with both Fg strains showed extensive fungal tissue colonization with the Fgdon+ strain while the florets infected with the Fgdon- strain exhibited a reduced hyphal extension and cell death on palea and lemma tissues. Fungal biomass was reduced in spikes inoculated with the Fgdon- strain as compared with the wild-type strain. The transcriptional analysis showed that jasmonate and ethylene-signalling pathways are induced upon infection, together with genes encoding putative detoxification and transport proteins, antioxidant functions as well as secondary metabolite pathways. In particular, our metabolite profiling analysis showed that tryptophan-derived metabolites, tryptamine, serotonin, coumaroyl-serotonin and feruloyl-serotonin, are more induced upon infection by the Fgdon+ strain than by the Fgdon- strain. Serotonin was shown to exhibit a slight direct antimicrobial effect against Fg. CONCLUSION Our results show that Bd exhibits defense hallmarks similar to those already identified in cereal crops. While the fungus uses DON as a virulence factor, the host plant preferentially induces detoxification and the phenylpropanoid and phenolamide pathways as resistance mechanisms. Together with its amenability in laboratory conditions, this makes Bd a very good model to study cereal resistance mechanisms towards the major disease FHB.
Collapse
|
33
|
Dubouzet JG, Matsuda F, Ishihara A, Miyagawa H, Wakasa K. Production of indole alkaloids by metabolic engineering of the tryptophan pathway in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:1103-11. [PMID: 23980801 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) converts tryptophan (Trp) into tryptamine, consequently increasing the metabolic flow of tryptophan derivatives into the production of secondary metabolites such as indole alkaloids. We inserted an expression cassette containing OsTDC, a putative tryptophan decarboxylase gene from rice, into an expression plasmid vector containing OASA1D, the feedback-resistant anthranilate synthase alpha-subunit mutant (OASA1D). Overexpression of OASA1D has been reported to significantly increase Trp levels in rice. The co-expression of OsTDC and OASA1D in rice calli led to almost complete depletion of the Trp pool and a consequent increase in the tryptamine pool. This indicates that TDC inactivity is a contributory factor for the accumulation of Trp in rice transgenics overexpressing OASA1D. Metabolic profiling of the calli expressing OsTDC and OASA1D revealed the accumulation of serotonin and serotonin-derived indole compounds (potentially pharmacoactive β-carbolines) that have not been reported from rice. Rice calli overexpressing OASA1D:OASA1D is a novel system for the production of significant amounts of pharmacologically useful indole alkaloids in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Dubouzet
- JST/CREST Plant Functions and Their Control, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan; Biotransformation Team, Scion Research, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dharmawardhana P, Ren L, Amarasinghe V, Monaco M, Thomason J, Ravenscroft D, McCouch S, Ware D, Jaiswal P. A genome scale metabolic network for rice and accompanying analysis of tryptophan, auxin and serotonin biosynthesis regulation under biotic stress. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 6:15. [PMID: 24280345 PMCID: PMC4883713 DOI: 10.1186/1939-8433-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional annotations of large plant genome projects mostly provide information on gene function and gene families based on the presence of protein domains and gene homology, but not necessarily in association with gene expression or metabolic and regulatory networks. These additional annotations are necessary to understand the physiology, development and adaptation of a plant and its interaction with the environment. RESULTS RiceCyc is a metabolic pathway networks database for rice. It is a snapshot of the substrates, metabolites, enzymes, reactions and pathways of primary and intermediary metabolism in rice. RiceCyc version 3.3 features 316 pathways and 6,643 peptide-coding genes mapped to 2,103 enzyme-catalyzed and 87 protein-mediated transport reactions. The initial functional annotations of rice genes with InterPro, Gene Ontology, MetaCyc, and Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers were enriched with annotations provided by KEGG and Gramene databases. The pathway inferences and the network diagrams were first predicted based on MetaCyc reference networks and plant pathways from the Plant Metabolic Network, using the Pathologic module of Pathway Tools. This was enriched by manually adding metabolic pathways and gene functions specifically reported for rice. The RiceCyc database is hierarchically browsable from pathway diagrams to the associated genes, metabolites and chemical structures. Through the integrated tool OMICs Viewer, users can upload transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic data to visualize expression patterns in a virtual cell. RiceCyc, along with additional species-specific pathway databases hosted in the Gramene project, facilitates comparative pathway analysis. CONCLUSIONS Here we describe the RiceCyc network development and discuss its contribution to rice genome annotations. As a case study to demonstrate the use of RiceCyc network as a discovery environment we carried out an integrated bioinformatic analysis of rice metabolic genes that are differentially regulated under diurnal photoperiod and biotic stress treatments. The analysis of publicly available rice transcriptome datasets led to the hypothesis that the complete tryptophan biosynthesis and its dependent metabolic pathways including serotonin biosynthesis are induced by taxonomically diverse pathogens while also being under diurnal regulation. The RiceCyc database is available online for free access at http://www.gramene.org/pathway/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palitha Dharmawardhana
- />Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082-Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Liya Ren
- />Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA
| | - Vindhya Amarasinghe
- />Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082-Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Marcela Monaco
- />Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA
| | - Jim Thomason
- />Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA
| | - Dean Ravenscroft
- />Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Susan McCouch
- />Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Doreen Ware
- />Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA
| | - Pankaj Jaiswal
- />Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082-Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Identification of a novel casbane-type diterpene phytoalexin, ent-10-oxodepressin, from rice leaves. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:760-5. [PMID: 23563545 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A 70% methanol extract of UV-irradiated rice leaves (400 g) was separated by chromatographic methods to give UV-induced compound 1 (2.1 mg) which showed a possible molecular ion at m/z 300 in the GC/MS analysis. Its structure was determined by NMR and MS methods. The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of 1 were identical to those of 10-oxodepressin (2), a casbane-type diterpene derived from the soft coral, Sinularia depressa. The specific rotation of 1 was positive, whereas that of 2 was negative. We therefore established 1 as ent-10-oxodepressin. The accumulation of 1 was also induced by an inoculation of the rice blast fungus. Compound 1 inhibited spore germination (IC50 30 ppm) and germ tube growth (IC50 10 ppm) of the rice blast fungus. We thus concluded that 1 was a novel rice phytoalexin.
Collapse
|
36
|
Chamam A, Sanguin H, Bellvert F, Meiffren G, Comte G, Wisniewski-Dyé F, Bertrand C, Prigent-Combaret C. Plant secondary metabolite profiling evidences strain-dependent effect in the Azospirillum-Oryza sativa association. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 87:65-77. [PMID: 23266268 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Azospirillum is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) able to enhance growth and yield of cereals such as rice, maize and wheat. The growth-promoting ability of some Azospirillum strains appears to be highly specific to certain plant species and cultivars. In order to ascertain the specificity of the associative symbiosis between rice and Azospirillum, the physiological response of two rice cultivars, Nipponbare and Cigalon, inoculated with two rice-associated Azospirillum was analyzed at two levels: plant growth response and plant secondary metabolic response. Each strain of Azospirillum (Azospirillum lipoferum 4B isolated from Cigalon and Azospirillum sp. B510 isolated from Nipponbare) preferentially increased growth of the cultivar from which it was isolated. This specific effect is not related to a defect in colonization of host cultivar as each strain colonizes effectively both rice cultivars, either at the rhizoplane (for 4B and B510) and inside the roots (for B510). The metabolic profiling approach showed that, in response to PGPR inoculation, profiles of rice secondary metabolites were modified, with phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic derivatives being the main metabolites affected. Moreover, plant metabolic changes differed according to Azospirillum strain×cultivar combinations; indeed, 4B induced major secondary metabolic profile modifications only on Cigalon roots, while B510, probably due to its endophytic feature, induced metabolic variations on shoots and roots of both cultivars, triggering a systemic response. Plant secondary metabolite profiling thereby evidences the specific interaction between an Azospirillum strain and its original host cultivar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amel Chamam
- CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kanjanaphachoat P, Wei BY, Lo SF, Wang IW, Wang CS, Yu SM, Yen ML, Chiu SH, Lai CC, Chen LJ. Serotonin accumulation in transgenic rice by over-expressing tryptophan decarboxylase results in a dark brown phenotype and stunted growth. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 78:525-43. [PMID: 22297847 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A mutant M47286 with a stunted growth, low fertility and dark-brown phenotype was identified from a T-DNA-tagged rice mutant library. This mutant contained a copy of the T-DNA tag inserted at the location where the expression of two putative tryptophan decarboxylase genes, TDC-1 and TDC-3, were activated. Enzymatic assays of both recombinant proteins showed tryptophan decarboxylase activities that converted tryptophan to tryptamine, which could be converted to serotonin by a constitutively expressed tryptamine 5' hydroxylase (T5H) in rice plants. Over-expression of TDC-1 and TDC-3 in transgenic rice recapitulated the stunted growth, darkbrown phenotype and resulted in a low fertility similar to M47286. The degree of stunted growth and dark-brown color was proportional to the expression levels of TDC-1 and TDC-3. The levels of tryptamine and serotonin accumulation in these transgenic rice lines were also directly correlated with the expression levels of TDC-1 and TDC-3. A mass spectrometry assay demonstrated that the darkbrown leaves and hulls in the TDC-overexpressing transgenic rice were caused by the accumulation of serotonin dimer and that the stunted growth and low fertility were also caused by the accumulation of serotonin and serotonin dimer, but not tryptamine. These results represent the first evidence that over-expression of TDC results in stunted growth, low fertility and the accumulation of serotonin, which when converted to serotonin dimer, leads to a dark brown plant color.
Collapse
|