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Yang C, Ma J, Qi C, Ma Y, Xiong H, Duan R. Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, Evolutionary Analysis, and Expression Pattern of the GPAT Gene Family in Barley and Functional Analysis of HvGPAT18 under Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6101. [PMID: 38892304 PMCID: PMC11172788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycerol-3-phosphoacyltransferase (GPAT) is an important rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG), which is of great significance for plant growth, development, and response to abiotic stress. Although the characteristics of GPAT have been studied in many model plants, little is known about its expression profile and function in barley, especially under abiotic stress. In this study, 22 GPAT genes were identified in the barley genome and divided into three groups (I, II, III), with the latter Group III subdivided further into three subgroups based on the phylogenetic analysis. The analyses of conserved motifs, gene structures, and the three-dimensional structure of HvGPAT proteins also support this classification. Through evolutionary analysis, we determined that HvGPATs in Group I were the earliest to diverge during 268.65 MYA, and the differentiation of other HvGPATs emerged during 86.83-169.84 MYA. The tissue expression profile showed that 22 HvGPAT genes were almost not expressed in INF1 (inflorescence 1). Many functional elements related to stress responses and hormones in cis-element analysis, as well as qRT-PCR results, confirm that these HvGPAT genes were involved in abiotic stress responses. The expression level of HvGPAT18 was significantly increased under abiotic stress and its subcellular localization indicated its function in the endoplasmic reticulum. Various physiological traits under abiotic stress were evaluated using transgenic Arabidopsis to gain further insight into the role of HvGPAT18, and it was found that transgenic seedlings have stronger resistance under abiotic stress than to the wild-type (WT) plants. Overall, our results provide new insights into the evolution and function of the barley GPAT gene family and enable us to explore the molecular mechanism of functional diversity behind the evolutionary history of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglan Yang
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.Y.); (J.M.); (C.Q.); (Y.M.)
| | - Jianzhi Ma
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.Y.); (J.M.); (C.Q.); (Y.M.)
| | - Cunying Qi
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.Y.); (J.M.); (C.Q.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yinhua Ma
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.Y.); (J.M.); (C.Q.); (Y.M.)
| | - Huiyan Xiong
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
| | - Ruijun Duan
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (C.Y.); (J.M.); (C.Q.); (Y.M.)
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Zhou Y, Huang X, Hu T, Chen S, Wang Y, Shi X, Yin M, Li R, Wang J, Jia X. Genome-Wide Analysis of Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase (GPAT) Family in Perilla frutescens and Functional Characterization of PfGPAT9 Crucial for Biosynthesis of Storage Oils Rich in High-Value Lipids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15106. [PMID: 37894786 PMCID: PMC10606570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) catalyzes the first step in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. However, GPAT members and their functions remain poorly understood in Perilla frutescens, a special edible-medicinal plant with its seed oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (mostly α-linolenic acid, ALA). Here, 14 PfGPATs were identified from the P. frutescens genome and classified into three distinct groups according to their phylogenetic relationships. These 14 PfGPAT genes were distributed unevenly across 11 chromosomes. PfGPAT members within the same subfamily had highly conserved gene structures and four signature functional domains, despite considerable variations detected in these conserved motifs between groups. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR combined with dynamic analysis of oil and FA profiles during seed development indicated that PfGPAT9 may play a crucial role in the biosynthesis and accumulation of seed oil and PUFAs. Ex vivo enzymatic assay using the yeast expression system evidenced that PfGPAT9 had a strong GPAT enzyme activity crucial for TAG assembly and also a high substrate preference for oleic acid (OA, C18:1) and ALA (C18:3). Heterogeneous expression of PfGPAT9 significantly increased total oil and UFA (mostly C18:1 and C18:3) levels in both the seeds and leaves of the transgenic tobacco plants. Moreover, these transgenic tobacco lines exhibited no significant negative effect on other agronomic traits, including plant growth and seed germination rate, as well as other morphological and developmental properties. Collectively, our findings provide important insights into understanding PfGPAT functions, demonstrating that PfGPAT9 is the desirable target in metabolic engineering for increasing storage oil enriched with valuable FA profiles in oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhou
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Xusheng Huang
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Ting Hu
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Shuwei Chen
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Xianfei Shi
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Miao Yin
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Jiping Wang
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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3
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Liu Y, Wu G, Ke X, Zheng Z, Zheng Y. Loss-of-Function of ATS1 Enhances Arabidopsis Salt Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2646. [PMID: 37514260 PMCID: PMC10385056 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of lipid metabolism in various biological processes, little is known about the functionality of ATS1, a plastid glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase catalyzing the initial step of the prokaryotic glycerolipids biosynthetic pathway, in plant response to salt stress. In this study, both the loss-of-function mutants and the overexpression lines of ATS1 were analyzed for salt tolerance properties. The results showed that ATS1 overexpression lines had lower seed germination, shoot biomass, chlorophyll content, the proportion of relatively normal pod, and higher root/shoot ratio and anthocyanidin content compared with the wild type. Physiological and biochemical analysis revealed that ats1 mutants had more unsaturated fatty acids to stabilize the plasma membrane under salt damage. Additionally, less induction of three main antioxidant enzymes activity and lower MDA content in ats1 mutants indicated that mutation of the ATS1 gene could reduce the damage extent. Furthermore, the ats1 mutants maintained the K+/Na+ homeostasis by upregulating HAK5 expression to increase K+ absorption and down-regulating HKT1 expression to prevent Na+ uptake. This study suggested that the ATS1 gene negatively affects salt resistance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Guifen Wu
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xingxing Ke
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhifu Zheng
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yueping Zheng
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Li X, Yang M, Sun D, Shi J, Yang M, Feng Y, Xue S. Unique recognition of the microalgal plastidial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase for acyl-ACP. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 332:111725. [PMID: 37142097 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plastidial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) catalyze acyl-ACP and glycerol-3-phosphate to synthesize lysophosphatidic acid in vivo, which initiates the formation of various glycerolipids. Although the physiological substrates of plastidial GPATs are acyl-ACPs, acyl-CoAs have been commonly studied on the GPATs in vitro. However, little is known whether there are any distinct features of GPATs towards acyl-ACP and acyl-CoA. In this study, the results showed that the microalgal plastidial GPATs preferred acyl-ACP to acyl-CoA, while surprisingly, the plant-derived plastidial GPATs showed no obvious preferences towards these two acyl carriers. The key residues responsible for the distinct feature of microalgal plastidial GPATs were compared with plant-derived plastidial GPATs in their efficiency to catalyze acyl-ACP and acyl-CoA. Microalgal plastidial GPATs uniquely recognized acyl-ACP as compared to with other acyltransferases. The structure of the acyltransferases-ACP complex highlights only the involvement of the large structural domain in ACP in microalgal plastidial GPAT while in the other acyltransferases, both large and small structural domains were involved in the recognition process. The interaction sites on the plastidial GPAT from the green alga Myrmecia incisa (MiGPAT1) with ACP turned out to be K204, R212 and R266. A unique recognition between the microalgal plastidial GPAT and ACP was elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Miao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, School of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Dongru Sun
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Shi
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yanbin Feng
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Song Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Shen Y, Shen Y, Liu Y, Bai Y, Liang M, Zhang X, Chen Z. Characterization and functional analysis of AhGPAT9 gene involved in lipid synthesis in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1144306. [PMID: 36844041 PMCID: PMC9950565 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1144306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
GPAT enzymes (glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.15) catalyze the initial and rate-limiting step of plant glycerolipid biosynthesis for membrane homeostasis and lipid accumulation, yet little research has been done on peanuts. By reverse genetics and bioinformatics analyses, we have characterized an AhGPAT9 isozyme, of which the homologous product is isolated from cultivated peanut. QRT-PCR assay revealed a spatio-temporal expression pattern that the transcripts of AhGPAT9 accumulating in various peanut tissues are highly expressed during seed development, followed by leaves. Green fluorescent protein tagging of AhGPAT9 confirmed its subcellular accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Compared with the wild type control, overexpressed AhGPAT9 delayed the bolting stage of transgenic Arabidopsis, reduced the number of siliques, and increased the seed weight as well as seed area, suggesting the possibility of participating in plant growth and development. Meanwhile, the mean seed oil content from five overexpression lines increased by about 18.73%. The two lines with the largest increases in seed oil content showed a decrease in palmitic acid (C16:0) and eicosenic acid (C20:1) by 17.35% and 8.33%, respectively, and an increase in linolenic acid (C18:3) and eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3) by 14.91% and 15.94%, respectively. In addition, overexpressed AhGPAT9 had no significant effect on leaf lipid content of transgenic plants. Taken together, these results suggest that AhGPAT9 is critical for the biosynthesis of storage lipids, which contributes to the goal of modifying peanut seeds for improved oil content and fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Man Liang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhide Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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6
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Südfeld C, Kiyani A, Wefelmeier K, Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ, D’Adamo S. Expression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase increases non-polar lipid accumulation in Nannochloropsis oceanica. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:12. [PMID: 36647076 PMCID: PMC9844033 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are considered a suitable production platform for high-value lipids and oleochemicals. Several species including Nannochloropsis oceanica produce large amounts of essential [Formula: see text]-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which are integral components of food and feed and have been associated with health-promoting effects. N. oceanica can further accumulate high contents of non-polar lipids with chemical properties that render them a potential replacement for plant oils such as palm oil. However, biomass and lipid productivities obtained with microalgae need to be improved to reach commercial feasibility. Genetic engineering can improve biomass and lipid productivities, for instance by increasing carbon flux to lipids. Here, we report the overexpression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) in N. oceanica during favorable growth conditions as a strategy to increase non-polar lipid content. Transformants overproducing either an endogenous (NoGPAT) or a heterologous (Acutodesmus obliquus GPAT) GPAT enzyme targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum had up to 42% and 51% increased non-polar lipid contents, respectively, compared to the wild type. Biomass productivities of transformant strains were not substantially impaired, resulting in lipid productivities that were increased by up to 37% and 42% for NoGPAT and AoGPAT transformants, respectively. When exposed to nutrient stress, transformants and wild type had similar lipid contents, suggesting that GPAT enzyme exerts strong flux control on lipid synthesis in N. oceanica under favorable growth conditions. NoGPAT transformants further accumulated PUFAs in non-polar lipids, reaching a total of 6.8% PUFAs per biomass, an increase of 24% relative to the wild type. Overall, our results indicate that GPAT is an interesting target for engineering of lipid metabolism in microalgae, in order to improve non-polar lipid and PUFAs accumulation in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Südfeld
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Aamna Kiyani
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands ,grid.412621.20000 0001 2215 1297Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320 Pakistan
| | - Katrin Wefelmeier
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - René H. Wijffels
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands ,grid.465487.cFaculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, N-8049 Bodø, Norway
| | - Maria J. Barbosa
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sarah D’Adamo
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
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Wang L, Chen K, Zhang M, Ye M, Qiao X. Catalytic function, mechanism, and application of plant acyltransferases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:125-144. [PMID: 34151663 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1931015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acyltransferases (ATs) are important tailoring enzymes that contribute to the diversity of natural products. They catalyze the transfer of acyl groups to the skeleton, which improves the lipid solubility, stability, and pharmacological activity of natural compounds. In recent years, a number of ATs have been isolated from plants. In this review, we have summarized 141 biochemically characterized ATs during the period July 1997 to October 2020, including their function, heterologous expression systems, and catalytic mechanisms. Their catalytic performance and application potential has been further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Kang H, Jia C, Liu N, Aboagla AAA, Chen W, Gong W, Tang S, Hong Y. Plastid Glycerol-3-phosphate Acyltransferase Enhanced Plant Growth and Prokaryotic Glycerolipid Synthesis in Brassica napus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155325. [PMID: 32727046 PMCID: PMC7432870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastid-localized glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (ATS1) catalyzes the first-step reaction in glycerolipid assembly through transferring an acyl moiety to glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) to generate lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an intermediate in lipid metabolism. The effect of ATS1 overexpression on glycerolipid metabolism and growth remained to be elucidated in plants, particularly oil crop plants. Here, we found that overexpression of BnATS1 from Brassica napus enhanced plant growth and prokaryotic glycerolipid biosynthesis. BnATS1 is localized in chloroplasts and an in vitro assay showed that BnATS1 had acylation activity toward glycerol 3-phosphate to produce LPA. Lipid profiling showed that overexpression of BnATS1 led to increases in multiple glycerolipids including phosphatidylglycerol (PG), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylinositol (PI), with increased polyunsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, increased MGDG was attributed to the elevation of 34:6- and 34:5-MGDG, which were derived from the prokaryotic pathway. These results suggest that BnATS1 promotes accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cellular membranes, thus enhances plant growth under low-temperature conditions in Brassica napus.
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Lu H, Chen H, Tang X, Yang Q, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Q Exactive Orbitrap/Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics Reveals the Influence of Nitrogen Sources on Lipid Biosynthesis of Mortierella alpina. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10984-10993. [PMID: 31525294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to reveal the effects of four types of nitrogen sources (soymeal, yeast extract, KNO3, and ammonium tartrate) on the lipid metabolism of the oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina using untargeted lipidomics, targeted fatty acid, and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. Our results showed clear differences in the contents and compositions of lipids between four types of nitrogen sources. Soymeal and ammonium tartrate supplementation favored the accumulation of triglycerides with arachidonic acid (ARA) and C16-18 fatty acids, respectively. These results were further validated by our targeted fatty acid analysis. RT-qPCR analysis of related genes in M. alpina between the four nitrogen source conditions found that soymeal supplementation dramatically increased the expression of GPAT, ELOVL, and Δ12/Δ6 desaturase. Our findings provided new insights into the regulation of lipid biosynthesis in M. alpina and potential avenues for genetic manipulation and highlighted the importance of an optimal nitrogen source for ARA-rich oil production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haiqin Chen
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225004 , People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Hao Zhang
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu 225004 , People's Republic of China
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048 , People's Republic of China
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Characterization of the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gene and its real-time expression under cold stress in Paeonia lactiflora Pall. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202168. [PMID: 30096187 PMCID: PMC6086452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the cold tolerance mechanism of Paeonia lactiflora, which is one of the most valuable ornamental and medicinal plants in Asia, fundamentally impacts its breeding and production. The glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) gene plays a pivotal role in cold resistance in a variety of plant species. Here, we cloned the P. lactiflora GPAT gene, determined its expression pattern, and tested its role in cold resistance. We obtained the full-length P. lactiflora GPAT gene using tissue-cultured seedlings and real-time polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends analyses. We named this gene PlGPAT in P. lactiflora. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the PlGPAT gene is closely related with the GPAT genes in core eudicots. The phylogenetic tree containing 31 angiosperm species based on GPAT protein sequences is largely consistent with the known phylogeny in flowering plants. We conducted a time-course PlGPAT expression analysis and demonstrated that PlGPAT expression is correlated with low-temperature stress. Our results suggest that the PlGPAT gene plays an important role in regulating cold resistance in P. lactiflora.
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11
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Jayawardhane KN, Singer SD, Weselake RJ, Chen G. Plant sn-Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferases: Biocatalysts Involved in the Biosynthesis of Intracellular and Extracellular Lipids. Lipids 2018; 53:469-480. [PMID: 29989678 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-lipids such as intracellular phospholipids, galactolipids, sphingolipids, and surface lipids play a crucial role in plant cells by serving as major components of cellular membranes, seed storage oils, and extracellular lipids such as cutin and suberin. Plant lipids are also widely used to make food, renewable biomaterials, and fuels. As such, enormous efforts have been made to uncover the specific roles of different genes and enzymes involved in lipid biosynthetic pathways over the last few decades. sn-Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPAT) are a group of important enzymes catalyzing the acylation of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate at the sn-1 or sn-2 position to produce lysophosphatidic acids. This reaction constitutes the first step of storage-lipid assembly and is also important in polar- and extracellular-lipid biosynthesis. Ten GPAT have been identified in Arabidopsis, and many homologs have also been reported in other plant species. These enzymes differentially localize to plastids, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum, where they have different biological functions, resulting in distinct metabolic fate(s) for lysophosphatidic acid. Although studies in recent years have led to new discoveries about plant GPAT, many gaps still exist in our understanding of this group of enzymes. In this article, we highlight current biochemical and molecular knowledge regarding plant GPAT, and also discuss deficiencies in our understanding of their functions in the context of plant acyl-lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kethmi N Jayawardhane
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Stacy D Singer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403 - 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Randall J Weselake
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
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Waschburger E, Kulcheski FR, Veto NM, Margis R, Margis-Pinheiro M, Turchetto-Zolet AC. Genome-wide analysis of the Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase (GPAT) gene family reveals the evolution and diversification of plant GPATs. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:355-370. [PMID: 29583156 PMCID: PMC5913721 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
sn-Glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (GPAT) is an important enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an acyl group from acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP to the sn-1 or sn-2 position of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) to generate lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs). The functional studies of GPAT in plants demonstrated its importance in controlling storage and membrane lipid. Identifying genes encoding GPAT in a variety of plant species is crucial to understand their involvement in different metabolic pathways and physiological functions. Here, we performed genome-wide and evolutionary analyses of GPATs in plants. GPAT genes were identified in all algae and plants studied. The phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes group into three main clades. While clades I (GPAT9) and II (soluble GPAT) include GPATs from algae and plants, clade III (GPAT1-8) includes GPATs specific from plants that are involved in the biosynthesis of cutin or suberin. Gene organization and the expression pattern of GPATs in plants corroborate with clade formation in the phylogeny, suggesting that the evolutionary patterns is reflected in their functionality. Overall, our results provide important insights into the evolution of the plant GPATs and allowed us to explore the evolutionary mechanism underlying the functional diversification among these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Waschburger
- Graduação em Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franceli Rodrigues Kulcheski
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Nicole Moreira Veto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Margis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcia Margis-Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andreia Carina Turchetto-Zolet
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Che R, Huang L, Xu JW, Zhao P, Li T, Ma H, Yu X. Effect of fulvic acid induction on the physiology, metabolism, and lipid biosynthesis-related gene transcription of Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 227:324-334. [PMID: 28042988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fulvic acid (FA) triggers lipid accumulation in Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10, which can produce biofuels. Therefore, the metabolism shift and gene expression changes influenced by fulvic acid should be investigated. In this study, lipid and protein contents increased rapidly from 44.6% to 54.3% and from 31.4% to 39.7% under FA treatment, respectively. By contrast, carbohydrate content sharply declined from 49.5% to 32.5%. The correlation between lipid content and gene expression was also analyzed. Results revealed that accD, ME, and GPAT genes were significantly correlated with lipid accumulation. These genes could likely influence lipid accumulation and could be selected as modification candidates. These results demonstrated that FA significantly increased microalgal lipid accumulation by changing the intracellular reactive oxygen species, gene expression, and enzyme activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, malic enzyme, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoqiong Che
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Chemical Industry, Kunming Metallurgy College, Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Huixian Ma
- School of Foreign Languages, Kunming University, Kunming 650200, China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
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Payá-Milans M, Aznar-Moreno JA, Balbuena TS, Haslam RP, Gidda SK, Pérez-Hormaeche J, Mullen RT, Thelen JJ, Napier JA, Salas JJ, Garcés R, Martínez-Force E, Venegas-Calerón M. Sunflower HaGPAT9-1 is the predominant GPAT during seed development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:42-52. [PMID: 27717477 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In oil crops, triacylglycerol biosynthesis is an important metabolic pathway in which glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) performs the first acylation step. Mass spectrometry analysis of developing sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed membrane fractions identified an abundant GPAT, HaGPAT9 isoform 1, with a N-terminal peptide that possessed two phosphorylated residues with possible regulatory function. HaGPAT9-1 belongs to a broad eukaryotic GPAT family, similar to mammalian GPAT3, and it represents one of the two sunflower GPAT9 isoforms, sharing 90% identity with HaGPAT9-2. Both sunflower genes are expressed during seed development and in vegetative tissues, with HaGPAT9-1 transcripts accumulating at relatively higher levels than those for HaGPAT9-2. Green fluorescent protein tagging of HaGPAT9-1 confirmed its subcellular accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Despite their overall sequence similarities, the two sunflower isoforms displayed significant differences in their enzymatic activities. For instance, HaGPAT9-1 possesses in vivo GPAT activity that rescues the lethal phenotype of the cmy228 yeast strain, while in vitro assays revealed a preference of HaGPAT9-1 for palmitoyl-, oleoyl- and linoleoyl-CoAs of one order of magnitude, with the highest increase in yield for oleoyl- and linoleoyl-CoAs. By contrast, no enzymatic activity could be detected for HaGPAT9-2, even though its over-expression modified the TAG profile of yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Payá-Milans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Jose Antonio Aznar-Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Tiago S Balbuena
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Department of Technology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Satinder K Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Javier Pérez-Hormaeche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquín J Salas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Rafael Garcés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Enrique Martínez-Force
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Mónica Venegas-Calerón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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Niu YF, Wang X, Hu DX, Balamurugan S, Li DW, Yang WD, Liu JS, Li HY. Molecular characterization of a glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase reveals key features essential for triacylglycerol production in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:60. [PMID: 26973714 PMCID: PMC4788866 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, has become a model for studying lipid metabolism and its triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis pathway makes it an ideal target for metabolic engineering to improve lipid productivity. However, the genetic background and metabolic networks of fatty acid biosynthesis in diatoms are not well understood. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) is the critical enzyme that catalyzes the first step of TAG formation. So far, characterization of GPAT in marine microalgae has not been reported, especially at the level of comprehensive sequence-structure and functional analysis. RESULTS A GPAT was cloned from P. tricornutum and overexpressed in P. tricornutum. Volumes of oil bodies were produced and the neutral lipid content was increased by twofold determined by Nile red fluorescence staining. Fatty acid composition was analyzed by GC-MS, which showed significantly higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids compared to wild type. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the identified GPAT could upregulate TAG biosynthesis in P. tricornutum. Moreover, this study offers insight into the lipid metabolism of diatoms and supports the role of microalgal strains for biofuels production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Fang Niu
- />Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
- />Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Xiang Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Dong-Xiong Hu
- />Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Srinivasan Balamurugan
- />Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- />Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- />Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Jie-Sheng Liu
- />Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- />Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
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