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Cui Z, Huang X, Li M, Li M, Gu L, Gao L, Li C, Qin S, Liu D, Zhang Z. Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and trichome development of Artemisia argyi. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 346:112158. [PMID: 38880338 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Artemisia argyi is an herbaceous plant of the genus Artemisia. Its young and mature leaves are used as food and medicine, respectively. Glandular trichomes (GTs) are distributed on the leaf surface in A. argyi and are generally considered the location of flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation. However, the mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation in A. argyi remains unclear. In this study, the coregulatory genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and trichome development in this species were screened and evaluated, and the biosynthetic pathways for key flavonoids in A. argyi were uncovered. AaMYB1 and AaYABBY1 were screened using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and both genes were then genetically transformed into Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. K326 (tobacco). Simultaneously, AaYABBY1 was also genetically transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. The total flavonoid and rutin contents were increased in tobacco plants overexpressing AaMYB1 and AaYABBY1, and the expression levels of genes participating in the flavonoid synthesis pathway, such as PAL, FLS, and F3H, were significantly up-regulated in plants overexpressing these genes. These results indicated that AaMYB1 and AaYABBY1 promote flavonoid biosynthesis in tobacco. Furthermore, compared to that in the wild-type, the trichome density was significantly increased in tobacco and A. thaliana plants overexpressing AaYABBY1. These results confirm that AaYABBY1 might be involved in regulating trichome formation in A. argyi. This indicates the potential genes involved in and provides new insights into the development of trichome cellular factories based on the "development-metabolism" interaction network and the cultivation of high-quality A. argyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhu Cui
- Zhang Zhongjing Chinese Medical Research Institute, Nanyang Medical College, Nanyang, China; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianzhang Huang
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Mengzhi Li
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
| | - Mingjie Li
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Gu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Gao
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
| | - Chao Li
- Henan Province Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing Formulae and Herbs for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, China
| | | | - Dahui Liu
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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Wang X, Liang Y, Shu J, Jia C, Li Q, Liu C, Wu Q. Transcription factor StWRKY1 is involved in monoterpene biosynthesis induced by light intensity in Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108871. [PMID: 38945094 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Menthone-type monoterpenes are the main active ingredients of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. Previous studies have indicated that light intensity influences the synthesis of menthone-type monoterpenes in S. tenuifolia, but the mechanism remains unclear. WRKY transcription factors play a crucial role in plant metabolism, yet their regulatory mechanisms in S. tenuifolia are not well understood. In this study, transcriptome data of S. tenuifolia leaves under different light intensities were analyzed, identifying 57 candidate transcription factors that influence monoterpene synthesis. Among these, 7 members of the StWRKY gene family were identified and mapped onto chromosomes using bioinformatics methods. The physicochemical properties of the proteins encoded by these StWRKY genes, their gene structures, and cis-acting elements were also studied. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses revealed that Sch000013479 is closely related to AaWRKY1, AtWRKY41, and AtWRKY53, and it was designated as StWRKY1. Upon silencing and overexpressing the StWRKY1 transcription factor in S. tenuifolia leaves, changes in the expression of key genes in the menthone-type monoterpene synthesis pathway were observed. Specifically, when StWRKY1 was effectively silenced, the content of (-)-pulegone significantly decreased. These results enhance our understanding of the impact of StWRKYs on monoterpene synthesis in S. tenuifolia and lay the groundwork for further exploration of the regulatory mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of menthone-type monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yafang Liang
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Juan Shu
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Congling Jia
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiujuan Li
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chanchan Liu
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qinan Wu
- National Key Laboratory on Technologies for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process Control and Intelligent Manufacture, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Li J, Hu H, Fu H, Li J, Zeng T, Li J, Wang M, Jongsma MA, Wang C. Exploring the co-operativity of secretory structures for defense and pollination in flowering plants. PLANTA 2024; 259:41. [PMID: 38270671 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In flowers multiple secretory systems cooperate to deliver specialized metabolites to support specific roles in defence and pollination. The collective roles of cell types, enzymes, and transporters are discussed. The interplay between reproductive strategies and defense mechanisms in flowering plants has long been recognized, with trade-offs between investment in defense and reproduction predicted. Glandular trichomes and secretory cavities or ducts, which are epidermal and internal structures, play a pivotal role in the secretion, accumulation, and transport of specialized secondary metabolites, and contribute significantly to defense and pollination. Recent investigations have revealed an intricate connection between these two structures, whereby specialized volatile and non-volatile metabolites are exchanged, collectively shaping their respective ecological functions. However, a comprehensive understanding of this profound integration remains largely elusive. In this review, we explore the secretory systems and associated secondary metabolism primarily in Asteraceous species to propose potential shared mechanisms facilitating the directional translocation of these metabolites to diverse destinations. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the cooperativity between epidermal and internal secretory structures in the biosynthesis, secretion, accumulation, and emission of terpenes, providing specific well-documented examples from pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Pyrethrum is renowned for its natural pyrethrin insecticides, which accumulate in the flower head, and more recently, for emitting an aphid alarm pheromone. These examples highlight the diverse specializations of secondary metabolism in pyrethrum and raise intriguing questions regarding the regulation of production and translocation of these compounds within and between its various epidermal and internal secretory systems, spanning multiple tissues, to serve distinct ecological purposes. By discussing the cooperative nature of secretory structures in flowering plants, this review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying the ecological roles of terpenes in defense and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hansen Fu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Jiang Z, Zhou P, Shao Y, Zhang Q, Yue W, Qu C, Wu Q. Applying quantitative spatial phenotypes analysis to the investigation of peltate glandular trichomes development pattern in Perilla frutescens. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:88. [PMID: 37626389 PMCID: PMC10464211 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glandular trichomes, often referred to as "phytochemical factories", plays a crucial role in plant growth and metabolism. As the site for secretion and storage, the development of glandular trichomes is related to the dynamic biosynthesis of specialised metabolites. The study aims to explore the relationship between spatial phenotype and dynamic metabolism of glandular trichomes, and establish a novel approach for the exploration and study of the regulatory mechanism governing the development of glandular trichomes. RESULTS In this study, we proposed a technical route based on the relative deviation value to distinguish the peltate glandular trichomes (PGTs) from the background tissues and extract their spatial phenotype. By defining glandular trichome developmental stages based on the leaf vein growth axis, we found that young PGTs were densely distributed near the proximal end of growth axis of the leaf veins, where perillaketone, a primary metabolite of PGTs, is predominantly accumulated. Conversely, mature PGTs are typically found near the distal end of the mid-vein growth axis and the lateral end of the secondary vein growth axis, where the accumulation rate of isoegomaketone and egomaketone exceeds that of perillaketone in PGTs. We further identified spatial phenotypic parameters, Lsum and d, as independent variables to construct a linear regression model that illustrates the relationship between the spatial phenotypes and metabolite content of PGTs, including perillaketone (R2 = 0.698), egomaketone (R2 = 0.593), isoegomaketone (R2 = 0.662) and the sum of the amount (R2 = 0.773). CONCLUSIONS This model proved that the development of PGTs was correlated with the growth of the entire leaf, and the development stage of PGTs can be identifined by spatial phenotypes based on the leaf veins. In conclusion, the findings of this study enhance our understanding of correlation between spatial phenotype and development of glandular trichomes and offer a new approach to explore and study the regulatory mechanism of glandular trichome development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peina Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yongfang Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Yue
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cheng Qu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qinan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Gostin IN. Glandular and Non-Glandular Trichomes from Phlomis herba-venti subsp. pungens Leaves: Light, Confocal, and Scanning Electron Microscopy and Histochemistry of the Secretory Products. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2423. [PMID: 37446984 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the morphological peculiarities of glandular and non-glandular trichomes from leaves of Phlomis herba-venti subsp. Pungens using light, confocal, and scanning electron microscopy. Histochemistry techniques were used to analyze the localization of different chemical compounds in secretory trichomes. Two types of non-glandular trichomes were identified: unicellular and branched. They were found more frequently on the lower epidermis of leaves in different stages of ontogenetic development. Glandular trichomes were categorized as capitate (C1 and C2) with different stalk lengths and one-four secretory cells and dendroids (D) with one-four secretory cells. The histochemical analyses revealed distinct secretory products in terms of composition and distribution among the three types of glandular trichomes. The dendroid category of glandular trichomes is rarely found in plants and is not characteristic of the Lamiaceae species. They were described and characterized from a micromorphological and histochemical point of view for the first time in P. herba-venti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Neta Gostin
- Faculty of Biology, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iași, Bdul Carol I, no. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
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Zhang Y, Wang D, Li H, Bai H, Sun M, Shi L. Formation mechanism of glandular trichomes involved in the synthesis and storage of terpenoids in lavender. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:307. [PMID: 37291504 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lavender (genus Lavandula, family Lamiaceae) is an aromatic plant widely grown as an ornamental plant. The chemical composition of lavender is characterized by monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and other compounds, which are primarily synthesized and stored in epidermal secretory structures called glandular trichomes (GTs). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are responsible for the aroma characteristics of plant oil that drive consumer preference. Aroma is usually regarded as a characteristic trait for the classification of aromatic plants. Interestingly, VOCs are synthesized and stored in GTs. Lamiaceae species such as purple perilla, peppermint, basil, thyme, and oregano usually possess two types of GTs: peltate glandular trichomes (PGTs) and capitate glandular trichomes (CGTs). But the development process of PGTs in lavender has been reported in only a few studies to date. RESULTS In this study, we identified and quantified the VOCs in four lavender cultivars by headspace-solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). A total of 66 VOCs were identified in these four cultivars, the most prominent of which were linalyl acetate and linalool, and flowers were the main site of accumulation of these VOCs. Here, we examined the developmental process of PGTs, including the formation of their base, body, and apex. The apex cells contained secretory cavities, which produced VOCs. Based on the reference genome sequence of the lavender cultivar 'Jingxun 2', several R2R3-MYB subfamily genes related to GT formation were identified. These results will guide the engineering of GTs and molecular breeding of lavender for improving the VOC content. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified the VOCs in four lavender cultivars. We analyzed the formation of GTs, and compared the number and diameter size of PGTs among four lavender cultivars. Additionally, we identified four candidate genes belonging to the R2R3-MYB family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hongtong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Meiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Feng Z, Sun L, Dong M, Fan S, Shi K, Qu Y, Zhu L, Shi J, Wang W, Liu Y, Song L, Weng Y, Liu X, Ren H. Novel players in organogenesis and flavonoid biosynthesis in cucumber glandular trichomes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:kiad236. [PMID: 37099480 PMCID: PMC10400037 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes (GTs) are outgrowths of plant epidermal cells that secrete and store specialized secondary metabolites that protect plants against biotic and abiotic stresses and have economic importance for human use. While extensive work has been done to understand the molecular mechanisms of trichome organogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which forms unicellular, non-glandular trichomes (NGTs), little is known about the mechanisms of GT development or regulation of secondary metabolites in plants with multicellular GTs. Here, we identified and functionally characterized genes associated with GT organogenesis and secondary metabolism in GTs of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). We developed a method for effective separation and isolation of cucumber GTs and NGTs. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that flavonoid accumulation in cucumber GTs is positively associated with increased expression of related biosynthesis genes. We identified 67 GT development-related genes, the functions of 7 of which were validated by virus-induced gene silencing. We further validated the role of cucumber ECERIFERUM1 (CsCER1) in GT organogenesis by overexpression and RNA interference transgenic approaches. We further show that the transcription factor TINY BRANCHED HAIR (CsTBH) serves as a central regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in cucumber glandular trichomes. Work from this study provides insight into the development of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in multi-cellular glandular trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxuan Feng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingming Dong
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Fan
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kexin Shi
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yixin Qu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liyan Zhu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinfeng Shi
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wujun Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liyan Song
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Qingxian in Hebei Province, Qingxian 062650, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, Hainan 572019, China
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, Hainan 572019, China
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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8
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Feng Z, Sun L, Dong M, Fan S, Shi K, Qu Y, Zhu L, Shi J, Wang W, Liu Y, Chen X, Weng Y, Liu X, Ren H. Identification and Functional Characterization of CsMYCs in Cucumber Glandular Trichome Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076435. [PMID: 37047408 PMCID: PMC10094329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glandular trichomes (GTs), specialized structures formed by the differentiation of plant epidermal cells, are known to play important roles in the resistance of plants to external biotic and abiotic stresses. These structures are capable of storing and secreting secondary metabolites, which often have important agricultural and medicinal values. In order to better understand the molecular developmental mechanisms of GTs, studies have been conducted in a variety of crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), sweetworm (Artemisia annua), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The MYC transcription factor of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family has been found to play an important role in GT development. In this study, a total of 13 cucumber MYC transcription factors were identified in the cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genome. After performing phylogenetic analyses and conserved motifs on the 13 CsMYCs in comparison to previously reported MYC transcription factors that regulate trichome development, seven candidate MYC transcription factors were selected. Through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), CsMYC2 is found to negatively regulate GT formation while CsMYC4, CsMYC5, CsMYC6, CsMYC7, and CsMYC8 are found to positively regulate GT formation. Furthermore, the two master effector genes, CsMYC2 and CsMYC7, are observed to have similar expression patterns indicating that they co-regulate the balance of GT development in an antagonistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxuan Feng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingming Dong
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Fan
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kexin Shi
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yixin Qu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liyan Zhu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinfeng Shi
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wujun Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Yantai Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572019, China
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572019, China
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Liu C, Smit SJ, Dang J, Zhou P, Godden GT, Jiang Z, Liu W, Liu L, Lin W, Duan J, Wu Q, Lichman BR. A chromosome-level genome assembly reveals that a bipartite gene cluster formed via an inverted duplication controls monoterpenoid biosynthesis in Schizonepeta tenuifolia. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:533-548. [PMID: 36609143 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are regions of a genome where genes involved in a biosynthetic pathway are in proximity. The origin and evolution of plant BGCs as well as their role in specialized metabolism remain largely unclear. In this study, we have assembled a chromosome-scale genome of Japanese catnip (Schizonepeta tenuifolia) and discovered a BGC that contains multiple copies of genes involved in four adjacent steps in the biosynthesis of p-menthane monoterpenoids. This BGC has an unprecedented bipartite structure, with mirrored biosynthetic regions separated by 260 kilobases. This bipartite BGC includes identical copies of a gene encoding an old yellow enzyme, a type of flavin-dependent reductase. In vitro assays and virus-induced gene silencing revealed that this gene encodes the missing isopiperitenone reductase. This enzyme evolved from a completely different enzyme family to isopiperitenone reductase from closely related Mentha spp., indicating convergent evolution of this pathway step. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that this bipartite BGC has emerged uniquely in the S. tenuifolia lineage and through insertion of pathway genes into a region rich in monoterpene synthases. The cluster gained its bipartite structure via an inverted duplication. The discovered bipartite BGC for p-menthane biosynthesis in S. tenuifolia has similarities to the recently described duplicated p-menthane biosynthesis gene pairs in the Mentha longifolia genome, providing an example of the convergent evolution of gene order. This work expands our understanding of plant BGCs with respect to both form and evolution, and highlights the power of BGCs for gene discovery in plant biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Samuel J Smit
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jingjie Dang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Peina Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Grant T Godden
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zheng Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wukun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Licheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinao Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Benjamin R Lichman
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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10
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Chacon FT, Raup-Konsavage WM, Vrana KE, Kellogg JJ. Secondary Terpenes in Cannabis sativa L.: Synthesis and Synergy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123142. [PMID: 36551898 PMCID: PMC9775512 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is a complex biosynthetic plant, with a long history of medicinal use. While cannabinoids have received the majority of the attention for their psychoactive and pharmacological activities, cannabis produces a diverse array of phytochemicals, such as terpenes. These compounds are known to play a role in the aroma and flavor of cannabis but are potent biologically active molecules that exert effects on infectious as well as chronic diseases. Furthermore, terpenes have the potential to play important roles, such as synergistic and/or entourage compounds that modulate the activity of the cannabinoids. This review highlights the diversity and bioactivities of terpenes in cannabis, especially minor or secondary terpenes that are less concentrated in cannabis on a by-mass basis. We also explore the question of the entourage effect in cannabis, which studies to date have supported or refuted the concept of synergy in cannabis, and where synergy experimentation is headed, to better understand the interplay between phytochemicals within Cannabis sativa L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco T. Chacon
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Kent E. Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Joshua J. Kellogg
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-814-865-2887
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11
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Zhou P, Chen H, Dang J, Shi Z, Shao Y, Liu C, Fan L, Wu Q. Single-cell transcriptome of Nepeta tenuifolia leaves reveal differentiation trajectories in glandular trichomes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:988594. [PMID: 36340347 PMCID: PMC9627484 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.988594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The peltate glandular trichomes (PGTs) on Nepeta tenuifolia leaves can secrete and store bioactive essential oils. ScRNA-seq is a powerful tool for uncovering heterogeneous cells and exploring the development and differentiation of specific cells. Due to leaves rich in PGTs, the young leaves were used to isolated protoplasts and successfully captured 33,254 protoplasts for sequencing purposes. After cell type annotation, all the cells were partitioned into six broad populations with 19 clusters. Cells from PGTs were identified based on the expression patterns of trichome-specific genes, monoterpene biosynthetic genes, and metabolic analysis of PGT secretions. The developmental trajectories of PGTs were delineated by pseudotime analysis. Integrative analysis of scRNA-seq data from N. tenuifolia leaves and Arabidopsis thaliana shoot revealed that PGTs were specific to N. tenuifolia. Thus, our results provide a promising basis for exploring cell development and differentiation in plants, especially glandular trichome initiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peina Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjie Dang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Zunrui Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfang Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Chanchan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China
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12
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Zhou P, Dang J, Shi Z, Shao Y, Sang M, Dai S, Yue W, Liu C, Wu Q. Identification and characterization of a novel gene involved in glandular trichome development in Nepeta tenuifolia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:936244. [PMID: 35968082 PMCID: PMC9372485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.936244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nepeta tenuifolia is a medicinal plant rich in terpenoids and flavonoids with antiviral, immunoregulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities. The peltate glandular trichome (PGT) is a multicellular structure considered to be the primary storage organ for monoterpenes; it may serve as an ideal model for studying cell differentiation and the development of glandular trichomes (GTs). The genes that regulate the development of GTs have not yet been well studied. In this study, we identified NtMIXTA1, a GT development-associated gene from the R2R3 MYB SBG9 family. NtMIXTA1 overexpression in tobacco resulted in the production of longer and denser GTs. Virus-induced gene silencing of NtMIXTA1 resulted in lower PGT density, a significant reduction in monoterpene concentration, and the decreased expression of genes related to monoterpene biosynthesis. Comparative transcriptome and widely targeted metabolic analyses revealed that silencing NtMIXTA1 significantly influenced the expression of genes, and the production of metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, flavonoids, and lipids. This study provides a solid foundation describing a mechanism underlying the regulation of GT development. In addition, this study further deepens our understanding of the regulatory networks involved in GT development and GT development-associated metabolite flux, as well as provides valuable reference data for studying plants with a high medicinal value without genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peina Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjie Dang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Zunrui Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfang Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengru Sang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Shilin Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Yue
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Chanchan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, China
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13
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Kim H, Srividya N, Lange I, Huchala EW, Ginovska B, Lange BM, Raugei S. Determinants of Selectivity for the Formation of Monocyclic and Bicyclic Products in Monoterpene Synthases. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoshin Kim
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7411, United States
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7411, United States
| | - Eden W. Huchala
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bojana Ginovska
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - B. Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7411, United States
| | - Simone Raugei
- Physical and Computational Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M. J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7411, United States
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14
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Xu R, Lu J, Wu J, Yu D, Chu S, Guan F, Liu W, Hu J, Peng H, Zha L. Comparative analysis in different organs and tissue-specific metabolite profiling of Atractylodes lancea from four regions by GC-MS and laser microdissection. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1067-1079. [PMID: 34963032 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine is made from the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (Compositae), known as Cangzhu. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the volatile oils of different organs of A. lancea from four regions of China: Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, and Hubei provinces. The volatile oils of A. lancea were qualitatively and quantitatively characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with laser microdissection. The results identified 21 components in A. lancea, the majority of the components were found in the rhizomes, followed by the fibrous roots, flowers, leaves, and stems. According to the contents of volatile oils in A. lancea, it was divided into Dabieshan (mainly includes hinesol and β-eudesmol) and Maoshan types (mainly includes atractylon and atractylodin), and the ratios of hinesol:β-eudesmol:atractylon:atractylodin were 17.06:4.55:0:1, 12.66:11.71:0.99:1, 7.43:6.23:0:1, and 0.13:0.16:1.52:1 in A. lancea from AH, HN, HB, and JS, respectively. Tissue-specific study indicated that Dabieshan type mainly includes elemol, hinesol, and β-eudesmol in the periderm and secretory cavities of A. lancea, whereas Maoshan type mainly includes atractylon, atractylodin, little hinesol, and β-eudesmol in the secretory cavities. Conversely, no volatile oils were detected in the cortex, phloem, xylem, vascular ray, or pith. This study provides a foundation for further evaluation and utilization of A. lancea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Jimei Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Junxian Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Daqing Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Fengya Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Jianpeng Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Huasheng Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU057), National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Liangping Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China.,Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, P. R. China
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15
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Dang J, Lin G, Liu L, Zhou P, Shao Y, Dai S, Sang M, Jiang Z, Liu C, Wu Q. Comparison of Pulegone and Estragole Chemotypes Provides New Insight Into Volatile Oil Biosynthesis of Agastache rugosa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:850130. [PMID: 35463413 PMCID: PMC9019551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.850130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of Agastache rugosa are rich in essential oils containing monoterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and aromatic compounds. These are used as herbs, perfume plants, and ornamental plants. Based on the difference in the constituents of the essential oil, A. rugosa is divided into pulegone and estragole chemotypes, but the mechanism of key metabolite biosynthesis in these two A. rugosa chemotypes remains unclear. In this study, we compared the morphological differences, metabolite constituents, and transcriptomic data between the two chemotypes of A. rugosa. Monoterpenoid was the main compound in the pulegone chemotype, and phenylpropanoid was the main compound in the estragole chemotype; however, limonene was detected in both chemotypes. Furthermore, 46 genes related to pulegone and estragole biosynthesis were identified. Limonene synthase, limonene-3-hydroxylase, and isopiperitenol dehydrogenase were upregulated in the pulegone chemotype, while phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate: CoA ligase, CYP73A, coumaroyl-aldehyde dehydrogenase, and eugenol synthase were downregulated in the pulegone chemotype. We identified chavicol methyl transferase and limonene-3-hydroxylase in A. rugosa. This work not only provides the difference in morphology and metabolites in pulegone and estragole chemotypes, but also offers a molecular mechanism of volatile oil biosynthesis, which could be a basis for specialized metabolites in specialized chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Dang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Guyin Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Licheng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Peina Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfang Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Shilin Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengru Sang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Chanchan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Chanchan Liu,
| | - Qinan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- Qinan Wu,
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16
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Srividya N, Lange I, Richter JK, Wüst M, Lange BM. Selectivity of enzymes involved in the formation of opposite enantiomeric series of p-menthane monoterpenoids in peppermint and Japanese catnip. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111119. [PMID: 34895548 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) and Japanese catnip (Schizonepeta tenuifolia (Benth.) Briq.) accumulate p-menthane monoterpenoids with identical functionalization patterns but opposite stereochemistry. In the present study, we investigate the enantioselectivity of multiple enzymes involved in monoterpenoid biosynthesis in these species. Based on kinetic assays, mint limonene synthase, limonene 3-hydroxylase, isopiperitenol dehydrogenase, isopiperitenone reductase, and menthone reductase exhibited significant enantioselectivity toward intermediates of the pathway that proceeds through (-)-4S-limonene. Limonene synthase, isopiperitenol dehydrogenase and isopiperitenone reductase of Japanese catnip preferred intermediates of the pathway that involves (+)-4R-limonene, whereas limonene 3-hydroxylase was not enantioselective, and the activities of pulegone reductase and menthone reductase were too low to acquire meaningful kinetic data. Molecular modeling studies with docked ligands generally supported the experimental data obtained with peppermint enzymes, indicating that the preferred enantiomer was aligned well with the requisite cofactor and amino acid residues implicated in catalysis. A striking example for enantioselectivity was peppermint (-)-menthone reductase, which binds (-)-menthone with exquisite affinity but was predicted to bind (+)-menthone in a non-productive orientation that positions its carbonyl functional group at considerable distance to the NADPH cofactor. The work presented here lays the groundwork for structure-function studies aimed at unraveling how enantioselectivity evolved in closely related species of the Lamiaceae and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA
| | - Jana K Richter
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA; Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7411, USA.
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17
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Liu C, Gao Q, Shang Z, Liu J, Zhou S, Dang J, Liu L, Lange I, Srividya N, Lange BM, Wu Q, Lin W. Functional Characterization and Structural Insights Into Stereoselectivity of Pulegone Reductase in Menthol Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:780970. [PMID: 34917113 PMCID: PMC8670242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.780970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenoids are the main components of plant essential oils and the active components of some traditional Chinese medicinal herbs like Mentha haplocalyx Briq., Nepeta tenuifolia Briq., Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt and Pogostemin cablin (Blanco) Benth. Pulegone reductase is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of menthol and is required for the stereoselective reduction of the Δ2,8 double bond of pulegone to produce the major intermediate menthone, thus determining the stereochemistry of menthol. However, the structural basis and mechanism underlying the stereoselectivity of pulegone reductase remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized a novel (-)-pulegone reductase from Nepeta tenuifolia (NtPR), which can catalyze (-)-pulegone to (+)-menthone and (-)-isomenthone through our RNA-seq, bioinformatic analysis in combination with in vitro enzyme activity assay, and determined the structure of (+)-pulegone reductase from M. piperita (MpPR) by using X-ray crystallography, molecular modeling and docking, site-directed mutagenesis, molecular dynamics simulations, and biochemical analysis. We identified and validated the critical residues in the crystal structure of MpPR involved in the binding of the substrate pulegone. We also further identified that residues Leu56, Val282, and Val284 determine the stereoselectivity of the substrate pulegone, and mainly contributes to the product stereoselectivity. This work not only provides a starting point for the understanding of stereoselectivity of pulegone reductases, but also offers a basis for the engineering of menthone/menthol biosynthetic enzymes to achieve high-titer, industrial-scale production of enantiomerically pure products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyu Gao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuo Shang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Siwei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjie Dang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Licheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - B. Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Qinan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Liu X, Huang Z, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Wu M, Ma Z, Cao H. Comparisons of the anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and hemostatic activities and chemical profiles of raw and charred Schizonepetae Spica. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114275. [PMID: 34087404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A common view in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory is that "processing can alter the efficacy of crude drugs". The clinical usage of some processed products may have already changed greatly over time during the development of modern scientific analysis. Therefore, the view of "processing can alter the efficacy of crude drugs" should be confirmed by comparative studies. Schizonepetae Spica (SS), a Chinese medicinal herb, is the dried spike of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. It is available in two forms: raw products and charred products (Schizonepetae Spica Carbonisata, SSC; raw SS processed by stir-frying until carbonization). Raw SS is commonly used to treat TCM symptoms that resemble common cold, fever, respiratory tract infection and allergic dermatitis, while SSC has long been used as a remedy for TCM symptoms that resemble bloody stool and metrorrhagia. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to examine whether stir-fry processing alters the anti-inflammatory, antiviral and hemostatic activities of SS and explore the chemical profile behind the potential changes in medicinal properties caused by stir-fry processing. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used cell models to examine the anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects of raw SS and SSC. The bleeding time of the tail bleeding model and clotting time of the capillary method in mice were used to compare the hemostasis properties of raw SS and SSC. The chemical profiles of SS and SSC were compared using a method combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/Q-TOF-MS) analysis. RESULTS The anti-inflammatory effects of SSC were less potent than those of raw SS. Both raw SS and SSC effectively inhibited viral infection in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 96.30 and 9.73 μg/mL and selectivity index (SI) values of >1.56 and 7.78, respectively. Interestingly, SSC showed more potent antiviral activities than raw SS. Intragastric administration of raw SS and SSC to mice demonstrated that the hemostatic effects of SSC were more potent than those of raw SS. By comparing the volatile chemical profiles of SSC, we found that twenty-nine constituents disappeared and that fifty-four new constituents were formed while the relative contents of five other components decreased and three other components increased. Additionally, the nonvolatile chemical profiles of raw SS and SSC differed, with thirty-two lower peaks and seven higher peaks in SSC than in SS. CONCLUSION Our study showed that raw SS and SSC support traditional practice for the clinical applications of these two products except for raw SS used for the treatment of viral infection. It is a fascinating challenge to form SSCs with both traditional hemostatic activities and antiviral properties after stir-fry processing. In addition, the volatile and nonvolatile chemical constituents of raw SS changed dramatically during processing. Further studies are warranted to explore whether the change in chemical constituents is in accordance with the purpose of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindan Liu
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China; School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zihan Huang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jinju Zhang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Lingnan Resources Branch, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Technology, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Menghua Wu
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Lingnan Resources Branch, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Technology, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhiguo Ma
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Lingnan Resources Branch, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Technology, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Cao
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan (Southern China), Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China; National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Lingnan Resources Branch, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Technology, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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19
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Liu L, Yin M, Lin G, Wang Q, Zhou P, Dai S, Sang M, Liu C, Wu Q. Integrating RNA-seq with functional expression to analyze the regulation and characterization of genes involved in monoterpenoid biosynthesis in Nepeta tenuifolia Briq. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:31-41. [PMID: 34329843 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Nepeta tenuifolia Briq. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant historically used in the East Asia region to treat cold and fever, and it is currently used as a clinically effective treatment for respiratory diseases. We previously found that monoterpenoids are the dominant volatile secondary metabolites in N. tenuifolia and their biosynthesis occurs in peltate glandular trichomes. To gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying monoterpenoid biosynthesis in N. tenuifolia, we conducted transcriptome sequencing and examined the expression differences in monoterpene molecular pathway-related genes in different tissues and growth stages by qRT-RCR. In total, six p-menthane monoterpene biosynthetic genes in the (+)-menthone pathway were identified and cloned successfully based on transcriptome data. Moreover, the major constituents, including (+)-limonene, (-)-pulegone and (+)-menthone showed greater accumulation in the spikes than in other organs, such as the expression levels of related key enzyme genes. Additionally, the relative expression of pulegone reductase was the highest at 84 days, showing an inverse trend from (-)-pulegone relative content and leading to (+)-menthone accumulation in peltate glandular trichomes. Finished cloning of the gene for limonene 3-hydroxylase in N. tenuifolia (NtL3OH), heterologous expression in yeast, and in vitro assays were performed for functional characterization. Our study provides an important resource for further research of secondary metabolism of monoterpenes in peltate glandular trichomes of N. tenuifolia and other homologous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengjiao Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guyin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Peina Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shilin Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengru Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chanchan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qinan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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20
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Feng Z, Bartholomew ES, Liu Z, Cui Y, Dong Y, Li S, Wu H, Ren H, Liu X. Glandular trichomes: new focus on horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:158. [PMID: 34193839 PMCID: PMC8245418 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant glandular trichomes (GTs) are epidermal outgrowths with the capacity to biosynthesize and secrete specialized metabolites, that are of great scientific and practical significance. Our understanding of the developmental process of GTs is limited, and no single plant species serves as a unique model. Here, we review the genetic mechanisms of GT initiation and development and provide a summary of the biosynthetic pathways of GT-specialized metabolites in nonmodel plant species, especially horticultural crops. We discuss the morphology and classification of GT types. Moreover, we highlight technological advancements in methods employed for investigating GTs. Understanding the molecular basis of GT development and specialized metabolites not only offers useful avenues for research in plant breeding that will lead to the improved production of desirable metabolites, but also provides insights for plant epidermal development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxuan Feng
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ezra S Bartholomew
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Library of China Agricultural University, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Dong
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sen Li
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haoying Wu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
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21
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Zhou P, Yin M, Dai S, Bao K, Song C, Liu C, Wu Q. Multi-omics analysis of the bioactive constituents biosynthesis of glandular trichome in Perilla frutescens. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:277. [PMID: 34144672 PMCID: PMC8214284 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt is a medicinal and edible plant widely cultivated in Asia. Terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolic acids are the primary source of medicinal ingredients. Glandular trichomes with multicellular structures are known as biochemical cell factories which synthesized specialized metabolites. However, there is currently limited information regarding the site and mechanism of biosynthesis of these constituents in P. frutescens. Herein, we studied morphological features of glandular trichomes, metabolic profiling and transcriptomes through different tissues. RESULTS Observation of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of three distinct glandular trichome types based on their morphological features: peltate, capitate, and digitiform glandular trichomes. The oil of peltate glandular trichomes, collected by custom-made micropipettes and analyzed by LC-MS and GC-MS, contained perillaketone, isoegomaketone, and egomaketone as the major constituents which are consistent with the components of leaves. Metabolomics and transcriptomics were applied to explore the bioactive constituent biosynthesis in the leaves, stem, and root of P. frutescens. Transcriptome sequencing profiles revealed differential regulation of genes related to terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, respectively with most genes expressed highly in leaves. The genes affecting the development of trichomes were preliminarily predicted and discussed. CONCLUSIONS The current study established the morphological and chemical characteristics of glandular trichome types of P. frutescens implying the bioactive constituents were mainly synthesized in peltate glandular trichomes. The genes related to bioactive constituents biosynthesis were explored via transcriptomes, which provided the basis for unraveling the biosynthesis of bioactive constituents in this popular medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peina Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengjiao Yin
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shilin Dai
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Bao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenglin Song
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chanchan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Qinan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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22
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Wang H, Wang Y, Cheng H, Xue M, Wang J, Yue Z. The complete chloroplast genome of Schizonepeta tenuifolia (Benth.) Briq., a traditional Chinese herb. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:907-908. [PMID: 33796676 PMCID: PMC7971225 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1886884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizonepeta tenuifolia (Benth.) Briq. is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of S. tenuifolia was obtained by high-throughput sequencing platform. The chloroplast genome of S. tenuifolia is a circular form of 151,254 bp in length, with an average GC content of 37.85%. The genome contains a set of 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete chloroplast genome sequences indicates that S. tenuifolia has a close relationship with Dracocephalum palmatum. This study provides a molecular basis for the classification of S. tenuifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanping Wang
- College of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Microbiology Institute of Shaanxi, Xi’an, China
| | - Huyin Cheng
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi Xian New Area, China
| | - Mengju Xue
- College of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinpei Wang
- College of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhiyong Yue
- College of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi’an, China
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23
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Aro AO, Famuyide IM, Elisha IL, Kabongo-Kayoka PN, McGaw LJ, Kahler-Venter CP. Differentiation of Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. and Tarchonanthus parvicapitulatus P.P.J. Herman (Asteraceae) using electron microscopy, and comparison of their biological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113620. [PMID: 33246114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. complex has numerous medicinal uses amongst the sub-Saharan African populace, including treatment for bronchospasm. This study focused on providing scientific rationale for the traditional use of the extracts of T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus. T. camphoratus L. complex has been published under diverse names by various taxonomists. Tarchonanthus parvicapitulatus was one of the newly described taxa, leaving Tarchonanthus camphoratus L. sens. strict. as a homogenous taxon. However, some of the morphological characters used tend to overlap, making it difficult to identify the different taxa. AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the bronchodilatory, antioxidant and toxicological properties of the leaves of T. camphoratus L. and T. parvicapitulatus. This study also aimed to use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess the differences between T. camphoratus L. and T. parvicapitulatus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thin layer chromatography (TLC) with vanillin as visualizing agent was used to qualitatively compare the phytoconstituents of the plant acetone extracts. The free radical scavenging antioxidant qualitative assay was done by spraying TLC plates with DPPH free radical. The bronchodilatory effects of the aqueous extracts were assessed using pre-contracted guinea pig trachea. The effects of the extracts of T. camphoratus L. and T. parvicapitulatus on superoxide and ATP production was also investigated on isolated human neutrophils. A micromorphology study was done using scanning electron microscopy to study the leaves. RESULTS Different compounds were visualized on the TLC plates with more than 40 compounds of intermediate polarity. The TLC plates sprayed with DPPH revealed the presence of 20 and 23 antioxidant compounds for T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus respectively. Upon pre-contraction of the tracheal smooth muscles, the aqueous extracts of T. parvicapitulatus significantly relaxed the trachea while the relaxation observed for T. camphoratus was not significant. All the tested concentrations had a dose dependent inhibitory effect on superoxide production. The crude extract of T. parvicapitulatus at the highest concentration (10 mg/ml) significantly decreased ATP production while a non-significant increase in ATP production was observed for T. camphoratus at the highest concentration (10 mg/ml) when compared with the control. The micromorphology study was useful in revealing the presence of trichomes on the upper leaf surface of the studied taxa. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained from this study showed that the studied plant extracts had bronchodilatory effects on contracted guinea pig trachea and could also inhibit the production of free radicals including superoxide anions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the bronchodilatory activity of T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus. The micromorphological studies were useful in distinguishing between the two species, confirming that T. camphoratus L. and T. parvicapitulatus are different taxa. This study provides evidence to support the traditional use of T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus in managing bronchospasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Aro
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, South Africa.
| | - I M Famuyide
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| | - I L Elisha
- Phytomedicine Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680 Arcadia, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa; Drug Development Section, Biochemistry Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - P N Kabongo-Kayoka
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, South Africa.
| | - L J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| | - C P Kahler-Venter
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho University of Health Sciences, Ga-rankuwa, South Africa.
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Bai X, Liu L, Zhang J, Chen L, Wu T, Aisa HA, Maiwulanjiang M. Spectrum-effect relationship between GC-QTOF-MS fingerprint and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities of Schizonepeta tenuifolia essential oil. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5106. [PMID: 33638568 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizonepeta tenuifolia (Benth.) Briq, a traditional Chinese medicine, is an annual herbaceous plant that is widely distributed in China, Japan, and Korea. The essential oil (EO) of S. tenuifolia has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the components contributing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities remain unclear. This study was aimed at investigating the spectrum-effect relationship between GC-MS fingerprint and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of S. tenuifolia EO. Here, the fingerprints of EO from 10 batches of S. tenuifolia from various sources were established using GC-MS, and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and nitric oxide inhibitory assays, respectively. Finally, 13 common peaks were identified from 10 batches of S. tenuifolia by searching against the standard mass spectra in NIST 14 and comparing the literature retention index. The different sources of S. tenuifolia EO exhibit mild antioxidant activities and significant anti-inflammatory effects. In particular, menthone (peak 3), isomenthone (peak 4), pulegone (peak 7), piperitone (peak 8), and β-caryophyllene (peak 11) might be the dominant constituents responsible for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of S. tenuifolia EO. This method may provide a time-saving, convenient way to screen the potential effective components of S. tenuifolia EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Bai
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Maitinuer Maiwulanjiang
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Wu M, Ma Z, Cao H. The Potential Transformation Mechanisms of the Marker Components of Schizonepetae Spica and Its Charred Product. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163749. [PMID: 32824539 PMCID: PMC7463568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizonepetae Spica (SS) is commonly used for treating colds, fevers, bloody stool and metrorrhagia in China. To treat colds and fevers, traditional Chinese medicine doctors often use raw SS, while to treat bloody stool and metrorrhagia, they usually use Schizonepetae Spica Carbonisata (SSC; raw SS processed by stir-frying until carbonization). However, there have been limited investigations designed to uncover the mechanism of stir-fry processing. In the present study, a method combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the comprehensive analysis of the chemical profiles of SS and SSC samples. Principal component analysis of the GC-MS data demonstrated that there were 16 significant differences in volatile compounds between the SS and SSC samples. The simultaneous quantification of six nonvolatile compounds was also established based on HPLC, and remarkable differences were found between the two products. These changes were probably responsible for the various pharmacological effects of SS and SSC as well as the observed hepatotoxicity. Finally, the mechanisms could be rationalized by deducing possible reactions involved in the transformation of these marker components. This work reports a new strategy to reveal the chemical transformation of SS during stir-fry processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hui Cao
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (H.C.)
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Zhang T, Qiu J, Wu X, Huang S, Yuan H, Park S. Schizonepeta Tenuifolia with Alpinia Oxyphylla Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis and Improves the Gut Microbiome in Nc/Nga Mice. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E722. [PMID: 32751987 PMCID: PMC7465453 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that may be related to gut microbes. Schizonepeta Tenuifolia Briquet (STB) and Alpinia Oxyphylla Miquel (AOM) has traditionally been used for anti-inflammatory activity. We evaluated the effects of STB, AOM and STB+AOM extracts on 2,4-dinitro-1-chlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD skin lesions in Nc/Nga mice and action mechanism was explored. AD lesions were induced in the dorsal skin of Nc/Nga mice by topical application of 1% followed by 0.2% DNCB. After DNCB was applied, the mice had topical applications of either 30% water, 0.01% dexamethasone, 30% STB, 30% AOM, 15% STB + 15% AOM extracts in butylene glycol (BG). Each group was also fed corresponding high-fat diets with 1% dextrin (AD-Con and AD-Positive), 1% STB (AD-STB), 1% AOM (AD-AOM) and 0.5% STB + 0.5% (AD-MIX). Normal-control mice had no DNCB application. The study evaluated the skin AD severity, scratching behavior and weight changes of AD mice for 5 weeks. Compared with AD-Con, AD-STB, AD-AOM and AD-MIX alleviated the clinical AD symptoms (erythema, pruritus, edema, erosion and lichenification and scratching behaviors), normalized immune chemistry (serum IgE concentration, mast cells and eosinophil infiltration), improved skin hyperplasia and enhanced the gut microbiome. AD-STB, AD-AOM, AD-MIX and AD-positive treatments inhibited cutaneous mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-13 and serum IgE concentrations. AD-MIX most effectively reduced clinical AD symptoms and proinflammatory cytokines. AD-Positive also reduced them but serum GOT and GPT concentrations were abnormally high. AD-STB and AD-MIX increased the alpha-diversity of fecal bacteria and reduced the serum acetate concentration, compared to the AD-Con. In conclusion, the mixture of STB and AOM is effective for treating AD symptoms locally and systemically without adverse effects and are potential interventions for atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea; (T.Z.); (J.Q.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (H.Y.)
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Marques NT, Filipe A, Pinto P, Barroso J, Trindade H, Power DM, Figueiredo AC. Trichome Density in Relation to Volatiles Emission and 1,8-Cineole Synthase Gene Expression in Thymus albicans Vegetative and Reproductive Organs. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900669. [PMID: 31984627 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
1,8-Cineole is the main volatile produced by Thymus albicans Hoffmanns. & Link 1,8-cineole chemotype. To understand the contribution of distinct plant organs to the high 1,8-cineole production, trichome morphology and density, as well as emitted volatiles and transcriptional expression of the 1,8-cineole synthase (CIN) gene were determined separately for T. albicans leaves, bracts, calyx, corolla and inflorescences. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and stereoscope microscopy observations showed the highest peltate trichome density in leaves and bracts, significantly distinct from calyx and corolla. T. albicans volatiles were collected by solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and by GC for component identification and quantification, respectively. Of the 23 components identified, 1,8-cineole was the dominant volatile (57-93 %) in all T. albicans plant organs. The relative amounts of emitted volatiles clearly separated vegetative from reproductive organs. Gene expression of CIN was assigned to all organs analyzed and was consistent with the relatively high emission of 1,8-cineole in leaves and bracts. Further studies will be required to analyze monoterpenoid biosynthesis by each type of glandular trichome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália T Marques
- Centro de Eletrónica, Optoeletrónica e Telecomunicações, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Filipe
- Núcleo de Biologia Comparativa e Integrativa, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Pinto
- Núcleo de Biologia Comparativa e Integrativa, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - José Barroso
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Trindade
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Deborah M Power
- Núcleo de Biologia Comparativa e Integrativa, Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), DBV, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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Liu X, Zhang Y, Wu M, Ma Z, Cao H. Color discrimination and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry fingerprint based on chemometrics analysis for the quality evaluation of Schizonepetae Spica. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227235. [PMID: 31910241 PMCID: PMC6946158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizonepetae Spica (SS), the dried spike of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq., is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. According to the color of persistent calyx, SS is categorized into two classes: the yellowish-green-type and the brownish-type. Based on the chemometrics analysis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), a novel model of identifying and evaluating the quality of SS in different colors was constructed for the first time in this work. 20 batches SS samples of different colors were collected and used to extract essential oils. The average essential oils yield of SS in yellowish-green color was significantly higher than that of SS in brownish color from the same origin (p<0.05). The GC-MS fingerprints of 20 batches SS samples whose correlation coefficients were over 0.964 demonstrated SS samples were consistent to some extent in spite of slightly different chemical indexes. A total of 39 common volatiles compounds were identified. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) were developed to distinguish SS samples characterized by different colors. Consistent results were obtained to show that SS samples could be successfully grouped according to their color. Finally, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3,6-dimethyl-benzofuran and pulegone were detected as the key variables for discriminating SS samples of different colors and for quality control. The obtained results proved that SS of good quality were often yellowish-green and those of poor quality were often brownish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindan Liu
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Menghua Wu
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Ma
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui Cao
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Lingnan, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Livingston SJ, Quilichini TD, Booth JK, Wong DCJ, Rensing KH, Laflamme-Yonkman J, Castellarin SD, Bohlmann J, Page JE, Samuels AL. Cannabis glandular trichomes alter morphology and metabolite content during flower maturation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:37-56. [PMID: 31469934 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cannabis leaf is iconic, but it is the flowers of cannabis that are consumed for the psychoactive and medicinal effects of their specialized metabolites. Cannabinoid metabolites, together with terpenes, are produced in glandular trichomes. Superficially, stalked and sessile trichomes in cannabis only differ in size and whether they have a stalk. The objectives of this study were: to define each trichome type using patterns of autofluorescence and secretory cell numbers, to test the hypothesis that stalked trichomes develop from sessile-like precursors, and to test whether metabolic specialization occurs in cannabis glandular trichomes. A two-photon microscopy technique using glandular trichome intrinsic autofluorescence was developed which demonstrated that stalked glandular trichomes possessed blue autofluorescence correlated with high cannabinoid levels. These stalked trichomes had 12-16 secretory disc cells and strongly monoterpene-dominant terpene profiles. In contrast, sessile trichomes on mature flowers and vegetative leaves possessed red-shifted autofluorescence, eight secretory disc cells and less monoterpene-dominant terpene profiles. Moreover, intrinsic autofluorescence patterns and disc cell numbers supported a developmental model where stalked trichomes develop from apparently sessile trichomes. Transcriptomes of isolated floral trichomes revealed strong expression of cannabinoid and terpene biosynthetic genes, as well as uncharacterized genes highly co-expressed with CBDA synthase. Identification and characterization of two previously unknown and highly expressed monoterpene synthases highlighted the metabolic specialization of stalked trichomes for monoterpene production. These unique properties and highly expressed genes of cannabis trichomes determine the medicinal, psychoactive and sensory properties of cannabis products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Livingston
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Teagen D Quilichini
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Anandia Laboratories Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Judith K Booth
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Darren C J Wong
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Wine Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Page
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Anandia Laboratories Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Microscopic Characteristic and Chemical Composition Analysis of Three Medicinal Plants and Surface Frosts. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244548. [PMID: 31842368 PMCID: PMC6943588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of chemical constituents of some medicinal plants, such as Paeonia ostii T. Hong et J. X. Zhang, Houpoëa officinalis (Rehder and E. H. Wilson) N. H. Xia and C. Y. Wu. and Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC, can precipitate on the surface and form frosts after natural or artificial intervention. The characteristics of these three medicinal plants and their frosts were analyzed by light microscope, polarizing microscope, stereomicroscope, and metalloscope. The results of ordinary Raman of P. ostii and H. officinalis showed that the frosts of P. ostii matched paeonol, while that of H. officinalis matched magnolol and honokiol. In P. ostii and its frost, 19 peaks were identified by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, and the main component was paeonol. Eleven components were identified in H. officinalis and its frosts, and the main components were magnolol and honokiol. A. lancea and its frosts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 21 were identified, and its main components were hinesol and β-eudesmol. These three medicinal plants accumulate compounds and precipitate frosts on the surface. The results show that the components of the frosts provide a basis for quality evaluation and research on similar medicinal plants, and reveals the scientific connotation of "taking the medicinal materials' precipitated frosts as the best" of P. ostii, H. officinalis, and A. lancea, to some extent.
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Lange BM, Srividya N. Enzymology of monoterpene functionalization in glandular trichomes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1095-1108. [PMID: 30624688 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant kingdom supports an extraordinary chemical diversity, with terpenoids representing a particularly diversified class of secondary (or specialized) metabolites. Volatile and semi-volatile terpenoids in the C10-C20 range are often formed in specialized cell types and secretory structures. In the angiosperm lineage, glandular trichomes play an important role in enabling the biosynthesis and storage (or in some cases secretion) of functionalized terpenoids. The 'decoration' of a terpenoid scaffold with functional groups changes its physical and chemical properties, and can therefore affect the perception of a specific metabolite by other organisms. Because of the ecological implications (e.g. plant-herbivore interactions) and commercial relevance (e.g. volatiles used in the flavor and fragrance industries), terpenoid functionalization has been researched extensively. Recent successes in the cloning and functional evaluation of genes as well as the structural and biochemical characterization of enzyme catalysts have laid the foundation for an improved understanding of how pathways toward functionalized monoterpenes may have evolved. In this review, we will focus on an up-to-date account of functionalization reactions present in glandular trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
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