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Shao TY, Kinder JM, Harper G, Pham G, Peng Y, Liu J, Gregory EJ, Sherman BE, Wu Y, Iten AE, Hu YC, Russi AE, Erickson JJ, Miller-Handley H, Way SS. Reproductive outcomes after pregnancy-induced displacement of preexisting microchimeric cells. Science 2023; 381:1324-1330. [PMID: 37733857 PMCID: PMC10877202 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf9325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy confers partner-specific protection against complications in future pregnancy that parallel persistence of fetal microchimeric cells (FMcs) in mothers after parturition. We show that preexisting FMcs become displaced by new FMcs during pregnancy and that FMc tonic stimulation is essential for expansion of protective fetal-specific forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)-positive regulatory T cells (Treg cells). Maternal microchimeric cells and accumulation of Treg cells with noninherited maternal antigen (NIMA) specificity are similarly overturned in daughters after pregnancy, highlighting a fixed microchimeric cell niche. Whereas NIMA-specific tolerance is functionally erased by pregnancy, partner-specific resiliency against pregnancy complications persists in mothers despite paternity changes in intervening pregnancy. Persistent fetal tolerance reflects FOXP3 expression plasticity, which allows mothers to more durably remember their babies, whereas daughters forget their mothers with new pregnancy-imprinted immunological memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Shao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Kinder
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gavin Harper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Giang Pham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yanyan Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - James Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Emily J. Gregory
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Bryan E. Sherman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Alexandra E. Iten
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Abigail E. Russi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Advanced Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - John J. Erickson
- Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Hilary Miller-Handley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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2
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Úbeda F, Wild G. Microchimerism as a source of information on future pregnancies. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231142. [PMID: 37608718 PMCID: PMC10445024 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Small numbers of fetal cells cross the placenta during pregnancy turning mothers into microchimeras. Fetal cells from all previous pregnancies accumulate forming the mother's fetal microchiome. What is significant about microchimeric cells is that they have been linked to health problems including reproductive and autoimmune diseases. Three decades after the discovery of fetal microchimerism, the function of these cells remains a mystery. Here, we contend that the role of microchimeric cells is to inform the fetus about the likelihood that its genes are present in future pregnancies. We argue that, when genes are more likely than average to be in future maternal siblings, fetuses will send a fixed number of cells that will not elicit a maternal immune response against them. However, when genes are less likely to be in future maternal siblings, fetuses will send an ever-increasing number of cells that will elicit an ever-stronger maternal immune response. Our work can explain the observed clinical association between microchimeric cells and pre-eclampsia. However, our work predicts that this association should be stronger in women with a genetically diverse microchiome. If supported by medical tests, our work would allow establishing the likelihood of pregnancy or autoimmune problems advising medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Úbeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Geoff Wild
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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3
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Puri TA, Richard JE, Galea LAM. Beyond sex differences: short- and long-term effects of pregnancy on the brain. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:459-471. [PMID: 37120339 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Growing attention has been directed to the inclusion of females in neuroscience studies, and to the importance of studying sex as a biological variable. However, how female-specific factors such as menopause and pregnancy, affect the brain remains understudied. In this review, we use pregnancy as a case in point of a female-unique experience that can alter neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, and cognition. We examine studies in both humans and rodents indicating that pregnancy can modify neural function in the short term, as well as alter the trajectory of brain aging. Furthermore, we discuss the influence of maternal age, fetal sex, number of pregnancies, and presence of pregnancy complications on brain health outcomes. We conclude by encouraging the scientific community to prioritize researching female health by recognizing and including factors such as pregnancy history in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi A Puri
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Richard
- Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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4
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Shree R, McCartney S, Cousin E, Chae A, Gammill HS, Nelson JL, Kanaan SB. Umbilical Cord Maternal Microchimerism in Normal and Preeclampsia Pregnancies. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:1157-1164. [PMID: 36168088 PMCID: PMC10900989 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bidirectional exchange of cells between mother and fetus establishes microchimerism (Mc). Mc can persist for decades and is associated with later-life health and disease. Greater fetal Mc is detected in the maternal compartment in preeclampsia (PE), but whether maternal Mc (MMC) in umbilical cord blood (CB) is altered in PE is unknown. We evaluated MMc in CB from normal and PE pregnancies. DNA from CB mononuclear cells following placental delivery (n = 36 PE, n = 37 controls) and maternal blood was extracted and genotyped. MMc, quantified by qPCR assays targeting maternal-specific nonshared polymorphisms in CB, was compared using logistic and negative binomial regression models. Clinically and statistically relevant confounders were included, and included the total number of cell equivalents tested, gravidity, mode of delivery, birthweight, and fetal sex. PE participants delivered at earlier gestational ages, with higher Cesarean rates, and lower infant birthweights. CB MMc detection was similar between PE and controls (52.8% vs. 51.3%, respectively, p = 0.90) and unchanged after adjustment for confounders. MMc concentration was not different between groups (mean 73.7 gEq/105 gEq in PE vs. mean 22.8 gEq/105 in controls, p = 0.56), including after controlling for confounders (p = 0.64). There was no difference in CB MMc detection or concentration between PE and normal pregnancies, despite previously noted greater fetal Mc in the maternal compartment. This suggests possible differential transfer of cells at the maternal fetal interface in PE. Phenotypic evaluation of Mc cells may uncover underlying mechanisms for differential cellular exchange between mother and fetus in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Shree
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356460, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Stephen McCartney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356460, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Emma Cousin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356460, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Angel Chae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356460, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hilary S Gammill
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356460, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - J L Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sami B Kanaan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Kayatani AKK, Leke RGF, Leke RIJ, Fogako J, Taylor DW. Transplacental transfer of total immunoglobulin G and antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum antigens between the 24th week of gestation and term. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18864. [PMID: 36344542 PMCID: PMC9640577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Full-term newborns have antibody (Ab) repertoires and levels similar to their mothers to help protect them from environmental pathogens. Unfortunately, preterm babies, especially those born < 34 weeks, have reduced levels of protective antibodies. In Africa, antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum are important in protection from malaria. This study investigated the transfer of total IgG and antibodies to 9 P. falciparum antigens and tetanus toxoid between 24 weeks and term. Paired maternal and cord samples from 166 preterm (24-37 weeks) and 154 term deliveries were used. Transfer efficiency was expressed as the ratio of Ab levels in cord to maternal plasma (CMR). At 24-25 weeks, CMR ranged from 0.31 to 0.94 for the different antigens; the rate of transfer was similar for all antigens between 24 and 40 weeks; resulting in median CMR of 0.49-0.95 at term. Babies of mothers with hypergammaglobulinemia and normal IgG levels had similar amounts of IgG, supporting data that saturation of the neonatal Fc-receptor occurs at ~ 16 mg IgG/ml. Thus, babies born prior to 34-35 weeks in Africa are likely to have reduced Ab levels to some, but not all antigens. Since IgG transfer is Fc-mediated, why differences exist in CMR among the antigens warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. K. Kayatani
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Bioscience Building, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Rose G. F. Leke
- grid.412661.60000 0001 2173 8504Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Messa, BP 3851, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Robert I. J. Leke
- grid.412661.60000 0001 2173 8504Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Messa, BP 3851, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Josephine Fogako
- grid.412661.60000 0001 2173 8504Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Messa, BP 3851, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Diane Wallace Taylor
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Bioscience Building, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
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6
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Murrieta-Coxca JM, Fuentes-Zacarias P, Ospina-Prieto S, Markert UR, Morales-Prieto DM. Synergies of Extracellular Vesicles and Microchimerism in Promoting Immunotolerance During Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837281. [PMID: 35844513 PMCID: PMC9285877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of biological identity has been traditionally a central issue in immunology. The assumption that entities foreign to a specific organism should be rejected by its immune system, while self-entities do not trigger an immune response is challenged by the expanded immunotolerance observed in pregnancy. To explain this "immunological paradox", as it was first called by Sir Peter Medawar, several mechanisms have been described in the last decades. Among them, the intentional transfer and retention of small amounts of cells between a mother and her child have gained back attention. These microchimeric cells contribute to expanding allotolerance in both organisms and enhancing genetic fitness, but they could also provoke aberrant alloimmune activation. Understanding the mechanisms used by microchimeric cells to exert their function in pregnancy has proven to be challenging as per definition they are extremely rare. Profiting from studies in the field of transplantation and cancer research, a synergistic effect of microchimerism and cellular communication based on the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has begun to be unveiled. EVs are already known to play a pivotal role in feto-maternal tolerance by transferring cargo from fetal to maternal immune cells to reshape their function. A further aspect of EVs is their function in antigen presentation either directly or on the surface of recipient cells. Here, we review the current understanding of microchimerism in the feto-maternal tolerance during human pregnancy and the potential role of EVs in mediating the allorecognition and tropism of microchimeric cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Udo R. Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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7
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Balle C, Armistead B, Kiravu A, Song X, Happel AU, Hoffmann AA, Kanaan SB, Nelson JL, Gray CM, Jaspan HB, Harrington WE. Factors influencing maternal microchimerism throughout infancy and its impact on infant T cell immunity. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:148826. [PMID: 35550376 PMCID: PMC9246390 DOI: 10.1172/jci148826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Determinants of the acquisition and maintenance of maternal microchimerism (MMc) during infancy and the impact of MMc on infant immune responses are unknown. We examined factors which influence MMc detection and level across infancy and the effect of MMc on T cell responses to BCG vaccination in a cohort of HIV exposed, uninfected and HIV unexposed infants in South Africa. MMc was measured in whole blood from 58 infants using a panel of quantitative PCR assays at day one and 7, 15, and 36 weeks of life. Infants received BCG at birth, and selected whole blood samples from infancy were stimulated in vitro with BCG and assessed for polyfunctional CD4+ T cell responses. MMc was present in most infants across infancy with levels ranging from 0-1,193/100,000 genomic equivalents and was positively impacted by absence of maternal HIV, maternal-infant HLA compatibility, infant female sex, and exclusive breastfeeding. Initiation of maternal antiretroviral therapy prior to pregnancy partially restored MMc levels in HIV exposed, uninfected infants. Birth MMc was associated with an improved polyfunctional CD4+ T cell response to BCG. These data emphasize that both maternal and infant factors influence MMc, which may subsequently impact infant T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Balle
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Blair Armistead
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Agano Kiravu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Xiaochang Song
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Anna-Ursula Happel
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angela A Hoffmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sami B Kanaan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - J Lee Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Clive M Gray
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather B Jaspan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Whitney E Harrington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
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8
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Cómitre-Mariano B, Martínez-García M, García-Gálvez B, Paternina-Die M, Desco M, Carmona S, Gómez-Gaviro MV. Feto-maternal microchimerism: Memories from pregnancy. iScience 2022; 25:103664. [PMID: 35072002 PMCID: PMC8762399 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a bidirectional transplacental cell trafficking between mother and fetus during pregnancy in placental mammals. The presence and persistence of fetal cells in maternal tissues are known as fetal microchimerism (FMc). FMc has high multilineage potential with a great ability to differentiate and functionally integrate into maternal tissue. FMc has been found in various maternal tissues in animal models and humans. Its permanence in the maternal body up to decades after delivery suggests it might play an essential role in maternal pathophysiology. Studying the presence, localization, and characteristics of FMc in maternal tissues is key to understanding its impact on the woman's body. Here we comprehensively review the existence of FMc in different species and organs and tissues, aiming to better characterize their possible role in human health and disease. We also highlight several methodological considerations that would optimize the detection, quantification, and functional determination of FMc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Cómitre-Mariano
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón. (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Martínez-García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón. (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, planta baja, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara García-Gálvez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón. (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Paternina-Die
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón. (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, planta baja, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón. (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, planta baja, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avenida de la Universidad, 30, 28911 Leganés, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, CNIC, C/ Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susanna Carmona
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón. (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, planta baja, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Victoria Gómez-Gaviro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón. (IiSGM), C/Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, planta baja, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avenida de la Universidad, 30, 28911 Leganés, Spain
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9
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Johnson BN, Peters HE, Lambalk CB, Dolan CV, Willemsen G, Ligthart L, Mijatovic V, Hottenga JJ, Ehli EA, Boomsma DI. Male microchimerism in females: a quantitative study of twin pedigrees to investigate mechanisms. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:2529-2537. [PMID: 34293108 PMCID: PMC8373473 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does having a male co-twin, older brothers, or sons lead to an increased probability of persistent male microchimerism in female members of twin pedigrees? SUMMARY ANSWER The presence of a male co-twin did not increase risk of male microchimerism and the prevalence of male microchimerism was not explained by having male offspring or by having an older brother. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Microchimerism describes the presence of cells within an organism that originate from another zygote and is commonly described as resulting from pregnancy in placental mammals. It is associated with diseases with a female predilection including autoimmune diseases and pregnancy-related complications. However, microchimerism also occurs in nulliparous women; signifying gaps in the understanding of risk factors contributing to persistent microchimerism and the origin of the minor cell population. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This cross-sectional study composed of 446 adult female participants of the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants included in the study were female monozygotic (MZ) twins, female dizygotic same-sex twins and females of dizygotic opposite-sex twin pairs, along with the mothers and sisters of these twins. Peripheral blood samples collected from adult female participants underwent DNA extraction and were biobanked prior to the study. To detect the presence of male-origin microchimerism, DNA samples were tested for the relative quantity of male specific Y chromosome gene DYS14 compared to a common β-globin gene using a highly sensitive quantitative PCR assay. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We observed a large number of women (26.9%) having detectable male microchimerism in their peripheral blood samples. The presence of a male co-twin did not increase risk of male microchimerism (odds ratio (OR) = 1.23: SE 0.40, P = 0.61) and the prevalence of male microchimerism was not explained by having male offspring (OR 0.90: SE 0.19, P = 0.63) or by having an older brother (OR = 1.46: SE 0.32, P = 0.09). The resemblance (correlation) for the presence of microchimerism was similar (P = 0.66) in MZ pairs (0.27; SE 0.37) and in first-degree relatives (0.091; SE 0.092). However, age had a positive relationship with the presence of male microchimerism (P = 0.02). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION After stratifying for variables of interest, some participant groups resulted in a low numbers of subjects. We investigated microchimerism in peripheral blood due to the proposed mechanism of cell acquisition via transplacental blood exchange; however, this does not represent global chimerism in the individual and microchimerism may localize to numerous other tissues. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Immune regulation during pregnancy is known to mitigate allosensitization and support tolerance to non-inherited antigens found on donor cells. While unable to identify a specific source that promotes microchimerism prevalence within pedigrees, this study points to the underlying complexities of natural microchimerism in the general population. These findings support previous studies which have identified the presence of male microchimerism among women with no history of pregnancy, suggesting alternative sources of microchimerism. The association of detectable male microchimerism with age is suggestive of additional factors including time, molecular characteristics and environment playing a critical role in the prevalence of persistent microchimerism. The present study necessitates investigation into the molecular underpinnings of natural chimerism to provide insight into women’s health, transplant medicine and immunology. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work is funded by Royal Netherlands Academy of Science Professor Award (PAH/6635 to D.I.B.); The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw)—Genotype/phenotype database for behavior genetic and genetic epidemiological studies (ZonMw 911-09-032); Biobanking and Biomolecular Research Infrastructure (BBMRI–NL, 184.021.007; 184.033.111); The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO)—Netherlands Twin Registry Repository (NWO-Groot 480-15-001/674); the National Institutes of Health—The Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository cooperative agreement (NIMH U24 MH068457-06), Grand Opportunity grants Integration of genomics and transcriptomics in normal twins and major depression (NIMH 1RC2 MH089951-01), and Developmental trajectories of psychopathology (NIMH 1RC2 MH089995); and European Research Council—Genetics of Mental Illness (ERC 230374). C.B.L. declares a competing interest as editor-in-chief of Human Reproduction and his department receives unrestricted research grants from Ferring, Merck and Guerbet. All remaining authors have no conflict-of-interest to declare in regards to this work. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Johnson
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H E Peters
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C B Lambalk
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C V Dolan
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Willemsen
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Ligthart
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V Mijatovic
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J Hottenga
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - D I Boomsma
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Pan TD, Kanaan SB, Lee NR, Avila JL, Nelson JL, Eisenberg DTA. Predictors of maternal-origin microchimerism in young women in the Philippines. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:213-223. [PMID: 33300155 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microchimerism is the presence of a small quantity of cells or DNA from a genetically distinct individual. This phenomenon occurs with bidirectional maternal-fetal exchange during pregnancy. Microchimerism can persist for decades after delivery and have long-term health implications. However, little is known about why microchimerism is detectable at varying levels in different individuals. We examine the variability and the following potential determinants of maternal-origin microchimerism (MMc) in young women in the Philippines: gestational duration (in utero exposure to MMc), history of being breastfed (postpartum exposure to MMc), maternal telomere length (maternal cells' ability to replicate and persist), and participant's pregnancies in young adulthood (effect of adding fetal-origin microchimerism to preexisting MMc). MATERIALS AND METHODS Data are from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey, a population-based study of infant feeding practices and long-term health outcomes. We quantified MMc using quantitative PCR (qPCR) in 89 female participants, ages 20-22, and analyzed these data using negative binomial regression. RESULTS In a multivariate model including all predictors, being breastfed substantially predicted decreased MMc (detection rate ratio = 0.15, p = 0.007), and there was a trend of decreasing MMc in participants who had experienced more pregnancies (detection rate ratio = 0.55, p = 0.057). DISCUSSION These results might be explained by breastfeeding having lasting impact on immune regulatory networks, thus reducing MMc persistence. MMc may also decrease in response to the introduction of fetal-origin microchimerism with pregnancies experienced in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany D Pan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sami B Kanaan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nanette R Lee
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., Cebu City, Philippines
- Department of Anthropology, Sociology & History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Josephine L Avila
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., Cebu City, Philippines
- Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - J Lee Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dan T A Eisenberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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11
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Real-time Assessment of the Development and Function of the Placenta Across Gestation to Support Therapeutics in Pregnancy. Clin Ther 2020; 43:279-286. [PMID: 33246660 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is vital to the health and development of the fetus, serving to deliver oxygen and nutrients, facilitate the removal of waste products, and provide a barrier to pathogens and other harmful substances present in the maternal circulation. When these processes fail to operate normally, they can lead to complications of pregnancy such as preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. The development of novel therapeutics for the mother, fetus, or placenta requires a mechanistic understanding of the development and functions of the placenta. For the obstetric clinician, being able to monitor the placenta throughout the pregnancy and to measure the impact of any treatment modality on the mother and the developing fetus are essential for providing the best possible care. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at the National Institutes of Health has been a longtime supporter of research on the placenta. In 2014, the Human Placenta Project was initiated to help to drive an understanding of the biology of the human placenta and to facilitate the development of novel tools and approaches to allow for safe, noninvasive, real-time assessment of the placenta across pregnancy. Those efforts, along with others from around the globe, are showing promise. Although not yet ready for clinical application, these advances are moving the field forward and are certain to have a tremendous impact on the development and assessment of therapeutics designed for treating conditions of pregnancy.
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12
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Peters HE, Johnson BN, Ehli EA, Micha D, Verhoeven MO, Davies GE, Dekker JJML, Overbeek A, Berg MHVD, Dulmen-den Broeder EV, Leeuwen FEV, Mijatovic V, Boomsma DI, Lambalk CB. Low prevalence of male microchimerism in women with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:1117-1125. [PMID: 31111890 PMCID: PMC6554047 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is there an increased prevalence of male microchimerism in women with Mayer–Rokitansky–Küster–Hauser (MRKH) syndrome, as evidence of fetal exposure to blood and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) from a (vanished) male co-twin resulting in regression of the Müllerian duct derivatives? SUMMARY ANSWER Predominant absence of male microchimerism in adult women with MRKH syndrome does not support our hypothesis that intrauterine blood exchange with a (vanished) male co-twin is the pathophysiological mechanism. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The etiology of MRKH is unclear. Research on the phenotype analogous condition in cattle (freemartinism) has yielded the hypothesis that Müllerian duct development is inhibited by exposure to AMH in utero. In cattle, the male co-twin has been identified as the source for AMH, which is transferred via placental blood exchange. In human twins, a similar exchange of cellular material has been documented by detection of chimerism, but it is unknown whether this has clinical consequences. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An observational case–control study was performed to compare the presence of male microchimerism in women with MRKH syndrome and control women. Through recruitment via the Dutch patients’ association of women with MRKH (comprising 300 members who were informed by email or regular mail), we enrolled 96 patients between January 2017 and July 2017. The control group consisted of 100 women who reported never having been pregnant. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS After written informed consent, peripheral blood samples were obtained by venipuncture, and genomic DNA was extracted. Male microchimerism was detected by Y-chromosome–specific real-time quantitative PCR, with use of DYS14 marker. Possible other sources for microchimerism, for example older brothers, were evaluated using questionnaire data. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The final analysis included 194 women: 95 women with MRKH syndrome with a mean age of 40.9 years and 99 control women with a mean age of 30.2 years. In total, 54 women (56.8%) were identified as having typical MRKH syndrome, and 41 women (43.2%) were identified as having atypical MRKH syndrome (when extra-genital malformations were present). The prevalence of male microchimerism was significantly higher in the control group than in the MRKH group (17.2% versus 5.3%, P = 0.009). After correcting for age, women in the control group were 5.8 times more likely to have male microchimerism (odds ratio 5.84 (CI 1.59–21.47), P = 0.008). The mean concentration of male microchimerism in the positive samples was 56.0 male genome equivalent per 1 000 000 cells. The prevalence of male microchimerism was similar in women with typical MRKH syndrome and atypical MRKH syndrome (5.6% versus 4.9%, P = 0.884). There were no differences between women with or without microchimerism in occurrence of alternative sources of XY cells, such as older brothers, previous blood transfusion, or history of sexual intercourse. LIMITATIONS, REASON FOR CAUTION We are not able to draw definitive conclusions regarding the occurrence of AMH exchange during embryologic development in women with MRKH syndrome. Our subject population includes all adult women and therefore is reliant on long-term prevalence of microchimerism. Moreover, we have only tested blood, and, theoretically, the cells may have grafted anywhere in the body during development. It must also be considered that the exchange of AMH may occur without the transfusion of XY cells and therefore cannot be discovered by chimerism detection. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first study to test the theory that freemartinism causes the MRKH syndrome in humans. The study aimed to test the presence of male microchimerism in women with MRKH syndrome as a reflection of early fetal exposure to blood and AMH from a male (vanished) co-twin. We found that male microchimerism was only present in 5.3% of the women with MRKH syndrome, a significantly lower percentage than in the control group (17.2%). Our results do not provide evidence for an increased male microchimerism in adult women with MRKH as a product of intrauterine blood exchange. However, the significant difference in favor of the control group is of interest to the ongoing discussion on microchimeric cell transfer and the possible sources of XY cells. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Dutch trial register, NTR5961.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Peters
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B N Johnson
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - E A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - D Micha
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M O Verhoeven
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G E Davies
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - J J M L Dekker
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Overbeek
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M H van den Berg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology/Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E van Dulmen-den Broeder
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology/Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F E van Leeuwen
- Department of Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V Mijatovic
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C B Lambalk
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Hu K, Du X, Guo M, Yu C, Qiao J, Sun Q, Zuo H, Cai B, Huang Y, Ai H, Dong Z, Wang Y. Comparative study of micro-transplantation from HLA fully mismatched unrelated and partly matched related donors in acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol 2020; 95:630-636. [PMID: 32157700 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Micro-transplantation (MST) by chemotherapy, combined with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood stem cell (GPBSC) infusion, from an HLA partial matched related donor has shown some encouraging effective therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the outcome of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) fully mismatched unrelated donor-derived MST in such patients is still unknown. In the present study, we compared the efficacy of HLA fully mismatched unrelated donor-derived MST, and partly matched related donor-derived MST, in AML of 126 patients from two centers in China, These patients, aged 16 to 65 years, were given three or four courses of MST, which consisted of a high dosage cytarabine followed by GPBSC from unrelated donor or related donor. There was a statistically significant difference in 3-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) and 3-year overall survival (OS) between the unrelated and the related group. The non-treatment-related mortality (NRM) rates of patients, and other adverse complications, were no different in the two groups. In conclusion, unrelated donor-derived MST is believed to be a safe treatment, with efficacy similar to or higher than related donor-derived MST. This result provides support for the potential of MST for expanding the donor selection. However, the specific mechanism of action needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai‐Xun Hu
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Fifth Medical CenterGeneral Hospital of the Chinese Peopleʼs Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of HematologyGuangdong Peopleʼs Hospital Gongdong China
| | - Mei Guo
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Fifth Medical CenterGeneral Hospital of the Chinese Peopleʼs Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Chang‐Lin Yu
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Fifth Medical CenterGeneral Hospital of the Chinese Peopleʼs Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Jian‐Hui Qiao
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Fifth Medical CenterGeneral Hospital of the Chinese Peopleʼs Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Qi‐Yun Sun
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Fifth Medical CenterGeneral Hospital of the Chinese Peopleʼs Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Hong‐Li Zuo
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Fifth Medical CenterGeneral Hospital of the Chinese Peopleʼs Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Bo Cai
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Fifth Medical CenterGeneral Hospital of the Chinese Peopleʼs Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Ya‐Jing Huang
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Fifth Medical CenterGeneral Hospital of the Chinese Peopleʼs Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Hui‐Sheng Ai
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Fifth Medical CenterGeneral Hospital of the Chinese Peopleʼs Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Fifth Medical CenterGeneral Hospital of the Chinese Peopleʼs Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology and Transplantation, Fifth Medical CenterGeneral Hospital of the Chinese Peopleʼs Liberation Army Beijing China
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14
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Duarte-Guterman P, Leuner B, Galea LAM. The long and short term effects of motherhood on the brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 53:100740. [PMID: 30826374 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Becoming a mother is associated with dramatic changes in physiology, endocrinology, immune function, and behaviour that begins during pregnancy and persists into the postpartum. Evidence also suggests that motherhood is accompanied by long-term changes in brain function. In this review, we summarize the short (pregnancy and postpartum) and long-term (beyond the postpartum and into middle age) effects of pregnancy and motherhood on cognition, neuroplasticity, and neuroimmune signalling. We also discuss the effects of previous history of pregnancy and motherhood (parity) on brain health and disease (neurodegenerative diseases and stroke outcomes) and on efficacy of hormone and antidepressant treatments. Finally, we argue that pregnancy and motherhood are unique female experiences that need to be taken into account to better understand female brain function and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Duarte-Guterman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Benedetta Leuner
- Department of Psychology and Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. http://galealab.psych.ubc.ca
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15
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Alcaraz JP, Cinquin P, Martin DK. Tackling the Concept of Symbiotic Implantable Medical Devices with Nanobiotechnologies. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1800102. [PMID: 30367543 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review takes an approach to implanted medical devices that considers whether the intention of the implanted device is to have any communication of energy or materials with the body. The first part describes some specific examples of three different classes of implants, analyzed with regards to the type of signal sent to cells. Through several examples, the authors describe that a one way signaling to the body leads to encapsulation or degradation. In most cases, those phenomena do not lead to major problems. However, encapsulation or degradation are critical for new kinds of medical devices capable of duplex communication, which are defined in this review as symbiotic devices. The concept the authors propose is that implanted medical devices that need to be symbiotic with the body also need to be designed with an intended duplex communication of energy and materials with the body. This extends the definition of a biocompatible system to one that requires stable exchange of materials between the implanted device and the body. Having this novel concept in mind will guide research in a new field between medical implant and regenerative medicine to create actual symbiotic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Alcaraz
- Univverity Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,SyNaBi, Pavillon Taillefer, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche 38706, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Cinquin
- Univverity Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,SyNaBi, Pavillon Taillefer, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche 38706, Grenoble, France
| | - Donald K Martin
- Univverity Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,SyNaBi, Pavillon Taillefer, Domaine de la Merci, La Tronche 38706, Grenoble, France
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16
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Hirani R, Dean MM, Balogh ZJ, Lott NJ, Seggie J, Hsu JM, Taggart S, Maitz P, Survela L, Joseph A, Gillett M, Irving DO. Donor white blood cell survival and cytokine profiles following red blood cell transfusion in Australian major trauma patients. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:229-234. [PMID: 30316187 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential for the co-existence of genetically disparate cells (microchimerism) and associated cytokine profiles following red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in trauma patients has not been well characterized to date. This study investigated the incidence of surviving donor white blood cells (known as transfused-associated microchimerism (TAM)) and cytokine changes following blood transfusion in trauma patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Trauma patients with an injury severity score (ISS) >12 who had been transfused between 2012-2016 with at least 5 units of RBC units over a 4 h period were recruited. Trauma patients with ISS > 12 who did not require blood transfusion were recruited as controls. The incidence of TAM was determined using a panel of insertion/deletion (InDel) bi-allelic polymorphisms. Selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles were analyzed using cytometric bead array. RESULTS The transfused cohort (n = 40) had median ISS of 28 [12-66], received a median of 11 RBC units [4-114] and had median hospital length of stay of 35 days [1-152]. Only 11 (27.5%) patients returned for follow-up blood sampling after discharge. Of these, one patient showed an InDel pattern indicating the presence of TAM. No patients in the control cohort (n = 49) showed TAM. Cytokines IL-10 and IL-6 were found to be elevated in the transfused trauma patients. CONCLUSION In this cohort, TAM was found to occur in one patient of the 11 who received a blood transfusion. Elevated IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines were detected in those patients who were transfused. However, the incidence of TAM could not be correlated with the elevated cytokine profiles for this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Hirani
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Taggart
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord West, Australia
| | - Peter Maitz
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord West, Australia
| | | | | | - Mark Gillett
- Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia
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Gleicher N. Expected advances in human fertility treatments and their likely translational consequences. J Transl Med 2018; 16:149. [PMID: 29866181 PMCID: PMC5987489 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to rapid research progress in reproductive biology and reproductive clinical endocrinology, many human infertility treatments are close to potential breakthroughs and translational applications. We here review current barriers, where such breakthroughs will likely come from, what they will entail, and their potential clinical applications. MAIN TEXT The radical nature of change will primarily benefit older women, reduce fertility treatment costs and thereby expand access to treatment. A still widely overlooked prerequisite for implantation and normal pregnancy maintenance is timely development of maternal immunological tolerance toward an implanting paternal semi-allograft, if malfunctioning associated with implantation failure and pregnancy loss, while premature termination of tolerance appears associated with premature labor, pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and gestoses of pregnancy. Common denominators between pregnancy and invasive malignancies have again been attracting attention, suggesting that, like in malignant tumors, degrees of embryo aneuploidy may affect invasiveness and ability to "disarm" the immune system's innate response against implanting embryos. Linking tolerance to implantation, we offer evidence that the so-called "implantation window" is likely immunological rather than hormonally defined. CONCLUSIONS Because many here outlined treatment changes will disproportionally benefit older women, they will exert a pronounced effect on society, as increasing numbers of women at grandparental ages will become mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Gleicher
- The CHR, 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vienna Medical School, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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