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Jin K, Chen G, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Lu T. Strategies for manipulating Rubisco and creating photorespiratory bypass to boost C 3 photosynthesis: Prospects on modern crop improvement. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:363-378. [PMID: 36444099 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a process that uses solar energy to fix CO2 in the air and converts it into sugar, and ultimately powers almost all life activities on the earth. C3 photosynthesis is the most common form of photosynthesis in crops. Current efforts of increasing crop yields in response to growing global food requirement are mostly focused on improving C3 photosynthesis. In this review, we summarized the strategies of C3 photosynthesis improvement in terms of Rubisco properties and photorespiratory limitation. Potential engineered targets include Rubisco subunits and their catalytic sites, Rubisco assembly chaperones, and Rubisco activase. In addition, we reviewed multiple photorespiratory bypasses built by strategies of synthetic biology to reduce the release of CO2 and ammonia and minimize energy consumption by photorespiration. The potential strategies are suggested to enhance C3 photosynthesis and boost crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaining Jin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Plant Sciences, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guoxin Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yirong Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tiegang Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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2
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Oh ZG, Askey B, Gunn LH. Red Rubiscos and opportunities for engineering green plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:520-542. [PMID: 36055563 PMCID: PMC9833100 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nature's vital, but notoriously inefficient, CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco often limits the growth of photosynthetic organisms including crop species. Form I Rubiscos comprise eight catalytic large subunits and eight auxiliary small subunits and can be classified into two distinct lineages-'red' and 'green'. While red-type Rubiscos (Form IC and ID) are found in rhodophytes, their secondary symbionts, and certain proteobacteria, green-type Rubiscos (Form IA and IB) exist in terrestrial plants, chlorophytes, cyanobacteria, and other proteobacteria. Eukaryotic red-type Rubiscos exhibit desirable kinetic properties, namely high specificity and high catalytic efficiency, with certain isoforms outperforming green-type Rubiscos. However, it is not yet possible to functionally express a high-performing red-type Rubisco in chloroplasts to boost photosynthetic carbon assimilation in green plants. Understanding the molecular and evolutionary basis for divergence between red- and green-type Rubiscos could help us to harness the superior CO2-fixing power of red-type Rubiscos. Here we review our current understanding about red-type Rubisco distribution, biogenesis, and sequence-structure, and present opportunities and challenges for utilizing red-type Rubisco kinetics towards crop improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo Oh
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bryce Askey
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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3
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Mao Y, Catherall E, Díaz-Ramos A, Greiff GRL, Azinas S, Gunn L, McCormick AJ. The small subunit of Rubisco and its potential as an engineering target. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:543-561. [PMID: 35849331 PMCID: PMC9833052 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco catalyses the first rate-limiting step in CO2 fixation and is responsible for the vast majority of organic carbon present in the biosphere. The function and regulation of Rubisco remain an important research topic and a longstanding engineering target to enhance the efficiency of photosynthesis for agriculture and green biotechnology. The most abundant form of Rubisco (Form I) consists of eight large and eight small subunits, and is found in all plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and most phototrophic and chemolithoautotrophic proteobacteria. Although the active sites of Rubisco are located on the large subunits, expression of the small subunit regulates the size of the Rubisco pool in plants and can influence the overall catalytic efficiency of the Rubisco complex. The small subunit is now receiving increasing attention as a potential engineering target to improve the performance of Rubisco. Here we review our current understanding of the role of the small subunit and our growing capacity to explore its potential to modulate Rubisco catalysis using engineering biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aranzazú Díaz-Ramos
- SynthSys & Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edingburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - George R L Greiff
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Stavros Azinas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura Gunn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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4
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Buck S, Rhodes T, Gionfriddo M, Skinner T, Yuan D, Birch R, Kapralov MV, Whitney SM. Escherichia coli expressing chloroplast chaperones as a proxy to test heterologous Rubisco production in leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:664-676. [PMID: 36322613 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco is a fundamental enzyme in photosynthesis and therefore for life. Efforts to improve plant Rubisco performance have been hindered by the enzymes' complex chloroplast biogenesis requirements. New Synbio approaches, however, now allow the production of some plant Rubisco isoforms in Escherichia coli. While this enhances opportunities for catalytic improvement, there remain limitations in the utility of the expression system. Here we generate, optimize, and test a robust Golden Gate cloning E. coli expression system incorporating the protein folding machinery of tobacco chloroplasts. By comparing the expression of different plant Rubiscos in both E. coli and plastome-transformed tobacco, we show that the E. coli expression system can accurately predict high level Rubisco production in chloroplasts but poorly forecasts the biogenesis potential of isoforms with impaired production in planta. We reveal that heterologous Rubisco production in E. coli and tobacco plastids poorly correlates with Rubisco large subunit phylogeny. Our findings highlight the need to fully understand the factors governing Rubisco biogenesis if we are to deliver an efficient, low-cost screening tool that can accurately emulate chloroplast expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Buck
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra 2000, Australia
| | - Tim Rhodes
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra 2000, Australia
| | - Matteo Gionfriddo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra 2000, Australia
| | - Tanya Skinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra 2000, Australia
| | - Ding Yuan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra 2000, Australia
| | - Rosemary Birch
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra 2000, Australia
| | - Maxim V Kapralov
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Spencer M Whitney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra 2000, Australia
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Varchenko OI, Kuchuk MV, Parii MF, Symonenko YV. Comparison of gfp Gene Expression Levels after Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Transformation of Nicotiana rustica L. by Constructs with Different Promoter Sequences. CYTOL GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452720060110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Whitney SM, Sharwood RE. Rubisco Engineering by Plastid Transformation and Protocols for Assessing Expression. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2317:195-214. [PMID: 34028770 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1472-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The assimilation of CO2 within chloroplasts is catalyzed by the bifunctional enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, Rubisco. Within higher plants the Rubisco large subunit gene, rbcL, is encoded in the plastid genome, while the Rubisco small subunit gene, RbcS is coded in the nucleus by a multigene family. Rubisco is considered a poor catalyst due to its slow turnover rate and its additional fixation of O2 that can result in wasteful loss of carbon through the energy requiring photorespiratory cycle. Improving the carboxylation efficiency and CO2/O2 selectivity of Rubisco within higher plants has been a long term goal which has been greatly advanced in recent times using plastid transformation techniques. Here we present experimental methodologies for efficiently engineering Rubisco in the plastids of a tobacco master line and analyzing leaf Rubisco content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer M Whitney
- Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.
| | - Robert E Sharwood
- Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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Kirke J, Jin XL, Zhang XH. Expression of a Tardigrade Dsup Gene Enhances Genome Protection in Plants. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:563-571. [PMID: 32955680 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is one of the most impactful events in living organisms, leading to DNA sequence changes (mutation) and disruption of biological processes. A study has identified a protein called Damage Suppressor Protein (Dsup) in the tardigrade Ramazzotius varieornatus that has shown to reduce the effects of radiation damage in human cell cultures (Hashimoto in Nature Communications 7:12808, 2016). We have generated tobacco plants that express the codon-optimized tardigrade Dsup gene and examined their responses when treated with mutagenic chemicals, ultraviolet (UV) and ionizing radiations. Our studies showed that compared to the control plants, the Dsup-expressing plants grew better in the medium containing mutagenic ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS). RT-qPCR detected distinct expression patterns of endogenous genes involved in DNA damage response and repair in the Dsup plants in response to EMS, bleomycin, UV-C and X-ray radiations. Comet assays revealed that the nuclei from the Dsup plants appeared more protected from UV and X-ray damages than the control plants. Overall, our studies demonstrated that Dsup gene expression enhanced tolerance of plants to genomutagenic stress. We suggest the feasibility of exploring genetic resources from extremotolerant species such as tardigrades to impart plants with tolerance to stressful environments for future climate changes and human space endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Kirke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Xiao-Lu Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Xing-Hai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
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Zhang L, Yang J, Guo X, Wang A, Zhu J. Overexpression of SikRbcs2 gene promotes chilling tolerance of tomato by improving photosynthetic enzyme activity, reducing oxidative damage, and stabilizing cell membrane structure. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3479-3491. [PMID: 32724611 PMCID: PMC7382113 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell is a small subunit encoding 1, 5-ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (Rubisco). It could control the catalytic activity of Rubisco and play an important role in plant photosynthesis. SikRbcs2, a small subunit of Rubisco, is cloned from Saussurea involucrate. It has a strong low-temperature photosynthetic and photorespiration ability, but its mechanism in cold tolerance remains to be unknown. The results of quantitative PCR showed that SikRbcS2 gene could be induced by low-temperature, osmosis, and salt stress. Its expression was increased with the decrease of temperature, which was consistent with the habitat of Saussurea involucrata. Overexpression of Sikrbcs2 could significantly increase the mRNA expressions of SlrbcL and SlRCA in transgenic tomato seedlings. Furthermore, the activity and content of Rubisco and Rubisco activase (RCA) in transgenic tomato seedlings were also significantly higher than those in wild-type plants. The contents of chlorophyll and carotenoids, soluble sugar, and starch in the leaves of transgenic plants were significantly higher than those in WT plants, as well as the plant height, leaf area, and dry matter weight. Moreover, compared with WT, MDA content was decreased, and activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX were significantly higher in transgenic lines. In conclusion, our results suggested that overexpression of SikRbcs2 can reduce the damage of low temperature on photosynthesis of tomato seedlings. It could help achieve relatively stable photosynthesis, enhance scavenging ROS ability of tomato seedlings, maintain stable membrane structure, and improve cold tolerance of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural BiotechnologyCollege of Life ScienceShihezi UniversityShiheziChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Agricultural Product Quality Safety Supervision and Management StationWuweiChina
| | - Xinyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural BiotechnologyCollege of Life ScienceShihezi UniversityShiheziChina
| | - Aiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural BiotechnologyCollege of Life ScienceShihezi UniversityShiheziChina
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural BiotechnologyCollege of Life ScienceShihezi UniversityShiheziChina
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Lin MT, Hanson MR. Red algal Rubisco fails to accumulate in transplastomic tobacco expressing Griffithsia monilis RbcL and RbcS genes. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00045. [PMID: 31245711 PMCID: PMC6508576 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In C3 plants, the carbon fixation step catalyzed by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) represents a major rate-limiting step due to the competing oxygenation reaction, which leads to the energy-intensive photorespiration and lowers the overall photosynthetic efficiency. Hence, there is great biotechnological interest in replacing the Rubisco in C3 crops with a more efficient enzyme. The Rubisco enzymes from red algae are among the most attractive choices due to their remarkable preference for carboxylation over oxygenation reaction. However, the biogenesis of Rubisco is extremely complex. The Rubisco enzymes in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are made up of eight large and eight small subunits. The folding of the large subunits and the assembly of the large subunits with the small subunits to form a functional holoenzyme require specific chaperonin complexes and assembly factors. As a result, previous success in expressing foreign Rubisco in plants has been limited to Rubisco large subunits from closely related plant species and simpler bacterial enzymes. In our previous work, we successfully replaced the Rubisco in tobacco with a cyanobacterial enzyme, which was able to support the phototrophic growth of the transgenic plants. In this work, we used the same approach to express the Rubisco subunits from the red alga Griffithsia monilis in tobacco chloroplasts in the absence of the tobacco Rubisco large subunit. Although the red algal Rubisco genes are being transcribed in tobacco chloroplasts, the transgenic plants lack functional Rubisco and can only grow in a medium containing sucrose. Our results suggest that co-expression of compatible chaperones will be necessary for successful assembly of red algal Rubisco in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat T. Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Maureen R. Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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10
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Valegård K, Hasse D, Andersson I, Gunn LH. Structure of Rubisco from Arabidopsis thaliana in complex with 2-carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2018; 74:1-9. [PMID: 29372894 PMCID: PMC5786004 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798317017132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) from Arabidopsis thaliana is reported at 1.5 Å resolution. In light of the importance of A. thaliana as a model organism for understanding higher plant biology, and the pivotal role of Rubisco in photosynthetic carbon assimilation, there has been a notable absence of an A. thaliana Rubisco crystal structure. A. thaliana Rubisco is an L8S8 hexadecamer comprising eight plastome-encoded catalytic large (L) subunits and eight nuclear-encoded small (S) subunits. A. thaliana produces four distinct small-subunit isoforms (RbcS1A, RbcS1B, RbcS2B and RbcS3B), and this crystal structure provides a snapshot of A. thaliana Rubisco containing the low-abundance RbcS3B small-subunit isoform. Crystals were obtained in the presence of the transition-state analogue 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate. A. thaliana Rubisco shares the overall fold characteristic of higher plant Rubiscos, but exhibits an interesting disparity between sequence and structural relatedness to other Rubisco isoforms. These results provide the structural framework to understand A. thaliana Rubisco and the potential catalytic differences that could be conferred by alternative A. thaliana Rubisco small-subunit isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Valegård
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dirk Hasse
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inger Andersson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura H. Gunn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Ibrahim A, Jin XL, Zhang YB, Cruz J, Vichyavichien P, Esiobu N, Zhang XH. Tobacco plants expressing the maize nitrate transporter ZmNrt2.1 exhibit altered responses of growth and gene expression to nitrate and calcium. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2017; 58:51. [PMID: 29143202 PMCID: PMC5688054 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-017-0203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrate uptake is a highly regulated process. Understanding the intricate interactions between nitrate availability and genetically-controlled nitrate acquisition and metabolism is essential for improving nitrogen use efficiency and increasing nitrate uptake capacity for plants grown in both nitrate-poor and nitrate-enriched environments. In this report, we introduced into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) the constitutively expressed maize high-affinity transporter ZmNrt2.1 gene that would bypass the tight control for the endogenous nitrate-responsive genes. By using calcium inhibitors and varying levels of NO3-, Ca2+ and K+, we probed how the host plants were affected in their nitrate response. RESULTS We found that the ZmNrt2.1-expressing plants had better root growth than the wild type plants when Ca2+ was deficient regardless of the nitrate levels. The growth restriction associated with Ca2+-deficiency can be alleviated with a high level of K+. Furthermore, the transgenic plants exhibited altered expression patterns of several endogenous, nitrate-responsive genes, including the high- and low-affinity nitrate transporters, the Bric-a-Brac/Tramtrack/Broad protein BT2 and the transcription factor TGA-binding protein TGA1, in responding to treatments of NO3-, K+ or inhibitors for the calcium channel and the cytosolic Ca2+-regulating phospholipase C, as compared to the wild type plants under the same treatments. Their expression was not only responsive to nitrate, but also affected by Ca2+. There were also different patterns of gene expression between roots and shoots. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the ectopic effect of the maize nitrate transporter on the host plant's overall gene expression of nitrate sensing system, and further highlight the involvement of calcium in nitrate sensing in tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
- Department of Soil Sciences, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Xiao-Lu Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Yu-Bin Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
- Monitoring Center for Marine Resources and Environments, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088 China
| | - Jessica Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Paveena Vichyavichien
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Nwadiuto Esiobu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Xing-Hai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
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12
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Hermida-Carrera C, Fares MA, Fernández Á, Gil-Pelegrín E, Kapralov MV, Mir A, Molins A, Peguero-Pina JJ, Rocha J, Sancho-Knapik D, Galmés J. Positively selected amino acid replacements within the RuBisCO enzyme of oak trees are associated with ecological adaptations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183970. [PMID: 28859145 PMCID: PMC5578625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood (PAML) has become the standard approach to study positive selection at the molecular level, but other methods may provide complementary ways to identify amino acid replacements associated with particular conditions. Here, we compare results of the decision tree (DT) model method with ones of PAML using the key photosynthetic enzyme RuBisCO as a model system to study molecular adaptation to particular ecological conditions in oaks (Quercus). We sequenced the chloroplast rbcL gene encoding RuBisCO large subunit in 158 Quercus species, covering about a third of the global genus diversity. It has been hypothesized that RuBisCO has evolved differentially depending on the environmental conditions and leaf traits governing internal gas diffusion patterns. Here, we show, using PAML, that amino acid replacements at the residue positions 95, 145, 251, 262 and 328 of the RuBisCO large subunit have been the subject of positive selection along particular Quercus lineages associated with the leaf traits and climate characteristics. In parallel, the DT model identified amino acid replacements at sites 95, 219, 262 and 328 being associated with the leaf traits and climate characteristics, exhibiting partial overlap with the results obtained using PAML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hermida-Carrera
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Mario A. Fares
- Integrative and Systems Biology Group, Department of Abiotic Stress, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC–UPV), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ángel Fernández
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, C.I.T.A. de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Maxim V. Kapralov
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Arnau Mir
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Arántzazu Molins
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | | | - Jairo Rocha
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | | | - Jeroni Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears-INAGEA, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Sharwood RE. Engineering chloroplasts to improve Rubisco catalysis: prospects for translating improvements into food and fiber crops. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:494-510. [PMID: 27935049 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
494 I. 495 II. 496 III. 496 IV. 499 V. 499 VI. 501 VII. 501 VIII. 502 IX. 505 X. 506 507 References 507 SUMMARY: The uncertainty of future climate change is placing pressure on cropping systems to continue to provide stable increases in productive yields. To mitigate future climates and the increasing threats against global food security, new solutions to manipulate photosynthesis are required. This review explores the current efforts available to improve carbon assimilation within plant chloroplasts by engineering Rubisco, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step of CO2 fixation. Fixation of CO2 and subsequent cycling of 3-phosphoglycerate through the Calvin cycle provides the necessary carbohydrate building blocks for maintaining plant growth and yield, but has to compete with Rubisco oxygenation, which results in photorespiration that is energetically wasteful for plants. Engineering improvements in Rubisco is a complex challenge and requires an understanding of chloroplast gene regulatory pathways, and the intricate nature of Rubisco catalysis and biogenesis, to transplant more efficient forms of Rubisco into crops. In recent times, major advances in Rubisco engineering have been achieved through improvement of our knowledge of Rubisco synthesis and assembly, and identifying amino acid catalytic switches in the L-subunit responsible for improvements in catalysis. Improving the capacity of CO2 fixation in crops such as rice will require further advances in chloroplast bioengineering and Rubisco biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Sharwood
- ARC Center of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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14
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Carmo-Silva E, Scales JC, Madgwick PJ, Parry MAJ. Optimizing Rubisco and its regulation for greater resource use efficiency. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1817-32. [PMID: 25123951 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), enabling net CO2 assimilation in photosynthesis. The properties and regulation of Rubisco are not optimal for biomass production in current and projected future environments. Rubisco is relatively inefficient, and large amounts of the enzyme are needed to support photosynthesis, requiring large investments in nitrogen. The competing oxygenation of RuBP by Rubisco decreases photosynthetic efficiency. Additionally, Rubisco is inhibited by some sugar phosphates and depends upon interaction with Rubisco activase (Rca) to be reactivated. Rca activity is modulated by the chloroplast redox status and ADP/ATP ratios, thereby mediating Rubisco activation and photosynthetic induction in response to irradiance. The extreme thermal sensitivity of Rca compromises net CO2 assimilation at moderately high temperatures. Given its central role in carbon assimilation, the improvement of Rubisco function and regulation is tightly linked with irradiance, nitrogen and water use efficiencies. Although past attempts have had limited success, novel technologies and an expanding knowledge base make the challenge of improving Rubisco activity in crops an achievable goal. Strategies to optimize Rubisco and its regulation are addressed in relation to their potential to improve crop resource use efficiency and climate resilience of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna C Scales
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Pippa J Madgwick
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Martin A J Parry
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
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15
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In silico Identification of Ergosterol as a Novel Fungal Metabolite Enhancing RuBisCO Activity in Lycopersicum esculentum. Interdiscip Sci 2015; 8:229-40. [PMID: 26253718 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-015-0105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RuBisCO (EC 4.1.1.39), a key enzyme found in stroma of chloroplast, is important for fixing atmospheric CO2 in plants. Alterations in the activity of RuBisCO could influence photosynthetic yield. Therefore, to understand the activity of the protein, knowledge about its structure is pertinent. Though the structure of Nicotiana RuBisCO has been modeled, the structure of tomato RuBisCO is still unknown. RuBisCO extracted from chloroplasts of tomato leaves was subjected to MALDI-TOF-TOF followed by Mascot Search. The protein sequence based on gene identification numbers was subjected to in silico model construction, characterization and docking studies. The primary structure analysis revealed that protein was stable, neutral, hydrophilic and has an acidic pI. The result though indicates a 90 % homology with other members of Solanaceae but differs from the structure of Arabidopsis RuBisCO. Different ligands were docked to assess the activity of RuBisCO against these metabolite components. Out of the number of modulators tested, ergosterol had the maximum affinity (E = -248.08) with RuBisCO. Ergosterol is a major cell wall component of fungi and has not been reported to be naturally found in plants. It is a known immune elicitor in plants. The current study throws light on its role in affecting RuBisCO activity in plants, thereby bringing changes in the photosynthetic rate.
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16
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Whitney SM, Birch R, Kelso C, Beck JL, Kapralov MV. Improving recombinant Rubisco biogenesis, plant photosynthesis and growth by coexpressing its ancillary RAF1 chaperone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3564-9. [PMID: 25733857 PMCID: PMC4371954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420536112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enabling improvements to crop yield and resource use by enhancing the catalysis of the photosynthetic CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco has been a longstanding challenge. Efforts toward realization of this goal have been greatly assisted by advances in understanding the complexities of Rubisco's biogenesis in plastids and the development of tailored chloroplast transformation tools. Here we generate transplastomic tobacco genotypes expressing Arabidopsis Rubisco large subunits (AtL), both on their own (producing tob(AtL) plants) and with a cognate Rubisco accumulation factor 1 (AtRAF1) chaperone (producing tob(AtL-R1) plants) that has undergone parallel functional coevolution with AtL. We show AtRAF1 assembles as a dimer and is produced in tob(AtL-R1) and Arabidopsis leaves at 10-15 nmol AtRAF1 monomers per square meter. Consistent with a postchaperonin large (L)-subunit assembly role, the AtRAF1 facilitated two to threefold improvements in the amount and biogenesis rate of hybrid L8(A)S8(t) Rubisco [comprising AtL and tobacco small (S) subunits] in tob(AtL-R1) leaves compared with tob(AtL), despite >threefold lower steady-state Rubisco mRNA levels in tob(AtL-R1). Accompanying twofold increases in photosynthetic CO2-assimilation rate and plant growth were measured for tob(AtL-R1) lines. These findings highlight the importance of ancillary protein complementarity during Rubisco biogenesis in plastids, the possible constraints this has imposed on Rubisco adaptive evolution, and the likely need for such interaction specificity to be considered when optimizing recombinant Rubisco bioengineering in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer M Whitney
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; and
| | - Rosemary Birch
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; and
| | - Celine Kelso
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Beck
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Maxim V Kapralov
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; and
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17
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Gago J, Douthe C, Florez-Sarasa I, Escalona JM, Galmes J, Fernie AR, Flexas J, Medrano H. Opportunities for improving leaf water use efficiency under climate change conditions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 226:108-19. [PMID: 25113456 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
WUEi (intrinsic water use efficiency) is a complex (multi)-trait, that depends on several physiological processes, driving plant productivity and its relation with a changing environment. Climatic change predictions estimate increases in temperature and drought in the semi-arid regions, rendering improved water use efficiency is a mandatory objective to maintain the current global food supply. The aims of this review were (i) to identify through a meta-analysis the leaf traits mostly related to intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi, the ratio between A - net photosynthesis and gs - stomatal conductance), based on a newly compiled dataset covering more than 200 species/varieties and 106 genus of C3 plants (ii) to describe the main potential targets for WUEi improvement via biotechnological manipulations and (iii) to introduce emergent and innovative technologies including UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) to scale up levels from leaf to whole plant water status. We confirmed that increases in gm/gs and Vcmax/gs ratios are systematically related with increases in WUEi maintained across species, habitats, and environmental conditions. Other emergent opportunities to improve WUEi are described such as the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration and their link with metabolomics. Finally, we outline our hypothesis that we are observing the advent of a "smart" agriculture, wherein new technologies, such as UAVs equipped with remote sensors will rapidly facilitate an efficient water use regulating the irrigation schedule and determination, under field conditions, of cultivars with improved water use efficiency. We, therefore, conclude that the multi-disciplinary challenge toward WUE has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gago
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - Cyril Douthe
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Jose M Escalona
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmes
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Hipolito Medrano
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
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18
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Zhang XH, Keating P, Wang XW, Huang YH, Martin J, Hartmann JX, Liu A. Production of functional native human interleukin-2 in tobacco chloroplasts. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:369-76. [PMID: 24146433 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-013-9717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an important T lymphocyte-derived cytokine in the mammalian immune system. Non-native, recombinant IL-2 derived from Escherichia coli is used widely in both medical research and treatment of diseases. Recombinant human IL-2 gene has been expressed in plant nuclear genomes, therefore it can be spread to the environment through pollen. Furthermore, all the plant-produced IL-2 reported thus far had been attached with artificial tags or fusion proteins, which may trigger unintended immunological responses and therefore compromise its full utility as a medicine. To expand the potential of using plant chloroplasts to produce functional native human therapeutic proteins, we inserted an engineered human interleukin-2 (hIL-2)-coding gene, without any tags, into the chloroplast genome of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Partially purified hIL-2 protein from the leaves of the transplastomic plants induced in vitro proliferation of IL-2-dependent murine T lymphocytes. Our study demonstrates that plant chloroplasts can serve as a bio-factory for production of an active native human interleukin in a self-contained and therefore environmentally safe manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA,
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19
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Cavanagh AP, Kubien DS. Can phenotypic plasticity in Rubisco performance contribute to photosynthetic acclimation? PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 119:203-214. [PMID: 23543330 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic acclimation varies among species, which likely reveals variations at the biochemical level in the pathways that constitute carbon assimilation and energy transfer. Local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity affect the environmental response of photosynthesis. Phenotypic plasticity allows for a wide array of responses from a single individual, encouraging fitness in a broad variety of environments. Rubisco catalyses the first enzymatic step of photosynthesis, and is thus central to life on Earth. The enzyme is well conserved, but there is habitat-dependent variation in kinetic parameters, indicating that local adaptation may occur. Here, we review evidence suggesting that land plants can adjust Rubisco's intrinsic biochemical characteristics during acclimation. We show that this plasticity can theoretically improve CO2 assimilation; the effect is non-trivial, but small relative to other acclimation responses. We conclude by discussing possible mechanisms that could account for biochemical plasticity in land plant Rubisco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Cavanagh
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, 10 Bailey Dr., Fredericton, NB, Canada
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20
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Whitney SM, Sharwood RE. Plastid transformation for Rubisco engineering and protocols for assessing expression. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1132:245-62. [PMID: 24599858 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-995-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The assimilation of CO2 within chloroplasts is catalyzed by the bi-functional enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, Rubisco. Within higher plants the Rubisco large subunit gene, rbcL, is encoded in the plastid genome, while the Rubisco small subunit gene, RbcS is coded in the nucleus by a multi-gene family. Rubisco is considered a poor catalyst due to its slow turnover rate and its additional fixation of O2 that can result in wasteful loss of carbon through the energy requiring photorespiratory cycle. Improving the carboxylation efficiency and CO2/O2 selectivity of Rubisco within higher plants has been a long-term goal which has been greatly advanced in recent times using plastid transformation techniques. Here we present experimental methodologies for efficiently engineering Rubisco in the plastids of a tobacco master-line and analyzing leaf Rubisco content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer M Whitney
- College of Medicine, Biology and Ecology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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21
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Parry MAJ, Andralojc PJ, Scales JC, Salvucci ME, Carmo-Silva AE, Alonso H, Whitney SM. Rubisco activity and regulation as targets for crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:717-30. [PMID: 23162118 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase) enables net carbon fixation through the carboxylation of RuBP. However, some characteristics of Rubisco make it surprisingly inefficient and compromise photosynthetic productivity. For example, Rubisco catalyses a wasteful reaction with oxygen that leads to the release of previously fixed CO(2) and NH(3) and the consumption of energy during photorespiration. Furthermore, Rubisco is slow and large amounts are needed to support adequate photosynthetic rates. Consequently, Rubisco has been studied intensively as a prime target for manipulations to 'supercharge' photosynthesis and improve both productivity and resource use efficiency. The catalytic properties of Rubiscos from diverse sources vary considerably, suggesting that changes in turnover rate, affinity, or specificity for CO(2) can be introduced to improve Rubisco performance in specific crops and environments. While attempts to manipulate plant Rubisco by nuclear transformation have had limited success, modifying its catalysis by targeted changes to its catalytic large subunit via chloroplast transformation have been much more successful. However, this technique is still in need of development for most major food crops including maize, wheat, and rice. Other bioengineering approaches for improving Rubisco performance include improving the activity of its ancillary protein, Rubisco activase, in addition to modulating the synthesis and degradation of Rubisco's inhibitory sugar phosphate ligands. As the rate-limiting step in carbon assimilation, even modest improvements in the overall performance of Rubisco pose a viable pathway for obtaining significant gains in plant yield, particularly under stressful environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A J Parry
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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22
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Hanson MR, Gray BN, Ahner BA. Chloroplast transformation for engineering of photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:731-42. [PMID: 23162121 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Many efforts are underway to engineer improvements in photosynthesis to meet the challenges of increasing demands for food and fuel in rapidly changing environmental conditions. Various transgenes have been introduced into either the nuclear or plastid genomes in attempts to increase photosynthetic efficiency. We examine the current knowledge of the critical features that affect levels of expression of plastid transgenes and protein accumulation in transplastomic plants, such as promoters, 5' and 3' untranslated regions, RNA-processing sites, translation signals and amino acid sequences that affect protein turnover. We review the prior attempts to manipulate the properties of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) through plastid transformation. We illustrate how plastid operons could be created for expression of the multiple genes needed to introduce new pathways or enzymes to enhance photosynthetic rates or reduce photorespiration. We describe here the past accomplishments and future prospects for manipulating plant enzymes and pathways to enhance carbon assimilation through plastid transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen R Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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23
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Venkatesh J, Park SW. Plastid genetic engineering in Solanaceae. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:981-99. [PMID: 22395455 PMCID: PMC3459085 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plastid genetic engineering has come of age, becoming today an attractive alternative approach for the expression of foreign genes, as it offers several advantages over nuclear transformants. Significant progress has been made in plastid genetic engineering in tobacco and other Solanaceae plants, through the use of improved regeneration procedures and transformation vectors with efficient promoters and untranslated regions. Many genes encoding for industrially important proteins and vaccines, as well as genes conferring important agronomic traits, have been stably integrated and expressed in the plastid genome. Despite these advances, it remains a challenge to achieve marked levels of plastid transgene expression in non-green tissues. In this review, we summarize the basic requirements of plastid genetic engineering and discuss the current status, limitations, and the potential of plastid transformation for expanding future studies relating to Solanaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Park
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701 Republic of Korea
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Whitney SM, Sharwood RE, Orr D, White SJ, Alonso H, Galmés J. Isoleucine 309 acts as a C4 catalytic switch that increases ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) carboxylation rate in Flaveria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:14688-93. [PMID: 21849620 PMCID: PMC3167554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109503108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving global yields of important agricultural crops is a complex challenge. Enhancing yield and resource use by engineering improvements to photosynthetic carbon assimilation is one potential solution. During the last 40 million years C(4) photosynthesis has evolved multiple times, enabling plants to evade the catalytic inadequacies of the CO(2)-fixing enzyme, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco). Compared with their C(3) ancestors, C(4) plants combine a faster rubisco with a biochemical CO(2)-concentrating mechanism, enabling more efficient use of water and nitrogen and enhanced yield. Here we show the versatility of plastome manipulation in tobacco for identifying sequences in C(4)-rubisco that can be transplanted into C(3)-rubisco to improve carboxylation rate (V(C)). Using transplastomic tobacco lines expressing native and mutated rubisco large subunits (L-subunits) from Flaveria pringlei (C(3)), Flaveria floridana (C(3)-C(4)), and Flaveria bidentis (C(4)), we reveal that Met-309-Ile substitutions in the L-subunit act as a catalytic switch between C(4) ((309)Ile; faster V(C), lower CO(2) affinity) and C(3) ((309)Met; slower V(C), higher CO(2) affinity) catalysis. Application of this transplastomic system permits further identification of other structural solutions selected by nature that can increase rubisco V(C) in C(3) crops. Coengineering a catalytically faster C(3) rubisco and a CO(2)-concentrating mechanism within C(3) crop species could enhance their efficiency in resource use and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer M Whitney
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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