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Guo Y, Chen J, Liao H, Wu K, Xiao Z, Duan Q, Wang J, Shu Y. Defense of cabbages against herbivore cutworm Spodoptera litura under Cd stress and insect herbivory stress simultaneously. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 358:124519. [PMID: 38986765 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Biotic (e.g., heavy metal) and abiotic stress (e.g., insect attack) can affect plant chemical defense, but little is known about the changes in plant defense when they occur concurrently. Herein, the impacts of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) stress and insect herbivory stress on the direct and indirect defense of two cultivar cabbages of Brassica campestris, the low-Cd cultivar Lvbao701 and the high-Cd cultivar Chicaixin No.4, against the herbivore cutworm Spodoptera litura were investigated. Although 10 mg kg-1 Cd stress alone inhibited leaf secondary metabolites (total phenolics, flavonoids), it reduced the feeding rate and odor selection of S. litura towards both cultivar cabbages, especially for Lvbao701, by increasing leaf Cd content and repellent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione), and reducing soluble sugar and attractive VOCs (3-methyl-3-pentanol, 2,5-hexanedione, tetradecanal). Under 2.5 mg kg-1 Cd and herbivory stress, although leaf total phenolics and flavonoids increased significantly, the feeding rate and odor selection of S. litura towards both cultivar cabbages increased, especially for Chicaixin No.4, indicating that the chemical defense of cabbages was depressed. Therefore, Cd stress alone improved the insect resistance of cabbages, whereas herbivory stress weakened the enhanced cabbages defence by Cd stress. The low-Cd cultivar Lvbao701 presented stronger insect resistance than Chicaixin No.4, suggesting that Lvbao701 application in Cd-polluted soil can not only decrease Cd transmission to higher levels in the food chain but also reduce pest occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Huimin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kaixuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenggao Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qijiao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yinghua Shu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Modern Eco-Agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Kuvelja A, Morina F, Mijovilovich A, Bokhari SNH, Konik P, Koloniuk I, Küpper H. Zinc priming enhances Capsicum annuum immunity against infection by Botrytis cinerea- From the whole plant to the molecular level. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 343:112060. [PMID: 38460554 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Micronutrient manipulation can enhance crop resilience against pathogens, but the mechanisms are mostly unknown. We tested whether priming Capsicum annuum plants with zinc (5 μM Zn) or manganese (3 μM Mn) for six weeks increases their immunity against the generalist necrotroph Botrytis cinerea compared to deficient (0.1 μM Zn, 0.02 μM Mn) and control conditions (1 μM Zn, 0.6 μM Mn). Zinc priming reduced the pathogen biomass and lesion area and preserved CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance. Zinc mobilization at the infection site, visualized by micro-X-ray fluorescence, was accompanied by increased Zn protein binding obtained by size exclusion HPLC-ICP/MS. A common metabolic response to fungal infection in Zn- and Mn-primed plants was an accumulation of corchorifatty acid F, a signaling compound, and the antifungal compound acetophenone. In vitro tests showed that the binding of Zn2+ increased, while Mn2+ binding decreased acetophenone toxicity against B. cinerea at concentrations far below the toxicity thresholds of both metals in unbound (aquo complex) form. The metal-specific response to fungal infection included the accumulation of phenolics and amino acids (Mn), and the ligand isocitrate (Zn). The results highlight the importance of Zn for pepper immunity through direct involvement in immunity-related proteins and low molecular weight Zn-complexes, while Mn priming was inefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anđela Kuvelja
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31/1160, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Filis Morina
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Ana Mijovilovich
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Syed Nadeem Hussain Bokhari
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Konik
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31/1160, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Koloniuk
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Branišovská 31/1160, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Hendrik Küpper
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Branišovská 31/1160, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31/1160, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic.
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Zhang L, Liu Z, Song Y, Sui J, Hua X. Advances in the Involvement of Metals and Metalloids in Plant Defense Response to External Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:313. [PMID: 38276769 PMCID: PMC10820295 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Plants, as sessile organisms, uptake nutrients from the soil. Throughout their whole life cycle, they confront various external biotic and abiotic threats, encompassing harmful element toxicity, pathogen infection, and herbivore attack, posing risks to plant growth and production. Plants have evolved multifaceted mechanisms to cope with exogenous stress. The element defense hypothesis (EDH) theory elucidates that plants employ elements within their tissues to withstand various natural enemies. Notably, essential and non-essential trace metals and metalloids have been identified as active participants in plant defense mechanisms, especially in nanoparticle form. In this review, we compiled and synthetized recent advancements and robust evidence regarding the involvement of trace metals and metalloids in plant element defense against external stresses that include biotic stressors (such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity) and abiotic environmental stressors (such as pathogen invasion and herbivore attack). We discuss the mechanisms underlying the metals and metalloids involved in plant defense enhancement from physiological, biochemical, and molecular perspectives. By consolidating this information, this review enhances our understanding of how metals and metalloids contribute to plant element defense. Drawing on the current advances in plant elemental defense, we propose an application prospect of metals and metalloids in agricultural products to solve current issues, including soil pollution and production, for the sustainable development of agriculture. Although the studies focused on plant elemental defense have advanced, the precise mechanism under the plant defense response still needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Zhang
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Z.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Zhengyan Liu
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Z.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Yun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | - Junkang Sui
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Z.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Xuewen Hua
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; (Z.L.); (J.S.)
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Yaqoob HS, Shoaib A, Anwar A, Perveen S, Javed S, Mehnaz S. Seed biopriming with Ochrobactrum ciceri mediated defense responses in Zea mays (L.) against Fusarium rot. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:49-66. [PMID: 38435857 PMCID: PMC10902241 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Seed bio-priming is a simple and friendly technique to improve stress resilience against fungal diseases in plants. An integrated approach of maize seeds biopriming with Ochrobactrum ciceri was applied in Zn-amended soil to observe the response against Fusarium rot disease of Zea mays (L.) caused by Fusarium verticillioides. Initially, the pathogen isolated from the infected corn was identified as F. verticillioides based on morphology and sequences of the internally transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene. Re-inoculation of maize seed with the isolated pathogen confirmed the pathogenicity of the fungus on the maize seeds. In vitro, the inhibitory potential of O. ciceri assessed on Zn-amended/un-amended growth medium revealed that antifungal potential of O. ciceri significantly improved in the Zn-amended medium, leading to 88% inhibition in fungal growth. Further assays with different concentrations (25, 50, and 75%) of cell pellet and the cultural filtrate of O. ciceri (with/without the Zn-amendment) showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of the pathogen that also led to discoloration, fragmentation, and complete disintegration of the fungus hyphae and spores at 75% dose. In planta, biopriming of maize seeds with O. ciceri significantly managed disease, improved the growth and biochemical attributes (up to two-fold), and accelerated accumulation of lignin, polyphenols, and starch, especially in the presence of basal Zn. The results indicated that bioprimed seeds along with Zn as the most promising treatment for managing disease and improving plant growth traits through the enhanced accumulation of lignin, polyphenols, and starch, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiza Sibgha Yaqoob
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amna Shoaib
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Anwar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shagufta Perveen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Javed
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samina Mehnaz
- Kauser Abdulla Malik School of Life Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
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Zhu Y, Wang Y, Liu H, Wang H, Xie M, Fang Z, Du S. ABA-metabolizing bacteria and rhamnolipids as valuable allies for enhancing phytoremediation efficiency in heavy metal-contaminated soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167398. [PMID: 37758153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbial-assisted phytoremediation has great potential to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation in heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soils. In this study, the synergistic effects of rhamnolipids and the abscisic acid (ABA)-metabolizing bacterium Rhodococcus qingshengii on the phytoremediation efficiency of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in HM-contaminated soils were investigated. The Cd, Zn, and Pb contents in plants treated with a combination of rhamnolipids and R. qingshengii were 48.4-77.1 %, 14.6-40.4 %, and 16.1-20.0 % higher, respectively, than in those treated with R. qingshengii alone, and 42.8-59.2 %, 13.1-48.2 %, and 7.3-67.5 % higher, respectively, than in those treated with rhamnolipids alone. In addition, the bioconcentration factors of each metal were improved, and the biomass further increased by 36.6-65.7 % compared to that of single treatments. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that rhamnolipids and R. qingshengii enhanced the accumulation of HMs in B. juncea by activating the available forms of HMs in the soil and regulating the ABA and indole-3-acetic acid in plants, respectively. The structural equation model indicated that R. qingshengii had a larger path coefficient than rhamnolipids in terms of HM content and plant biomass, suggesting that R. qingshengii may have a greater contribution to promoting the extraction of HMs from the soil under synergistic conditions. In conclusion, the combination of rhamnolipids and R. qingshengii has great potential to enhance the phytoremediation efficiency of hyperaccumulating plants in HM-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hua Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Minghui Xie
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Zhiguo Fang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shaoting Du
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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Morina F, Küpper H. Trace metals at the frontline of pathogen defence responses in non-hyperaccumulating plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6516-6524. [PMID: 35876626 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal hyperaccumulation is an exclusive evolutionary trait contributing to efficient plant defence against biotic stress. The defence can be based on direct metal toxicity or the joint effects of accumulated metal and organic compounds, the latter being based on integrated signalling networks. While the role of metals in biotic stress defence of hyperaccumulators has been intensively studied, their role in the pathogen immunity of non-accumulator plants is far less understood. New findings show that in metal non-hyperaccumulating plants, localized hot spots of zinc, manganese, and iron increase plant immunity, while manipulation of nutrient availability may be used for priming against subsequent pathogen attack. Recent findings on the role of metals in plant-pathogen interactions are discussed considering the narrow line between deficiency and toxicity, host-pathogen nutrient competition and synergistic effects of simultaneous metal and biotic stress. We discuss the suitability of the direct-defence and joint-effects hypotheses in non-hyperaccumulating plants, and the involvement of metals as active centres of immunity-related enzymes. We also consider future challenges in revealing the mechanisms underlying metal-mediated plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filis Morina
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hendrik Küpper
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biophysics & Biochemistry, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Shoaib A, Khan KA, Awan ZA, Jan BL, Kaushik P. Integrated management of charcoal rot disease in susceptible genotypes of mungbean with soil application of micronutrient zinc and green manure (prickly sesban). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:899224. [PMID: 35958154 PMCID: PMC9358777 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.899224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcoal rot disease is incited by the soil-borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi). Goid is a challenging disease due to long-term persistence of fungus sclerotia in the soil. This study assessed the potential of zinc (Zn: 1.25, 2.44, and 5 mg/kg) and green manure (GM: 1 and 2%) in solitary and bilateral combinations to alleviate infection stress incited by M. phaseolina on disease, growth, physiology, and yield attributes in mungbean. A completely randomized design experiment was conducted in potted soil, artificially inoculated with the pathogen, and sown with surface-sterilized seeds of mungbean genotypes (susceptible: MNUYT-107 and highly susceptible: MNUYT-105). Concealment of plant resistance by M. phaseolina in both genotypes resulted in 53-55% disease incidence and 40-50% plant mortality, which contributed in causing a significant reduction of 30-90% in attributes of growth, biomass, yield, photosynthetic pigment, and total protein content with an imbalance of production of antioxidant enzymes (polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase). Soil application with Zn-based fertilizer (ZnSO4: 33%) in combination with GM significantly managed up to 80% of the charcoal rot disease, hence improving growth (50-100%) and physiochemical (30-100%) attributes and sustainably enhancing grain average yield (300-600%), biological yield (100-200%), and harvest index (100-200%) in mungbean plants. The heat map and principal component analyses based on 19 measured attributes with 16 treatments separated Zn (2.44 or 5 mg/kg) combined with 2% GM as the best treatments for alleviating charcoal rot disease stress by improving growth, yield, and biological attributes to an extent to profitable farming in terms of harvest index (HI) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Shoaib
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Ali Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zoia Arshad Awan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Basit Latief Jan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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Tao H, Miao H, Chen L, Wang M, Xia C, Zeng W, Sun B, Zhang F, Zhang S, Li C, Wang Q. WRKY33-mediated indolic glucosinolate metabolic pathway confers resistance against Alternaria brassicicola in Arabidopsis and Brassica crops. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1007-1019. [PMID: 35257500 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The tryptophan (Trp)-derived plant secondary metabolites, including camalexin, 4-hydroxy-indole-3-carbonylnitrile, and indolic glucosinolate (IGS), show broad-spectrum antifungal activity. However, the distinct regulations of these metabolic pathways among different plant species in response to fungus infection are rarely studied. In this study, our results revealed that WRKY33 directly regulates IGS biosynthesis, notably the production of 4-methoxyindole-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate (4MI3G), conferring resistance to Alternaria brassicicola, an important pathogen which causes black spot in Brassica crops. WRKY33 directly activates the expression of CYP81F2, IGMT1, and IGMT2 to drive side-chain modification of indole-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate (I3G) to 4MI3G, in both Arabidopsis and Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra Bailey). However, Chinese kale showed a more severe symptom than Arabidopsis when infected by Alternaria brassicicola. Comparative analyses of the origin and evolution of Trp metabolism indicate that the loss of camalexin biosynthesis in Brassica crops during evolution might attenuate the resistance of crops to Alternaria brassicicola. As a result, the IGS metabolic pathway mediated by WRKY33 becomes essential for Chinese kale to deter Alternaria brassicicola. Our results highlight the differential regulation of Trp-derived camalexin and IGS biosynthetic pathways in plant immunity between Arabidopsis and Brassica crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Tao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Huiying Miao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuchu Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, Missouri, USA
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
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Cheah BH, Chuang WP, Lo JC, Li Y, Cheng CY, Yang ZW, Liao CT, Lin YF. Exogenous Copper Application for the Elemental Defense of Rice Plants against Rice Leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091104. [PMID: 35567105 PMCID: PMC9099555 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Metals that accumulate in plants may confer protection against herbivorous insects, a phenomenon known as elemental defense. However, this strategy has not been widely explored in important crops such as rice (Oryza sativa L.), where it could help to reduce the use of chemical pesticides. Here, we investigated the potential of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) micronutrient supplements for the protection of rice against a major insect pest, the rice leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). We found that intermediate levels of Cu (20 μM CuSO4) and high concentrations of Fe (742 μM Fe) did not inhibit the growth of C. medinalis larvae but did inhibit rice root growth and reduce grain yield at the reproductive stage. In contrast, high levels of Cu (80 μM CuSO4) inhibited C. medinalis larval growth and pupal development but also adversely affected rice growth at the vegetative stage. Interestingly, treatment with 10 μM CuSO4 had no adverse effects on rice growth or yield components at the reproductive stage. These data suggest that pest management based on the application of Cu may be possible, which would be achieved by a higher effective pesticide dose to prevent or minimize its phytotoxicity effects in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Huat Cheah
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (B.H.C.); (W.-P.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wen-Po Chuang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (B.H.C.); (W.-P.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jing-Chi Lo
- Department of Horticulture and Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (B.H.C.); (W.-P.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chih-Yun Cheng
- Crop Improvement Division, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Z.-W.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Wei Yang
- Crop Improvement Division, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Taoyuan City 32745, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Z.-W.Y.)
| | - Chung-Ta Liao
- Crop Environment Division, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Changhua County 51544, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Fen Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; (B.H.C.); (W.-P.C.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Awan ZA, Shoaib A, Iftikhar MS, Jan BL, Ahmad P. Combining Biocontrol Agent With Plant Nutrients for Integrated Control of Tomato Early Blight Through the Modulation of Physio-Chemical Attributes and Key Antioxidants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:807699. [PMID: 35401436 PMCID: PMC8986128 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.807699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early blight (EB) is one of the major fungal diseases caused by Alternaria solani that is responsible for destructive tomato production around the globe. Biocontrol agent/s can be adequately implemented in an integrated management framework by using it in combination with vital plant nutrients, e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) and zinc (Zn). The current study was aimed to assess the integrated effect of a biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis (BS-01) and the selective plant nutrients (NPK and Zn) on EB disease management and tomato crop performance. A field experiment was conducted for the off-season tomato production (under walk-in tunnels) in Punjab, Pakistan. The trial was set in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and comprised nine treatments of a biocontrol agent (BS-01) either alone or in combination with the plant nutrients, viz., NPK (64:46:50 kg acre–1) and Zn (10 kg acre–1) as sustainable disease managing approach against EB. In addition, the biocontrol efficacy of B. subtilis (BS-01) on a fungal load of A. solani was estimated by quantitative PCR assays, where the foliar application of BS-01 on tomato plants either alone or in combination with the plant nutrients was done as a preventive measure. Our results revealed that the interactive effect of BS-01 with plant nutrients conferred significantly a varying degree of resilience in the infected tomato plants against EB by effectively modifying the content of total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and total phenolics along with the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POX, PPO, and PAL). In addition, the integrative effect of BS-01 and plant nutrients proved significantly effective in reducing pathogen load on inoculated tomato foliage, displaying the desired level of protection against A. solani infection. Besides, the complementary interaction of BS-01 + Zn + NPK worked synergistically to improve crop productivity by providing the highest marketable yield (21.61 tons acre–1) and net profit (361,363 Pakistani rupees acre–1). This integrated approach is put forward as a way to reduce the fungicide doses to control EB that would act as a sustainable plant protection strategy to generate profitable tomato production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoia Arshad Awan
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Zoia Arshad Awan,
| | - Amna Shoaib
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Basit Latief Jan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Wang Y, Li Z, Wu J, Liu H, Sun X, Liu L, Du S. Abscisic acid-catabolizing bacteria: A useful tool for enhancing phytoremediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:151474. [PMID: 34742809 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria-facilitated phytoextraction has been gaining recognition for the phytoremediation of heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soils. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether catabolizing abscisic acid (ABA) in hyperaccumulating plants via rhizobacteria could facilitate HM phytoextraction. In this study, inoculation with the ABA-catabolizing bacterium, Rhodococcus qingshengii, increased HM (Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu) concentrations in the shoots of hyperaccumulators Vetiveria zizanioides, Brassica juncea, Lolium perenne L., Solanum nigrum L., and Sedum alfredii Hance grown in mildly and severely contaminated soils by 28.8%-331.3%, 8.5%-393.4%, 21.2%-222.5%, 14.7%-115.5%, and 28.3%-174.2%, respectively, compared with non-inoculated plants. The fresh biomass of these hyperaccumulators was elevated by 16.5%-94.4%, compared to that of the bacteria-free control. Phytoremediation potential indices, including bioconcentration and translocation factors, also revealed that the bacteria markedly boosted the phytoextraction efficacy from soil. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that the effects of bacteria on the concentrations of Cd and Zn in hyperaccumulators were significantly correlated with ABA metabolism, but not with Pb and Cu. Combined with the synergistic effects on plant biomass, the bacteria also improved the phytoextraction of Pb and Cu in hyperaccumulators. Overall, the application of microorganism-assisted remediation based on ABA-catabolizing bacteria might be an alternative strategy for enhancing phytoremediation efficiency in HM-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhiheng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention Technology, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaohang Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention Technology, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Shaoting Du
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention Technology, Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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12
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Shoaib A, Akhtar M, Javaid A, Ali H, Nisar Z, Javed S. Antifungal potential of zinc against leaf spot disease in chili pepper caused by Alternaria alternata. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1361-1376. [PMID: 34177151 PMCID: PMC8212324 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen, Alternaria alternata is responsible for causing leaf spot disease in many plants, including chili pepper. Zinc (Zn) an essential micronutrient for plant growth, also increases resistance in plants against diseases, and also acts as an antifungal agent. Here, in vitro effects of ZnSO4 on the propagation of A. alternata were investigated, and also in vivo, the effect of foliar application of ZnSO4 was investigated in chili pepper plants under disease stress. In vitro, ZnSO4 inhibited fungal growth in a dose-dependent manner, with complete inhibition being observed at the concentration of 8.50 mM. Hyphae and conidial damage were observed along with abnormal activity of antioxidant enzymes, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the major changes in the protein structure of the fungal biomass after Zn accumulation. In vivo, pathogen infection caused the highest leaf spot disease incidence, and cumulative disease index, which resulted in a significant reduction in the plant's growth (length and biomass), and physiochemical traits (photosynthetic pigment, activity of catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase). The heat map and principal component analysis based on disease, growth and, physico-chemical variables generated useful information regarding the best treatment useful for disease management. Foliar Zn (0.036 mM) acted as a resistance inducer in chili pepper plants that improved activities of antioxidants (CAT and POX), and defense compounds (PPO and PAL), while managing 77% of disease. The study indicated foliar ZnSO4 as an effective and sustainable agriculture practice to manage Alternaria leaf spot disease in chili pepper plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Shoaib
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mishaal Akhtar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Javaid
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haider Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Nisar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shabnam Javed
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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13
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Sulfur Deprivation Modulates Salicylic Acid Responses via Nonexpressor of Pathogenesis-Related Gene 1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061065. [PMID: 34073325 PMCID: PMC8230334 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mineral nutrients are essential for plant growth and reproduction, yet only a few studies connect the nutritional status to plant innate immunity. The backbone of plant defense response is mainly controlled by two major hormones: salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). This study investigated changes in the macronutrient concentration (deficiency/excess of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and sulfur) on the expression of PR1, a well-characterized marker in the SA-pathway, and PDF1.2 and LOX2 for the JA-pathway, analyzing plants carrying the promoter of each gene fused to GUS as a reporter. After histochemical GUS assays, we determined that PR1 gene was strongly activated in response to sulfur (S) deficiency. Using RT-PCR, we observed that the induction of PR1 depended on the function of Non-expressor of Pathogenesis-Related gene 1 (NPR1) and SA accumulation, as PR1 was not expressed in npr1-1 mutant and NahG plants under S-deprived conditions. Plants treated with different S-concentrations showed that total S-deprivation was required to induce SA-mediated defense responses. Additionally, bioassays revealed that S-deprived plants, induced resistance to the hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. DC3000 and increase susceptibility to the necrotrophic Botrytis cinerea. In conclusion, we observed a relationship between S and SA/JA-dependent defense mechanisms in Arabidopsis.
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14
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Morina F, Mijovilovich A, Koloniuk I, Pěnčík A, Grúz J, Novák O, Küpper H. Interactions between zinc and Phomopsis longicolla infection in roots of Glycine max. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3320-3336. [PMID: 33544825 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phomopsis. longicolla is a hemibiotrophic fungus causing significant soybean yield loss worldwide. To reveal the role of zinc in plant-pathogen interactions, soybean seedlings were grown hydroponically with a range of Zn concentrations, 0.06 µM (deficient, Zn0), 0.4 µM (optimal growth), 1.5 µM, 4 µM, 12 µM, and toxic 38 μM, and were subsequently inoculated with P. longicolla via the roots. In vivo analysis of metal distribution in tissues by micro-X-ray fluorescence showed local Zn mobilization in the root maturation zone in all treatments. Decreased root and pod biomass, and photosynthetic performance in infected plants treated with 0.4 µM Zn were accompanied with accumulation of Zn, jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), jasmonic acid, and cell wall-bound syringic acid (cwSyA) in roots. Zn concentration in roots of infected plants treated with 1.5 µM Zn was seven-fold higher than in the 0.4 µM Zn treatment, which together with accumulation of JA-Ile, cwSyA, cell wall-bound vanilic acid and leaf jasmonates contributed to maintaining photosynthesis and pod biomass. Host-pathogen nutrient competition and phenolics accumulation limited the infection in Zn-deficient plants. The low infection rate in Zn 4 µM-treated roots correlated with salicylic and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and cell wall-bound p-coumaric acid accumulation. Zn toxicity promoted pathogen invasion and depleted cell wall-bound phenolics. The results show that manipulation of Zn availability improves soybean resistance to P. longicolla by stimulating phenolics biosynthesis and stress-inducible phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filis Morina
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Mijovilovich
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Koloniuk
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Virology, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany and Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Grúz
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany and Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany and Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hendrik Küpper
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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15
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Ricachenevsky FK, Punshon T, Salt DE, Fett JP, Guerinot ML. Arabidopsis thaliana zinc accumulation in leaf trichomes is correlated with zinc concentration in leaves. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5278. [PMID: 33674630 PMCID: PMC7935932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a key micronutrient for plants and animals, and understanding Zn homeostasis in plants can improve both agriculture and human health. While root Zn transporters in plant model species have been characterized in detail, comparatively little is known about shoot processes controlling Zn concentrations and spatial distribution. Previous work showed that Zn hyperaccumulator species such as Arabidopsis halleri accumulate Zn and other metals in leaf trichomes. To date there is no systematic study regarding Zn accumulation in the trichomes of the non-accumulating, genetic model species A. thaliana. Here, we used Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence mapping to show that Zn accumulates at the base of trichomes of A. thaliana. Using transgenic and natural accessions of A thaliana that vary in bulk leaf Zn concentration, we demonstrate that higher leaf Zn increases total Zn found at the base of trichome cells. Our data indicates that Zn accumulation in trichomes is a function of the Zn status of the plant, and provides the basis for future studies on a genetically tractable plant species to understand the molecular steps involved in Zn spatial distribution in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe K Ricachenevsky
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS, 9500, Brazil. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Center, Dartmouth College, 78 College St, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
| | - Tracy Punshon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Center, Dartmouth College, 78 College St, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - David E Salt
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence and the School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Janette P Fett
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, RS, 9500, Brazil
| | - Mary Lou Guerinot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Center, Dartmouth College, 78 College St, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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16
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Cabot C, Sibole JV, Barceló J, Poschenrieder C. Luxury zinc supply acts as antiaging agent and enhances reproductive fitness in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110805. [PMID: 33568305 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developmental senescence in plants is an age dependent process affected by phytohormones, nutrient status, and environmental factors, while the antiaging effects of zinc are recognized in humans. This study explores the possible influence of a high, non-toxic Zn-supply (12 μM) on senescence and reproductive fitness in A. thaliana. Auxin-resistance mutant, axr1-12, and auxin overexpressing YUCCA6 mutant, yuc6-1D, and their corresponding background genotypes were grown until complete rosette senescence to quantify the fruit biomass and seed number. Gene expression of different antioxidant, auxin and senescence-associated markers were analyzed after the onset of senescence. All mutants showed delayed developmental senescence. Luxury Zn delayed senescence in wild type, but not in the mutant genotypes. Excluding axr1-12 mutants, which showed very low expression of the auxin gene marker INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 2 (IAA2), enhanced expression of the senescence markers SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE 12 (SAG12) and AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2 (ARF2) coincided with decreased expression of IAA2. Delayed senescence and total number of seeds per plant were related to higher expression of the peroxisomal antioxidant enzymes Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD3) and catalase (CAT2). These results evidence that high Zn-induced delayed senescence and improved reproductive fitness in Arabidopsis are related to an auxin-independent mechanism that retains antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Cabot
- Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Spain.
| | - John V Sibole
- Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Juan Barceló
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Charlotte Poschenrieder
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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17
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Genievskaya Y, Turuspekov Y, Rsaliyev A, Abugalieva S. Genome-wide association mapping for resistance to leaf, stem, and yellow rusts of common wheat under field conditions of South Kazakhstan. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9820. [PMID: 32944423 PMCID: PMC7469934 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Common or bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal crop in the world, including Kazakhstan, where it is a major agricultural commodity. Fungal pathogens producing leaf, stem, and yellow (stripe) rusts of wheat may cause yield losses of up to 50-60%. One of the most effective methods for preventing these losses is to develop resistant cultivars with high yield potential. This goal can be achieved using complex breeding studies, including the identification of key genetic factors controlling rust disease resistance. In this study, a panel consisting of 215 common wheat cultivars and breeding lines from Kazakhstan, Russia, Europe, USA, Canada, Mexico, and Australia, with a wide range of resistance to leaf rust (LR), stem rust (SR), and yellow rust (YR) diseases, was analyzed under field conditions in Southern Kazakhstan. The collection was genotyped using the 20K Illumina iSelect DNA array, where 11,510 informative single-nucleotide polymorphism markers were selected for further genome-wide association study (GWAS). Evaluation of the phenotypic diversity over 2 years showed a mostly mixed reaction to LR, mixed reaction/moderate susceptibility to SR, and moderate resistance to YR among wheat accessions from Kazakhstan. GWAS revealed 45 marker-trait associations (MTAs), including 23 for LR, 14 for SR, and eight for YR resistances. Three MTAs for LR resistance and one for SR resistance appeared to be novel. The MTAs identified in this work can be used for marker-assisted selection of common wheat in Kazakhstan in breeding new cultivars resistant to LR, SR, and YR diseases. These findings can be helpful for pyramiding genes with favorable alleles in promising cultivars and lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Genievskaya
- Plant Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerlan Turuspekov
- Plant Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Biodiversity and Bioresources, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aralbek Rsaliyev
- Laboratory of Phytosanitary Safety, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeisky, Zhambyl Region, Kazakhstan
| | - Saule Abugalieva
- Plant Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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18
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Wang R, Huang J, Liang A, Wang Y, Mur LAJ, Wang M, Guo S. Zinc and Copper Enhance Cucumber Tolerance to Fusaric Acid by Mediating Its Distribution and Toxicity and Modifying the Antioxidant System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3370. [PMID: 32397623 PMCID: PMC7247006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA), the fungal toxin produced by Fusarium oxysporum, plays a predominant role in the virulence and symptom development of Fusarium wilt disease. As mineral nutrients can be protective agents against Fusarium wilt, hydroponic experiments employing zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) followed by FA treatment were conducted in a glasshouse. FA exhibited strong phytotoxicity on cucumber plants, which was reversed by the addition of Zn or Cu. Thus, Zn or Cu dramatically reduced the wilt index, alleviated the leaf or root cell membrane injury and mitigated against the FA inhibition of plant growth and photosynthesis. Cucumber plants grown with Zn exhibited decreased FA transportation to shoots and a 17% increase in toxicity mitigation and showed minimal hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation level with the increased of antioxidant enzymes activity in both roots and leaves. Cucumber grown with additional Cu absorbed less FA but showed more toxicity mitigation at 20% compared to with additional Zn and exhibited decreased hydrogen peroxide level and increased antioxidant enzymes activity. Thus, adding Zn or Cu can decrease the toxicity of the FA by affecting the absorption or transportation of the FA in plants and mitigate toxicity possibly through chelation. Zn and Cu modify the antioxidant system to scavenge hydrogen peroxide for suppressing FA induction of oxidative damage. Our experiments could provide a theoretical basis for the direct application of micro-fertilizer as protective agents in farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.W.); (J.H.); (A.L.); (Y.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Jian Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.W.); (J.H.); (A.L.); (Y.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Aichen Liang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.W.); (J.H.); (A.L.); (Y.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.W.); (J.H.); (A.L.); (Y.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Luis Alejandro Jose Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK;
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.W.); (J.H.); (A.L.); (Y.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (R.W.); (J.H.); (A.L.); (Y.W.); (S.G.)
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19
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Lu Q, Weng Y, You Y, Xu Q, Li H, Li Y, Liu H, Du S. Inoculation with abscisic acid (ABA)-catabolizing bacteria can improve phytoextraction of heavy metal in contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113497. [PMID: 31733960 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Promotion of plant capacity for accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) is one of the key strategies in enhancing phytoremediation in contaminated soils. Here we report that, Rhodococcus qingshengii, an abscisic acid (ABA)-catabolizing bacteria, clearly boosts levels of Cd, Zn, and Ni in wild-type Arabidopsis by 47, 24, and 30%, respectively, but no increase in Cu was noted, when compared with non-inoculated Arabidopsis plants in contaminated growth substrate. Furthermore, when compared with wild-type plants, R.qingshengii-induced increases in Cd, Zn, and Ni concentrations were more pronounced in abi1/hab1/abi2 (ABA-sensitive mutant) strains of Arabidopsis, whereas little effect was observed in snrk2.2/2.3 (ABA insensitive mutant). This demonstrates that metabolizing ABA might be indispensable for R. qingshengii to improve metal accumulation in plants. Bacterial inoculation significantly elevated the expression of Cd, Zn, and Ni-related transporters; whereas the transcript levels of Cu transporters remained unchanged. This result may be a reasonable explanation for why the uptake of Cd, Zn, and Ni in plants was stimulated by bacterial inoculation, while no effect was observed on Cu levels. From our results, we clearly demonstrate that R. qingshengii can increase the accumulation of Cd, Zn, and Ni in plants via an ABA-mediated HM transporters-associated mechanism. Metabolizing ABA in the plants by ABA-catabolizing bacterial inoculation might be an alternative strategy to improve phytoremediation efficiency in HMs contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yineng Weng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yue You
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qianru Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Haiyue Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shaoting Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Cabot C, Martos S, Llugany M, Gallego B, Tolrà R, Poschenrieder C. A Role for Zinc in Plant Defense Against Pathogens and Herbivores. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1171. [PMID: 31649687 PMCID: PMC6794951 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pests and diseases pose a threat to food security, which is nowadays aggravated by climate change and globalization. In this context, agricultural policies demand innovative approaches to more effectively manage resources and overcome the ecological issues raised by intensive farming. Optimization of plant mineral nutrition is a sustainable approach to ameliorate crop health and yield. Zinc is a micronutrient essential for all living organisms with a key role in growth, development, and defense. Competition for Zn affects the outcome of the host-attacker interaction in both plant and animal systems. In this review, we provide a clear framework of the different strategies involving low and high Zn concentrations launched by plants to fight their enemies. After briefly introducing the most relevant macro- and micronutrients for plant defense, the functions of Zn in plant protection are summarized with special emphasis on superoxide dismutases (SODs) and zinc finger proteins. Following, we cover recent meaningful studies identifying Zn-related passive and active mechanisms for plant protection. Finally, Zn-based strategies evolved by pathogens and pests to counteract plant defenses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Cabot
- Departament of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Soledad Martos
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Llugany
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Gallego
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Tolrà
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charlotte Poschenrieder
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Awan ZA, Shoaib A, Khan KA. Crosstalk of Zn in Combination with Other Fertilizers Underpins Interactive Effects and Induces Resistance in Tomato Plant against Early Blight Disease. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:330-340. [PMID: 31481856 PMCID: PMC6706011 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.01.2019.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the integrated effect of zinc (Zn) with other nutrients in managing early blight (EB) disease in tomato. A pot experiment was carried out with basal application of the recommended level of macronutrients [nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK)] and micronutrients [magnesium (Mg) and boron (B)] in bilateral combination with Zn (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) in a completely randomized deigned in replicates. Results revealed that interactive effect of Zn with Mg or B was often futile and in some cases synergistic. Zn with NPK yield synergistic outcome, therefore EB disease was managed significantly (disease incidence: 25% and percent severity index: 13%), which resulted in an efficient signaling network that reciprocally controls nutrient acquisition and uses with improved growth and development in a tomato plant. Thus, crosstalk and convergence of mechanisms in metabolic pathways resulted in induction of resistance in tomato plant against a pathogen which significantly improved photosynthetic pigment, total phenolics, total protein content and defense-related enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)]. The tremendous increase in total phenolics and PAL activity suggesting their additive effect on salicylic acid which may help the plant to systemically induce resistance against pathogen attack. It was concluded that interactive effect of Zn (5.0 mg/kg) with NPK significantly managed EB disease and showed positive effect on growth, physiological and biochemical attributes therefor use of Zn + NPK is simple and credible efforts to combat Alternaria stress in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoia Arshad Awan
- Corresponding author: Phone) +923378600311, FAX) +92-42-9231187, E-mail)
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Zúñiga E, Luque J, Martos S. Lignin biosynthesis as a key mechanism to repress Polystigma amygdalinum, the causal agent of the red leaf blotch disease in almond. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 236:96-104. [PMID: 30939334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The red leaf blotch (RLB) of almond, caused by the fungus Polystigma amygdalinum, is considered as one of the most important leaf diseases of this fruit tree. Differential cultivar susceptibility to the RLB has been described based on field observations, while its molecular and biochemical bases remain unknown to date. We aimed to explore the plant defence mechanisms related to the cultivar susceptibility by identifying some relevant physical and chemical strategies for the pathogen control. Thus, we studied the regulation of seven defence-related genes as well as the lignin deposition in two almond cultivars with highly differential response to RLB: the highly tolerant 'Mardía' and the susceptible 'Tarraco' cultivars. 'Mardía' displayed an up-regulation of the CAD and DFN1 genes at early stages of RLB symptom expression, with further lignin deposition in the fungal-colonized area that was visualized by microscopy. Thus, 'Mardía' uses both physical and chemical responses to effectively repress the pathogen. In contrast, 'Tarraco' triggered the up-regulation of HQT and LDOX genes, related to chlorogenic acid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways, respectively, while lignin deposition was not clearly noticed. This strategy recorded in 'Tarraco' at later stages of RLB symptoms failed to control the fungal infection and colonization. Our results suggested a major role of the phenylpropanoids pathway in the defence response against RLB, by showing that an early production of lignin might be a major mechanism to control the spread of P. amygdalinum within the host leaf tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Zúñiga
- Plant Pathology, IRTA Cabrils. Carretera de Cabrils km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Spain; Plant Physiology Laboratory, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Jordi Luque
- Plant Pathology, IRTA Cabrils. Carretera de Cabrils km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Spain.
| | - Soledad Martos
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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Moustakas M, Bayçu G, Gevrek N, Moustaka J, Csatári I, Rognes SE. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of photosystem II function during acclimation to zinc exposure and mineral nutrition changes in the hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:6613-6624. [PMID: 30623337 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated changes in mineral nutrient uptake and translocation and photosystem II (PSII) functionality, in the hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens after exposure to 800 μM Zn in hydroponic culture. Exposure to Zn inhibited the uptake of K, Mn, Cu, Ca, and Mg, while the uptake of Fe and Zn enhanced. Yet, Ca and Mg aboveground tissue concentrations remain unchanged while Cu increased significantly. In the present study, we provide new data on the mechanism of N. caerulescens acclimation to Zn exposure by elucidating the process of photosynthetic acclimation. A spatial heterogeneity in PSII functionality in N. caerulescens leaves exposed to Zn for 3 days was detected, while a threshold time of 4 days was needed for the activation of Zn detoxification mechanism(s) to decrease Zn toxicity and for the stomatal closure to decrease Zn supply at the severely affected leaf area. After 10-day exposure to Zn, the allocation of absorbed light energy in PSII under low light did not differ compared to control ones, while under high light, the quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss in PSII (ΦNO) was lower than the control, due to an efficient photoprotective mechanism. The chlorophyll fluorescence images of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and photochemical quenching (qp) clearly showed spatial and temporal heterogeneity in N. caerulescens exposure to Zn and provided further information on the particular leaf area that was most sensitive to heavy metal stress. We propose the use of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, and in particular the redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool that was found to display the highest spatiotemporal heterogeneity, as a sensitive bio-indicator to measure the environmental pressure by heavy metals on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Moustakas
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Gülriz Bayçu
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurbir Gevrek
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Julietta Moustaka
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - István Csatári
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sven Erik Rognes
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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Llugany M, Tolrà R, Barceló J, Poschenrieder C. Snails prefer it sweet: A multifactorial test of the metal defence hypothesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:209-218. [PMID: 30144087 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal defence against insect herbivory in hyperaccumulator plants is well documented. However, there are contradictory results regarding protection against snails. According to the joint effects hypothesis, inorganic and organic defences cooperate in plant protection. To test this hypothesis, we explored the relationships between snail (Cantareus aspersus) feeding and multiple inorganic and organic leaf components in the Cd hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea praecox. Plants grouped by rosette size growing in nutrient solution supplemented or not with 50 μM Cd were offered to the snails. After 3 days of snail feeding, the plants and snails were analysed. In addition to Cd concentrations, we analysed leaves for nutritional factors (sugar and protein), defence-related compounds (glucosinolates, phenolics, tannins, salicylic acid and jasmonate) and essential mineral nutrients. Cadmium concentrations in the snails and in snail excrements were also analysed. Snails preferentially fed on plants grown without Cd. Medium-sized plants exposed to Cd were the least consumed. Snail excrements from this trial weighed less and had higher Cd concentrations than those from other treatments. Cadmium increased salicylate and jasmonate production. A positive relationship between jasmonate levels and the number of attacked leaves was found. Principal component analysis revealed that leaf sugar concentration was the main factor positively affecting snails' leaf consumption, while leaf Cd had a negative but weaker influence. In conclusion, leaf sugar concentration mainly governs snails' feeding preferences. High leaf Cd concentrations do not deter herbivores from attacking leaves, but they do reduce leaf consumption. Our results clearly support the joint effects hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Llugany
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Roser Tolrà
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Juan Barceló
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Charlotte Poschenrieder
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Fones HN, Preston GM, Smith JAC. Variation in defence strategies in the metal hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens is indicative of synergies and trade-offs between forms of defence. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:172418. [PMID: 30800336 PMCID: PMC6366173 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the metal hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens, zinc may provide a defence against pathogens. However, zinc accumulation is a variable trait in this species. We hypothesize that this variability affects the outcome of interactions between metal accumulation and the various constitutive and inducible defences that N. caerulescens shares with non-accumulator plants. We compare zinc concentrations, glucosinolate concentrations and inducible stress responses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death, in four N. caerulescens populations, and relate these to the growth of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, its zinc tolerance mutants and Pseudomonas pathogens isolated from a natural population of N. caerulescens. The populations display strikingly different combinations of defences. Where defences are successful, pathogens are limited primarily by metals, cell death or organic defences; there is evidence of population-dependent trade-offs or synergies between these. In addition, we find evidence that Pseudomonas pathogens have the capacity to overcome any of these defences, indicating that the arms race continues. These data indicate that defensive enhancement, joint effects and trade-offs between different forms of defence are all plausible explanations for the variation we observe between populations, with factors including metal availability and metal-tolerant pathogen load probably shaping the response of each population to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen N. Fones
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Gail M. Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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In silico Analysis of qBFR4 and qLBL5 in Conferring Quantitative Resistance Against Rice Blast. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.4.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Gallego B, Martos S, Cabot C, Barceló J, Poschenrieder C. Zinc hyperaccumulation substitutes for defense failures beyond salicylate and jasmonate signaling pathways of Alternaria brassicicola attack in Noccaea caerulescens. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:401-415. [PMID: 27734509 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis of metal defense as a substitute for a defective biotic stress signaling system in metal hyperaccumulators was tested using the pathosystem Alternaria brassicicola-Noccaea caerulescens under low (2 µM), medium (12 µM) and high (102 µM) Zn supply. Regardless the Zn supply, N. caerulescens responded to fungal attack with the activation of both HMA4 coding for a Zn transporter, and biotic stress signaling pathways. Salicylate, jasmonate, abscisic acid and indoleacetic acid concentrations, as well as biotic stress marker genes (PDF1.2, CHIB, LOX2, PR1 and BGL2) were activated 24 h upon inoculation. Based on the activation of defense genes 24 h after the inoculation an incompatible fungal-plant interaction could be predicted. Nonetheless, in the longer term (7 days) no effective protection against A. brassicicola was achieved in plants exposed to low and medium Zn supply. After 1 week the biotic stress markers were even further increased in these plants, and this compatible interaction was apparently not caused by a failure in the signaling of the fungal attack, but due to the lack of specificity in the type of the activated defense mechanisms. Only plants receiving high Zn exhibited an incompatible fungal interaction. High Zn accumulation in these plants, possibly in cooperation with high glucosinolate concentrations, substituted for the ineffective defense system and the interaction turned into incompatible. In a threshold-type response, these joint effects efficiently hampered fungal spread and, consequently decreased the biotic stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Gallego
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E-08193, Spain
| | - Soledad Martos
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E-08193, Spain
| | - Catalina Cabot
- Biology Department, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, E-07122, Spain
| | - Juan Barceló
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E-08193, Spain
| | - Charlotte Poschenrieder
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E-08193, Spain
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